AAAMSA: Selection guide for glazed architectural ... - Specifile on-line

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<strong>AAAMSA</strong> Fenestration
<strong>Selection</strong> Guide <strong>for</strong>
Glazed Architectural Products
introducing
Energy Efficiency in Fenestration
June 2008
Version 1.0
Administered by
<strong>AAAMSA</strong>
Group
P 0 Box 7861, Halfway House, 1685

ASSOCIATION OF ARCHITECTURAL ALUMINIUM MANUFACTURERS OF SOUTH AFRICA
Trading as the <strong>AAAMSA</strong> Group
Registration #: 1974/00006/08
Association Incorporated under Section 21
P O Box 7861
HALFWAY HOUSE
1685
� (011) 805-5002
Fax: (011) 805-5033
e-mail: aaamsa@iafrica.com
additional e-mail: sagga@aaamsa.co.za
web-site: www.aaamsa.co.za
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
Aluminium Verlag – Düsseldorf: Fensterbau mit Aluminium – Walter Schmidt
American Architectural Manufacturers Association: Metal Curtain Walls/Windows and Sliding Glass
Doors/Aluminium Store Front and Entrances/Skylights and Space Enclosures
ASTM International E1300-02 02
Koninklijk Technicum PBNA: Staalcontructies 43A.VR
South African Bureau of Standards: SANS 10160, SANS 10137, SANS 10400 and SANS 204
Southern African Institute of Steel Construction: Southern African Steel Construction Handbook
Verlag Stahleisen M.B.H. Düsseldorf: Stahl im Hochbau
Building Code Australia: : BCA 2007 Volume 1 & 2
W.W. Norton & Company: Window Systems <strong>for</strong> High Per<strong>for</strong>mance Buildings
Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory: Therm/Windows/Resfen/Optics
National Fenestration Rating Council: Procedure Manuals
Note: This <strong>Selection</strong> election Guide replaces the following <strong>AAAMSA</strong> Publications which are hereby withdrawn in their entirety:
<strong>Selection</strong> Guide <strong>for</strong> Glazed Architectural Aluminium Products: June 2004
<strong>Selection</strong> Guide <strong>for</strong> Door Controls
<strong>Selection</strong> Guide <strong>for</strong> Accuracy of Installed Architectural Aluminium Products
Quality Guide <strong>for</strong> Installed Architectural Aluminium Products
1 ST Floor, Block 4
Construction Park
234 Alexandra Avenue
Midrand
1685
Any in<strong>for</strong>mation contained in <strong>Selection</strong> Guides of earlier dates, which contradicts with data contained in this manual, is
in<strong>for</strong>mation superseded by this publicati publication
DISCLAIMER
All in<strong>for</strong>mation, recommendation or advice contained in this <strong>AAAMSA</strong> Publication is given in good faith to the best of <strong>AAAMSA</strong>’s
knowledge and based on current procedures in effect.
Because actual use of <strong>AAAMSA</strong> Publicati Publications ons by the user is beyond the control of <strong>AAAMSA</strong> such use is within the exclusive
responsibility of the user. <strong>AAAMSA</strong> cannot be held responsible <strong>for</strong> any loss incurred through incorrect or faulty use of its Pu Publications.
Great care has been taken to ensure t hat the in<strong>for</strong>mation provided is correct. No responsibility will be accepted by
<strong>AAAMSA</strong> <strong>for</strong> any errors and/or omissions, which may have inadvertently occurred.
This Guide may be reproduced in whole or in part in any <strong>for</strong>m or by any means provided the reprod reproduction or transmission
acknowledges the origin and copyright date.
Copyright © <strong>AAAMSA</strong> 2008
<strong>AAAMSA</strong> – June 2008

CONTENTS
Chapter I General Specification <strong>for</strong> Glazed Architectural Products
1. General Specification <strong>for</strong> Glazed Architectural Products
1.1 Materials
1.2 Finishes
1.3 Construction
1.4 Manufacture
1.5 Fittings
1.6 Installation
1.7 Inspection
1.8 Quality Assurance
Chapter II Testing Procedures <strong>for</strong> Glazed Architectural Products
2. <strong>AAAMSA</strong> Test Rigs
2.1 Mechanical Per<strong>for</strong>mance Testing
2.2 <strong>AAAMSA</strong> Per<strong>for</strong>mance Test Criteria
2.3 <strong>AAAMSA</strong> Per<strong>for</strong>mance Test Certificates
2.4 Testing Procedure and Sequence
2.5 Energy Efficiency Per<strong>for</strong>mance Testing
2.6 Energy Efficiency Per<strong>for</strong>mance - Computer Simulation Programs
Chapter III Design
3. Design
3.1 Introduction
3.2 Design – Deemed Deemed-to-Satisfy Rules
3.3 <strong>Selection</strong> of Aluminium Alloy Extrusions
3.4 Determination of Glass Thickness - Rational Design
3.5 Plastics – Rational Design
Chapter IV <strong>Selection</strong> of Glazing Materials
4. <strong>Selection</strong> of Types of Glazing Materials
4.1 Introduction
4.2 Per<strong>for</strong>mance of Glass Products
4.3 Sound Insulation
4.4 Energy Related Properties of Windows
4.5 Determining Energy Related Properties of Windows
4.6 Exposure to Fire and Per<strong>for</strong>mance of Glazing
Chapter V Glazing
5. <strong>Selection</strong> of Glazing Methods
5.1 Setting and LLocation
Blocks
5.2 Pre<strong>for</strong>med Compression Gaskets
5.3 Structural Glazing (a.k.a. flush glazing)
5.4 UV Bonding
5.5 Prevention of Thermal Cracks of Glass
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CONTENTS
Chapter VI Hardware and Door Controls
6. Hardware and Fixings
6.1 Sash Limitations
6.2 Friction Stay Limitations
6.3 Aluminium Friction Hinge Limitations
6.4 Door Controls
6.5 Special Doors
6.6 Generic Fenestration Hardware
Chapter VII Surface Finishes
7. <strong>Selection</strong> of Finishes
7.1 Anodising
7.2 Powder Coating
7.3 International Quality Standards
7.4 Coil Coating
7.5 Maintenance of Surface Finishes
7.6 Cleaning of Anodic Coatings on Architectural Aluminium
7.7 Cleaning of Powder Coatings on Architectural Aluminium
Chapter VIII Skylights
109
8. General Specification <strong>for</strong> Skylights
110
8.1 Materials
110
8.2 Finishes
111
8.3 Construction
111
8.4 Manufacture
112
8.5 Fittings
112
8.6 Installation
112
8.7 Quality Assurance
113
8.8 Design Guideline <strong>for</strong> Aluminium Framed ramed Skylights and Sloped Glazing 113
8.9 Properties <strong>for</strong> Specialized Plastic Glazing Materials
118
Chapter IX Balustrades
9. Balustrades
9.1 Design criteria <strong>for</strong> Balustrades
9.2 Residential application other than Roofs
9.3 Places of Public Assembly other than Grandstands and to roofs to which the
Public has access
9.4 Grandstands
9.5 Industrial Buildings
9.6 Prescribed Height
9.7 Allowable Deflection
9.8 Balustrade with Vertical Members
9.9 Balustrade with Safety Glazing Materials
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CONTENTS
Chapter X Quality Assurance: Inspection Guidelines and Certification
10. Guide <strong>for</strong> Accuracy of Installed Architectural Aluminium Products
10.1 Inherent Dimensional Inaccuracies
10.2 Induced Dimensional Inaccuracies
10.3 General
10.4 Quality Guide <strong>for</strong> Installed Architectural Aluminium Products
10.5 Quality Assurance
Chapter XI Energy Efficient Fenestration: Deemed Deemed-to-Satisfy Rules
11.1 Introduction
11.2 Deemed-to-Satisfy Satisfy Rules <strong>for</strong> Energy Efficient Fenestration
11.3 Climatic Zones of South Africa
11.4 External Vertical Glazing
11.4.1 Method 1: For Natural Ventilated Buildings
11.4.2 Method 2: For Mechanical Ventilated Buildings
11.5 Shading
7 11.6 Permissible Air Leakage
11.7 Rooflights
Chapter XII SAFIERA Testing Protocol
12. SAFIERA Testing Protocol
12.1 Introduction
12.2 References
12.3 Aim
12.4 Purpose
12.5 Scope
12.6 Products and Effect Effects not covered
12.7 Model Size and Configurations
12.8 Application <strong>for</strong> Testing
12.9 Rating
ANNEX A Environmental Comparison of Window Materials (Carbon Footprint)
A.1 Introduction
A.2 Window Materials
A.3 Energy of Use
A.4 Conclusions
A.5 References
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The Association of Architectural Aluminium Manufacturers of South Africa (<strong>AAAMSA</strong>) was founded by eight
companies in July 1974 to foster trade and commerce in relation to those persons associated in the manufacture and
installation of <strong>architectural</strong> aluminium structures. Its main objective is to promote commercial and group interest.
Currently the <strong>AAAMSA</strong> Group administers, beside the <strong>architectural</strong> aluminium industry, the glass, ceiling and
partitioning and insulation industries rep represented by the following Associations.
Aluminium
Industry
SAFIERA SAGI
South African Fenestration
South African
Insulation Energy Rating Association
Glass Institute
Glass
Industry
<strong>AAAMSA</strong> Fenestration SAGGA TIASA
Association of Architectural South African Glass
Thermal Insulation Association of
Aluminium Manufacturers
of South Africa
& Glazing Association
Southern Africa
ASDA SASEMA EPSASA
Aluminium Stockists & South African Shower Enclosure Expanded Polystyrene Association
Distributors Association Manufacturers Association
of Southern Africa
SASA
Skylight Association
of Southern Africa
THE <strong>AAAMSA</strong> GROUP
The <strong>AAAMSA</strong> Group has established in house testing facilities to test certain material properties <strong>for</strong> Expanded
Polystyrene and has external testing facilities in Cape Town, Durban, Port Elizabeth and Johannesburg to test
<strong>architectural</strong> aluminium products in respect of their structural strength, water penetration and air leakage. Results of
testing by members is bi-monthly monthly updated and published in the abovementioned Architect & Specificator magazine to
assist specifiers to select appropriate materials and pro products <strong>for</strong> projects.
The South African Fenestration and Insulation Energy Rating Association (SAFIERA)
Testing, conducted at the Association’s Rotatable Guarded Hot Box facility, situated at Unit 28, CSIR, Lynnwood,
Pretoria. The testing is conducted by the Thermal Test Laboratory (TTL) under the auspices of SAFIERA, in strict
accordance with the methods 1 The South African Fenestration and Insulation Energy Rating Association (SAFIERA) facilitate Energy Per<strong>for</strong>mance
Testing, conducted at the Association’s Rotatable Guarded Hot Box facility, situated at Unit 28, CSIR, Lynnwood,
The testing is conducted by the Thermal Test Laboratory (TTL) under the auspices of SAFIERA, in strict
prescribed by the National Fenestration Rating Council (NFRC) of America. SAFIERA is
the South African License holder of the NFRC Rating System and the test results obtained by RGHB testing are
internationally recognized.
1 Since U-values values (thermal transmittance values) vary <strong>for</strong> glass, edge edge-of-glass glass zone, and frame regions, it can be misleading to compare
the U-factors factors of windows from different manufacturers if they are not carefully and consistently described. The calculation and testing
methods developed by the NFRC address this concern.
Page 4
Insulation
Industry
TPMA
Thermal Panel
Manufacturers Association
Ceiling & Partitioning
Industry
SABISA
South African Building
Interior Systems Association

PREFACE
This <strong>Selection</strong> Guide refers to the design, manufacture, finishes, glass, glazing, installation, testing and quality
control of Glazed Architectural Products.
This <strong>Selection</strong> Guide has been prepared to assist the Specifier in the first instance to select products that are
sufficiently strong and resistant to water and air infiltration to meet the requirements <strong>for</strong> the specific job and
related ted conditions at hand. It also introduces recommendations of the correct usage of glazing materials in
furniture.
This <strong>Selection</strong> Guide offers Energy Efficiency solutions <strong>for</strong> <strong>glazed</strong> Architectural Products. It will assist the
Specifier, in particular the Architect, to determine suitable glazing solutions to maximize the Energy Efficiency
per<strong>for</strong>mance of the building.
Most importantly this <strong>Selection</strong> Guide offers steps which, when implemented by the Specifier/Client, ensure that
quality end products are installed alled thus creating confidence that any funding spent on Glazed Architectural Products
is spent responsibly.
This <strong>Selection</strong> Guide will <strong>guide</strong> the manufacturer through the relevant SANS standards pertaining to design,
finishes, glass and glazing by means of recommended general practices to ensure reliability of the end products
and compliance with the requirements laid down by the National Building Regulations.
In addition the introduction of the <strong>AAAMSA</strong> Surface Finishing and Glass & Glazing Certificates wil will go a long
way in assisting Specifiers to track and record material and services sources long after final handover. The
Certificates may prove invaluable when compiling the relevant maintenance manuals.
The following steps by the Specifier will ensure tthat
hat quality end products are installed.
i) Prior rior to the commencement of any site work obtain a copy of relevant <strong>AAAMSA</strong> Per<strong>for</strong>mance Test
Certificate (Refer Chapter II and X) from the Manufacturer/Contractor supplying the Architectural
Aluminium Product. (Note! Only Certificates validated after 15 January 2003 are current).
ii) Obtain the <strong>AAAMSA</strong> Surface Finishing Certificate confirming that all anodising and/or powder coating has
been processed in strict accordance with SANS 999 and SANS 1796 respectively.
iii) Obtain a powder guarantee of no less than 15 years issued by the powder manufacturer. The specific
conditions contained in this guarantee shall from part of the powder coating process and may only be applied
by an approved powder applicator.
iv) Obtain the <strong>AAAMSA</strong> AAMSA Glass & Glazing Certificate confirming that glazing has been installed in accordance
with SANS 10137 ensuring that Safety Glazing Materials have been installed in the mandatory areas and that
each individual pane of Safety Glazing Materials has been permanently marked.
v) Obtain a Warranty from the Manufacturer of the laminated safety glass and/or hermetically sealed glazing
units (SIGU) warranting the products against delamination and colour degradation <strong>for</strong> a period of not less than
5 years.
vi) In terms of the Construction Regulations 2003, obtain the following <strong>AAAMSA</strong> Certificates which facilitate
documenting materials used in the manufacture and installation of Architectural Aluminium Products.
Page 5

Page 6

CHAPTER I
GENERAL SPECIFICATION
FOR
GLAZED ARCHITECTURAL PRODUCTS
Page 7

1. GENERAL SPECIFICATION FOR GLAZED ARCHITECTURAL PRODUCTS
1.1. MATERIALS
1.1.1 EXTRUSIONS
Extruded aluminium sections shall be fabricated from alloy 6063 or 6061 in temper T5 or T6 all in accordance with the
latest edition of BS EN 755 - "Aluminium and its alloys – extruded rod/bar, tube and profiles."
The extruded section shall be of such quality and strength that the section properties of the load bearing profiles meet the
requirements as laid down in Section 1.3.
1.1.2 SHEET
Ancillary members such as sills, flashings, infill panels and the like which may be <strong>for</strong>med from flat sheet material shall
be fabricated from aluminium uminium alloy 1200 or 3004 or 5251 of appropriate temper, all in accordance with the latest edition
of BS EN 573 - "Aluminium and Aluminium Alloys."
1.1.3 GLASS & GLAZING
Glass/specialized plastic glazing materials shall be ........ (Architect to specify).
Glazing shall be executed strictly in con<strong>for</strong>mance with glass manufacturer's recommendations and all in accordance with
the National Building Regulations Part N, SANS 10137, SANS 10400 and SANS 1263.
All safety glazing materials terials (individual panes) shall be permanently marked in such a way that such marking will be
visible after installation of glazing.
The successful Tenderer shall submit the <strong>AAAMSA</strong> Glass & Glazing Certificate confirming that glazing has been
installed in accordance with SANS 10137 and SANS 10400 and ensuring that Safety Glazing Materials have been
installed and individually marked in the mandatory safety glazing areas.
A warranty is to be provided that the manufacturer of the laminated safety glass and/or the hermetically sealed glazing
units warrants the product against delamination and colour degradation <strong>for</strong> a period of not less than 5 (five) years.
In case of structural glazing written proof is to be provided that all stages of fabrication and in installation have been
executed with disciplined quality assurance in accordance with the relevant part of SABS ISO 9000.
Written confirmation of compatibility of structural sealant with extrusion surface, glazing tape and glass is to be supplied
by the structural tructural sealant manufacturer together with the regular relevant test reports regarding the adhesion of the sealant
to the aluminium frame in accordance with ASTM/C 794 794-80 (Standard Test <strong>for</strong> Adhesion--in-Peel
of Elastomeric Joint
Sealants).
1.2. FINISHES
The successful tenderer shall submit the <strong>AAAMSA</strong> Surface Finishing Certificate confirming that all anodising and/or
powder coating and/or coil coating has been processed in accordance with relevant local and/or international standards.
1.2.1 ANODISING
All <strong>architectural</strong> anodising shall be in strict accordance with SANS 999. Specifications shall include colour, anodic film
thickness (µ) ) and geographical location.
The specific purchasing conditions contained in SANS 999 shall be deemed to be incorporate incorporated in this specification.
A Certificate of con<strong>for</strong>mance is to be <strong>for</strong>warded, confirming that all anodising has been processed as a<strong>for</strong>ementioned.
1.2.2 POWDER COATING
All <strong>architectural</strong> powder coating shall be in strict accordance with SANS 1796. Furthermo Furthermore re the powder applied shall be
in strict accordance with SANS 1578. Specifications shall include colour, colour code, and if required, choice of powder
manufacturer.
Page 8

The specific purchasing conditions contained in SANS 1796 shall be deemed to be incorporated in this specification.
The powder manufacturer shall issue a powder guarantee of a minimum of 15 years. The specific conditions contained in
this guarantee, shall <strong>for</strong>m part of the powder coating “process” and may only be applied by an approv approved powder
applicator.
All aluminium shall be pre-treated treated in accordance with SANS 1796 so as to ensure excellent adherence properties.
1.2.3 COIL COATING (Painted Aluminium Sheet)
All coil coating of <strong>architectural</strong> aluminium flat sheet products shall be in stri strict ct accordance with:
ASTM D2247 in respect of Humidity Resistance
ASTM G53 and ASTM D3361 in respect of Accelerated Weathering
ASTM B117 in respect of Acid Salt Spray
ASTM D4145 in respect of Formability
ASTM D3363 in respect of Pencil Hardness
ASTM D523 in respect of Specular Gloss
ASTM D2794 in respect of Reverse Impact
All coil coated <strong>architectural</strong> aluminium flat products are to be provided with a manufacturer’s extended guarantee in
respect of substrate and painted surface (20 (20-years subject to manufacturers turers per<strong>for</strong>mance guarantee conditions).
1.3. CONSTRUCTION
1.3.1 DESIGN
1.3.1.1 The Design Wind pressure is .... (Architect and/or Structural Engineer to provide). Alternatively the Specifier
may select the relevant <strong>AAAMSA</strong> Per<strong>for</strong>mance Class Designation according Table 1.1.
TABLE 1.1: <strong>Selection</strong> table <strong>for</strong> Wind Load and <strong>AAAMSA</strong> Per<strong>for</strong>mance Class Designation
Terrain Category as per SANS 10160
Height from ground to top of products in Metres
5 10 15 20
Category 1 – Open Sea, lake shores and flat treeless plains
A2
1500Pa
A3
2000Pa
A3
2000Pa
A3
2000Pa
Category 2 – Airfields, open parklands or farmlands and A2 A2 A3 A3
undeveloped outskirts of towns and suburbs
1500Pa 1500Pa 2000Pa 2000Pa
Category 3 – Built-up areas
A0
600Pa
A1
1000Pa
A1
1000Pa
A2
1500Pa
Category 4 – City Centres
A0
600Pa
A1
1000Pa
A1
1000Pa
A2
1500Pa
A0, A1, A2 and A3 are <strong>AAAMSA</strong> Per<strong>for</strong>mance Class Designations – Minimum design criteria <strong>for</strong> internal work is 600Pa (A0).
1.3.1.2 The plastic, shrinkage and creep deflections of floor slabs are .... (Structural Engineer to provide this
in<strong>for</strong>mation if relevant in case of curtain walling /window walling).
1.3.1.3 Tenderers should allow <strong>for</strong> thermal movement due to an atmospheric tem temperature perature range of -10°C to 35°C.
(Architect to confirm).
1.3.1.4 Opening vents are to be tested in accordance with <strong>AAAMSA</strong> Per<strong>for</strong>mance Test Criteria <strong>for</strong> per<strong>for</strong>mance category
.... (A0, A1, A2, A3 or A4 must be specified by Architect).
Tenderers are to submit ubmit relevant <strong>AAAMSA</strong> Per<strong>for</strong>mance Test Certificate testifying that their products meet the
requirements of the specified Per<strong>for</strong>mance Class Designation with their tenders, alternatively, prior to
commencing work on site in case of non non-standard product configurations.
Page 9

TABLE 1.2:
Test
Deflection (positive and
negative) under uni<strong>for</strong>m loading
Pa (the design wind load)
Structural proof loading 1.5 x
Uni<strong>for</strong>m loading
Water resistance under a pressure
of x Pa
x=120Pa
Air leakage through specimen
under a pressure difference of
75Pa
(1) For fixed glazing y = 0,306 l/s per m 2 TABLE 1.2: <strong>AAAMSA</strong> Test Per<strong>for</strong>mance Criteria
A0 A1
Class Designation
A2 A3 A4
600Pa 1,000Pa 1,500Pa 2,000Pa 2,500Pa
900Pa 1,500Pa 2,250Pa 3,000Pa 3,750Pa
x=120Pa x=200Pa x=300Pa x=400Pa x=500Pa
y = 2 y = 2 y = 2 y = 2 y = 2
. For swing doors and revolving doors 5l/s/m
(2) For spans greater than 4115mm, but less than 12,2m deflection shall be limited to 1/240
2 (SANS 204:2)
For spans greater than 4115mm, but less than 12,2m deflection shall be limited to 1/240 th A4
Requirement
Maximum
2,500Pa deflection 1/175 of
span
of span plus 6mm.
(2)
3,750Pa No failure allowed
x=500Pa
No leakage when
subjected to a flow
of 0.05 l/s/m 2
Not more than y =
y = 2 l/s/m 2 <strong>for</strong> all
categories (1)
(SANS 204:2)
of span plus 6mm.
1.4 MANUFACTURE
1.4.1 Joints in frames and sashes shall be made by mechanical means and are to be sealed to prevent water penetration.
1.4.2 Final products shall be free from all sharp edges, burring and the like.
1.4.3 Hardware and fittings shall be removable without removing the aluminium frames from the structure and must be
compatible with the aluminium fr framing.
1.4.4 Sliding members shall be constructed so that no metal metal-to-metal sliding contact occurs.
1.5 FITTINGS
15.1 Weather seals shall be of materials that are compatible with aluminium and shall be such that any degradation,
shrinking, warping or adherence to sliding or closing surfaces does not impair the per<strong>for</strong>mance of the installation.
1.5.2 Glazing beads, gaskets and glazing compounds shall be of materials that are compatible with the aluminium
finishes, the glass and other glazing materials. Putty glazing is not to be used in conjunction with aluminium
framing.
1.5.3 Hardware, bearing devices and fittings in general must be made of materials resistant to atmospheric corrosion <strong>for</strong>
all inland installations, but when installed in highly corros corrosive ive environments, such as coastal or close proximity to
the sea, all said fittings must be made from non non-corrosive corrosive materials and shall be of a design so as to be accessible
<strong>for</strong> adjustment, repair and replacement after the windows etc. have been installed.
1.5.4 Fastenings shall be of material, which is compatible with aluminium, and aluminium finishes.
1.6 INSTALLATION
1.6.1 The aluminium frames and windows shall be installed such that they are securely anchored, sealed and undamaged
and meet in all respects ects with the per<strong>for</strong>mance criteria as set out in Section 1.3.
1.6.2 The glass shall be installed strictly in accordance with the glass manufacturer's specifications.
1.6.3 The frames and glass are to be installed in accordance with the main contractor's building programme and the
exposed aluminium is to be protected by means of low tack adhesive tape against mortar droppings and other non-
mechanical damage.
1.7 INSPECTION
Inspection of installed frames and glass shall, amongst others, be carried out according to the following criteria:
1.7.1 SCRATCHES AND BLEMISHES
This inspection will be viewed at a distance of three metres under normal lighting conditions, i.e. reasonable lighting
conditions under which the project is normally viewed.
Page 10

1.7.2 ALUMINIUM WORK
Scratches in aluminium are defined as being a mark on the aluminium surface, which penetrates the powder, coated or
anodised surface, thereby exposing the base metal.
If visible when viewed from a distance of three metres under normal lighting conditions, the product may be rejected.
Flaws/Stains, paint runs or other indication that mars the aesthetic appearance of aluminium, which is visible when
viewed from a distance of three metres under normal lighting conditions, may cause the pr product oduct to be rejected.
1.7.3 GLASS AND PLASTICS
In laminated glass interlayer bubbles larger than 1.5mm diameter will not be allowed. Larger clusters or close spacing of
smaller bubbles will also be disallowed.
If visible when viewed from a distance of three metres under normal lighting conditions scratches in glass and plastics
will not be acceptable.
1.8 QUALITY ASSURANCE
1.8.1 PRIOR COMMENCEMENT OOF
ANY SITE WORK:
1.8.1.1 Obtain a copy of the appropriate <strong>AAAMSA</strong> Per<strong>for</strong>mance Test Certificate from the Manufacturer/Specialist
Contractor supplying/installing the Architectural Aluminium Products.
1.8.1.2 Obtain a full set of detailed manufacturing drawings/manuals relevant to the installed products.
1.8.2 UPON COMPLETION OF ALL LL SITE WORK (AT HAN HANDOVER)
1.8.2.1 OBTAIN THE FOLLOWING CERTIFICATES:
a) <strong>AAAMSA</strong> Per<strong>for</strong>mance Test Certificate
b) <strong>AAAMSA</strong> or SAGGA Glass & Glazing Certificate
c) <strong>AAAMSA</strong> Surface Finishing Certificate
d) <strong>AAAMSA</strong> or SASA Skylight System Certificate (when applicable)
e) <strong>AAAMSA</strong> Architectural Produ Product ct Certificate (in the event drawings are not provided)
1.8.3 WARRANTIES
1.8.3.1 POWDER COATED SURFAC SURFACE FINISH
Obtain a warranty, from an approved powder coater, that the powder manufacturer guarantees his product <strong>for</strong> a minimum
of 15 (fifteen) years.
1.8.3.2 GLASS
Obtain a warranty, from the manufacturer of the laminated safety glass and/or the hermetically sealed glazing units,
against delamination and colour degradation of the products <strong>for</strong> a period of not less than 5 (five) years.
Page 11

Page 12

CHAPTER II
TESTING PROCEDURES
FOR
GLAZED ARCHITECTURAL PRODUCTS
Page 13

2. <strong>AAAMSA</strong> TEST RIGS
2.1 MECHANICAL PERFORMANCE TESTING
Products submitted to the <strong>AAAMSA</strong> Testing Laboratories <strong>for</strong> the purpose to obtain a relevant <strong>AAAMSA</strong> Per<strong>for</strong>mance
Test Certificate shall be tested in accordance with the methods and sequence stated below:
The <strong>AAAMSA</strong> Test equipment is located at:
TTL, Unit 28, CSIR Campus, Lynnwood, Pretoria
Wispeco, 20 Ebony Avenue, Durban
PG Test Services, Unit 2, Bros Park, 29 Scheckter Street, Killarney Gardens, Cape Town
NMMU, , North Campus, Summerstrand, Po Port Elizabeth
Products tested by other independent national (i.e. AGI Aluminium – Johannesburg) nnesburg) and international testing authorities
will qualify <strong>for</strong> <strong>AAAMSA</strong> accreditation provided the products are manufactured by <strong>AAAMSA</strong> members and meet the
relevant <strong>AAAMSA</strong> Test Per<strong>for</strong>mance Requirements in every respect.
2.2. <strong>AAAMSA</strong> PERFORMANCE TEST CRITERIA
2.2.1 The requirements laid down in Table 2.1 shall be the <strong>AAAMSA</strong> Test Per<strong>for</strong>mance Requirements to test and
classify the products presented <strong>for</strong> testing:
Page 14

Test
Deflection (positive and
negative) under uni<strong>for</strong>m
loading Pa (the design
wind load)
Structural proof loading
1.5 x Uni<strong>for</strong>m loading
Water resistance under a
pressure of x Pa
600Pa 1,000Pa 1,500Pa 2,000Pa 2,500Pa
900Pa 1,500Pa 2,250Pa 3,000Pa 3,750Pa
x = 120Pa x = 200Pa x = 300Pa x = 400Pa x = 500Pa
Air leakage through
specimen under a pressure
difference of 75 Pa
y = 2 y = 2 y = 2 y = 2
(1) For fixed glazing y = 0,306 l/s per m
(2) For spans greater than 4115mm, but less than 12,2m deflection shall be limited to 1/240
2 . For swing doors and revolving doors 5l/s/m 2 (SANS 204:2)
For spans greater than 4115mm, but less than 12,2m deflection shall be limited to 1/240 th y = 2
(SANS 204:2)
of span plus 6mm.
2.2.2 Products such as curtain walling, window walling and shopfronts shall include expansion joints and/or crucifix
connections and shall have an average air flow rate not exceeding 0.306 l/s/m 2 Products such as curtain walling, window walling and shopfronts shall include expansion joints and/or crucifix
at 75Pa.
2.2.3 Double action swing doors and revolving doors shall have an average air flow rate not exceeding 55l/s/m
204:2)
2 (SANS
2.3 <strong>AAAMSA</strong> PERFORMANCE TEST CERTIFICATES
The test results recorded are applicable and restricted only to the sample and the testing thereof under the standard
laboratory testing conditions and procedures.
The certificate only applies to products of identical configuration of equal or lesser dimensions and no other product or
unit apart from the sample itself or the said testing conditions or procedures are to be applied.
The applicant (manufacturer) cturer) indemnifies the testing authority and <strong>AAAMSA</strong> and holds them harmless against any
claims as herein contemplated by any third party.
The manufacturer (applicant) is responsible <strong>for</strong> the proper installation of the product in the test apparatus. The p pproduct
is
installed such that the outside of the product faces the spray nozzles of the testing apparatus. This position may only be
reversed in case of the test <strong>for</strong> negative deflection on testing apparatus not having reversible airflow.
2.4 TESTING PROCEDURE RE AND SEQUENCE
TABLE 2.1: <strong>AAAMSA</strong> Test Per<strong>for</strong>mance Criteria
Class Designation
A0 A1 A2 A3 A4
Manufacturer (the applicant) to submit fully detailed shop drawings in triplicate to <strong>AAAMSA</strong> Testing Officers at least
two weeks prior the proposed testing date.
The Testing Officer must review the shop drawings to ensure there is sufficie sufficient nt detail contained therein such as (but not
limited to):
2.4.1 STEP 1 - DRAWINGS AND COMMENCEMENT OF TESTING
Drawing number and Product Name.
Elevation of product fully dimensioned.
Cross section details of frame, sashes, transom, mullions and combinations thereof.
Position and type of hardware including reference #.
Gaskets, wet seals, fixings and cleats fully detailed and referenced.
Glass type and thickness.
Instruction (note) to which per<strong>for</strong>mance category the product is to be tested.
Any special test requirements uirements when appropriate.
Curtain wall products or unitised assemblies of widows, screens etc. must incorporate movement joints/coupling
profiles and fully detailed and referenced on the drawings.
Testing Officer to confirm testing date upon acceptance of the shop drawings.
Page 15
Requirement
Maximum
deflection 1/175
of span (2)
No failure
allowed
No leakage
when subjected
to a flow of
0.05 l/s/m 2
Not more than y
2 (1)
= l/s per m

Should the shop drawings not meet the above criteria the drawings are to be returned to the manufacturer <strong>for</strong> revision. No
testing date should be confirmed until such time that the drawings satisfy the above criteria.
The opening vents of the installed product shall be opened and closed five (5) times to ascertain proper operation.
The product with all opening vents securely fastened shall be subjected to an initial pressure of 100 Pa <strong>for</strong> the duration of
five (5) minutes to "settle" e" all joints and fixings.
2.4.2 STEP 2 - AIR INFILTRATION TEST
Seal all joints (The total length of the mating surfaces of opening lights and the fixed frames) and weep holes in the
product airtight, by taping.
2.4.2.1 Apply the pressure differential of 75 Pa between the external and internal faces of the product and maintain same
± one (1) percent during the measurement of the air leakage through the sealed product. The result of this
measurement represents the leakage through the test apparatus.
2.4.2.2 Drop pressure and remove sealing tape from joints and weep holes. Thereafter apply a pressure differential of
75Pa as in 2.4.2.1. The result of this measurement represents the leakage through the product and test apparatus.
2.4.2.3 Calculate the difference between measurement 2.4.2.1 and 2.4.2.2 and record the difference as the leakage
through the product.
2.4.3 STEP 3 - DEFLECTION UNDER UNIFORM POSITIVE STATIC PRESSURE
Install deflection gauges as follows:
2.4.3.1 Two each on frame at junction on with mullion/transom (each end of mullion/transom) and one only in centre of
mullion/transom
2.4.3.2 Take and record readings of deflection gauges.
2.4.3.3 Apply a pressure differential equal to the relevant category uni<strong>for</strong>m load against the exterior face of the prod product
and maintain <strong>for</strong> five (5) minutes. Remove pressure and record the readings of the gauges.
2.4.3.4 Inspect product <strong>for</strong> any visible structural or functional damage.
2.4.3.5 Using the <strong>for</strong>mula stated below calculate from the recorded deflection gauge readings the actual deflection and
ascertain compliance with the relevant Per<strong>for</strong>mance Test Requirements.
Deflection = d3 - (d + d )/2
1 2
d1 = deflection at one end of transom/mullion.
d2 = deflection at other end of transom transom/mullion.
d3 = deflection at centre of transom/mullion.
2.4.4 STEP 4 - DEFLECTION UNDER UNIFORM NEGATIVE STATIC PRESSURE
2.4.4.1 Refer 2.4.3.1
2.4.4.2 Refer 2.4.3.2
2.4.4.3 As 2.4.3.3 but apply pressure differential against interior face of the product.
2.4.4.4 Refer 2.4.3.4
2.4.4.5 Refer 2.4.3.5
2.4.5 STEP 5 - WATER PENETRATION TEST
2.4.5.1 Operate the water spray at a rate of at least 0.05 l/s /s per m² in a manner that the exterior face of the product is
completely and continuously covered by water. Simultaneously maintain, on the exterior face of the product, the
appropriate air pressure to the product's per<strong>for</strong>mance category (i.e. A0, A1, A2, A3, and A4).
2.4.5.2 Duration of this test is minimum fifteen (15) minutes.
Page 16

2.4.5.3 Inspect the product <strong>for</strong> uncontrolled leakage of water beyond the plane of the innermost face of the product or
through the window frame.
Note: Controlled leakage is defined as water which is permitted to enter channels in the frame which are designed to
contain and disperse it in n a controlled manner without damage to fabric or furnishings of the building.
2.4.6 STEP 6 - STRUCTURAL PROOF LOADING
2.4.6.1 Apply a pressure differential equal to the relevant category structural load requirement against the exterior face
of the product duct and maintain <strong>for</strong> one (1) minute.
2.4.6.2 Inspect the product <strong>for</strong> any visible structural or functional damage.
2.4.7 STEP 7 - TEST FOR OPERATION PERFORMANCE
2.4.7.1 Establish the starting <strong>for</strong>ce <strong>for</strong> opening the vents. (Refer Table 2.2)
2.4.7.2 Establish the operating <strong>for</strong>ce <strong>for</strong> operating the vents. (Refer Table 2.2)
Vertical Sliders
Horizontal Sliders
Top & Side Hung
Pivot & Turn & Tilt
Sliding Doors
2.4.8 STEP 8 - CONTROLLED DISMANTLE
2.4.8.1 The Testing Officer must witness the Controlled Dismantle.
2.4.8.2 The sample must be broken down to a level which will allow the Testing Officer to inspect to their discretion.
2.4.8.3 The Testing Officer shall record any findings on the drawings supplied by the manufacturer (applicant).
2.4.9 STEP 9 - CERTIFICATION
TABLE 2.2: Operating Forces
Starting Force Operating Force
> 180 N or
> 180 N/m 2 > 120 N
of sash > 120 N/m 2 of sash
>120 N or
> 130 N/m 2 >80 N or
of sash > 80 N/m 2 Operating Force
of sash
of sash
> 80 N > 80 N
> 80 N > 80 N
> 120 N > 80 N
2.4.9.1. Upon completion of testing the Testing Officers signs the detailed drawings confirming that the test sample was
constructed as detailed.
2.4.9.2 Testing results are <strong>for</strong>warded to the <strong>AAAMSA</strong> Secretariat by the Testing Officer.
2.4.9.3 The <strong>AAAMSA</strong> Executive Director will validate the detailed drawings and test results and issue the <strong>AAAMSA</strong>
Per<strong>for</strong>mance Test Certificate to the manufacturer.
Page 17

Page 18

1. The Per<strong>for</strong>mance Test Certificate applies equally to products of the same nature and function as that tested and
which products shall be identical in construction and configuration to the test sample, save only that the overall
size recorded in Section B of the Certificate and the size of any ventilator, or subunit may be reduced.
2. Extended configuration applicability examples:
EXTENDED APPLICABILITY
Page 19

2.5 ENERGY EFFICIENCY PERFORMANCE TESTING
In 2006 the <strong>AAAMSA</strong> Group established the South African
Fenestration and Insulation Energy Rating Association
(SAFIERA) to support its drive ive to promote energy efficiency
in the building industry. SAFIERA’s primary goal is to
provide a fair, accurate, and reliable energy per<strong>for</strong>mance
rating system.
The SAFIERA system is derived from a similar rating
system developed by the internationally re recognised National
Fenestration Rating Council of America (NFRC) and
complies with the South African Energy Efficiency Standard
<strong>for</strong> buildings. SAFIERA is the South African License holder
of the NFRC Rating System.
The energy per<strong>for</strong>mance rating process is b
complementary use of computer simulation and physical
system testing to establish energy per<strong>for</strong>mance ratings <strong>for</strong>
fenestration 2 The energy per<strong>for</strong>mance rating process is based on the
complementary use of computer simulation and physical
system testing to establish energy per<strong>for</strong>mance ratings <strong>for</strong>
and thermal insulated building envelope
systems.
The <strong>for</strong>mation of the association has led to an investment by the AA <strong>AAAMSA</strong> AMSA Group <strong>for</strong> the construction and
commissioning of its flagship RGHB test facility. The RGHB, located at the Thermal Test Laboratory (TLL) on the CSIR
campus, can be used to determine the heat transmission values (U (U-values) values) of most building envelope syst systems in
accordance with ASTM C 1363-05 05 and ASTM 1199.
Test specimens are mounted in a test frame between two climatic chambers, exposing the one side of the test specimen to
typical room conditions and the other side to typical cold external conditions res respectively. pectively. Room conditions are typically
21 °C C and airflow conditions representing natural convection, whilst the cold external conditions are typically -18°C and
airflow velocities of up to 20 km/hr. By carefully calibrating and characterizing the RGHB, iit
t is possible to determine the
comparative and absolute U-values values of various specimens in a controlled environment.
Although the RGHB is currently configured to test fenestration elements, it can easily be re re-configured configured to test practically
any other insulated building envelope system. Tests are normally per<strong>for</strong>med <strong>for</strong> building envelope systems in a vertical
orientation, but by rotating the RGHB, measurements can also be per<strong>for</strong>med <strong>for</strong> the test specimen at any inclination in
between vertical and horizontal. To allow comparison of the results of the fenestration testing, the standard dimensions
<strong>for</strong> fenestration specimens are 1195mm wide x 1495mm high, , with a tolerance of 2mm. Manufacturers should ensure that
the specimens presented <strong>for</strong> testing have been successfully tested <strong>for</strong> air leakage.
The maximum specimen dimension that can be tested in the RGHB is 4100mm wide x 3600mm high. For non-standard
test specimens and tests, it is important <strong>for</strong> manufacturers to consult with TTL prior to the manufacturing of specimens.
RGHB testing is conducted under the auspices of SAFIERA in strict accordance with the methods prescribed by th the
NFRC. The NFRC Rating System is based on the following international standards and procedures:
NFRC 100 - Procedure <strong>for</strong> Determining Fenestration Products UU-factors
NFRC 101 - Procedure <strong>for</strong> Determining Thermo Thermo-Physical Physical Properties of Materials <strong>for</strong> Use in NFRC-approved
Software Programmes
NFRC 102 - Test Procedure <strong>for</strong> Measuring the Steady Steady-State State Thermal Transmittance of Fenestration Systems
NFRC 200 - Procedure <strong>for</strong> Determining Fenestration Products Solar Heat Gain Coefficients and Visible
Transmittance at NNormal
Incidence
NFRC 201 - Procedure <strong>for</strong> Interim Standard Test Method <strong>for</strong> Measuring the Solar Heat Gain Coefficient of
Fenestration Systems Using Colorimeter Hot Box Methods
NFRC 300 - Test method <strong>for</strong> Determining the Solar Optical Properties of Glazing MMaterials
aterials and Systems
NFRC 301 - Standard Test Method <strong>for</strong> Emittance of Specular Surfaces Using Spectrometric Measurements
NFRC 400 - Procedure <strong>for</strong> Determining Fenestration Product Air Leakage
NFRC 500 - Procedure <strong>for</strong> Determining Fenestration Product Conden Condensation sation Resistance Values
2
Fenestration refers to windows (frames and glazing), <strong>glazed</strong> doors and skylights.
Page 20

2.6 ENERGY EFFICIENCY PERFORMANCE – COMPUTER SIMULATION PROGRAMMES
Be<strong>for</strong>e the availability of computer programs <strong>for</strong> simulating heat transfer, physical testing was the primary means of
determining energy efficiency per<strong>for</strong>mance. Detailed thermal simulations are now widely used in support of the thermal
design of building envelope systems, while physical testing, including the testing of complete systems are used to validate
the computer-modelling modelling <strong>for</strong> reality checking. Computer sim simulation ulation is also useful to address the many permutations of size
and configuration that exist within any range of products. The suite of fully fully-integrated integrated computer simulation programmes
used to simulate fenestration products are Window 5.0, Therm and Optic 55.
WINDOW 5.0 is a publicly available computer program <strong>for</strong> calculating total window thermal per<strong>for</strong>mance indices (i.e.
U-values, values, solar heat gain coefficients, shading coefficients, and visible transmittances). WINDOW 5.0 provides a
versatile heat transfer analysis metho method d consistent with the updated rating procedure developed by the National
Fenestration Rating Council (NFRC) that is consistent with the ISO 15099 standard. The programme can be used to
design and develop new products, to assist educators in teaching heat transfer through windows, and to help public
officials in developing building energy codes.
THERM is a state-of-the-art, art, Microsoft Windows
National Laboratory (LBNL) <strong>for</strong> use by building components
and others interested in heat transfer. Using THERM, one can model two
components such as windows, walls, foundations, roofs, and doors; appliances; a
are of concern. In addition to conduction heat transfer, the program also handles detailed radiation heat transfer, based on
view factors and incorporates convection heat transfer modelling in glazing cavities. THE
also allows one to evaluate a product’s energy efficiency and local temperature patterns, which may relate directly to
problems with condensation, moisture damage, and structural integrity.
TM based computer programme developed at Lawrence Berkeley
National Laboratory (LBNL) <strong>for</strong> use by building components manufacturers, engineers, educators, students, architects,
and others interested in heat transfer. Using THERM, one can model two-dimensional dimensional heat heat-transfer effects in building
components such as windows, walls, foundations, roofs, and doors; appliances; and nd other products where thermal bridges
are of concern. In addition to conduction heat transfer, the program also handles detailed radiation heat transfer, based on
view factors and incorporates convection heat transfer modelling in glazing cavities. THE THERM’s heat-transfer analysis
also allows one to evaluate a product’s energy efficiency and local temperature patterns, which may relate directly to
problems with condensation, moisture damage, and structural integrity.
OPTICS 5 allows the user to view and modify glazing data in many new and powerful ways. Optical and radioactive
properties of glazing materials are primary inputs <strong>for</strong> determination of energy per<strong>for</strong>mance in buildings. Properties of
composite systems such as flexible films applied to rigid glaz glazing ing and laminated glazing can be predicted from
measurements on isolated components in air or other gas. Properties of a series of structures can be generated from those
of a base structure. For example, the measured properties of a coated or uncoated sub substrate strate can be extended to a range of
available substrate thickness without the need to measure each thickness. Similarly, a coating type could be transferred by
calculation to any other substrate.
WINDOW 5.0, THERM, and OPTICS 5 have been developed by LBNL L and are available over the web at:
http://eetd.lbl.gov/btp/software.html
The tools above are accepted by NFRC <strong>for</strong> rating window systems. In some cases, these tools can also be applied by
NFRC-certified ed simulators, test labs and inspection agencies to determine ratings <strong>for</strong> non non-standard standard products.
Page 21

Page 22

CHAPTER III
DESIGN
Page 23

3. DESIGN
3.1 INTRODUCTION
The National Building Regulations and Building Standards Amendment Act 103 of 1977 (as amended) provides <strong>for</strong> the
promotion of uni<strong>for</strong>mity in the law relating to the erection of buildings in the areas of jurisdiction of Local Authorities;
<strong>for</strong> the prescribing of building standards; and <strong>for</strong> matters connected therewith. The Regulations under the National
Building Regulations and Building Standards Act, 1977 contain inter alia the following sections which influence to the
structural ral design and glazing of Architectural Aluminium Products.
3.1.1 PART B – STRUCTURAL DESIGN
B1. DESIGN REQUIREMENT
(1) Any building and any structural element or component thereof shall be designed to provide strength, stability,
serviceability and durability lity in accordance, with accepted principals of structural design, and so that it will not
impair the integrity of any other building or property.
(2) Any such building shall be so designed that in the event of accidental overloading the structural system will not
suffer disastrous or progressive collapse which is disproportionate to the original cause.
(3) The requirements of sub regulations (1) and (2) shall be deemed to be satisfied where such building is designed in
accordance with Part B of section 3 of SABS 00400.
400. (Currently known as SANS 10400).
3.1.2 PART N – GLAZING
N1. TYPE AND FIXING OF GLAZING
(1) Any material used in the glazing of any building shall be of a secure and durable type and shall be fixed in a
manner and position that will ensure that it will-
(a) safely sustain any wind loads to which it is likely to be subjected;
(b) not allow penetration of water to the interior of the building; and
(c) be apparent, in the case of clear glazing, to any person approaching such glazing.
(2) Glass, plastics and organic coated glass shall be selected in order to provide, in the case of human impact, a degree
of safety appropriate in relation to to-
(a) the position of the <strong>glazed</strong> area; and
(b) the number and likely behaviour pattern of persons expected to be in close proximity to such <strong>glazed</strong> area.
(3) The requirements of sub regulations (1) and (2) shall be deemed to be satisfied where the glazing material is
selected, fixed and marked in accordance with Part N of section 3 of SA SABS 0400. (Currently known as SANS
10400).
The South African National Standards SANS 10400 - The application of the National Building Regulations refers in its
Part B: Structural Design and its Part N: Glazing, inter alia, to the following South African National Standards:
SANS 10160 - General procedures rocedures and loading to be adopted in the design of building and
SANS 10137 – Installation of glazing lazing materials in building.
The <strong>Selection</strong> Guide follows the principles contained in the a<strong>for</strong>ementioned standards.
It should be noted that a professional Engineer may execute a rational design <strong>for</strong> Glazed Architectural Products which is
beyond the scope of this <strong>Selection</strong> Guide. However, this is not often the case, as DSS SANS 10400 Part B states that any
rational design of a structural system shall not preclude the use of DSS SANS 10400 Part N (glazing).
Should the professional Engineer venture into a rational design <strong>for</strong> glazing his liability <strong>for</strong> the specification, design and
installations of Glazed Architectural Products extend beyond that of the contract to subsequent owners.
(Tsimatakopoulos Tsimatakopoulos v Hemingway, Isaacs & Coetzee cc and another 1993(4) SA 428 (CPD).
There<strong>for</strong>e, in the normal run of events, the Contractor (Sub Contractor, Glazier, and Installer Installer) is responsible that the
installed Glazed Architectural Products mmeet
eet the requirements of the National Building Regulations. Only strict
adherence to a<strong>for</strong>ementioned South African National Standards during the design, manufacture and installation of Glazed
Architectural Products will ensure that the requirements containe contained d in the National Building Regulations are deemed to be
satisfied.
Page 24

3.2 DESIGN – DEEMED-TO-SATISFY SATISFY RULES
In the event that a Structural Engineer registered with the Engineering Council of South Africa did not design and
supervise the installation of the fenestration tration system, the installer of the fenestration system shall be deemed deemed-to-satisfy the
requirements of the National Building Regulations and Building Standards Amendments Act 103 of 1977 when adhering
to the following:
3.2.1 DESIGN – WINDLOAD
The design wind load on elements of the building façade is to be determined in accordance with table 3.1 to ensure
compliance.
TABLE 3.1: : <strong>Selection</strong> of <strong>AAAMSA</strong> Per<strong>for</strong>mance Class Designations
Terrain Category as per SANS 10160
Height from ground to head of products in Metres
5 10 15 20
Category 1 – Open Sea, lake shores and flat treeless plains
A2
1500Pa
A3
2000Pa
A3
2000Pa
A3
2000Pa
Category 2 – Airfields, open parklands or farmlands and undeveloped A2 A2 A3 A3
outskirts of towns and suburbs
1500Pa 1500Pa 2000Pa 2000Pa
Category 3 – Built-up areas
A0
600Pa
A1
1000Pa
A1
1000Pa
A2
1500Pa
Category 4 – City Centres
A0
600Pa
A1
1000Pa
A1
1000Pa
A2
1500Pa
A0, A1, A2 and A3 are <strong>AAAMSA</strong> Per<strong>for</strong>mance Class Designations – Minimum design criteria <strong>for</strong> internal work is 600 Pa (A0).
Caution must be taken when using A0 and A1 products in commercial environments as the <strong>for</strong>mer are less robust than the
latter. Also opening sizes <strong>for</strong> vents are usually larger <strong>for</strong> commercial applications than is the case in residential windows
and there<strong>for</strong>e require A2, A3 or A4 products.
Note! Internal <strong>glazed</strong> screens (shopfronts, partitioning) are to be designed to withstand a design load of 600Pa. This
design load represents all the impact <strong>for</strong>ces which may occur in terms of SANS 10160. The framing of such
screens must have a maximum deflection of 1/175 th Note! Internal <strong>glazed</strong> screens (shopfronts, partitioning) are to be designed to withstand a design load of 600Pa. This
of SANS 10160. The framing of such
of the span.
3.2.2 DESIGN – GLASS SELECTION
Glass selection must be in accordance with the following tables to ensure compliance.
External glazing in structures exceeding 10m in height (3 storeys) do require the approval in writing of a Structural
Engineer or Competent Person (Glazing) registered with the South African Glass Institute (SAGI).
Similarly any glazing not detailed below, such as, but not limited to, overhead aand
nd sloped glazing, glass flooring, three
and one edge supported glass, toughened glass assemblies and entrances, glass <strong>for</strong> balustrading supported by clamps and
the like must be signed of in writing by a Structural Engineer or Competent Person (Glazing).
3.2.2.1 EXTERNAL GLAZING – Structures not exceeding 10m in height (3 storeys)
TABLE 3.2: Vertical Glazing supported all round
Maximum Pane sizes in sq. m
Nominal Glass Thickness (mm) 3 4 5 6 8 10 12
Monolithic Annealed Glass
0.75 1.5 2.1 3.2 4.6 6.0 6.0
Patterned Annealed & Wired Glass - 0.75 1.2 1.9 2.6 3.4 -
Laminated Annealed Safety Glass - - - 2.9 4.3 5.7 5.7
Toughened Safety Glass
- 1.9 3.0 4.5 8.0 8.0 8.0
TABLE 3.3: Vertical Glazing – Two opposite sides supported
Maximum Span between support in m
Nominal Glass Thickness (mm) 3 4 5 6 8 10 12
Monolithic Annealed Glass
- 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.85 1.0 1.3
Patterned Annealed & Wired Glass - 0.25 0.3 0.35 0.5 0.6 -
Laminated Annealed Safety Glass - - - 0.55 0.8 0.95 1.2
Toughened Safety Glass
- 0.55 0.7 0.85 1.15 1.3 1.8
Page 25

3.2.2.2 INTERNAL GLAZING
TABLE 3.4: Vertical Glazing all round supported
Maximum Pane sizes in sq. m
Nominal Glass Thickness (mm) 3 4 5 6 8 10 12
Monolithic Annealed Glass
0.75 1.5 2.1 3.2 4.6 6.0 6.0
Patterned Annealed & Wired Glass - 0.75 1.2 1.9 2.6 3.4 -
Laminated Annealed Safety Glass - - - 4.1 6.0 7.2 7.2
Toughened Safety Glass
- 3.0 4.2 6.4 9.2 9.2 9.2
TABLE 3.5: Vertical Glazing – Two opposite sides supported
Maximum Span between support in m
Nominal Glass Thickness (mm) 3 4 5 6 8 10 12
Monolithic Annealed Glass
- 0.65 0.8 0.95 1.3 1.55 2.0
Patterned Annealed & Wired Glass - 0.4 0.48 0.57 0.78 0.9 -
Laminated Annealed Safety Glass - - - 0.9 1.25 1.5 1.95
Toughened Safety Glass
- 0.9 1.1 1.3 1.75 2.0 2.7
3.2.2.3 GLASS FINS
TABLE 3.6: Minimum Glass Fin Dimensions
Fin Height in m Internal External Note:
1.5
2
2.5
3
3.5
150 x 12
150 x 12
150 x 12
175 x 15
225 x 15
150 x 15
150 x 19
175 x 19
200 x 25
275 x 25
A butt joint is assumed to have no structural strength.
Accordingly panels, which incorporate a butt joint, are not
considered to be supported on four sides. A glass fin is
necessary to provide the support at the joint so that the pane can
be considered to be supported along four sides. Should no fin
be in place selection of glass must be in accordance with Tables
4 275 x 15 300 x 25 <strong>for</strong> Vertical glazing – Two opposite osite sides supported.
3.2.3 SAFETY GLAZING
3.2.3.1 The panes of all safety glazing material shall be permanently marked by the installer in such a manner that the
markings are visible in individual panes after installation.
3.2.3.2 Safety fety glazing material complying with the requirements of SA SANS S 1263:1 shall be used where where; (Refer Figures
3.1, 3.2 and 3.3)
a) the occupancy or building classification is A3 (places of instruction), E1 (place of detention), E2 (hospital) and E3
(other institutional (residential buildings). (Refer to table 1 of annex A of –SANS SANS 10400 - A: 2008);
b) doors and sidelights <strong>for</strong>m part of aany
ny entrance up to 2100mm from finished floor level;
c) a window has a sill height of less than 500mm from the floor floor;
d) a window has a sill height of less than 800mm from the floor without any permanent barrier that prevents people
from coming into contact with the glass panel, and is so placed that persons are likely, on normal traffic routes, to
move directly towards such window.
NOTE: A barrier could be any feature, i.e. a heavy bar across a window or a flower box placed in front
e) a bath enclosure or shower cubicle is <strong>glazed</strong> or where glazing occurs immediately above a bath;
f) glazing is used in any shop front or display window within 2100mm from the finished floor level;
g) glazing is used in any wall or balustrade to a stairway, ramp, landing or balcony;
h) glazing is used within 1800mm of the pitch of a stairway or the surface of a ramp, landing or balcony;
i) glazing applications are sloped or are horizontal;
j) a mirror is installed as a facing to a cupboard door less than 800mm above floor level and there is no solid
backing;
Page 26

k) glazing is used around areas such as swimming pools and ice rinks; and
l) glazing is used in internal partitions, within 2100mm of floor level, <strong>for</strong>ming escape routes in buildings.
3.2.3.3 Glass in balustrades shall be toughened safety glass unless rigidly supported all round. Specialized plastic
glazing materials i.e. polycarbonate may be used <strong>for</strong> glazing in balustrades.
3.2.3.4 Glass lass in horizontal or sloping applications sh shall all be laminated safety glass or toughened safety glass. Toughened
safety glass shall only be used where individual panes are framed all round. Specialized plastic glazing materials
such as polycarbonate and acrylic may be used in sloped glazing applicati applications.
3.2.3.5 Wired glass having two-edge edge support may be used in vertical glazing in saw tooth roofs.
3.2.3.6 Frameless bath and shower enclosures shall be <strong>glazed</strong> in toughened safety glass of no less than 6mm thickness.
3.2.3.7 All repair and renovation glazing must comply wit with h the provisions of Part N irrespective of the type of glazing
used originally.
Note: Figures 3.1 to 3.3 illustrate the conditions where safety safety-glazing glazing materials are required in terms of 3.2.3.2 above.
Figure 3.1 — Examples of safety glazing requirements in doors and windows
Figure 3.2 — Examples of safety glazing requirements in shop fronts and display windows
Figure 3.3 — Examples of safety glazing requirements around staircases and landings
Page 27

3.2.4 DESIGN – Polycarbonate Panel <strong>Selection</strong>
TABLE: : 3.7: Vertical External Glazing <strong>for</strong> Structures not exceeding 10m in height
All round supported
1
2 3
Thickness
mm
Aspect ratio (short dimension: long dimension)
1:1 ≤ 1,5:1 > 1,5:1 ≤ 2,5:1
Maximum pane area m
2
2,5
3
4
5
15mm edge cover shall be provided.
2
: 3.7: Vertical External Glazing <strong>for</strong> Structures not exceeding 10m in height
4
Aspect ratio (short dimension: long dimension)
> 2,5:1 ≤ 3,5:1
0,2 0,24
0,32
0,275 0,52
0,44
0,425 0,52
0,70
0,625 0,78
1,05
15mm edge cover shall be provided.
0,85 1,05
1,45
1
Thickness
mm
2
2,5
3
4
5
15mm edge cover shall be provided.
3.2.5 Design – Lift Glazing
TABLE 3.9: Flat glass panels to be used in walls of lifts
Diameter of inscribed circle
Type of glass
1m max. 2m max.
Minimum thickness
mm
Laminated, toughened
8
(4 + 4 + 0,76)
10
(5 + 5 + 0,76)
Laminated
10
(5+ 5 + 0,76)
12
(6 + 6 + 0,76)
TABLE 3.10: Flat glass panels to be used in horizontally sliding doors in lifts
Type of glass Minimum thickness Width Free door height Fixing of the glass
mm
mm
m
panels
Laminated, toughened
16
(8 + 8 + 0,76)
360 to 720 2,1 max.
Two fixings upper
and lower
16
(8 + 8 + 0,76)
300 to 720 2,1 max.
Three fixings upper/
Lower and one side
Laminated
10
(6 + 4 + 0,76)
(5 + 5 + 0,76)
300 to 870 2,1 max. All sides
3.3 SELECTION OF ALUMINIUM ALLOY EXTRUSIONS
TABLE: 3.8: Vertical Internal Glazing
All round supported
2 3
Aspect ratio (short dimension: long dimension)
1:1 ≤ 1,5:1 > 1,5:1 ≤ 2,5:1
Maximum pane area m 2
0,35 0,4
0,45 0,55
0,725 0,84
1,05 1,3
1,4 1,75
The aluminium framing holding the glazing material are not intended to withstand loads imposed by the building
structure, nor, unless otherwise specified, any loads other than those due to wind and mass of glass.
The maximum permissible deflection in the perpendicular to the
negative wind load shall be 1/175 th The maximum permissible deflection in the perpendicular to the span of the aluminium alloy frame, due to positive and
of the span <strong>for</strong> framing members up to 4115mm. For spans greater than 4115mm, but
less than 12.2m deflections shall be limited to 1/240 th span of the aluminium alloy frame, due to positive and
of the span <strong>for</strong> framing members up to 4115mm. For spans greater than 4115mm, but
of the span plus 6mm.
Page 28
4
> 2,5:1 ≤ 3,5:1
0,525
0,725
1,2
1,75
2,75

Other factors exists which could require a deflection limit less than those indicated above. The following is a list of those
factors:
a. The anticipated movement of the framing mem members ers must not exceed the movement capabilities of adjoining
sealants.
b. The anticipated icipated movement of the framing members may need to be further limited to accommodate the properties
and location of interior finishes (e.g. plaster, drywall, etc.)
c. The movement of the framing members must not cause disengagement of applied snap covers or trim.
d. The design of the framing members must accommodate differential movement in adjacent framing members such
as might occur at jambs, parapets, unusual geometries and other similar conditions.
e. The stiffness of framing members must be adequate to suppor support t “brittle” infill material being continuously
supported (e.g. stone panels).
f. The framing members must be able to resist any second in bending movements resulting from axial loads acting
through eccentricities caused by large deflections (i.e. Delta effect effects).
g. In order to prevent engagement of the infill material design of systems incorporation large infill must also address
the centre deflection of the infill in conjunction with the framing deflection.
The maximum deflection in the vertical plane, due to tthe
he dead load of the glazing materials, is 1/1000 of the span with a
maximum of 2mm.
3.3.1 GLAZING REBATE DIMENSION
Positive & Negative
Figure 3.4: Typical loading in vertical glazing
All frame sections shall have a minimum glazing rebate depth to accommodate a minimum glass bite of 10mm in the
event of single glazing and a minimum glass bite of 15mm in case of sealed insulated glass units (SIGU).
All frame sections shall have appropriate glazing rebate widths to suite the thickness of the gla glazing material allowing <strong>for</strong>
all glazing methods recommended by the manufacturers of the glass and specialized plastic glazing materials.
For glazing rebates accommodating specialized plastic glazing materials refer Table 3.11 below.
TABLE 3.11: Edge Clearance Bite Bite, , (sheet edge engagement) and Rebate Depth <strong>for</strong> Specialized Plastic
Glazing Materials in mm
Dimensions in mm Edge engagement
Edge
Rebate depth
Width or height
“bite” Clearance in mm Minimum
300
6 1
7
300 – 600
9 2
11
600 – 900
12 3
15
900 – 1200
15 4
19
1200 – 1500
18 5
23
1500 – 1800
20 6
26
1800 – 2100
20 7
27
2100 – 2400
20 8
28
2400 – 2700
20 9
29
2700 – 3000
20 10
30
Page 29

The wall thickness of the aluminium extrusions must be suitable to meet the required section properties, i.e. the required
inertia in both the X and Y axis (Ix & IIy)
) and must be suitable <strong>for</strong> proper mechanical assembly and fixing of all frame,
mullion, transom members and hardware.
It is permissible to re-en<strong>for</strong>ce en<strong>for</strong>ce the aluminium alloy extrusions by inserting steel secti sections ons (channels or tubes) which are
suitably treated to prevent corrosion and reaction with the aluminium alloy extrusions. These rein<strong>for</strong>cing must be
properly fixed to the aluminium section. It is recommended that the inertia of the aluminium section is ig ignored when
determining the inertia of the steel section, i.e. the inertia of the steel insert should represent the total required inerti inertia.
The practice to use timber as re-en<strong>for</strong>cing en<strong>for</strong>cing is not acceptable.
3.3.2 DETERMINATION OF SECTION PROPERTIES
3.3.2.1 The simplest and most conservative method of calculating the required section properties, using the <strong>for</strong>mula <strong>for</strong>
equal distribution load, is as follows:
Step 1: Using the design wind load provided by the specifier (say 600Pa) calculate the required inertia as follows:
Ix =
Where in:
Ix =
Q =
l =
E =
f =
5 x Q x l
384 x E x f
3
5 x (0,9 x 1,8 x 600) 180 3
=
384 x E x f 384 x 7 x 10 6 x (180/175)
Required Inertia in cm 4
Total wind load in N
Span in cm
Young’s Modulus in N/cm 2
E aluminium = 7 x 10 6 N/cm 2
E steel = 2,1 x 10 7 N/cm 2
E glass = 7,17 x 10 6 N/cm 2
E timber ± 1,2 x 10 6 N/cm 2
E pvcu ± 4 x 10 5 N/cm 2
Deflection in cm (1/175 th of span)
Any section having inertia ≥ 10,84cm 4 will be suitable.
Step 2: Mullion (and transom) designs are generally of tubular configuration. Using the following <strong>for</strong>mulas, together
with the overall dimensions with relevant wall thickness of the section, the re required quired inertia can be calculated.
Page 30
= 10,84cm 4

Area cm
F1 = 3,0 x 0,2
F2 = 0,2 x 4,6
F3 = 0,2 x 4,6
F4 = 2,0 x 0,2
F5 = 2,0 x 0,2
F6 = 2,0 x 0,2
2 Distance from base line in cm
3,0 x 0,2 = 0,6 x 4,9 =
0,2 x 4,6 = 0,92 x 2,5 =
0,2 x 4,6 = 0,92 x 2,5 =
2,0 x 0,2 = 0,4 x 0,6 =
2,0 x 0,2 = 0,4 x 0,1 =
2,0 x 0,2 = 0,4 x 0,1 =
3,64 cm 2
Distance from base line in cm
2,94
2,30
2,30
0,24
0,04
0,04
7,86 cm 3
XX axis distance from base line 7,86
3,64
= 2,16 cm
I1 =
I2 =
I3 = I2
I4 =
I5 =
I6 = I5
B x H 3
12
B x H 3
12
B x H 3
12
B x H 3
12
Thus this section is suitable <strong>for</strong> the application. The maximum mullion deflection will be:
1800
175
x
Step 3: Confirm that the maximum allowable stress ( (τ) of 10400 N/cm
follows:
2 <strong>for</strong> aluminium alloy 6063T6 is not exceeded as
τ =
M
Zx
Where in:
M = maximum moment in N cm according to
M =
QL
8
Zx = Section Modulus in cm 3
=
+ F1 x a1 2 =
+ F2 x a2 2 =
+ F4 x a4 2 =
+ F5 x a5 2 =
10,84
12,34
Undimensioned thickness 2mm
3 x 0,2 3
12
0,2 x 4,6 3
12
2 x 0,2 3
12
2 x 0,2 3
12
= 9,03mm
21870
= 5716 N/cm 2
3,826
Moment of Inertia
=
11,48
= 3,826 cm
distance of extreme fibre 3
3
Page 31
+ 0,6 x 2,74 2
+ 0,4 x 1,56 2
+ 0,4 x 2,06 2
+ 0,92 x 0,34 2
Total Inertia Ix
=
(0,9 x 1,8 x 600) 180
= 21870 Ncm
8
= 4,51 cm 4
= 1,73 cm 4
= 1,73 cm 4
= 0,97 cm 4
= 1,70 cm 4
= 1,70 cm 4
= 12,34 cm 4

To assist manufacturers and/or contractors with the calculations referred to in Step 1 we provide in Table 3.11.1 a
diagram indicating required inertias. This diagram has been based on a trapezoidal wind load of 1000Pa. The inertias
shown can be changed in direct relation with the 1000Pa should the actual design wind load differ, i.e. <strong>for</strong> 600Pa multiply
inertias by 0,6; <strong>for</strong> 1200Pa multiply inertias by 1,2 etc.
Manufacturers and contractors must insist on and receive the section properties <strong>for</strong> the aluminium extrusions used in the
numerous Architectural Aluminium Systems available from the distributors and/or extrude extruders of the systems. This
satisfies Step 2 and will circumvent the elaborate calculations required to determine section properties <strong>for</strong> complex
extrusions. Note that sections of similar and identical overall dimensions may not have the same section properti properties. In
Step 2 above the overall dimensions are 30 x 50mm but having a wall thickness of 1,5mm has inertia of 7,76cm
there<strong>for</strong>e not suitable. Insist on in<strong>for</strong>mation regarding section properties prior to selection of <strong>architectural</strong> system to be
used.
4 and is
there<strong>for</strong>e not suitable. Insist on in<strong>for</strong>mation regarding section properties prior to selection of <strong>architectural</strong> system to be
There is no short cut <strong>for</strong> Step 3, however, because of the deflection limitation it is extremely rare that the maximum
allowable stress will be exceeded.
3.3.2.2 Glass to metal contact must at all times be avoided. The vertical deflection of transoms is limited to 1/1000
the length of the transom or maximum 2mm which ever is less. To calculate the required inertia in vertical
direction (Iy) ) of a transom the following <strong>for</strong>mula is used:
th of
. To calculate the required inertia in vertical
Iy=
P c
24 Ef
(3l 2 – 4c 2 )
To calculate maximum allowable stress refers to Step 3 above using the follo following wing <strong>for</strong>mula <strong>for</strong> M (maximum moment).
Mmax = P c (in Ncm)
P = 0,5 x weight of glass in N
c = position of setting blocks in cm (maximum 15cm)
E = Young’s Modules 7 x 10 6 N/cm 2
f = deflection in cm, 1/1000 x l, , maximum 0,2cm
l = length of transom
3.3.2.3 Other <strong>for</strong>mulas <strong>for</strong> calculating required inertias and maximum moments are: (all units as described above).
Page 32

Table 3.11.1
Page 33

3.4 DETERMINATION OF GLASS THICKNESS – RATIONAL DESIGN
To enable specialist contractors to be competitive at time of tender when the design wind load has been specified in the
tender documents, or has been confirmed in writing to the specialist contractor by a Competent Perso Person (Structures), we
provide the following in<strong>for</strong>mation to determine appropriate glass thicknesses in those events.
In the event that the specialist contractor is awarded the contract, written confirmation must be obtained from a
Competent Person (Glazing) to o confirm, in writing, the selected glass thicknesses <strong>for</strong> the contract.
This written confirmation must be provided/passed on to the Principle Agent/Main Contractor or Building Control
Officer and should be included with the contract’s glazing certificate.
All wind load graphs are based on:
Maximum frame deflection of 1/175
A probability of breakage equal to 8 lites per 1000
Vertical glazing only
An aspect ratio of one on one (all round support only)
th
A probability of breakage equal to 8 lites per 1000
An aspect ratio of one on one (all round support only)
3.4.1 GLASS SUPPORTED ALL ROUND
Using the wind load graphs <strong>for</strong> the appropriate glass type, the procedure should be as follows:
a) Calculate the area A = a x b, and the aspect ration, r = a/b, where a is the longer dimension and b is the shorter.
Note: If r is greater than 3, figures 3.5 to 3.10 do not apply; refer figure 3.11 to 3.16.
b) Calculate the shape factor <strong>for</strong> effective area F = 4r/(r+1) 2 Calculate the area A = a x b, and the aspect ration, r = a/b, where a is the longer dimension and b is the shorter.
. Some values are given in table 3.12.
TABLE 3.12: : Shape Factors
r
1.0
1.25
1.5
1.75
2.0
2.5
3.0
c) Calculate the effective are of the glass AAe
= F x A.
d) On the appropriate graph from figures 3.5 to 3.10, , determine the point where the vertical line <strong>for</strong> the required wind
loading intersects the horizontal line <strong>for</strong> the effective area.
e) If the point of intersection is above the line <strong>for</strong> the glass type being considered, then a stronger glass is required.
f) If the point of intersection is on or below the line <strong>for</strong> the glass type being considered, then the glass is adequate to
resist the wind load.
In the event nt of double glazing a factor of 1,5 may be applied to figure 3.5 in respect of the weakest pane in the
combination to obtain the appropriate selection.
3.4.2 GLASS DEFLECTION
F
1.000
0.988
0.960
0.926
0.889
0.816
0.750
Excessive deflection in the glass panes can cause air or water leaks. It also may cause metal to glass contact including
glass fracture. Also it will detract aesthetically from the structure.
The use of large safety glass panes may create an uncom<strong>for</strong>table feeling to persons in the immediate proximity of such
panes when these panes s are subjected to wind load.
As a matter of “com<strong>for</strong>t” is a matter of individual interpretation the decision to use thicker glasses to reduce the deflectio deflection
lies by the client/specifier. Sub-contractors/glaziers contractors/glaziers should declare the maximum centre of glass movement timely to
prevent disputes after installation.
Page 34

The ASTM Standard Practice <strong>for</strong> determining load resistance of glass in buildings (ASTM E 1300 1300-02) offers in its Annex
X2 the following procedure <strong>for</strong> calculating the approximate centre of glass deflection (all round support).
w = t x exp (r (r0 + r1 x x + r2 x x2)
Wherein:
w = centre of glass deflection (mm) or (in.), and
t = Minimum glass thickness in mm (refer table 3.13)
r0 = 0,553 – 3,83 (a/b) + 1,11 (a/b)
r1
2 – 0,0969 (a/b) 3
= 2,29 – 5,83 (a/b) + 2,17 (a/b) 2 – 0,2067 (a/b) 3
= 1,485 – 1,908 (a/b) + 0,815(a/b) 2 – 0,0822 (a/b) 3
Wherein:
r2
x =
q = uni<strong>for</strong>m lateral load in kPa (wind load)
a = long dimension in mm
b = short dimension in mm
E = modulus of elasticity of glass = 71,7 x 10
TABLE 3.13 – Minimum Glass Thicknesses
Nominal
Minimum
Thickness in mm Thickness in mm
3,0 2,8
4,0 3,8
5,0 4,8
6,0 5,8
8,0 7,5
10,0 9,5
12,0 11,5
To illustrate the effect of the combined deflection of framing and centre of glass pane on the
person in close proximity of glass panes subjected to wind load we quote the following
examples:
Example 1 – Refer window quoted in paragraph 3.3.2.1 above
i) Maximum Deflection Mullion
ii)
Maximum Glass Deflection
5mm glass thickness
Total centre of pane movement by 600Pa wind load = 32mm
Example 2 – Standard Patio Door 3021 wind load 1000Pa (A1)
i) Maximum Deflection Interlock
ii)
= In⎨In[q(ab) 2 / Et 4 ]⎬
modulus of elasticity of glass = 71,7 x 10 6 kPa
Maximum Glass Deflection
5mm Toughened
Total centre of pane movement by 1000Pa wind load = 62mm
Page 35
1800
175
= + and -
= + and -
Total + and -
2100
= + and - 12mm
175
= + and – 19mm
Total + and - 31m
10mm
6mm
16mm

Material selections made using this graph must be confirmed, in writing, by a Competent Person (Glazing)
Page 36

Material selections made using this graph must be confirmed, in writing, by a Competent Person (Glazing)
Page 37

Material selections made using this graph must be confirmed, in writing, by a Competent Person (Glazing)
Page 38

Material selections made using this graph must be confirmed, in writing, by a Competent Person (Glazing)
Page 39

Material selections made using this graph must be confirmed, in writing, by a Competent Person (Glazing)
Page 40

Material selections made using this graph must be confirmed, in writing, by a Competent Person (Glazing)
Page 41

3.4.2 GLASS SUPPORTED ON THREE SIDES
One edge of the glass may be left unsupported in some glazing systems, creating a three-side side support glazing condition.
Such a condition is shown in Example “D” where one of the 2m vertical edges is unsupported. The strength factor <strong>for</strong>
this condition is 0.24.
If the distance between the supported vertical edge and the unsupported vertical edge increases the strength of the threeside
supported glass would be no greater than a piece of glass the same size with two unsupported edges.
Example “E” shows another three-side side support condition with the 1m dimension left uunsupported.
nsupported. The strength factor <strong>for</strong>
this condition is 0.40. This glass is stronger than the glass shown in Example “D” because the unsupported span is
reduced. In three-side side support systems, the glass strength is dependent on the glass thickness, the gl glass height, the glass
width, and which edge is unsupported.
3.4.3 GLASS SUPPORTED ON TWO OPPOSITE SIDES
The following figures are applicable to glass supported on two opposite sides:
Note: Hermetically sealed glass units a.k.a. Sealed Insulated Glass Units (SIGU) must always be installed with all round
support.
Note: Frameless glass sliding doors are to be manufactured of toughened safety glass of thicknesses based on figure
3.13
Any deviation from figure 3.13 requires written approva approval of a Competent Person (Glazing).
Page 42

Material selections made using this graph must be confirmed, in writing, by a Competent Person (Glazing)
Page 43

Material selections made using this graph must be confirmed, in writing, by a Competent Person (Glazing)
Page 44

Material selections made using this graph must be confirmed, in writing, by a Competent Person (Glazing)
Page 45

Material selections made using this graph must be confirmed, in writing, by a Competent Person (Glazing)
Page 46

Material selections made using this graph must be confirmed, in writing, by a Competent Person (Glazing)
Page 47

Material selections made using this graph must be confirmed, in writing, by a Competent Person (Glazing)
Page 48

3.4.4 BUTT JOINTED EDGES
Where glass panes in the same plane are butt butt-jointed jointed without fins, they will not have the same wind resistance
characteristics as a single pane of the same overall size and thickness. The thickness of such glass should be calculated on
the assumption that the butt joint does not have any structural effect, i.e. the surround will be the only support.
If rein<strong>for</strong>cing is unavoidable due to the span and wind loading, it might be necessary to install fins attached to the
structure at the butt joints as indicated in figure 3.17. A suitable adhesive sealant with sufficient bonding strength to
allow movement due to wind loading shall be used.
Silicone sealants that have a tensile strength of at least 1 MPa are regarded as suitable <strong>for</strong> this purpose.
Fins would normally be installed on the inside of the building where there is likely to be less pedestrian traffic. Fin
selection is covered in figures 3.19 and 3. 3.20.
Figure 3.17 — Detail of fin assembly
Figure 3.18 – Fin Detail
Page 49

Figure 3.19 – Wind load on glass fin assemblies:
Sizes of adhesive joint
Material selections made using this graph must be confirmed, in writing, by a Competent Person (Glazing)
Page 50

Figure 3.20 – Wind load on glass fin assemblies: Glass fin width (3 s means wind load)
Material selections made using this graph must be confirmed, in writing, by a Competent Person (Glazing)
3.5 PLASTICS – Rational Design
Design considerations as regards wind load on plastics materials have to be based on the fact that, under load (positive or
negative), a pane is more likely to be displaced from its frame than to be fractured. When it is necessary to design <strong>for</strong> an
anticipated wind load, obtain from the su supplier the relevant material in<strong>for</strong>mation mation about the relationship between the
thickness of the material, the area of the glazing, the aspect ratio, the edge cover and the method of fixing <strong>for</strong> normal use,
provided maximum deflection does not exceed 50mm. Pol Polycarbonate ycarbonate is the plastics glazing material mostly used and
figures 3.21 to 3.23 give the pane size and thickness against short dimension and wind load.
The graphs are:
Figure 3.2.1 – Plastics glazing panes: 15mm edge cover aspect ratio 1:0 < 1,5 (3 s mean ean wind load)
Figure 3.2.2 – Plastics glazing panes: 15mm edge cover aspect ratio > 1,5 < 2,5 (3 s mean wind load)
Figure 3.2.3 – Plastics glazing panes: 15mm edge cover aspect ratio > 2,5 < 3,5 (3 s mean wind load)
The recommendations given in 3.5 .5 are <strong>for</strong> flat, plane, solid plastics glazing sheet materials of uni<strong>for</strong>m thickness, in
rectangular shapes <strong>glazed</strong> with all four edges fully supported. Design recommendations <strong>for</strong> other <strong>for</strong>ms, including
pattered and hollow section, should be obtained from the manu manufacturers.
Page 51

3.1.1 DESIGN CONSIDERATION
Failure of a pane of plastics glazing sheet material under load is most likely to be by displacement of the pane rather than
by breakage. The recommendations on thickness <strong>for</strong> plastics glazing sheet material is related to minimum size of edge
cover to prevent a pane of specified thickness from springing out under loading in normal glazing conditions. The design
considerations are based on this. The procedure in 33.5.2
is <strong>for</strong> vertical four-edge edge fully supported glazing.
The he design wind loadings <strong>for</strong> pressure and suction should be determined from either table 3.1 or SANS 10160. The
values given in the sets of wind loading graphs, figures 3.21 to 3.23, , have been derived from trade practice proven to be
satisfactory over many years experience and experimental knowledge.
The aspect ratio of a pane has an effect on the thickness required to limit deflection under uni<strong>for</strong>m load. The higher the
aspect ratio the greater the resistance to deflection. For panes having an aspect rati ratio o greater than 33,5:1
or when they are
non-rectangular, rectangular, the Competent Person (Glazing) should be consulted. In order to limit the deflection <strong>for</strong> larger panes,
the Competent Person (Glazing) should be consulted where areas of individual panes exceed 2m
bowing under large increases in ambient temperature is an important aesthetic consideration, then the thermal expansion
of plastics glazing sheet materials should be allowed <strong>for</strong> in the rebate size.
2 . If the absence of
bowing under large increases in ambient temperature is an important aesthetic consideration, then the thermal expansion
For plastics glazing sheet materials, a minimum edge cover of 15mm is normally recommended (see also table 3.7). To
accommodate a smaller edge cover arising from small existing rebate depths, the designer should consider the possible
following options:
a) use of increased thickness of glazing <strong>for</strong> edge covers other than 15mm edge cover the Competent Person (Glazing)
should be consulted;
b) use of tight glazing by sacrificing edge clearance and accepting the possibility of bowing at elevated temperatures;
c) use of higher quality sealants to increase edge restraint;
d) use of mechanical fixing.
These options frequently arise in reglazing situations where plastics glazing sheet materials are used with existing rebates
designed <strong>for</strong> glass, which are often inadequate <strong>for</strong> ideal glazing with these materials.
For glazing systems designed specifically <strong>for</strong> plastics glazing sheet materials, the use of an edge cover greater than 15mm
may allow the use of materials thinner than those derived from figures 3.21 to 3.23, , but the Competent Person (Glazing)
should be consulted.
3.1.2 USE OF WIND LOADING GRAPHS TO DETERMINE THICKNESS OF SOLID PPLASTICS
GLAZING
SHEET MATERIALS.
The following procedure should be used to determine the thickness of the plastics glazing sheet materials, in conjunction
with the wind loading graphs, figures 3.21 to 3.23.
Note: Figures 3.21 to 3.23 are used <strong>for</strong> the normally recommended edge cover of 15mm.
a) Calculate the area of the pane, A = a x b and the aspect ratio, r = a/b, where a is the longer dimension and b is the
shorter.
b) On the appropriate graph <strong>for</strong> the aspect ratio and edge cover from figures 3.21 to 3.23 3.23, determine the point where
the vertical line <strong>for</strong> the required wind loading intersects the horizontal line <strong>for</strong> the required area.
c) If the point of intersection does not ccoincide
oincide with a thickness line, the recommended thickness <strong>for</strong> use with the
corresponding size of edge cover is indicated by the line above.
If the pane is situated where it may be subject to accidental breakage or is intended to be of a thickness to withst withstand
vandal attack, the thickness may need to be increased or the method of glazing modified to allow <strong>for</strong> this additional
loading.
3.1.3 DESIGN OF HOLLOW SECTION TION PLASTICS GLAZIN GLAZING G SHEET MATERIALS
The stiffness of a hollow plastic glazing sheet material is determ determined ined by the material from which it is made, the overall
thickness and the geometry of the sheet. The deflection characteristics of a particular hollow section plastic glazing sheet
material very according to which direction the webs runs in relation to th the e long edges of the pane.
It is not practical, there<strong>for</strong>e to produce a set of graphs relating wind loading to hollow sections sheets because of the
variety of profiles and thicknesses. Advice should be obtained from the Competent Person (Glazing).
Page 52

Material selections made using this graph must be confirmed, in writing, by a Competent Person (Glazing)
Page 53

Material selections made using this graph must be confirmed, in writing, by a Competent Person (Glazing)
Page 54

Material selections made using this graph must be confirmed, in writing, by a Competent Person (Glazing)
Page 55

Page 56

CHAPTER IV
SELECTION
OF
GLAZING MATERIALS
Page 57

4. SELECTION OF TYPES OF GLAZING MATERIALS
4.1 INTRODUCTION
Glass and plastic glazing are usually selected on merits of economics, aesthetics and per<strong>for</strong>mance but all glazing is to be
executed in strict accordance of the latest editions of the following South African Standards:
National Building Regulations Part N
SANS 10137 - Code of Practice <strong>for</strong> the Installation of Glazing Materials in Buildings
SANS 10400: Part N - The Application of the National Building Regulations Glazing
SANS 1263 - Safety and security glazing materials <strong>for</strong> buildings
Part I Safety per<strong>for</strong>manc per<strong>for</strong>mance of glazing materials under human impact
Part II Burglar--resistance
and vandal resistant glazing materials
Part III Bullet-resistant resistant glazing materials
Float, toughened, laminated, wired and patterned glass is currently used in the building industry. Laminated safety glass
is currently locally produced using the following manufacturing process.
Laminated safety glass using poly poly-vinyl vinyl butyral (PVB) interlayer is supplied in three strengths namely Normal
Strength th (N.S.), High Penetration Resistance (H.P.R.) and High Impact (H.I.).
Specifiers and manufacturers must ensure that the manufacturer of any laminated glass provides a warranty of not less
than 5 (five) years against delamination and colour degradation, confirming that the product confirms to that section of
SANS 1263 which pertains to the particular application of safety glass i.e., <strong>for</strong> resistance to human impact (Part I) or to
burglary and vandalism (Part II), or to firearms (Part III).
Note! In terms of SANS 1263 Part 1 glass with applied film (organic coating) is not regarded as a safety glazing
material unless it meets all requirements of SANS 1263 Part I (including the boil and artificial ageing tests). In
addition the applied film must cover the eentire
ntire surface of the glazing material i.e. the film must be retained in the
glazing rebate.
Condition
General applications of glass types
Glass and Plastics
Human safety (SANS 1263 - Part 1)
Laminated glass or toughened glass or polycarbonate
Security (smash and grabs, , riots, bombs, fire Laminated or multi-laminated laminated or Bullet Resisting Glass or
arms, petrol bombs etc.)
polycarbonate (SANS 1263 Parts II and III)
Heavy human traffic (i.e. Balustrades) Toughened Glass or polycarbonate (SANS 1263 Part I)
Fire
Wired glass or laminated wired glass or laminated glass with
intumescent interlayers or Borosilicate and calcium silicate glass
Unframed applications (suspended assemblies,
unframed doors, etc)
Toughened Glass or polycarbonate (SANS 10137)
Laminated or Wired glass (wired in the case where penetration of
Overhead glazing
glass or water ingress is not a problem) or toughened glass (only
permitted when supported all round (SANS 10137) or acrylic or
polycarbonate
Sound Control
Laminated glass or Sealed Insulated glass units or acrylic or
polycarbonate
Solar Control
Tinted, reflective and or low-e e glass or Sealed Insulated glass
units incorporating these or acrylic or polycarbonate
Condensation
Sealed insulated glass units or acrylic or polycarbonate
One-way vision
Reflective glass or acrylic or polycarbonate
Ultra-Violet Elimination
Laminated glass or acrylic or polycarbonate
Fish tanks Domestic
Annealed float glass (SANS 17) or acrylic or polycarbonate
Underwater Observation panels
Multi-laminated glass or acrylic or polycarbonate
Floor & Stair treads
Multi-laminated laminated glass or acrylic or polycarbonate
4.2 PERFORMANCE OF GLASS PRODUCTS
An important aspect of glass selection is the per<strong>for</strong>mance of glass in respect of its sound insulation, heat loss and heat
gain properties. Although the discussion of the merits of these properties falls outside the scope of the <strong>Selection</strong> Guide
some guidance ce is provided to the specifier in the following paragraphs.
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For relevant in<strong>for</strong>mation regarding specialized plastic products refer to Chapter VIII - Skylights.
Due to the vast variety of glass and plastic types the specifier is urged to consult the manufacturer or competent person
(glazing) to obtain the relevant technical glass and plastics specifications.
4.3 SOUND INSULATION
NOTE: i) Thickness <strong>for</strong> thickness, clear float, toughened, wired, coated and tinted monolithic glass products have
exactly the same acoustic per<strong>for</strong>mance.
ii) Data provided is intended as a <strong>guide</strong> only. Due to the numerous possible computations, data is to be
confirmed with the glass and plastics manufacturer or competent person (glazing).
1. SINGLE GLAZING
Monolithic Glass
Glass thickness
Rw Index (ISO 717)
Laminated Glass
Glass thickness
Rw Index (ISO 717)
2. SEALED INSULATED GLASS UNITS (Double glazing)
Monolithic glass and monolithic glass
Glass/Space/Glass thickness
Rw Index (ISO 717)
Laminated glass and monolithic glass
Glass/Space/Glass thickness
Rw Index (ISO 717)
3. DOUBLE WINDOWS (Secondary sash)
Glass/Space/Glass thickness
Rw Index (ISO 717)
4 6 10 12
29 31 33 34
6 8 17
33 37 41
6/12/6 10/12/6
31 36
6/12/6
38
6/150/4 10/200/6
45 47
4.4 ENERGY RELATED PROPERTIES OF WINDOWS
4.4.1 PROPERTIES ROPERTIES OF GLAZING THAT AFFECT ENERGY PERFORMANCE
`
Figure 4.1: 1: Solar radiation through a glazing material is reflected, , transmitted or absorbed
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Most window and façade assemblies consist of glazing and frame components. Glazing may be a single pane of glass (or
plastic) or multiple panes with air spaces in between. These multiple layer units, referred to as insulating glazing units
(IGU), include spacers around the edge and sometimes low low-conductance gases ses in the spaces between glass panes.
Coatings and tins affect the per<strong>for</strong>mance of the glazing. The IGU is placed within a frame of aluminium, steel, wood,
plastic, or some hybrid or composite material. Some curtain wall systems using structural sealant sealants and other special
fittings have no exterior frame.
Heat flows through a window assembly in three ways: conduction, convection, and radiation. Conduction is heat
travelling through a solid, liquid or gas. Convection is the transfer of heat by the movement of gases or liquids, like
warm air rising from a candle flame. Radiation is the movement of energy through space without relying on conduction
through the air or by movement of the air, the way you feel the heat of a fire.
When there is a temperature ature difference across an object (i.e., when a window separates a cold outdoors from a warm
interior or a hot outside from a conditioned interior space), heat transfer will occur via these three physical mechanisms:
conduction through glass and solid fram frame e materials, convection/conduction through air spaces, and long long-wave radiation
between glass surfaces on either side of an air gap. This temperature temperature-driven driven heat transfer is quantified by the term U-
factor and is discussed in the section on insulating valu value.
There are two distinct types of radiation or radiation heat transfer:
Long-wave wave radiation heat transfer refers to radiant heat transfer between objects at room or outdoor environmental
temperatures. These temperatures emit radiation in the rage of 33-50
microns.
Short-wave wave radiation heat transfer refers to radiation from the sun (which is at a temperature of 6000K) and occurs
in the 0.3-2.5 2.5 micron range. This range includes the ultraviolet, visible, and solar solar-infrared infrared radiation (Figure 4.2)
Figure 4.2: 2: Ideal spectral transmittance <strong>for</strong> glazing in different climates
Even though the physical process is the same, there is no overlap between these two wavelength ranges. Coatings that
control the passage of long wave or solar radiation in these ranges, through transmission and/or reflection, can contribute
significantly to energy savings and have been the subject of significant innovations in recent years. Glazing types vary in
their transparency to different parts of the visible spectrum. For example, a glass that appears tinted green as you look
through it toward the outdoors transmits more sunlight from the green portion of the visible spectrum and absorbs or
reflects more of the other colours. Similarly, a bronze bronze-tinted tinted glass absorbs or reflects the blues and greens and transmits
the warmer colours. Neutral gray tints nts absorb or reflect most colours equally.
The same principle applies outside the visible spectrum. Most glass is particularly transparent to at least some ultraviolet
radiation, while plastics are commonly more opaque to ultraviolet. Glass is opaque tto
o long long-wave infrared radiation but
generally transparent to solar-infrared infrared radiation. Strategic utilization of these variations has made some high high-per<strong>for</strong>mance
glazing products. The four basic properties of glazing that affect radiant energy transfer transfer-transmittance, reflectance,
absorptance, and emittance – are described below.
Page 60
1. Idealized ed transmittance of a glazing with a
low-E E coating designed <strong>for</strong> low solar heat
gain. Visible light is transmitted and solarinfrared
radiation is reflected. Long Long-wave
infrared radiation is reflected back into the
interior. This approach is suitable <strong>for</strong>
commercial buildings in almost all
climates.
2. Idealized transmittance of a glazing with a
low-E E coating designed <strong>for</strong> high solar heat
gain. Visible light and solar solar-infrared
radiation are transmitted. Long Long-wave
infrared radiation is reflected back into the
interior. This approach is more commonly
used <strong>for</strong> residential windows in cold
climates.
Note: As shown by the solar spectrum in the
figure, sunlight is composed of electromagnetic
radiation of many wavelengths, ranging from
short-wave wave invisible ultraviolet to the visible
spectrum to the longer, invisible solar solar-infrared
waves.

4.4.2 TRANSMITTANCE
Transmittance refers to the percentage of radiation that can pass through glazing. Transmittance can be defined <strong>for</strong>
different types of light or energy, e.g., visible transmittance, UV transmittance, or total solar energy transmittance.
Transmission of visible light determines the effectiveness of a type of glass in providing daylight and a clear view
through the window. For example, tinted glass has a lower visible transmittance than clear glass. While the human eye is
sensitive to light ht at wavelengths from about 0.4 to 0.7 microns, its peak sensitivity is at 0.55, with lower sensitivity at the
red and blue ends of the spectrum. This is referred to as the photonic sensitivity of the eye.
More than half of the sun’s energy is invisible to the eye. Most reaches us as near-infrared infrared with a few percent in the
ultraviolet (UV) spectrum. Thus, total solar energy transmittance describes how the glazing responds to a much broader
part of the spectrum and is more useful in characterizing the qquantity
uantity of total solar energy transmitted by the glazing.
With the recent advances in glazing technology, manufacturers can control how glazing materials behave in these
different areas of the spectrum. The basic properties of the substrate material (gla (glass ss or plastic) can be altered, and
coatings can be added to the surfaces of the substrates. For example, a window optimized <strong>for</strong> day lighting and <strong>for</strong>
reducing overall solar heat gains should transit an adequate amount of light in the visible portion of the spectrum, while
excluding unnecessary heat gain from the near near-infrared part of the electromagnetic spectrum.
4.4.3 REFLECTANCE
Just as some light reflects off of the surface of water, some
light will always be reflected at every glass surface. A
specular reflection from a smooth glass surface is a mirror
like reflection similar to the image of yourself you see
reflected in a store e window. The natural reflectivity of glass
is dependent on the type of glazing material, the quality of the
glass surface, the presence of coatings, and the angle of
incidence of the light. Today, virtually all glass manufactured
in the United States is float glass, which reflects 4 percent of
visible light at each glass-air air interface or 8 percent total <strong>for</strong> a
single pane of clear, uncoated glass. The sharper the angle at
which the light strikes, however, the more the light is
reflected rather than transmitted mitted or absorbed (Figure 44.3).
Even clear glass reflects 50% or more of the sunlight striking
it at incident angles greater than about 80°. (The incident
angle is <strong>for</strong>med with respect to a line perpendicular to the
glass surface).
The reflectivity of various glass types becomes especially apparent during low light conditions. The surface on the
brighter side acts like a mirror because the amount of light passing through the window from the darker side is less than
the amount of light ht being reflected from the lighter side. This effect can be noticed from the outside during the day and
from the inside during the night. For special applications when these surface reflections are undesirable (i.e., viewing
merchandise through a store window on a bright day), special coatings can virtually eliminate this reflective effect.
Most common coatings reflect in all regions of the spectrum. However, in the past 20 20-years, years, researches have learned a
great deal about the design of coatings that can be applied to glass and plastic to preferentially reflect only selected
wavelengths of radiant energy. Varying the reflectance of far far-infrared and near-infrared infrared energy has <strong>for</strong>med the basis <strong>for</strong>
high-per<strong>for</strong>mance low-E coatings.
4.4.4 ABSORPTANCE
Energy y that is not transmitted through the glass or reflected off its surfaces is absorbed. Once glass has absorbed any
radiant energy, the energy is trans<strong>for</strong>med into heat, raising the glass temperature.
Typical 6mm clear glass absorbs only about 7% of sunlig sunlight ht at a normal angle of incidence (also a 30° angle of incidence,
as shown in Figure 4.3). ). The absorptance of glass is increased by glass additives that absorb solar energy. If they absorb
visible light, the glass appears dark. If they absorb ultraviole ultraviolet radiation or near-infrared, infrared, there will be little or no change
in visual appearance. Clear glass absorbs very little visible light, while dark dark-tinted tinted glass absorbs a considerable amount
(Figure 4.4).
Page 61
Figure 4.3: Sunlight t transmitted and reflected by 6mm
clear glass as a function of the incident angle

Figure 4.4: : Solar energy transmission through three types of glass under standard ASHRAE summer conditions
The absorbed energy is converted into heat, warming the glass, thus, when “heat-absorbing” absorbing” glass is in the sun, it feels
much hotter to the touch than clear glass. Tints are generally gray, bronze, or blue blue-green green and were traditionally used to
lower the solar heat gain coefficient and to control glare. Since they block some of the sun’s energy, they reduce the
cooling load placed on the building ding and its air air-conditioning conditioning equipment. The effectiveness of heat heat-absorbing single
glazing is significantly reduced if cool, conditioned air flows across the glass. Absorption is not the most efficient way t tto
reduce cooling loads, as discussed later.
All ll glass and most plastics, however, are generally very absorptive of long long-wave wave infrared energy. This property is best
illustrated in the use of clear glass <strong>for</strong> greenhouses, where it allows the transmission of intense solar energy but blocks th the
retransmission of the low-temperature temperature heat energy generated inside the greenhouse and radiated back to the glass.
4.4.5 EMMITTANCE
When solar energy is absorbed by glass, it is either converted away by moving air or reradiated by the glass surface. This
ability of a material to radiate energy is called its emissivity. Window glass, along with all other objects, typically emits,
or radiates, heat in the <strong>for</strong>m of long-wave wave far far-infrared infrared energy. The wavelength of the long long-wave far-infrared energy
varies with the temperature perature of the surface. This emission of radiant heat is one of the important heat transfer pathways
<strong>for</strong> a window. Thus, reducing the window’s emission of heat can greatly improve its insulating properties.
Standard clear glass has an emittance of 0.84 over the long-wave wave infrared portion of the spectrum, meaning that it emits
84% of the energy possible <strong>for</strong> an object at room temperature. It also means that <strong>for</strong> long long-wave radiation striking the
surface of the glass, 84% is absorbed and only 16% is reflect reflected. By comparison, low-E E glass coatings have an emittance
as low as 0.04. This glazing would emit only 4% of the energy possible at its temperature and thus reflect 96% of the
incident long-wave infrared radiation.
4.5 DETERMINING ENERGY-RELATED RELATED PROP PROPERTIES OF WINDOWS
There are four properties of windows that are the basis <strong>for</strong> quantifying energy per<strong>for</strong>mance:
U-factor. When there is a temperature difference between inside and outside, heat is lost or gained through the
window frame and glazing by the combined effects of conduction, convection, and long long-wave radiation. The U-
factor of a window assembly represents its ooverall
verall heat transfer rate or insulating value.
Solar Heat Gain Coefficient. Regardless of outside temperature, heat can be gained through windows by direct
or indirect solar radiation. The ability to control this heat gain through windows is characteriz characterized in terms of the
solar heat gin coefficient (SHGC) or shading coefficient (SC) of the window.
Visible Transmittance. Visible transmittance (VT), also referred to as visible light transmittance (VLT), is an
optical property that indicates the amount of visible light transmitted through the glass. It affects energy by
providing daylight that creates the opportunity to reduce electric lighting and its associated cooling loads.
Air Leakage. Heat loss and gain also occur by air leakage through cracks around sashes and frames of the
window assembly. This effect is often quantified in terms of the amount of air (cubic meters per minute) passing
through a unit area of window (square metre) under given pressure conditions.
These four concepts – as well as s Light Light-to-Solar-Gain ratio, a ratio of VT/SHGC – have been standardized within the
glazing industry, and allow accurate comparison of windows.
Page 62

4.5.1 INSULATING VALUE (U-factor) factor)
For windows, a principle energy concern is their ability to control heat
loss. Heat flows from warmer to cooler bodies, thus from the inside
face of a window to the outside in winter, reversing direction in
summer. Overall heat flow from the warmer to cooler side of a
window unit is a complex interaction of all three basic hheat
transfer
mechanisms – conduction, convection, and long long-wave radiation
(Figure 4.5). ). A window assembly’s capacity to resist this heat transfer
is referred to as its insulating value.
Conduction occurs directly through glass, and the air cavity within
double-<strong>glazed</strong> SIGUs, , as well as through a window’s spacers and
frames. Some frame materials, like wood, have relatively low
conduction rates. The higher conduction rates of other materia materials, like
metals, have to be mitigated with discontinuities of thermal breaks in Figure 4.5: Components of heat transfer
the frame to avoid energy loss.
through a window that are related to UU-factor
Convection within a window unit occurs in three places: the interior and exterior glazing surfaces, and within the air
cavity between glazing layers. On the interior, a cold interior glazing surface chills the adjacent air. This denser cold a aair
then falls, starting convection current. People often perceive this air flow as a draft caused by leaky windows, instead of
recognizing that the remedy correctly lies with a window that provides a warmer glass surface (Figure 2 22-6).
On the
exterior the air film against gainst the glazing contributes to the window’s insulating value. As wind blows (convection), the
effectiveness of this air film is diminished, contributing to a higher heat rate loss. Within the air cavity, temperature-
induced convection currents facilitate ate heat transfer. By adjusting the cavity width, adding more cavities, or choosing a
gas fill that insulates better than air, windows, can be design to reduce this effect.
All objects emit invisible thermal radiation, with warmer objects emitting more tthan
han colder ones. Through radiant
exchange, the objects in the room, and especially the people (who are often the warmest objects), radiate their heat to the
colder window. People often feel the chill from this radiant heat loss, especially on the exposed skin of their hands and
faces, but they attribute the chill to cool room air rather than to a cold window surface. Similarly, if the glass temperatu temperature
is higher than skin temperature, which occurs when the sun shines on heat heat-absorbing absorbing glass, heat will be radiated from the
glass to the body, potentially producing thermal discom<strong>for</strong>t.
The complex interaction between conduction, convection, and radiation is perhaps best illustrated by the fact that the
thermal per<strong>for</strong>mance of a roof window or skylight changes according to its mounting angle. Convective exchange on the
inner and outer glazing surfaces, as well as that within the air cavity is affected by this slope.
Also, skylights and roof windows oriented toward the cold night sky lose more radiant heat at night than windows
viewing warmer objects, such as the ground, adjacent buildings, and vegetation.
4.5.1.1 DETERMINING INSULATING VALUE
The U-factor (also referred to as U-value) value) is the standard way to quantify overall heat flow. For windows, it expresses the
total heat transfer coefficient of the system, and includes conductivity, convective, and radiative heat transfer. It
represents the heat flow per hour (in watts) through each square metre of window <strong>for</strong> a 1° Kelvin temperature difference
between ween the indoor and outdoor air temperature. The insulating value of RR-value
value (resistance to heat transfer) is the
reciprocal of the total U-factor (R=1/U). =1/U). The higher the RR-value
value of a material, the higher the insulating value; the smaller
the U-factor, the he lower the rate of heat flow.
Given that the thermal properties and the various materials within a window unit, the UU-factor
factor is commonly expressed in
two ways:
The U-factor factor of the total window assembly combines the insulating value of the glazing prope proper, the edge effects in
the SIGU, IGU, and the window frame and sash.
The centre-of-glass U-factor factor assumes that heat flows perpendicular to the window plane, without addressing the
impact of the frame edge effects and material.
Page 63

The U-factor of the glazing portion rtion of the window unit is affected primarily by the total number of glazing layers, their
dimension, the type of gas within their cavity, and the characteristic of coatings on the various glazing surfaces. As
windows are complex three-dimensional dimensional assemb assemblies, lies, in which materials and cross sections change in a relatively short
distance, it is limiting, however, to simply consider glazing. For example, metal spacers at the edge of an IGU have a
much higher heat flow than the centre of the insulation glass, which causes increased heat loss along the outer edge of the
glass.
4.5.1.2 OVERALL U-FACTOR
The relative impact of these “edge effects” becomes more important as the insulating value of the entire assembly
increases, and in small units were the ratio of edge to centre-of-glass glass area is high. Since the UU-factors
vary <strong>for</strong> the glass,
edge-of-glass glass zone, and frame, it can be misleading to compare the UU-factors
factors of windows from different manufacturers if
they are not carefully and consistently described. Calc Calculation ulation methods developed by the National Fenestration Rating
Council (NFRC) address this concern.
A specific set of assumptions and procedures must be followed to calculate the overall UU-factor
factor of a window unit using
the NFRC method. For instance, the NNFRC
values are <strong>for</strong> a standard window size – the actual UU-factor
of a specific unit
varies with size.
The U-factor factor of a window unit is rated based on a vertical position. A change in mounting angle affects a window’s U-
factor. The same unit installed on n a sloped roof at 20° from horizontal would have a UU-factor
factor 10-20% higher than in the
vertical position (under winter conditions).
4.5.2 SOLAR RADIATION CONTROL
The second major energy-per<strong>for</strong>mance per<strong>for</strong>mance characteristic of windows is the ability to control solar heat gain through the
glazing. Solar heat gain through windows is a significant factor in determining the cooling load of many commercial
buildings. The origin of solar heat gain is the direct and diffuse radiation coming from the sun and the sky (or reflected
from the ground and other surfaces). Some radiation is directly transmitted through the glazing to the building interior,
and some may be absorbed in the glazing and indirectly admitted to the inside. Some radiation absorbed by the frame
will also contribute to overall window solar heat gain factor. Other thermal ( (non-solar) ) heat transfer effects are included
in the U-factor of the window).
4.5.2.1 DETERMINING MINING SOLAR HEAT GAIN
There are two metrics <strong>for</strong> quantifying the solar radiation passing
through a window: solar heat gain coefficient (SHGC) and shading
coefficient (SC). In both cases, the solar heat gain is the combination of
directly transmitted radiation ation and the inward inward-flowing portion of
absorbed radiation (Figure 4.6). ). However, SHGC and SC have a
difference basis <strong>for</strong> comparison.
4.5.2.2 SHADING COEFFICIENT
Until the mid-1990s, 1990s, the shading coefficient (SC) was the primary term
used to characterize ze the solar control properties of glass. Although
replaced by NFRC and ASHRAE with the solar heat gain coefficient
(SHGC), it is still referenced in books and product literature, and is
expressed as a dimensionless number from 00-1
– high shading
coefficient ent means high solar gain, while a low shading coefficient
means low solar gain.
The SC was originally developed as a single number that could be used
to compare glazing solar control under a wide range of conditions. Its
simplicity, however, is offset by y its inaccuracies.
For instance, the shading coefficient (SC) is only defined <strong>for</strong> the glazing portion of the window and does not include
frame effects. It represents the ratio of solar heat gain through the system relative to that through 6mm clear glass at
normal incidence. The SC has also been used to characterize per<strong>for</strong>mance ov over er a wide range of sun positions; however,
there is some potential loss in accuracy when applied to sun positions at high angles to the glass.
Page 64
Figure 4.6. . Simplified view of the
components of solar heat gain. Heat gain
includes the transmitted solar energy and
the inward flowing ccomponents
ob
absorbed radiation

The SC value is strongly influenced by the type of glass selected. The shading coefficient can also include the effects of
any integral part of the window system that reduces the flow of solar heat, such as multiple glazing layers, reflective
coatings, or blinds between layers of glass.
4.5.2.3 SOLAR HEAT GAIN COEFFICIENT
Window standards are now moving away ffrom
shading coefficient to solar heat gain coefficient (SHGC), which is
defined as that fraction of incident solar radiation that actually enters a building through the window assembly as heat
gain.
The SHGC is influenced by all the same factors as the SC, but since it can be applied to the entire window assembly, the
SHGC is also affected by shading from the frame as well as the ratio of glazing and frame. The solar heat gain
coefficient is expressed as a dimensionless number from 00-1.
A high coefficient ent signifies high heat gain, while a low
coefficient means low heat gain.
For any glazing, the SHGC is always lower than the SC. To per<strong>for</strong>m an approximate conversion from SC to SHGC,
multiply the SC value by 0.87. Since the frame area has a very low SH SHGC, GC, the overall window SHGC is lower than the
centre-of-glass value.
4.5.3 VISIBLE TRANSMITTANCE
Visible transmittance (VT), also referred to as visible light transmittance (VLT), is the amount of light in the visible
portion of the spectrum that passes through a glazing material. A higher VT means there is more daylight in a space
which, if designed properly, can offset electric lighting and its associated cooling loads. Visible transmittance of glazing
ranges from above 90% <strong>for</strong> uncoated water water-white clear ear glass to less than 10% <strong>for</strong> highly reflective coatings on tinted
glass.
Visible transmittance is influenced by the glazing type, the number of panes, and any glass coatings. VT values <strong>for</strong> the
whole window are always less than centre centre-of-glass values since the VT of the frame is zero.
4.5.3.1 LIGHT-TO-SOLAR-GAIN GAIN RATIO
In the past, windows that reduced solar gain (with tints and coatings) also reduced visible transmittance. However, new
high-per<strong>for</strong>mance per<strong>for</strong>mance tinted glass and low low-solar-gain low-E coatings have made it possible to reduce solar heat gain with
little reduction in visible transmittance. Because the concept of separating solar gain control and light control is so
important, measures have been developed to reflect this. The term luminous efficacy (ke), ), which is VT/SC, was first
developed. Since SC is being replaced by SHGC, the term light-to-solar-gain ratio (LSG) is now referred to in ASHRAE
publications. The LSG ratio is defined as a ratio between visible transmittance (VT) and solar heat ga gain coefficient
(SHGC).
4.5.4 AIR LEAKAGE (INFILTRATION)
Whenever there is a pressure difference between the inside and outside (driven by wind or temperature difference), air
will flow through cracks between window assembly components. The air leakage properties roperties of window systems
contribute to the overall building air infiltration. Infiltration leads to increased heating or cooling loads when the outdo outdoor
air entering the building needs to be heated or cooled. Air leakage also contributes to summer cool cooling loads by raising
the interior humidity level. Operable windows can be responsible <strong>for</strong> air leakage between sash and frame elements as
well as at the window/wall joint. Tight sealing and weather-stripping of windows, sashes, and frames is of paramount
importance in controlling air leakage.
The use of fixed windows helps to reduce air leakage because these windows are easier to seal and keep tight. Operable
windows, which are also more susceptible to air leakage, are not necessary <strong>for</strong> ventilation in mo most commercial buildings
but are desired by occupants <strong>for</strong> control. Operable window units with low air air-leakage leakage rates feature mechanical closures
that positively clamp the window shut against the wind. For this reason, compression
compression-seal seal windows such as awnin awning,
hopper, and casement designs are generally more effectively weather-stripped than are sliding sliding-seal windows. Sliding
windows rely on wiper-type weather-stripping stripping, which is more subject to wear over time.
The level of infiltration depends upon local cli climate mate conditions, particularly wind conditions and microclimates
surrounding the building. In reality, infiltration varies widely with wind wind-driven driven and temperature temperature-driven pressure changes.
Cracks and air spaces left in the window assembly can also account <strong>for</strong> considerable infiltration. Insulating and sealing
these areas during construction can be very important in controlling air leakage. A proper installation ensures that the
main air barrier of the wall construction is effectively sealed to the window oor
r skylight assembly so that continuity of the
air barrier is maintained.
Page 65

4.6 EXPOSURE TO FIRE AND PERFORMANCE OF GLAZING
Window manufacturers/sub contractors and glaziers are no fire experts and it is there<strong>for</strong>e the onus of the client/specifiers
to indicate the glass requirements in respect of location and degree of resistance to fire in minutes. The
Architect/Engineer must specify the glazing requirements in respect of Part T.
When the 3 rd Edition of -Part Part T is published in the latter part of 2006 a Competent Person (Fire) will also be able to
specify the fire requirements of glazing in respect of resistance to fire. Aluminium framing will not resist fire when teste tested
in accordance with SANS 10177 in excess of 30 30-minutes.
Framing required <strong>for</strong> fire resistance in excess of 30 30-minutes minutes must be manufactured in steel or hard wood of appropriate
volume.
When tested in accordance with SANS 10177 glazing materials may per<strong>for</strong>m as stated in the following Tables.
Fire Resistance Per<strong>for</strong>mance of Glass
Glass Type
Fire Resistance in minutes
Laminated safety glass having PVB/resin interlayer 3 to 6
Laminate glass having intumescent interlayer Up to 120
Georgian wired glass
Up to 60
Borosilicate and calcium silicate glass Up to 120
Toughened safety glass
3 to 6
SIGU (double glazing) having PVB/resin laminated safety glass 30
Country
Solid Polycarbonate Sheet Fire Classification*
Norm Classification
United Kingdom BS476 Part 7 Building Regulations (1991)
17
27
*Dependant on thickness and colour. Consult manufacturer/suppliers <strong>for</strong> detailed in<strong>for</strong>mation.
Glass and Polycarbonate flat sheet in and on itself is not fire resistive unless installed in a proper frame. All
elements i.e. glass + framing + sealants/gaskets + anchorage + installation quality equal fire resistance
per<strong>for</strong>mance.
The Architectural Aluminium manufacturer/contractor and glazier are not fire consultants and the client/specifier
must specify the fire requirement at time of tender taking full cognance of Part T.
Fire resistance glasses are currently not manufactured locally. The manufacturers may classify their various products as
follows:
Example: E130 = 30 minutes integrity with 30 minutes insulation.
E = INTEGRITY
Provides a physical barrier against flame, hot toxic gases and smoke.
“The ability of the element of construction with a separating function to withstand fire exposure on one side only, without
the transmission of fire to the non-fire fire side as a result of the passage of significant quantities of flames or hot gases fro from
the fire side to the non-fire fire side, thereby causing ignition of the non non-fire fire exposed surface or any materials adjacent to that
surface”
W = RADIATION
Creating safer escape routes <strong>for</strong> people and separation distances <strong>for</strong> combustible materials by controlli
transmission of radiant heat below a specified level, e.g. 15 kW/m
“The ability of the element of construction with a separating function to withstand fire exposure from one side only <strong>for</strong> a
period of time, while the measured radiated heat in fro
2 Creating safer escape routes <strong>for</strong> people and separation distances <strong>for</strong> combustible materials by controlling the
.
“The ability of the element of construction with a separating function to withstand fire exposure from one side only <strong>for</strong> a
period of time, while the measured radiated heat in front nt of the glazing is below a specified level.”
I = INSULATION
Highest per<strong>for</strong>mance limitation of surface temperature on the unexposed side
“The ability of the element of construction with a separating function to withstand fire exposure from one side only,
without the transmission of fire to the non non-fire fire side as a result of significant conduction of heat from the fire side to the
non-fire fire side, thereby causing ignition of the non non-fire fire exposed surface of any material in contact with that surface and the
ability ity to provide a barrier to heat sufficient to protect people near the element of construction <strong>for</strong> the relevant
classification period.
Page 66

CHAPTER V
GLAZING
Page 67

5. SELECTION OF GLAZING METHODS
5.1 SETTING AND LOCATION BLOCKS
Glass-to-metal metal contact must be avoided at all times by using setting and location blocks having a hardness of 50º to 90º
shore A durometer. Use only blocks made of Neoprene, EPDM, Silicone or other elastomeric material.
Setting blocks are e to have a minimum thickness of 3mm and must be at least 27mm in length per square metre of glass
area.
In the event of laminated glass and/or sealed insulated glass units drainage is to be provided to prevent the glass edge to
be submerged. Two or more 7mm diameter holes or 5mm x 9mm slotted holes, or larger, are to be equally spaced in the
sill section of sash or frame to allow <strong>for</strong> such ventilation/drainage.
The position of the setting and location blocks is illustrated in Figure below:
a) Fixed light
d) Top hung
g) Horizontally pivoted h) Horizontally sliding; i) Vertically sliding
and reversible
6 blocks to each pane
Figure 5.1: Position of setting and location blocks
5.2 PREFORMED COMPRESSION GASKETS
b) Vertically pivoted
(hung off-centre)
Also known as gasket glazing or channel glazing this method <strong>for</strong>ms an integral part of the design of the individual
<strong>architectural</strong> aluminium systems.
It is there<strong>for</strong>e essential that the manufacturer/sub contractor uses only those pre<strong>for</strong>med compression gaskets supplied by
the <strong>architectural</strong> aluminium systems suppliers as part of the system.
Gaskets used from other sources will compromise the air and water tightness of the installed glazing systems i.e. the
installed end product.
Pre<strong>for</strong>med compression gaskets are manufactured of PVC or synthetic rubber and product testing by our Association has
concluded that PVC gaskets are re only suitable <strong>for</strong> products having A0 and A1 per<strong>for</strong>mance requirements. PVC gaskets,
washers and the like must not be used in conjunction with specialized plastic glazing materials as the plasticiser in the
PVC reacts adversely with the specialized plast plastic glazing materials.
Page 68
c) Vertically pivoted
(hung centrally)
e) Bottom hung f) Side hung or door

All tests conducted on products having A2, A3 and A4 per<strong>for</strong>mance requirements use synthetic rubber (i.e. Santroprene
and the like) as material <strong>for</strong> the gaskets.
5.3 STRUCTURAL GLAZING (a.k.a. flush glazing)
The predominate framing raming material used in structural glazing applications is extruded aluminium. Adhesion of the sealant
to the substrate is of prime importance and the fact that extruded aluminium is finished with either powder coatings or
anodising which are applied under r strict factory conditions makes aluminium the preferred structural material <strong>for</strong>
Structural Glazing Systems.
Structures using alternative materials having in in-situ situ applied finishes should be discouraged at all times!!
Since the sealant is the ONLY structural link which holds the glass in place, the adhesion and chemical compatibility of
ALL elements must be thoroughly tested, analysed and verified in accordance with ASTM C 1087 1087-87. Only structural
sealant may be used and approved by the sealant man manufacturer. ufacturer. Sealant manufacturers provide adhesion and
compatibility testing as well as design reviews are part of their service to their customers.
5.3.1 SURFACE PREPARATION – STRUCTURAL (FLUSH) GLAZING
As adhesion between sealant and the contact surf surfaces aces of aluminium and glass is vital to the success of the structural
glazing system a general procedure <strong>for</strong> solvent cleaning and priming follows. For specific procedures, contact the sealant
manufacturer.
5.3.1.1 SOLVENT CLEANING
(a) Clean dirty glass edges with a solvent such as isopropyl alcohol (IPA). Clean oily metal surfaces with a
degreasing solvent such as methyl ethyl ketone (MEK), toluene, or xylene. Use proper safety and handling
procedures when using cleaning and degreasing solvents. The glass and mmetal
etal finish manufacturers should be
contacted to make sure that the proposed solvent would not adversely affect their products. MEK, acetone,
toluene, thinners etc. must not be used on specialized plastic glazing materials. Only Iso propyl alcohol, ethyl
alcohol (methods) may be used. Contact manufacturers of plastic materials <strong>for</strong> further recommendations.
(b) Utilize the two-rag rag method when solvent cleaning: One <strong>for</strong> wetting and one <strong>for</strong> drying surfaces. Pour cleaning
solvent into a clean, dry, lint-free free cloth rag. Do not dip the rag into the solvent container, as it may contaminate
the solvent.
(c) Wipe ipe vigorously to remove surface contaminants. Check the rag to see if it has picked up contaminants. Rotate
the rag to clean area and re-wipe wipe until no more dirt or oily material is picked up.
(d) Immediately mmediately wipe the solvent cleaned area with a second clean, dry rag. The solvent should be removed with a
dry rag be<strong>for</strong>e it evaporates; otherwise, the cleaning procedure will be ineffective. This method of cleaning should
result in the removal of dust, dirt, oil, frost or moisture from the sealant contact surfaces.
5.3.1.2 PRIMING
(a) When priming is required, make sure the appropriate primer is selected and is within its stated shelf life and is
applied in accordance e with the sealant manufacturer’s instructions.
(b) Priming riming is not a substitute <strong>for</strong> solvent cleaning. There<strong>for</strong>e, solvent cleaning must be per<strong>for</strong>med prior to priming.
(c) Pour our a limited amount of primer into a clean container. Replace solvent container cap to p pprevent
deterioration and
contamination of the primer.
(d) Dip a clean, lint-free free cloth rag into the primer and gently wipe the primer onto the surface. For hard to reach areas,
apply the primer with a natural bristle brush. Some primers are to be applied in thin films, while others require
heavy coats.
(e) Over ver priming can cause loss of sealant adhesion. If too much primer is applied (as evidenced by a residue or
powdery build up on the metal surface) wipe off the excess primer with a clean, dry rag.
(f) Allow the e primer to completely dry. Some primers require several minutes to dry, while others may require an
hour or more in open air or in cold weather prior to sealant application. Be sure to follow the specific priming
recommendations.
Page 69

(g) The silicone sealant should be applied as soon as possible to prevent build up of dirt, moisture and other
contaminants from affecting the adhesion of the silicone to the substrates. As a general rule, prime only the joints
that can be sealed during an eight eight-hour workday.
5.3.2 SILICONE JOINT
This critical component of the structural glazing system requires appropriate attention in respect of type, design and
application.
5.3.2.1 SILICONE TYPE
When used in conjunction with glass silicone sealants must be of the neutral curing type. Acetoxy curing sealants, which
release acetic acid during the cure process, are not recommended <strong>for</strong> use with laminated glass. When used in conjunction
with plastic glazing materials only acetocxy curing sealants must be used as the solvents in the other silicones attack the
plastic glazing materials.
5.3.2.2 SILICONE CONTACT WIDTH DESIGN (CW)
Wind loads applied to a rectangular glass area are distributed to the st structural ructural sealant in accordance with the conservative
trapezoidal loading area. The accepted maximum sealant stress has been set by the industry at 0.14 Mpa.
The <strong>for</strong>mula <strong>for</strong> Contact Width based on the above is as follows:
CW =
in which CW = Contact Width (in cm)
S = Short Pane Dimensions (in meters)
D = Design Wind loading (in Pa)
For geometric variations of pattern (triangular, trapezoidal or other irregular shapes) the above equation may require
modification. Please e consult the sealant manufacturer.
5.3.2.3 APPLICATION
S x D
200 x 14
When structural glazing is done on site, temporary retainer clips, evenly placed at 500mm intervals, should be used to
prevent movement and stress in the sealant prior to being fully cured (usual (usually ly 10 to 21 days all in strict accordance with
the sealant manufacturer).
When structural glazing is done in the workshop, transporting of the <strong>glazed</strong> units should only take place after the sealant
has cured fully.
a) Contact silicone manufacturer <strong>for</strong> acceptable sealant application temperature ranges. Excessively high (54°C and
above) or low (-7°C 7°C and below) surface temperatures can adversely affect the per<strong>for</strong>mance of the silicone sealant.
b) Silicone sealants cannot be completely removed with solvents. Unless appearance is of little concern, all adjacent
surfaces should be masked prior to sealant application.
c) The backer rod should be carefully positioned as noted on the shop drawings. Materials used, i.e. closed cell
neoprene type, are to be approved by the sealant manufacturer.
d) Sealant should be applied in a continuous operation from a caulking gun or pump. A positive pressure, adequate
to fill the entire joint cavity should be used. This can be done by “pushing” the sealant bead ahead of the
application nozzle.
e) The structural sealant must fill the entire joint and firmly contact or “wet” the glass and metal surfaces. If this is
not done, the sealant may not attain acceptable adhesion to the glass and metal surfaces.
f) Tool the sealant with light pressure ressure within approximately five to ten minutes. This will spread the sealant against
the backer rod and the metal and glass surfaces. Sealant skin over time will vary between silicone sealants.
g) Do not use tooling aids such as water, soaps or alcohol solutions. They may interfere with the sealant cure or
affect the cured sealants’ per<strong>for</strong>mance.
h) Remove the masking immediately after tooling.
Page 70

i) In case of site glazing, temporary clips should then be installed and not be removed until the structural silico silicone
sealant is fully cured. Contact the structural sealant manufacturer <strong>for</strong> specific sealant cure time requirements
5.4 UV BONDING
UV Bonding – an adhesive system to join glass together – is suitable only <strong>for</strong> glass furniture, artwork and similar
applications.
This use of UV Bonding is not suitable <strong>for</strong> use in <strong>architectural</strong> aluminium products as referred to in this selection
<strong>guide</strong>.
5.5 PREVENTION OF THERMAL CRACKS OF GLASS
Numerous South African Construction arbitration cases have ruled that it is the responsibility of the persons installing the
glass (i.e. sub contractor/glazier) that the glass does not crack due to thermal and/or other causes.
This is even upheld in cases where the specifier specified without the apparent option <strong>for</strong> alternatives, the trade name,
type and thickness of the heat absorbing or heat reflecting glasses. The introduction of structural glazing usually solves
the thermal crack factor, however, many applications are still executed in more conventional methods making a request
by y the sub contractor/glazier <strong>for</strong> thermal stress evaluation by the glass manufacturer or competent person (glazing)
essential to protect the interest of all parties concerned.
Always polish the glass edges of heat absorbing or heat reflecting glasses
and
Always obtain a thermal stress evaluation from the glass manufacturer or competent person (glazing).
and
Glass to metal contact must be avoided at all times.
The thermal stress is calculated using the following <strong>for</strong>mula:
σ = k0 x k1 x k2 x k3 x f x ( (tg – ts)
Wherein:
Shadow Condition
and shape
σ = thermal stress in N/cm
k0 = basic stress coefficient 50N/cm
k1 = shadow coefficient
Shadow coefficient is determined by how the sunlight strikes the glass. In the sunlight strikes
uni<strong>for</strong>mly throughout the glass surface, then
there is shadow on the glass, then the distribution of glass temperature is different and the thermal
stress induced in the glass is greater.
2
basic stress coefficient 50N/cm 2
shadow coefficient
Shadow coefficient is determined by how the sunlight strikes the glass. In the sunlight strikes
uni<strong>for</strong>mly throughout the glass surface, then there is minimal problem of thermal cracks. But if
there is shadow on the glass, then the distribution of glass temperature is different and the thermal
stress induced in the glass is greater. If there is no shadow, the shadow coefficient is 1.0
Single
Coefficient 1,3
• Mullion only
(Vertical Sash)
• Transom only
(Horizontal sash)
Cross Parallel
• Both Mullion
and Transom
• If the glass is
Recessed
1,6 1,7
Projection of Mullion and Transom is greater than 100mm
k2 = curtain coefficient (determined by existence of curtain or blind)
If there are curtains or blinds inside the room, this will reflect the sunlight back to the glass. The solar
heat energy reflected will increase the glass temperature in the central zone. This will increase the
thermal stress ss in the glass. If there is no curtain, the curtain coefficient is 1,0
Page 71
• Mullion and
existing shape
from
neighbouring
buildings
•
Others
Sharp
1,7
Trees, signboards,
others which will
cast sharp shadow
on the glass

Types of curtain Light drapery (lace) Heavy drapery (thick curtain and blind)
Distance from glass surface < 100mm ≥ 100mm < 100mm
≥ 100mm
Coefficient 1,3 1,1 1,5
1,3
k3 = area coefficient (determined by glass area)
Assuming that the temperature differences in the glass are the same, then with a larger glass surface
area the thermal stress resistance of the shaded area will also increase. 1.0m
reference figure
2 is used as the basic
Glass area m 2 0,5
Coefficient 0,95
f = edge temperature coefficient
Thermal stress increases proportionately to the temperature differences between the glass central
zone (tg) and the edge zone (te). The glass edge temperature is determined by the type of glazing
methods used.
By substituting the temperature difference (tg (tg-te) with (tg-ts), we obtain the <strong>for</strong>mula tg-te te = f (tg (tg-ts). There<strong>for</strong>e, the edge
temperature coefficient f = (tg-te)/(tg-ts). ts).
Edge temperature coefficient f obtained by laboratory testing
Installation structure of sash and curtain wall
Glazing Method
Place directly in pre-case Metal curtain wall or
concrete or concrete wall movable window
Putty or glazing bead
0,95
Polysulphide or rubber caulking 0,80
Standard glazing with silicone 0,65
Structural gasket
1
Note:
0,55
If the sash colour is dark multiply above figure with 0.8. This is to take into consideration the
the sash.
1
0,75
0,65
0,50
0,48
If the sash colour is dark multiply above figure with 0.8. This is to take into consideration the heat absorbed by
tg = glass temperature at the central zone
ts = sash temperature
HOW TO USE THE FORMULA
First calculate the glass temperature (tg) at the central zone. Second calculate the frame temperature, (ts). Finally, take
the temperate different (tg-ts) ts) and multiply it with the other coefficient factors to obtain the thermal stress.
ALLOWABLE STRESS OF GLASS σa
1,0 1,5 2,0 2,5 3,0 4,0 5,0 6,0
1,00 1,04 1,06 1,08 1,10 1,13 1,15 1,16
Thermal cracks will usually start at the glass edge. The allowable stress at the edge is shown below in the following
table:
Allowable stress of various types of glass
Glass Type Thickness (mm) Allowable Thermal stress σa (N/cm
Float Glass
3 – 12
15, 19
Wired Glass
6, 8, 10
Double Glazing or Laminated Glass - Determine by the type of raw
Tempered Glass
4 – 12
Heat Strengthened
Note:
6, 8, 10
1. All the glass edges must be clean cut. Any chips or uneven edge will reduce the allowable thermal stress
2. If the glass edge need processing, please use a polishing material of # 120 or above <strong>for</strong> the edge work.
2 )
1800
1500
1000
Determine by the type of raw glass used
5000
3600
All the glass edges must be clean cut. Any chips or uneven edge will reduce the allowable thermal stress σa.
material of # 120 or above <strong>for</strong> the edge work.
The result of the thermal stress σ calculated from the <strong>for</strong>mula above, is to be compared to the allowable stress of glass σa.
σ ≤ σa It is safe and will not have thermal crack
σ > σa Not safe as there is a possibility of thermal cracks. The glazing method and or other
coefficients require improvement.
Page 72

EVALUATION OF THERMAL CRACK
Figure 5.2: Breakage patterns of glass
Page 73

Page 74

CHAPTER VI
HARDWARE
AND
DOOR CONTROLS
Page 75

6. HARDWARE & FIXINGS
The selection of the appropriate hardware is of paramount importance to ensure quality <strong>architectural</strong> aluminium products.
The golden rule is to use the hardware recommended by the Architectural Aluminium Systems suppliers at all times. To
deviate from this principle is tantamount to providing sub standard end products.
6.1 SASH LIMITATIONS
Distributors of Architectural Aluminium Systems recommend maximum vent (a.k.a. sash) dimensions <strong>for</strong> the numerous
Architectural Systems. It may be required that multip multiple le locking devices (i.e. handles and the like) are installed in sashes
having maximum recommended dimensions in both height and width in order to meet certain <strong>AAAMSA</strong> Per<strong>for</strong>mance
Test Criteria.
Top Hung
Sash Limitations
Side Hung Top/Side Hung
Systems
Max. vent
width
Max. vent
height
Max. vent
width
Max. vent
height
Maximum
perimeter
in mm in mm in mm in mm
in mm
Caselite 28 900
600 600 1200
3600
Caselite 38 1500 1200 700 1500
4400
HSG 1200 600 600 1500
4200
HSG 900 1200 - -
4200
NuKlip 28 1200 600 600 1200
3600
NuKlip 28 600 1200 - -
3600
System 30 1000 750 600 1200
3500
Universal 38 1500 1200 700 1800
5000
340 Series 1200 900 700 1500
4400
Coastal 42 1370 1370 1500 900
4800
Thermosash 1370 1370 1500 900
4800
6.2 FRICTION STAY LIMITATIONS
Distributors of Architectural Aluminium Systems have a wide range of stainless steel friction stay models which are used
in conjunction with their window systems. Consult the Aluminium System provider <strong>for</strong> recommendations <strong>for</strong> the friction
stay limitations. The following table reflect the capabilities of the standard range of friction stays:
Top Hung Windows – 4 Bar Stays (Typical Single Glazing)
Max. vent Max. vent Max. vent Angle of
Ref # width height weight Opening
in mm in mm in kg Degrees
203 1100 300 7 70
254 1100 375 8 57
300 1100 450 10 90
406 1100 600 13 90
508 1100 750 16 50
610 1100 900 26 60
570HD 1100 1200 40 90
Top Hung Windows – 4 Bar Stays (Typical Double Glazing)
Max. vent Max. vent Max. vent Angle of
Ref # width height weight Opening
in mm in mm in kg degrees
150 1200 300 10 50
200 1200 350 12 50
250 1200 400 16 80
300 1200 550 20 80
400 1200 750 21 80
500 1200 1000 24 50
500 1200 850 24 50
600 1200 1200 35 34.5
Page 76

Side Hung Windows – 5 Bar Stays (Typical Single Glazing)
Max. vent Max. vent Max. vent Angle of
Ref # width height weight Opening
in mm in mm in kg degrees
300 600 1200 13.5 60
Side Hung Windows – 5 Bar Stays (Typical Double Glazing)
Max. vent Max. vent Max. vent Angle of
Ref # width height weight Opening
in mm in mm in kg degrees
300 600 1300 22 60
300L 600 1300 22 60
400 700 1300 24 60
6.3 ALUMINIUM FRICTION HINGE LIMITATIONS
Top Hung Windows – Aluminium Friction Hinge
Max. vent Max. vent Angle of
Ref # height in weight in Opening
mm
kg degrees
200N4B 600
6 49
200N4BV 400
6 30
250N4B 750
6 49
300N4B 1000
7 38
500M4B 1300 12 29
750N4B 1800 13 27
Side Hung Windows – Aluminium Friction Hinge
Max. vent Max. vent Angle of
Ref # height weight in Opening
in mm kg degrees
300N4BC 600
20 54
300N4BC 750
16 54
NOTE: This <strong>guide</strong> is based on standard available shopfront profiles and using standard hardware and fittings. These
systems are designed <strong>for</strong> internal use only and are not designed to be fully weatherproof.
6.4 DOOR CONTROLS
6.4.1 DEFINITIONS
A door control (door closer or floor spring) is used to control the closing movement of a hinged door.
There are three basic types of door control:
a) Overhead door closer.
b) Floor spring.
c) Transom concealed door closer.
6.4.2 WHERE DOOR CONTROLS ARE USED
a) On any internal door which is required to be kept closed when unattended (e.g. doors in kitchens, toilets, etc.).
b) On any main entrance door which needs to be kep kept t closed <strong>for</strong> reasons of wind and weather.
c) On any fire door, internal or external, which must be closed in the event of fire (See later descriptions of electronic
hold open and release devices and synchronized closing).
Page 77

6.4.3 MAIN TYPES OF DOOR CONTROLS
OVERHEAD AD SURFACE MOUNTED DOOR
CLOSERS
An overhead door closer comprises:
Door closer unit.
Arm (pivot arm or slide arm).
FACTORS TO CONSIDER WHEN SELECTING AN OV OVERHEAD DOOR CLOSER
DOOR CLOSERS MOUNTED ON THE
“PULL-SIDE” OF THE DOOR (REGULAR ARM)
Most common application <strong>for</strong> interior doors.
Closer mounted to the door with the arm fixed to
the frame.
Provide: Space behind the door - avoid the closer
hitting the adjacent wall.
Specify: Regular arm door closer.
DOOR CLOSER MOUNTED ON THE
“PUSH-SIDE” OF THE DOOR
For doors opening to the exterior.
There are two methods of fixing.
Parallel arm mounting
Closer mounted to the door and the arm to the
frame via a soffit bracket.
Specify: Parallel arm door closer.
Frame mounted closer (regular arm)
Closer mounted directly to the frame or on a drop
plate, with arm fixed to door
Note: The limit of 0-95mm 95mm frame reveals depth,
depending on the type of door closer used.
Specify: Regular egular arm door closer (<strong>for</strong> frame
mounting).
Page 78

6.4.4 DOOR WIDTH AND MASS
Door
Closer
Size
Max. recommended
Door leaf
Width
mm
NOTE: 1) Where the actual size and mass of a door to which the door closer is to be fitted exceeds the maximum
width or mass, the next size up should be used.
2) The door widths given are <strong>for</strong> standard installations. In the case of unusually high or heavy doors, windy or
draughty conditions, or special applications, a larger power size of closer should be used.
HOLD OPEN REQUIREMENT
(MECHANICAL HOLD OPEN ARM)
For door requiring to be held open, such as <strong>for</strong> goods
loading.
Hold open arm is adjustable to hold open from 70 to
130°.
Specify: Regular arm or parallel arm closer with “Hold
Open”
NOTE: Do not fit a hold open closer to a fire door, as
all fire doors must be self-closing. closing.
(Government Gazette 3805 Section 4, 1 March 1985)
BACK CHECK REQUIREMENT
(CHECK OPENING ACTION)
Max.
Door
Mass
kg
1
750
20
2
850
40
3
950
60
4
1100
80
5
1250
100
*Note: That between 0º - 4º, the operating <strong>for</strong>ce is at its maximum.
To stop the door hitting an adjacent wall or
obstruction.
To control a door opening into a windy
environment.
Backcheck adjustable from 70°.
(Can be adjustable, but may be pre pre-set).
Specify: Regular arm or parallel arm closer with “back
check”.
DELAYED CLOSING (AUTOMATIC HOLD OPEN
FOR UP TO 2 MINUTES)
For doors used by handicapped people in wheelchairs.
For doors in loading areas which must stay open <strong>for</strong>
short periods of time.
Specify: Regular arm or parallel arm closer with delayed
opening.
NOTE: To fit an overhead door closer, always use the
template provided by the manufacturer.
Page 79
Closing Moment
Between *
Between
0º - 4º
88º - 92º
Nm Min. Nm Max. Nm Min.
9
< 13
3
13
< 18
4
18
< 26
6
26
< 37
9
37
< 54
12

FLOOR SPRINGS
A floor spring comprises:
Floor spring unit set into the floor.
Bottom door strap.
Top door strap.
Top centre with retractable pin.
NOTE: A door on a floor spring does not require
hinges.
FACTORS TO CONSIDER WHEN SELECTING A FLO FLOOR SPRING
FLOOR DETAIL AND FINISH
Floor spring box depth up to 75mm must be set into the
floor, flush with finished floor level (FFL).
Weatherstrips, steps or ramps may interfere with floor
spring fixing.
Rein<strong>for</strong>cing in the floor, electrical conduits or timber
floors may not allow floor spring to be fitted.
6.4.5 DOOR WIDTH AND MASS
Door
Closer
Size
Max. recommended
door Leaf
Width
mm
NOTE: 1) Where the actual size and mass of a door to which the floor spring is to be fitted exceeds the maximum
width or mass, the next size up should be used.
2) The door widths given are <strong>for</strong> standard installations. In the case of unusually high or heavy doors, windy
or draughty conditions, or special applications, a larger power size oof
f floor spring should be used.
6.4.6 NARROW DOORS
For doors narrower than those shown in the table, the floor spring may make the door “too heavy” to open. A special light
action floor spring may be required.
Specify: Lower strength floor spring <strong>for</strong> specified door size and weight.
6.4.7 EXPOSED LOCATIONS
Max.
Door
Mass
kg
2
850
40
3
950
60
4
1100
80
5
1250
100
6
1400
120
7
1600
160
*Note that between 0° - 4° , the operating <strong>for</strong>ce is at its maximum
For doors exposed to abnormally windy conditions, a stronger floor spring may be required. But consideration of the type
of building and the people likely to operate the doors should be given be<strong>for</strong>e speci specifying fying a stronger floor spring.
6.4.8 BACK CHECK REQUIREMENT (CHECKING ACTION AT 70°)
To stop the door hitting an adjacent wall or obstacle.
To avoid the abuse of the door in high traffic areas.
Page 80
Closing Moment
Between *
Nm Min.
0º - 4º
Nm Max.
13
< 18
18
< 26
26
< 37
37
< 54
54
< 87
87
< 140
Between
88º - 92º
Nm Min.
4
6
9
12
18
29

DOOR OPENING ACTION
Single action
Door opens one way only.
Door hangs on cranked fittings which close the
door into a rebated frame.
Specify: Single action floor spring <strong>for</strong> specific door
weight, size, construction and opening
angle (e.g. 90°, 150°, 130°) ) Specify door
stop or backcheck).
NOTE: For fire exit doors, do o not specify single
action opening inwards.
Double action
Door is centre pivoted.
Door opens 90° both ways.
Because door swings both ways, the door should
be fully <strong>glazed</strong> or have a <strong>glazed</strong> view panel.
Specify: Double action floor spring <strong>for</strong> specific door
weight, size, construction and maximum
opening angle.
NOTE: Double action floor spring must not be used
<strong>for</strong> fire control doors, but may be used <strong>for</strong>
smoke check doors under certain
circumstances, with the approval of the Fire
Prevention Officer. All approved fire doors
must have rebates.
TRANSOM CONCEALED CLOSERS
Used:
Where threshold details prevent the use of the floor
spring. (e.g. modern buildings where floor slabs
and screeds may be thin).
In hygienic environments where the mechanism is
best completely concealed.
Closer comprises:
Transom closer fitted into a standard aluminium
transom.
Top door strap/arm.
Bottom door strap (<strong>for</strong> double action).
Bottom pivot (<strong>for</strong> double action).
FACTORS TO CONSIDER WHEN SELECTING A TRA TRANSOM NSOM CONCEALED DOOR
DOOR WIDTH AND MASS
Door
Closer
Size
2
3
4
Max. recommended
door Leaf
Width
mm
850
950
1100
Max.
Door
Mass
kg
40
60
80
* Note that between 0° - 4° , the operating <strong>for</strong>ce is at its maximum
Page 81
Closing Moment
Between *
Nm Min.
0º - 4º
Nm Max.
13
< 18
18
< 26
26
< 37
Between
88º - 92º
Nm Min.
4
6
9

NOTE: 1) Where the actual size and mass of a door to which the door closer is fitted exceeds the maximum width or
mass, the next size up should be used.
2) The door widths given are <strong>for</strong> standard installations. In the case of unusually high or heavy doors, windy or
draughty conditions, or special applications, a larger power size of closer should be used.
DOOR OPENING ACTION
Single action
Door opens one way only.
Door closes into rebated frame.
No hinges are needed with this application.
Offset arm with slide channel is fitted into the door.
Double action
Door opens both ways.
No hinges are needed.
6.4.9 IN-DOOR DOOR CONCEALED CLOSER
This type of door closer is concealed inside the top of the door.
Suitable <strong>for</strong> interior doors only.
Single action only.
Closer Comprises:
Closer body which fits into the top of a door - min 45mm thick.
Arm linked to a slide channel in the frame.
Per<strong>for</strong>mance characteristics correlate to those of overhead surface mounted door closers.
Specify: In-door concealed closer.
6.5 SPECIAL DOORS
6.5.1 OVERSIZE AND HEAVY DOORS
Where doors exceed the sizes and weights shown in the respective closer tables, consult a closer manufacturer be<strong>for</strong>e
specifying.
6.5.2 FIRE DOORS
Fire doors are covered under the National Building Regulations and all require to be fitted with closers. Regulations also
lay down the following criteria <strong>for</strong> specifying closers <strong>for</strong> fire doors:
a) Closers should be firmly fixed and not able to be eas easily removed.
b) The closer should not have a mechanical hold hold-open open facility (if the door requires to be held open, it should be fitted
with an electromagnetic catch which releases in the event of fire and allows the door to close).
c) The closer must have a positive latching action to overcome to possible resistance of door latches.
d) The closer must close the door effectively from any angle.
Specify: Overhead door closer with electromagnetic hold hold-open device of required.
NOTE: The majority of fire doors rs have overhead door closers.
Page 82

DOUBLE DOORS WITH DOOR SELECTOR
Double doors normally have rebated meeting stiles or
a metal overlapping seal. If they are fitted with door
closers, a door selector must be specified to enable the
doors to close in the correct sequence.
Specify: Overhead door closers or floor springs with
door selector.
Door Control
Selector Guide
TYPE OF DOOR
(Up to 1400mm wide)
Interior Door - Single ·
Exterior Door - Inward
Opening
Exterior Door - Outward
Opening
Interior Door - Limited
Space
Interior Fire Door -
Single
Interior Fire Door -
Double
Exterior Fire Door -
Double
Int./Ext. Door - High
traffic
Int./Ext. Paraplegic
(Light Action)
Wide Door (Over
1400mm)
Heavy Door (Over 120
kg)
Door with Concealed
Closer
Clean / Hygienic Areas
Regular arm
(Door Mounted)
·
Regular Arm
(Frame Mounted)
·
·
·
·
·
·
·
·
·
Overhead Surface
Mounted Closers
Parallel Arm
·
·
·
·
Hold Open
·
·
·
·
Back Check
·
·
·
Delayed Action
·
Page 83
Slide Channel
Floor
Springs
Single Action
Double Action
·
·
·
·
·
·
·
·
·
·
·
·
·
·
·
·
·
·
·
·
·
·
·
·
·
·
·
·
·
·
·
·
·
·
·
Transom
Concealed
Closer
Single Action
·
·
Double Action
In-door Concealed Closer
·
·
·
Door Selector
Electro Magnetic Hold
Open Device
·
·
·
·

6.5.3 SLIDING FOLDING DOORS – BOTTOM ROLLING
Bottom rolling doors (Foldaside)
Maximum practical door width: 900mm (up to 2100mm high)
750mm (up to 2700mm high)
Maximum practical door height: 2700mm
Maximum practical number of door hinged together and to frame or end pivot: 5
Maximum mass per door leaf: 70kg
This <strong>guide</strong> is based on standard available shopfront profiles using available hardware and fittings. These systems are
designed <strong>for</strong> internal and external use. Certain frames may be waterproof.
Recommended aluminium profiles <strong>for</strong> sliding/folding doors
Page 84

SLIDING FOLDING DOORS
BOTTOM ROLLING
Typical plan of 3 leaves folding to one side – Pivot to frame
Door leaves all equal widths
Page 85
Typical section
throughout frame and
door
3 leaves sliding and folding to one side pivoted at
frame. All leaves equal widths.

SLIDING FOLD DOORS – BOTTOM ROLLING
WHERE TO FIT THE HARDWARE
3 doors to L or R
5 doors to L or R
Top <strong>guide</strong> frame
Bottom track and cill
**
Page 86
+* Use 1 or 2 locks
depending on door
height
3 doors to L or R with 1 hinged
door
HARDWARE REQUIRED:
Bottom Roller
Top <strong>guide</strong>
Hinge
Flush handle
Flush bolt
Dead lock

Page 87

6.5.4 SLIDING FOLDING DOORS – TOP HUNG
Top hung doors (Foldaside)
Maximum practical door width: 900mm (up to 2100mm high)
750mm (up to 2700mm high)
Maximum practical door height: 2700mm
Maximum practical number of door hinged together and to frame or end pivot: 5
Maximum mass per door leaf: 50kg
This <strong>guide</strong> is based on standard available shopfront profiles using available hardware and fittings. These systems are
designed <strong>for</strong> internal and external use.
Recommended aluminium profiles <strong>for</strong> sliding/folding doors
Page 88

SLIDING FOLDING DOORS
TOP HUNG
Typical plan of 4 leaves folding to one side – pivot to frame. Door leaves all equal widths
Page 89
Typical section
through top track
door and <strong>guide</strong>
channel
4 leaves sliding and folding to one side pivoted at
frame. All leaves equal widths.
Track C/line

SLIDING FOLDING DOORS – TOP HUNG
WHERE THE HARDWARE FITS
5 door to L or R
Top track
Guide channel
Page 90
3 doors to L or R
**
** Use 1 or 2 locks
depending on the door
height
HARDWARE REQUIRED:
Top Hanger
Bottom Guide
Hinge
Flush handle
Flush bolt
Dead Lock

Page 91

6.5.5 STACKING DOORS
(Stackway) Top Hung doors
Maximum practical door width: 1200mm
Maximum practical door height: 3000mm
Maximum No. of doors in system: UNLIMITED
Maximum mass per door leaf: 150kg
This <strong>guide</strong> is based on standard available aluminium shopfront profiles using available hardware and fittings. These
systems are designed <strong>for</strong> internal use only and are not designed to be fully weather weather-proof.
Page 92

Page 93

6.6 GENERIC FENESTRATION HARDWARE
Generic Hardware <strong>for</strong> a Top Hung Casement Window
Generic Hardware <strong>for</strong> a Side Hung Casement Window
Page 94

Generic Hardware <strong>for</strong> a Vertical Sliding Window
Generic Hardware <strong>for</strong> a Sliding Window
Page 95

Generic Hardware <strong>for</strong> a Single Hinged Door
Generic Hardware <strong>for</strong> a Double Hinged Door
Page 96

Generic Hardware <strong>for</strong> a Single Floor Spring Swing Door
Generic Hardware <strong>for</strong> a Double Floor Spring Swing Door
Page 97

Generic Hardware <strong>for</strong> a Single Concealed Overhead Door Closer Door
Generic Hardware <strong>for</strong> a Double Concealed Overhead Door Closer Door
Page 98

Generic Hardware <strong>for</strong> a Single Sliding
Generic Hardware <strong>for</strong> a Double Sliding Door
Page 99

Generic Hardware <strong>for</strong> a Tilt & Turn Window
Generic Hardware <strong>for</strong> a Sliding Door
Page 100

CHAPTER VII
SURFACE FINISHES
Page 101

FINISHES
7. SELECTION OF FINISHES
It is strongly advised that only Surface Finishers in possession of the relevant SABS mark (mark holders) execute
the surface finishing of Architectural Aluminium Products.
Specifiers are advised to insist on the <strong>AAAMSA</strong> Surface Finishing Certificate to ensure compliance with the relevant
SANS Standards and thus receive confirmation of the quality of the surface finish supplied.
7.1 ANODISING
All anodising shall be executed in strict accordance with SANS 999.
It is imperative that the correct coating thicknesses (Coating Grades) are specified <strong>for</strong> the anodic layer as described in
SANS 999 as follows:
Grade AA15 (Average coating thickness 15 micron) shall be used <strong>for</strong> products subject to mild atmospheric conditions and
in rural environments that are free from industrial pollution and marine influence.
Grade AA25 (Average coating thickness 25 micron) shall be used <strong>for</strong> products us used ed in the following cases:
a. Western Cape (i.e. west of Hermanus) - within 25km of the sea.
b. Southern and Eastern Cape- within 20km of the sea.
c. Natal South Coast (i.e. south of Amanzimtoti) - within 15km of the sea.
d. Durban area and Natal North Coast - within 25km of the sea.
In addition to the above, any site within 5km of a chemical or related process plant (i.e. pulp and paper mills, oil
refineries, petrol-from-coal coal plants, steel mills and metallurgical process plants) meets the criteria <strong>for</strong> use of Grade AA25
(25 micron thickness).
Specifiers should note that wind-borne borne sand might be abrasive, leading to loss of anodised film by abrasion. Such areas
might include the Western Cape Coast and the Karoo around Beau<strong>for</strong>d West. In such areas Grade AA25 (25 mic micron
thickness) may have to be specified. Specifiers and manufacturers should insist on Certificates of Con<strong>for</strong>mance that the
anodising has been executed in accordance with SA SANS 999.
7.2 POWDER COATING
All stages of powder coating shall be executed in strict accordance with SANS 1796.
All aluminium alloy extrusions, sheet or pre<strong>for</strong>med sections shall be thoroughly cleaned with an alkaline or acid solution
to produce a surface that is free from oil, grease or any other contaminant that might impair the per<strong>for</strong>mance of the pre-
treatment. A chemical conversion pre pre-treatment treatment shall be applied in accordance with the recommendations of the
manufacturer of the chemical conversion pre pre-treatment.
The amount of chemical conversion pre pre-treatment to be deposited depends epends on the type used and shall be within the limits
specified in SANS 1796.
The pre-treated treated aluminium alloy extrusions, sheet and pre<strong>for</strong>med sections shall be handled with clean lint lint-free gloves,
shall be stored in a clean, dry atmosphere and shall be protected from dust and abrasion.
The organic powder shall be applied and cured in accordance with the powder manufacturer's instructions. The
application shall take place as soon as possible, and in strict accordance with SANS 1796. Delays may result i iin
inferior
adhesion or inferior weathering properties (or both).
The manufacturers of the <strong>architectural</strong> aluminium products are advised to use only powder coating applicators in
possession of powder manufacturer's approved applicators certificates. In cas case e of powder coating/anodising used in
conjunction with structural glazing (flush glazing) the specifier, i.e. Architect, Quantity Surveyor, Developer or owner,
shall insist that quality procedures <strong>for</strong> the finishes on all aluminium alloy extrusions, sheet o oor
pre<strong>for</strong>med sections, are
executed and recorded in strict accordance with SANS 999 <strong>for</strong> anodising and <strong>for</strong> powder coating in strict accordance with
SANS 1578 (powder) and SANS 1796 (application of powder coating).
Page 102

7.3 INTERNATIONAL QUALITY STANDARDS FOR SURFACE FINISHINGS
Qualicoat®/Qualinod® is a quality label organization, recognized in countries of Europe, Asia, Australia, America and
Africa, committed to maintaining and promoting the quality of surface finishes on aluminium and its alloys <strong>for</strong>
<strong>architectural</strong> applications.
The label defines comprehensive quality requirements and monitors compliance by licensed plants worldwide. The
Qualicoat®/Qualinod® quality requirements surpass certain SANS quality requirements. Manufacturers of Architectural
Aluminium nium Products may be required to meet these standards when operating in the countries which recognise this
quality label.
7.4 COIL COATING
Architectural Aluminium flat products are painted by “fully automatic coil coating process which consists of:
Multi-stage Chemical Cleaning: This chemical process includes acid and alkali cleaning, smut removal processes and
detergent cleaning.
Chemical Surface Conversion: This chemical treatment of the aluminium surface ensures optimum bonding of paint to
the metal surface.
Paint Application: The computer controlled roller application of paints and primers ensures a surface of evenness,
smooth, blemish--free
and uni<strong>for</strong>m paint thickness.
Oven Cure: This ensures that the paint achieves their optimum properties s of extended, high per<strong>for</strong>mance life.
Currently the following colours are available:
Group I The Solid Earthtone Colours (Sand, Terracotta, Burgundy, Slate Blue, Azure Blues, Opal Green, Cloud
Grey)
Group II The Bright Whites and Pastels (Pure White, Pe Pearl Cream)
Group III The Metallics (Metallic Silver, -Bronze, -Champagne, -Silver Blue)
Group IV The Corporate, Heavily Pigmented Colours (Turquoise Green, Deep Green)
PAINT CHEMISTRY
Group I, II and III 70/30 PVDF/Acrylic blend Topcoat
Group IV 50/50 PVDF/Acrylic Pigmented Coat plus
70/30 PVDF/Acrylic Clear Topcoat
Property
Coating Thickness
Humidity Resistance
Blistering (ASTM D 2247)
Accelerated Weathering B:
QUV (ASTM G53)
Accelerated Weathering B:
Dew Cycle Weatherometer
(ASTM D3361)
Acid Salt Spray (ASTM B117)
Formability (ASTM D4145)
Pencil Hardness (ASTM D3363)
Specular Gloss (ASTM D2794)
Reverse Impact (ASTM D2794)
Flame Test (ASTM E84)
Per<strong>for</strong>mance of Coil Coating
Per<strong>for</strong>mance
Polyvinlidene difluoride (PVDF) Advance Polymer Systems
Group I 23 microns ±5 microns
Group II 32 microns ±5 microns 23 microns ±5 microns
Group III 23 microns ±5 microns
Group IV 40 microns ±5 microns
3000 hours
1000 hours
Rating 10, No Blisters
2000 Hours
Colour: 5E Hunter Units Max.
Chalking: Rating 8
1000 Hours
Colour: 5E Hunter Units Max.
Chalking: Rating 8
500 Hours
3000 Hours
Scribe: No Creepage
1000 Hours
0T to 2T
0T to 2T
HB to 2H
HB to 2H
20-35 at 60º
No loss of Adhesion
Class A Coating
5J
Page 103

7.5 MAINTENANCE OF SURFACE FINISHES
7.5.1 INTRODUCTION
These recommendations are intended to assist Architects, Contractors, Owners, Building Managers etc. who are
concerned with the cure and maintenance of coatings to Architectural Aluminium installations. The suggested methods
are an aid in establishing tablishing safe, sound cleaning and maintenance procedures. Although certain proprietary products are
mentioned they are included merely as an aid in identifying such materials. No attempt has been made by <strong>AAAMSA</strong> to
evaluate their effectiveness, nor does listing here constitute an endorsement.
The Aluminium Surface Finishers Association operating under the aegis of the Aluminium Federation of South Africa is
the body which provides expert advice in matters related to finishing and maintenance of coatings <strong>for</strong> Architectural
Aluminium.
7.5.2 GENERAL
Anodic and Powder Coatings on aluminium do not normally show an appreciable amount of dirt collection. In
many atmospheres dirt or soil would not indicate a detrimental risk to the coating, but cleaning and surface care
may be desirable <strong>for</strong> the sake of ap appearance. pearance. Cleaning may become desirable in areas where heavy industrial
deposits have dulled the surface, where materials from construction processes have soiled the surface or where
cleaner run-down down from other surfaces should be removed. Local atmospher atmospheric ic conditions as well as building
location within a geographical area quite naturally have an effect on cleanliness. Very often, rainfall may be
sufficient to keep exterior surfaces appearing clean and bright. These factors coupled with owner attitude
regarding garding surface appearance probably would determine cleaning schedules. Areas that are in direct sight at lower
levels would more likely be cleaned. Less obvious areas would be less frequently cleaned or in some instances,
hardly at all. Cleaning of anodised dised and powder powder-coated coated aluminium may be scheduled with other cleaning. For
example, glass coated aluminium components can be cleaned at the same time.
Cleaning will be more often required in areas of low rainfall or in heavily industrialized areas. Fog Foggy coastal
regions with frequent cycles of condensation and drying may tend to give a build build-up up of atmospheric salts and dirt.
In any climate, sheltered areas such as overhangs may become soiled because of lack of rain rain-washing. Thorough
rinsing is especially lly important after cleaning of these sheltered areas.
7.6 CLEANING OF ANODIC COATINGS ON ARCHITECTURAL ALUMINIUM
7.6.1 CLEANING RECOMMENDATIONS (Anodic Coatings)
Correctly identify the aluminium finish to be cleaned when selecting an appropriate cleani cleaning method. Check
specifications and/or as built drawings if in doubt as to finish.
Never use aggressive alkaline or acid cleaners on aluminium finishes. It is important not to use cleaners
containing trisodium phosphate, phosphoric acid, hydrochloric ac acid, id, hydrofluoric acid, fluorides, or similar
compounds on anodised aluminium surfaces. Always follow the recommendations of the cleaner manufacturer as
to the proper cleaner and concentration. Test clean a small area first. Different cleaners should not be mixed.
It is preferable to clean the metal when shaded. Do not attempt to clean hot, sun sun-heated heated surfaces since possible
chemical reactions on hot metal surfaces will be highly accelerated and cleaning non non-uni<strong>for</strong>mity can occur.
Surfaces cleaned under these adverse conditions can become streaked or stained so that they cannot be restored to
their original appearance. Also avoid cleaning the freezing temperatures or when metal temperatures are
sufficiently cold to cause condensation.
Apply the cleaning solution only to an area that can be conveniently cleaned without changing position.
Thoroughly rinse the surface with clean water be<strong>for</strong>e applying cleaner. Minimize cleaner rundown over the lower
portions of the building and rinse such areas as soon and as long as practical.
Cleaners containing strong organic solvents will have a deleterious effect on organic overlay coatings, but not on
anodised aluminium. The possibility of solvents extracting stain stain-producing producing chemicals from sealants and affec affecting
the function of the sealants, however, must be considered. Test a small area first.
Strong cleaners should not be used on windows and other building accessories where it is possible <strong>for</strong> the cleaner
to come in contact with the aluminium. Solutions oof
f water and mild detergents should be used on windows. If <strong>for</strong>
some particular reason, an aggressive cleaner is required <strong>for</strong> some other component of the building; extreme care
must be taken to prevent the cleaner from contacting the aluminium finish.
Page 104

7.6.2 REMOVAL VAL OF LIGHT SURFACE SOIL (Anodic Coatings)
Removal of light surface soil may be accomplished by alternative methods as described in (a), (b), (c) and (d). Work
should start at the top of the building by rinsing an area the width of the stage or scaffold scaffolding to the ground level in
continuous drop with <strong>for</strong>ceful water spray. This should be done at the beginning and the end of each drop regardless of
the final cleaning materials employed. Only trial and error testing employing progressively stronger cleaning procedures
can determine which will be most effective.
(b) The simplest procedure is to flush the surface with water using moderate pressure to dislodge the soil.
(c) If f the soil is still present after air air-drying drying the surface, clean the surface with a brush or sponge and water
(concurrent spraying with water and sponging).
(d) If f soil is still adhering, then a mild detergent cleaner should be used with brushing or sponging. The washing
should be accomplished with uni<strong>for</strong>m pressure, cleaning first with a horizontal motion and then with a vertical
motion. The surface must be thoroughly rinsed by spraying with clean water and thoroughly dried.
(e) MEK or similar clean-up up solvent wiping is recommended if it is necessary to remove oils, wax, polish and other
materials.
CAUTION: MEK and similar solvents may damage organic sealants, gaskets and finishes used on window, curtain wall
and storefront assemblies. They must be used with great care and not allowed to come in contact with
organic materials. Their use must be avoid avoided ed on anodic finishes protected by clear organic coatings.
Organic solvents should be used only in accordance with manufacturers safety recommendations.
7.6.3 REMOVAL OF HEAVY SURFACE SOIL (Anodic coating)
If surface soil still adheres after using procedures under 7.6.2, , cleaning with the assistance of an abrasive pad can be
employed.
CAUTION: These procedures must not be used on surface with a factory applied clear organic protective coating
(lacquer) unless the clear coating has deteriorated and should be removed.
Hand scrub the metal surface using a palm palm-size size nylon abrasive cleaning pad such as Norton Bear Bear-Tex No. 668 or
3M Scotch Brite No. 7447, thoroughly wet with fresh water or a mild detergent cleaner. Start at top and work
down, rubbing with uni<strong>for</strong>m rm pressure across the metal surface in the direction of the metal grain. The 3M INSTA INSTA-
LOK hand block No. 952 fitted with the nylon abrasive cleaning pad is convenient <strong>for</strong> hand scrubbing large flat
surface areas.
Scrubbing with a nylon-cleaning cleaning pad wet wwith
surface protecting material is also suggested <strong>for</strong> removing stubborn
soils and stains.
After scrubbing, the metal surface should be rinsed thoroughly with clean water or wiped with solvent to remove
all residues. It may be necessary to sponge the surface while rinsing, particularly if cleaner is permitted to dry on
the surface.
The rinsed surface is either permitted to air dry or is wiped dry with a chamois, squeegee or lint lint-free cloth.
Use of power cleaning tools may be necessary <strong>for</strong> removal of usually heaving soils from large areas including
panels and column covers. In such cases, an air air-driven driven reciprocating machine fitted with Norton Bear Bear-Tex No.
668 or 3M Scotch Brite No. 7447 abras abrasive ive pads can be employed. During this operation, the surface being cleaned
must be continually wetted with clean water or mild detergent cleaning solution to provide lubrication and a
medium <strong>for</strong> carrying away the dirt. The cleaning solution may be applie applied d to the panels by sponging or brushing.
Water may be applied in the same manner, by spraying from a hose or by utilizing the water connecting with a
sufficient number of overlapped passes to effect maximum cleaning. The direction of travel with the clea cleaning
machine is dependent largely upon the geometric configuration of the surface being cleaned. However, when
possible, the machine strokes should be made first in one direction and then in a direction perpendicular to the
first; (e.g. horizontal followed d by vertical passes). Areas, which are not accessible with the machine, must be
manually cleaned as in Paragraph 7.6.1.
Page 105

RINSING
After an area has been machine scrubbed, it must be rinsed with clean water and thoroughly scrubbed with a fairly stiff
bristle istle brush. While still wet, a final water rinse without brushing completes this cleaning operation. The rinsed surface
is either permitted to air dry or is wiped dry with a squeegee, chamois, or lint lint-free free cloth. It is important to remove
promptly from un-cleaned cleaned lower portions of the building any cleaner rundown to avoid staining.
7.7 CLEANING OF POWDER COATINGS ON ARCHITECTURAL ALUMINIUM
7.7.1 CLEANING RECOMMENDATIONS (Powder Coating)
Construction soils, including concrete or mortar, etc., should be removed as soon as possible. The exact procedure <strong>for</strong>
cleaning will vary depending on the nature and degree of soil. Try to restrict cleaning to mild weather. Cleaning should
be done on the shaded side of the building or ideally on a mild, cloudy day. Method of cleaning, type of cleaner, etc., of
one component of the building must be used with consideration <strong>for</strong> other components such as glass, sealants, painted
surfaces, etc.
Over cleaning or excessive rubbing can do more harm than good.
Strong solvents or strong cleaner concentrations can cause damage to painted surfaces.
Avoid abrasive cleaners. Do not use household cleaners that contain abrasives on painted surfaces.
Abrasive materials such as steel wool, abrasive brushes, etc., can wear and harm finis finishes. hes.
Avoid drips and splashes. Remove run downs as quickly as possible.
Avoid temperature extremes. Heat accelerates chemical reactions and may evaporate water from solution.
Extremely low temperature may give poor cleaning effects. Cleaning under ad adverse verse conditions may result in
streaking or staining. Ideally, cleaning should be done in shade at moderate temperature.
Do not substitute a heavy duty cleaner <strong>for</strong> frequently used mild cleaner.
Do not scour painted surfaces.
Never use paint removers, aggressive ggressive alkaline, acid or abrasive cleaners. Do not use trisodium phosphate or
highly alkaline or highly acid cleaners. Always do a test surface.
Follow manufacturers recommendations <strong>for</strong> mixing and diluting cleaners.
Never mix cleaners.
To prevent marking, make sure cleaning sponges, cloth etc. are grit free.
7.7.2 REMOVAL OF LIGHT SURFACE SOIL (Powder Coating)
Removal of light surface soil may be accomplished in several ways. Some testing is recommended to determine the
degree of cleaning actually necessary essary to accomplish the task. Ideally, an initial step of <strong>for</strong>ceful water rinse from the top
down is recommended prior to any cleaner application. Significant benefit is gained with some type of surface agitation.
Low water volume with moderate pressure is much better than considerable volume with little pressure. Physical rubbing
of the surface with soft, wet brushes, sponges or cloth is also helpful.
The simplest procedure would be to apply the water rinse with moderate pressure to dislodge the soil. If this does
not remove the soil, then a concurrent water spray with brushing or sponging should be tested. If soil is still
adhering after drying, then a mild detergent will be necessary.
When a mild detergent or mild soap is necessary <strong>for</strong> removal of soil, it should be used with brushing or sponging.
The washing should be done with uni<strong>for</strong>m pressure, cleaning first with a horizontal motion and then with a vertical
motion. Apply cleaners only to an area that can be conveniently cleaned without changing position. The surface
must be thoroughly rinsed with clean water. It may be necessary to sponge the surface while rinsing, particularly
if cleaner is permitted to dry on the surface. The rinsed surface is permitted to air dry or is wiped dry with a
chamois, mois, squeegee or lint free cloth.
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Run down of cleaner (from any operation) to the lower portions of the building should be minimized and these
areas should be rinsed as soon as and as long as necessary to lessen streaking, etc. from unavoidable run dow down,
lower areas should be kept wet or flooded with water. Do not allow cleaning chemicals to collect on surface or to
“puddle” on horizontal surfaces, crevices, etc. These should be flushed with water and dried. Always clean
coated surfaces down from top p to bottom and follow with a thorough rinsing with clean water. (With one story or
low elevation buildings, it is recommended to clean from bottom up and rinse from top down).
7.7.3 MILD DETERGENTS
Mild soaps or detergents ruled safe <strong>for</strong> bare hands should be safe <strong>for</strong> coated aluminium. Stronger detergents such as some
dishwater detergents should be carefully spot tested. Some of the latter would necessitate rubber gloves, long handled
brushes, etc. With any, the finish should be thoroughly rinsed with clean water and dried. Some mild cleaning solutions,
which would comprise of selected wetting agents in water solution, are available <strong>for</strong> automatic building washing
machines. These machines would have built in brush agitation, squeegee, filtration and recircu recirculation; in some, a fresh
water connection may be provided
7.7.4 REMOVAL OF HEAVY SURFACE (Powder Coating)
Some type of mild solvent such as mineral spirits may be sued to remove grease, sealant or caulking compounds.
Stronger solvent or solvent containing cle cleaners aners may have a deleterious or softening effect on paints. To prevent
harm to the finish, these types of solvent or emulsion cleaners should be spot tested and preferably the coating
manufacturer should be consulted. Care should be taken to assure that no marring of the surface is taking place in
this manner since this could give an undesirable appearance at certain viewing angles. Cleaners of this type are
usually applied with a clean cloth and removed with a cloth. Remaining residue should be washed with mild soap
and rinsed with water. Use solvent cleaners sparingly.
It may be possible <strong>for</strong> solvents to extract materials from sealants, which could stain the painted surface or could
prove harmful to sealants; there<strong>for</strong>e, these possible effects must be considered. Test a small area first first.
If cleaning of a heavy surface soil has been postponed or in the cases of an especially tenacious soil, stubborn
stains, etc., a more aggressive cleaner and technique may be required. Cleaner and technique should be matched
to the soil and the painted finish. Some local manual cleaning may be needed at this point. Always follow the
recommendations of the cleaner manufacturer as to proper cleaner and concentration. Test clean small area first.
Cleaners should not be used indiscriminately. Do not use excessive, abrasive rubbing as such may alter surface
texture or may impart a “shine” to the surface.
Concrete spillage that has dried on the painted surface may become quite stubborn to remove. Special cleaners
and/or vigorous rubbing with non non-abrasive abrasive brushes or plastic scrapers may be necessary. Diluting solutions of
Muriatic Acid. (under 10%) may be effective in removing dried concrete stains, however, a test area should be
tried first and proper handling pre precautions cautions must be exercise <strong>for</strong> safety reasons. Also, effective proprietary cleaners
<strong>for</strong> concrete and mortar staining are available. Contact your supplier <strong>for</strong> further enquiries.
Never Mix Cleaners – The mixing of cleaners may not only be ineffective, but also very dangerous. For example,
mixing of chlorine containing materials such as bleaches, with other cleaning compounds containing ammonia,
can result in poison gas emission.
Always rinse after removal of heavy surface soil.
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Page 108

CHAPTER VIII
SKYLIGHTS
Page 109

8.0 GENERAL SPECIFICATION FOR SKYLIGHTS
8.1 MATERIALS
8.1.1 ALUMINIUM EXTRUSIONS
Extruded aluminium sections shall be fabricated from alloy 6063 or 6061 in temper T5 or T6 all in accordance with the
latest edition of BS EN 755 - "Aluminium and its alloys – extruded rod/bar, tube and profiles."
The extruded section shall be of such quality and strength that the section pproperties
roperties of the load bearing profiles meet the
requirements as laid down in section 8.3 8.3.
8.1.2 ALUMINIUM SHEET
Ancillary members such as sills, flashings, infill panels and the like which may be <strong>for</strong>med from flat sheet material shall
be fabricated from aluminium luminium alloy 1200 or 3004 or 5251 of appropriate temper all in accordance with the latest edition
of BS EN 573 - "Aluminium and Aluminium Alloys."
8.1.2 TIMBER
Structural timber members where used should be of suitable strength material and comply in all respects with SANS
10163.
8.1.3 STEEL
Structural steel members where used should be of suitable strength material and comply in all respects with SANS 10162.
8.1.4 FLASHINGS
A suitable corrosion resistance, malleable sheet material shall be used <strong>for</strong> the <strong>for</strong>ming of flashings, saddles and drainage
channels at abutments, junctions and valleys.
8.1.5 GLAZING MATERIALS & GLAZING
8. 1.5.1 PLASTIC GLAZING MATERIALS & GLAZING
Plastic glazing material shall be ……. (Architect to specify)
Minimum depth of rebate shall be 20mm.
Glazing shall be executed strictly in con<strong>for</strong>mance with glass manufacturer’s recommendations and all in accordance with
the National Building Regulations Part N, SANS 10137, DSS SANS 10400, SANS 1263, and <strong>AAAMSA</strong> Se <strong>Selection</strong> Guide
<strong>for</strong> Safety Glazing Materials.
8.1.5.2 GLASS & GLAZING
Glass/specialized /specialized plastic glazing materials shall be ........ (Architect to specify).
Glazing shall be executed strictly in con<strong>for</strong>mance with glass manufacturer's recommendations and all in accordance with
the National Building Regulations Part N, SANS 10137, SANS 10400 and, SANS 1263.
A warranty is to be provided that the manufacturer of the laminated safety glass and/or the hermetically sealed glazing
units warrants the product against delamination and colour degradation <strong>for</strong> a period of not less than 5 (five) years.
In case of structural glazing written proof is to be provided that all stages of fabrication and installation have been
executed with disciplined quality assurance iin
n accordance with the relevant part of SANS ISO 9000.
Structure using materials having in-situ situ applied finishes may not be used <strong>for</strong> structural glazing. Written confirmation of
compatibility of structural sealant with extrusion surface, glazing tape and glass is to be supplied by the structural sealant
manufacturer together with the regular relevant test reports regarding the adhesion of the sealant to the aluminium frame
in accordance with ASTM/C 794-80 80 (Standard Test <strong>for</strong> Adhesion Adhesion-in-Peel of Elastomeric Joint Sealants).
Page 110

8.2. FINISHES
8.2.1 ALUMINIUM
8.2.1.1 ANODISING
All anodising shall be executed in strict adherence to SANS 999. (Architect to specify colour and anodic film thickness)
i.e. 15 or 25 microns. A Certificate of con<strong>for</strong>mance is to be supplied with each delivery that the anodised materials meet
with SANS 999 in all aspects.
8.2.1.2 POWDER COATING
All powder coating shall be executed only by applicators approved by the specified powder manufacturers and shall be
executed strictly in con<strong>for</strong>mance with SANS 1769.
(Architect to specify type (Interpon D, Vedoc or other) and colour).
A guarantee of no less than 10 years is to be provided against peeling and discolouration.
8.2.2 TIMBER
The finish of the Timber structure shall be …….. (Architect to specify)
8.2.3 STEEL
The finish of the Steel structure shall be ….. (Architect to specify)
8.3. CONSTRUCTION
8.3.1 DESIGN
8.3.1.1 The Design wind pressure is ….. (Architect and/or Structural Engineer to provide)
8.3.1.2 Hail, snow and maintenance loads are ….. (Architect and/or Structural Engineer to provide)
8.3.1.3 The plastic, shrinkage and creep deflections of floor slabs is …. (Structural Engineer to provide)
8.3.1.4 Tenderers are to allow <strong>for</strong> thermal movement due to an atmospheric temperature range of -10°C to 35°C.
(Architect to confirm)
8.3.1.5 The combined loadings as specified in 8.3.1.1 and 8.3.1.2 3.1.2 above shall be used in the selection of appropriate
uni<strong>for</strong>m loading.
Test
Deflection (positive and
negative) under uni<strong>for</strong>m loading
Pa (the design wind load)
Structural proof loading 1.5 x
Uni<strong>for</strong>m loading
Water resistance under a pressure
of x Pa
Air leakage through specimen
under a pressure difference of
75Pa
(1) For fixed glazing y = 0,306 l/s per m 2 .
TABLE 8.1: <strong>AAAMSA</strong> Test Per<strong>for</strong>mance Criteria
Class Designation
A0 A1 A2 A3 A4
600Pa 1000Pa 1500Pa 2000Pa 2500Pa
900Pa 1500Pa 2250Pa 3000Pa 3750Pa No failure allowed
x=120Pa x=200Pa x=300Pa x=400Pa x=500Pa
y = 2 y = 2 y = 2 y = 2 y = 2
(2) For spans greater than 4115mm, but less than 12,2m deflection shall be limited to 1/240 th of span plus 6mm.
Page 111
Requirement
Maximum deflection
1/175 of span (2)
No leakage when
subjected to a flow of
0.05 l/s/m 2 )
Not more than y l/s per
m 2

8.4 MANUFACTURE
8.4.1 Materials and workmanship shall be free from any characteristics of defects, which may render the finished
product unsuitable <strong>for</strong> the intended purpose.
8.4.2 Skylights shall be fabricated to neat and weather tight construction and with secure and well fitted joints.
8.4.3 Hardware and fittings shall be removable without removing the frames from the structure and must be compatible
with the adjoining materials.
8.4.4 Sliding members shall be constructed so that no metal to metal sliding contact occurs.
8.5 FITTINGS
8.5.1 Weathersealing shall be of materials that are compatible with aluminium and shall be such that any degradation,
shrinking, warping or adherence to sliding or closing surfaces does not impair the per<strong>for</strong>mance of the installation.
8.5.2 Glazing beads, gaskets and glazing compounds shall be of materials that are compatible with the aluminium
finishes, the glass and other glazing materials. Putty glazing is not permitted.
8.5.3 Hardware, bearing devices and fittings in general must be made of materials resistant to atmospheric corrosion and
shall be of a design so as to be accessible <strong>for</strong> adjustment repair and replacement after the windows etc. have been
installed.
8.5.4 Fastenings shall be of material which is compatible with aluminium and aluminium finishes.
8.6 INSTALLATION
8.6.1 The Skylights and Space enclosures shall be installed such that they are securely anchored, sealed and undamaged
and meet in all respects with the per<strong>for</strong>mance criteria as set out in item 3.
8.6.2 The glazing material shall be installed strictly in accordance with the glazing material manufacturer's
specifications.
8.6.3 The frames and glazing material are to be installed in accordance with the main contractor's building programme
and the exposed aluminium is to be protected by means of low tack adhesive tape against mortar droppings and
other non-mechanical damage.
8.6.4 Inspection of installed frames and glazing material shall, amongst others, be carried out according to the following
criteria:
8.6.4.1 SCRATCHES AND BLEMISHES
This inspection will be viewed at a distance of three metres under normal lightin lighting g conditions, i.e. reasonable lighting
conditions under which the project is normally viewed.
8.6.4.1.1 FRAMING
Scratches in framing are defined as being a mark on the surface which penetrates the powder coated, anodised or painted
surface, thereby exposing the base material.
If visible when viewed from a distance of three metres under normal lighting conditions, the product may be rejected.
Flaws/Stains, paint runs or other indication that mars the aesthetic appearance of aluminium which is visib visible when viewed
from a distance of three metres under normal lighting conditions may cause the product to be rejected.
8.6.4.1.2 GLAZING MATERIAL
Scratches in the glazing material which will be acceptable are those which are under 75mm long in any area, and those
which are longer than 75mm which do not encroach more than 75mm from the edge.
In laminated glass interlayer bubbles larger than 1.5mm diameter will not be allowed. Larger clusters or close spacing of
smaller bubbles will also be disallowed.
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8.7 QUALITY ASSURANCE
8.7.1 Prior commencement of any site work:
8.7.1.1 Obtain a copy of the appropriate <strong>AAAMSA</strong> Per<strong>for</strong>mance Test Certificate from the Manufacturer/Specialist
Contractor supplying/installing the Architectural Aluminium Products.
8.7.1.2 Obtain a full set of detailed manufacturing drawings/manuals relevant to the installed products.
8.7.2 UPON COMPLETION OF ALL LL SITE WORK (AT HAN HANDOVER)
8.7.2.1 OBTAIN THE FOLLOWING CERTIFICATES:
a) <strong>AAAMSA</strong> Per<strong>for</strong>mance Test Certificate
b) <strong>AAAMSA</strong> or SAGGA Glass & Glazing Certificate
c) <strong>AAAMSA</strong> Surface Finishing Certificate
d) <strong>AAAMSA</strong> or SASA Skylight System Certificate (when applicable)
e) <strong>AAAMSA</strong> Architectural Product Certificate (in the event drawings are not provided)
8.7.3 WARRANTIES
8.7.3.1 POWDER COATED SURFAC SURFACE FINISH
Obtain a warranty, from an approved powder coater, that the powder manufacturer guarantees his product <strong>for</strong> a minimum
of 15 (fifteen) years.
8.7.3.2 GLASS
Obtain a warranty, from the manufacturer of the laminated safety glass and/or the hermetically seal sealed glazing units,
against delamination and colour degradation of the products <strong>for</strong> a period of not less than 5 (five) years.
8.8 DESIGN GUIDELINE FOR ALUMINIUM FRAMED SKYLIGHTS AND SLOPED GLAZING
Sloped glazing includes the fenestration of skylights and space enclosures which are tilted more than 15º from the
vertical. Sloped glazing systems should be inclined a minimum of 15º from the horizontal to insure proper condensation
and water infiltration control and to minimize accumulation of dirt above horiz horizontal ontal or purlin framing supports. Systems
inclined less than 15º from the horizontal may require special consideration.
All glazing materials are breakable. Failure may not be recognizable
recognizable; breakage is usually sudden, sometimes unnoticed,
and frequently <strong>for</strong> no readily apparent cause. Glass breakage from any cause is a probability function due to the minute
individual characteristics of apparently identical panes. Sloped glazing installations may be situated above areas where
people pass or work. This raises safety and liability considerations <strong>for</strong> the owner, designer, glazing and skylight
manufacturer. Breakage can result from any of the following causes:
1. Excessive loading: wind, live, snow or concentrated
2. Impact loads from falling (i.e. hailstones) or wind borne (i.e. roof gravel) objects
3. Thermal effects generated within the glazing material itself (i.e. heat heat-absorbing absorbing tinted, reflective) due to inclined
position
4. Inadequately designed glazing system which does not provide proper support, clearance an and drainage
5. Edge or surface damage to glazing material during manufacturing, handling, installation or maintenance
6. Vandalism or destructive accidents
7. Effects of long-term weathering
Condensation, while generally not a factor affecting human safety, is an iimportant
mportant consideration in the design of overhead
glazing systems. Skylights and space enclosures should be mechanically designed (through the use of a guttered weep
system) to control both condensation and water infiltration.
The use of <strong>architectural</strong> systems tems designed <strong>for</strong> vertical application must be discouraged as these systems lack the ability to
drain condensation.
Aluminium is the material of choice <strong>for</strong> skylight construction. Aluminium is lightweight and can be easily extruded into
the complex shapes s necessary <strong>for</strong> skylight design. However the properties of aluminium must be clearly understood by
the architect and engineer, and not based on the “steel manual” way of thinking.
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For example, the stiffness of aluminium is one one-third that of steel; an aluminium luminium section can deflect three times that of an
identical steel section under the same conditions without permanent de<strong>for</strong>mation. An engineer or architect may thus
question the allowable deflections of some aluminium aluminium-framed framed structures, when no damage wwhatsoever
will result from
these deflections.
The coefficient of thermal expansion is twice that of steel. Steel/Aluminium interfaces must be carefully analysed or
serious connection problems could result. The effect of thermal movement can also impact on various support conditions.
Aluminium is anodic in nature and the potential <strong>for</strong> galvanic corrosion with dissimilar materials exists. Even though an
interior space is considered a dry space, at times of high relative humidity there can be condensation on connections
adjacent to steel or concrete curbs. Using a proven barrier between dissimilar elements can minimize this problem.
Also the heat of welding will change the temper of the aluminium alloy and reduce the allowable stress within 25mm of
the weld area.
Engineers and designers are advised to consult the Aluminium Federation of Southern Africa <strong>for</strong> detailed in<strong>for</strong>mation on
maximum permissible stresses <strong>for</strong> aluminium alloys.
The vast majority of building designers and engineers' expertise is with st steel eel and concrete structures. The basic
engineering approach taken in the design of aluminium skylights is no different to that of steel or concrete, but many of
the rules of thumb, or typical critical engineering considerations, are very different. The f ffollowing
section addresses
these important differences. As each of these complex and often unique engineering problems cannot be solved within
the scope of this document, the goal is to highlight these considerations as an aid to the design community.
a) DEFLECTION
Aluminium and most glazing materials have high strength but relatively low stiffness so deflection criteria are the usual
controlling parameters in the selection of appropriate structural components.
Three items must be considered when specifyin specifying deflection criteria:
1. Excessive deflection can cause air or water leaks. As members shift or rotate, sealant joints may fail, mechanical
joints may open, insulated glass edge seals may be overstressed, or gutter systems may fail to drain properly.
2. Excessive movement may lead to glazing breakage. Differential deflection may warp <strong>glazed</strong> panels or cause metal
to contact the glazing material and induce fracture.
3. Excessive deflection can detract aesthetically from a structure.
The limiting of deflection on as it pertains to skylights/sloped glazing has three basic considerations (See figure 9).
i) In-plane deflection
This deflection in framing members shall not reduce the glass bite to less than 75% of the design dimension and
shall not reduce the edge clearance arance to less than 25% of design dimension or 3mm which ever is the greater. The
calculation referred to in 4.1.2 above will meet this requirement. Careful location of the setting blocks is essential
in order to prevent glass to metal contact.
ii) Normal to surface deflection
This deflection shall be 1/175 th of the span of framing members up to 4115mm. For spans greater than 4115mm,
but less than 12.2m deflections shall be limited to 1/240 th of the span of framing members up to 4115mm. For spans greater than 4115mm,
of the span plus 6mm.
Due to the flexibility and breakage resi resistance stance of most plastic and composite panel glazing materials relative
deflections as high a 1/100 of the span can be considered <strong>for</strong> their supporting structure. Consult knowledgeable
material suppliers and manufacturers.
iii) In plane racking
Racking requires careful investigation in order to assure that glazing does not come in contact with metal and that
edge engagement is not compromised. Racking occurs when a <strong>for</strong>ce causes a rectangular skylight panel to shift
out of square. Differential support settlemen settlement t or deflection and lateral loads cause racking.
As many skylight geometries lack conventional diagonal bracing the structure may not have the stiffness to resist racking.
There is little doubt that fixing glazing panels do help stiffen a structure and rreduce
educe the effects of racking. However,
quantifying this benefit has proven extremely difficult.
Page 114

Creep and compression set in gaskets, fabrication and installation tolerances, as well as thermal movement
considerations, necessitate caution. When rackin racking g is a concern, consultation with knowledgeable manufacturers is
recommended.
b) SIDEWAY
Sideway, or story drift, as it relates to aluminium skylights is not specifically addressed by any standards, although it
occurs in most freestanding frames. The objec objectives tives of the proper limitation of excessive sideway are identical to that <strong>for</strong>
deflection; to limit glazing breakage, leakage, and visual impact. Again careful consideration must be given to both in-
plan and out-of-plane plane sideway, as well as differential sw sway ay caused by varying spacing or end conditions that may cause
racking or warping of glazing.
Differential drift or sideway of aluminium framed skylights due to lateral load between any two points of a continuous
<strong>glazed</strong> frame should be limited to the diffe difference rence in height/160 <strong>for</strong> glass or height/100 <strong>for</strong> non non-glass glazing materials.
The designer should specify the absolute maximum differential drift. Figures 8.1 to 8.5 depict the de<strong>for</strong>med geometries
of several typical skylight <strong>for</strong>ms.
Glazed ends of freestanding nding frames can pose complex detail problems if sideway is large. End details must transfer
transverse load into the system and still allow the primary frame to sway. When improperly designed, differential
sideway will lead to warping and possibly break breakage age in the glazing material. Consultation with knowledgeable
manufacturers may be appropriate <strong>for</strong> details of this nature.
c) CONNECTIONS
When analysing an aluminium skylights, connections account <strong>for</strong> the vast majority of engineering documentation.
Assumptions made in the general frame analysis must be coordinated with the design of the connections. As custom
shapes are the rule rather than the exception, most connections must be engineered from scratch.
Moment connections are commonplace in alumin aluminium ium skylights, yet are often not scrutinized as closely as they should be.
The elastic method <strong>for</strong> design of eccentrically loaded fastener groups is the most widely accepted in aluminium
construction.
The development of high-strength strength steel bolts has led mmany
any designers to utilize the concept of friction connections in steel
design. Aluminium would seem to be a natural <strong>for</strong> this technique the coefficient of friction is quite high. However,
skylight components are typically pre-finished, finished, there<strong>for</strong>e this justi justification becomes suspect.
Furthermore, aluminium and stainless steel bolts are not capable of the high torques required <strong>for</strong> friction connections.
Friction connections should not be counted upon in the design of aluminium framed skylights.
Figure 8.1: : Deflection Considerations of a Single Slope Skylight
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Figure 8.2: : Ridge Skylight De<strong>for</strong>mation under Gravity Loads
Figure 8.3: : Lean Lean-to Skylight De<strong>for</strong>mation under Wind Load
Figure 8.4 8.4a: Gable Frame De<strong>for</strong>mation under Wind Load
Figure 8.4b: b: Gable Frame De<strong>for</strong>mation under Gravity Loads
Page 116

d) SUPPORTS
Figure 8.5a: a: Arched Frame De<strong>for</strong>mation under Gravity Loads
Figure 8.5b: b: Arched Frame De<strong>for</strong>mation under Wind Loads
Support conditions and other interfaces between aluminium and adjacent construction can also be complex. Not only
should thermal movement, deflection, water infiltration and electrolytic corrosion effects be considered, but the transfer
of loads from one structural element to another must be accomplished. Care must be exer exercised in coordinating the
structural requirements and assumptions of the supporting structure with those of the skylight.
All skylights exert some degree of both vertical and horizontal <strong>for</strong>ces on the supporting structure. Considerable
horizontal <strong>for</strong>ces on n the supporting structure. Gravity loads alone can generate considerable horizontal thrust.
Improperly designed supports can lead to excessive skylight deflection and other associated complications. As a general
<strong>guide</strong>line horizontal deflection of skylight ght supporting curbs should be limited to 1/750 of the curb length or 12mm unless
curb flexibility is considered in the analysis of the skylight frame.
The skylight manufacturer is responsible <strong>for</strong> the structure integrity of the skylight system and should fully describe all
<strong>for</strong>ces exerted on the supporting structure. Responsibility <strong>for</strong> the design of the structure supporting the skylight is that o oof
the building’s structural engineer. Improved communication between engineers, designers and manufacturers is the key
to eliminating problems associate with supporting structure. Typically, the supporting structure is constructed of steel,
concrete or wood. All three of these materials can be engineered to properly support a skylight; however, several
practical concerns warrant review.
i) Steel
Erection tolerances <strong>for</strong> steel are commonly unacceptable <strong>for</strong> pre pre-fabricated fabricated skylights. Dimensions must be either
guaranteed or adequate provisions made <strong>for</strong> adjustment within the skylight system. Pre Pre-drilled holes and shop-
welded support brackets must be detailed with caution as their in in-place place location is often suspect. Access to
supporting steel can also be complicated by prior coordination between trades. Careful planning with input from
the skylight manufacturer is recommended.
ecommended.
ii) Concrete
As with steel, tolerance and accessibility are critical concerns. Cast Cast-in-place place anchor bolts are often located
improperly. Zinc or cadmium plated steel expansion anchors are usually preferred. Minimum spacing and edge
distances <strong>for</strong> expansion anchors in concrete often dictate a curb width of at least 200mm.
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iii) Wood
Wood is a popular choice <strong>for</strong> skylights substructure, but must be engineered with caution. Wood is very flexible.
Its stiffness is one-tenth tenth that of aluminium. Curb defl deflection ection must be closely scrutinized. Lag bolts in wood have
limited holding power compared to steel or concrete. Anchor design is typically governed by the strength of the
wood, not the fastener, and in many instances leads to an excessive number of ancho anchors. rs.
i) LATERAL BRACING OF BEAMS
Lateral bucking is a failure mode commonly overlooked in the design of aluminium skylights.
j) SLENDERNESS AND STABILITY RATIO
Contact the Aluminium Federation of Southern Africa <strong>for</strong> in<strong>for</strong>mation regarding Standards and Stability ratios. This
failure mode can be prevented by adequate lateral bracing of the compression flange. Of course, cross bars or purlins,
provide this critical function under typical live and load conditions. However, under negative wind load cases, the
compression flange may be partially brace or un un-braced. braced. For adequate crossbar bracing of the compression flange in this
mode, the crossbar depth must be at least 50% of the main rafter bar’s depth.
8.9 PROPERTIES FOR SPECIALIZED PLASTIC GLAZING MATE MATERIALS
Cast Acrylic Sheet
Clear
Bronze
Opal
Polycarbonate Sheet
Clear
Bronze
Opal
Table 8.2: Shading Coefficients* <strong>for</strong> Specialised Plastic Glazing Materials
Multiwalled Polycarbonate Sheet 6mm
Table 8.3: Acoustical Insulation Solid
Table 8.4Heat Heat Loss Properties
Polycarbonate * Sheet DIN 52210
Solid Polycarbonate * Sheets
Thickness
75 Rw
Thickness
U-Value
in mm
(db)
in mm
W/m
4
27 4
5
28 5
6
29 6
8
31 8
9.5
32 9.5
12
34 12
* Due to the vast range of available product the specifier is advised to consult with manufacturers/suppliers to
obtain/confirm relevant data.
2 K
5,33
5,21
5,09
4,84
4,69
4,35
manufacturers/suppliers to
Page 118
1,0
0,78
0,47
0,97
0,75
0,67
Clear
0,99
10mm
0,98
Bronze
0,63
0,63
Grey
0,58
0,58
Blue
0,81
0,76
Green
0,59
0,59
Opal
0,87
0,82
* Due to the vast range of available product the specifier is advised to consult with manufacturers/suppliers to
obtain/confirm relevant data.

Page 119

Page 120

CHAPTER IX
BALUSTRADES
Page 121

9. BALUSTRADES
9.1 DESIGN CRITERIA FOR BALUSTRADES
This chapter only applies to balustrades and railings that guard a drop of more than 750m.
Balustrade <strong>for</strong> vehicle traffic is explicitly excluded as this falls outside the scope of this publication.
The National Building Regulations mentioned above refers to (Code of Practice <strong>for</strong> the application of the National
Building Regulations). It is this standard which invokes the SANS 10160. Code of Practice <strong>for</strong> the General Procedures
and Loadings to be Adopted in the Design of Buildings) and SANS 10137 (Code of Practice <strong>for</strong> glazing materials in
buildings).
The design of barrier adopted should be such as to minimize the risk of persons falling, rolling, sliding or slipping
through gaps in the barrier. Barriers should be designed so that the widest gap in the barrier does not permit a sphere of
diameter 100mm to pass through, rough, making due allowance <strong>for</strong> deflection under load.
The prescribed loadings are as follows:
9.2 RESIDENTIAL APPLICATION OTHER THAN ROOFS
For Balustrade guarding stairs, landings, gangways and balconies the following loads are to be taken into consid consideration.
a) A concentrated <strong>for</strong>ce of 1 kN acting in any direction between vertically downward and horizontally inward or
outward, applied over a 100 mm length <strong>for</strong> beam elements and over a 100mm x 100mm area <strong>for</strong> plate elements
and acting at the top or any other r position of the guard, whichever is the most severe; or
b) A distributed horizontal <strong>for</strong>ce of 500 N/m applied at the top of the guard and acting outward, except that, where
the guard may be exposed to crowd surge loads from either side, the <strong>for</strong>ce must be taken as liable to act inward or
outward.
9.3 PLACES OF PUBLIC IC ASSEMBLY OTHER THAN GRANDSTANDS AND TO ROOFS TO WHICH
PUBLIC HAS ACCESS
For Balustrade guarding stairs, landings, gangways and balconies the following loads are to be taken into consideration:
a. A concentrated <strong>for</strong>ce of 1 kN acting in any direction between vertically downward and horizontally inward or
outward, applied over a 100mm length <strong>for</strong> beam elements and over a 100mm x 100mm area <strong>for</strong> plate elements and
acting at the top or any other position of the guard, whichever is the most severe; or
b. A distributed tributed horizontal <strong>for</strong>ce of 1.5 kN/m applied at the top of the guard and acting outward, except that, where
the guard may be exposed to crowd surge loads from either side, the <strong>for</strong>ce must be taken as liable to act inward or
outward.
9.4 GRANDSTANDS
For Balustrade guarding stairs landing gangways and balconies the following loads are to be taken into consideration:
a) A concentrated <strong>for</strong>ce of 1 kN acting in any direction between vertically downward and horizontally inward or
outward, applied over a 100mm len length gth <strong>for</strong> beam elements and over a 100mm x 100mm area <strong>for</strong> plate elements and
acting at the top or any other position of the guard, whichever is the most severe; or
b) A distributed horizontal <strong>for</strong>ce of 3 kN/m applied at the top of the guard and acting outward, except that, where the
guard may be exposed to crowd surge loads from either side, the <strong>for</strong>ce must be taken as liable to act inward or
outward.
9.5 INDUSTRIAL BUILDINGS
For catwalks and similar access areas where crowding is unlikely the following load is to be taken into consideration.
a) A concentrated <strong>for</strong>ce of 1 kN acting in any direction between vertically downward and horizontally inward or
outward, applied over a 100mm length <strong>for</strong> beam elements and over a 100mm x 10 100mm mm area <strong>for</strong> plate elements and
acting at the top or any other position of the guard, whichever is the most severe.
Page 122

9.6 PRESCRIBED HEIGHT (SANS 10400 – Part D)
a) All balustrades except <strong>for</strong> swimming pools and swimming baths shall have a height of not less than 1 metre and
shall not have any openings that permit the passage of a 100mm diameter ball.
b) All ll balustrades <strong>for</strong> swimming pools and swimming baths shall have a height of not less than 1.2 metre measured
from ground level and shall not contain any opening, which will permit the passage of a 100mm-diameter ball.
The constructional requirements of such fence or gate shall comply with SANS 1390.
9.7 ALLOWABLE DEFLECTION
Maximum allowable deflection is 1/125 th of height or span or 25mm whichever is the lesser.
9.8 BALUSTRADE WITH VERTICAL MEMBERS
By nature this Balustrade has gaps between vertical bars, horizontal bars and between the secondary horizontal rail
(bottom rail) and the floor or stair tread or upstand.
No such gaps may be larger than 100mm in every case to prevent climbing thr through ough and/or feet being caught. The test is
that a solid sphere of 100mm diameter cannot be pushed through the gaps described above.
The secondary rail must be capable of accepting a load of 1 kN in a downward direction to avoid damage by person
standing on this secondary rail. The systems used <strong>for</strong> the manufacture of this type of Balustrade are usually of proprietary
designs and the specifier is to consult with the appropriate manufacturer <strong>for</strong> relevant construction and design details.
9.9 BALUSTRADE WITH SAFETY ETY GLAZING MATERIALS
The design and installation of a balustrade using safety glass must be approved by a Competent Person (Structures) or
(Glazing).
It is a requirement of SANS 10160 that the safety glass of a balustrade within 500mm of the floor level must withstand an
impact of 400J delivered by means of a 250mm diameter bag filled with dry sand to a mass of 30kg.
Page 123

Page 124

CHAPTER X
QUALITY ASSURANCE
INSPECTION GUIDELINES
AND
CERTIFICATION
Page 125

10. GUIDE FOR ACCURACY OF INSTALLED ARCHITECTURAL ALUMINIUM PRODUCTS
This <strong>AAAMSA</strong> Guide will assist Architects, Specifiers, Manufacturers, Suppliers and Installers of Architectural
Aluminium and Glazing Products in determining the accuracy of manufacturing and installation dimensions of
Architectural Aluminium and Glazing Products.
10.1 INHERENT DIMENSIONAL INACCURACIES
Dimensional accuracies of other building materials are covered in SA SANS 10155-1980 1980 as amended. These inheren inherent
dimensional inaccuracies are due to the nature of the materials involved and include the following:
10.1.1 MOVEMENT OF FOUNDATIONS
Due to the nature of the products used in Architectural Aluminium and Glass Products, expansion joints which allow
parts of buildings to move independently from one and other can cause the components to de<strong>for</strong>m permanently and/or
break. It is recommended that expansion joints are located away from openings incorporating Architectural Aluminium
and Glazing Products <strong>for</strong> this reason.
The onus rests with the Architect/Consulting Engineer/ Specifier to specify the expected movements in the expansion
joints at time of tender.
10.1.2 DEFLECTION UNDER LOAD
The design of Architectural Aluminium Products such as Curtain Walling, WWindow
indow Walling, Staircase Screens and
Shopfronts are very susceptible to damage due to the deflections of the structure to which the Architectural Aluminium
and Glazing Products are fixed. At no time is it permitted that loads imposed by the deflections of the structure are
supported by the installed Architectural Aluminium and Glazing Products.
Settlement, creep, occupation load deflections and any other type of deflection movements are to be specified by
Architect/Consulting Engineer/Specifier at time of tender.
10.1.3 CHANGES IN DIMENSIONS CAUSED BY VARIATIONS IN TEMPERATURE
In addition to requirements of paragraph 10.1.1, 10.1.2 and 10.2 the manufacturer of Architectural Aluminium Products
must take cognisance during the design of the Products of the changes in dimensions caused by variations in temperature.
The range of the expected changes of temperature is to be specified by the Architects/Consulting Engineer/Specifier at
time of tender.
TABLE 10.1: Illustrates llustrates the changes in dimensions caused by a variation of 65 65°C (-10°C C to + 55 55°C) <strong>for</strong> various building
materials.
Building
Material
Coefficient of Linearr
Expansion
/°C
Changes in dimensions (in mm) caused by variations in temperature
over a range of 65° centigrade <strong>for</strong> a distance of
1m 2m 3m 4m 5m 6m
Concrete 15 x 10 -6 0.98 1.95 2.93 3.90 4.88 5.85
Steel 12 x 10 -6 0.78 1.56 2.34 3.12 3.90 4.68
Aluminium 23 x 10 -6 1.50 2.99 4.49 4.98 7.48 8.97
Glass 9 x 10 -6 0.59 1.19 1.76 2.34 2.93 3.51
PVC 50 x 10 -6 3.25 6.50 9.75 13.00 16.30 19.50
10.2 INDUSED DIMENSIONAL INACCURACIES
Induced Dimensional Inaccuracies are brought about by the actual work done during manufacture and installation of
Architectural Aluminium Products and may arise in the determination of the following: following:-
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10.2.1 MANUFACTURED DIMENSIONS (ACCURACY OF FABRICATION)
OVERALL FRAME DIMENSIONS
TRANSOM DIMENSIONS (Positioning within
framing)
MULLION DIMENSIONS (Positioning within
framing)
10.2.2 INSTALLED DIMENSIONS
TABLE 10.2: INDIVIDUAL FRAMES AND VENTS FRAME DOOR/VENT
i. Fitting of moving components (Opening sections i.e. doors and vents into
frames)
±1.5mm ± 1.5mm
ii. Level (subject to limit between adjacent units - see 3.3) ± 5mm per bay or per linear metre
iii. Plumb
± 3mm per metre height and
maximum of 10mm per storey height
iv. Position of fare of frame relative to gridline or reference surface ± 10mm
TABLE 10.3: CURTAIN WALL AND STRIP WINDOW COMPONENTS FRAME DOOR/VENT
i. Fitting of moving components (Opening sections i.e. doors and vents into
frames)
± 1.5mm ± 1.5mm
ii. Level of horizontal member or edge (subject to limit between adjacent units ± 3mm per linear metre or maximum
- see 3.3)
10mm per structural bay
iii. Plumb of vertical member or edge or plain of glazing ± 3mm per metre height and
maximum of 10mm per storey height
iv. Position of centre line of any vertical member relative to gridline or
reference surface
± 10mm
v. Position of centre line of any horizontal member relative to benchmark or
reference surface
± 10mm
Page 127

10.2.2.1 ACCURACY OF JUNCTION
JUNCTIONS BETWEEN COMPONENTS
a) Within the length of any joint (including in in-line line continuations across transverse joints). The greatest width shall
not exceed the least width by more than 15% or 2.5mm which ever is greater. Any variation to be evenly
distributed with no sudden changes.
b) The offset in elevation between nominally in in-line line edges across a vertical or horizontal transverse joint shall not be
more than 15% or 2.5mm which ever is greater of the width of the transverse joint.
c) The offset in plan or section between flat surfaces of adjacent panels acro across ss any joint shall not be more than 15%
or 2.5mm which ever is greater of the width of the joint.
10.2.2.2 REVOLVING DOORS
Inner surface of cheeks to be correct to ± 3mm measured from pivot centre
of revolving door.
10.3 GENERAL
10.3.1 The selection of grade of accuracy <strong>for</strong> Architectural Aluminium Products as laid down in this <strong>guide</strong> has been
based on "Grade II accuracy" as defined in Table 4 of the South African Code of Practice <strong>for</strong> Accuracy in
Buildings SANS 10155-1980 1980 as amended where applicable.
10.3.2 At the he time of tender the Architect/Consulting Engineer/Specifier must supply the required in<strong>for</strong>mation noted
under point 2 and all parties must agree the permitted deviations <strong>for</strong> movement joints.
10.3.3 It t is noted that the manufacturer of Architectural Aluminium Pr Products oducts assumes that the structure to which the
products are fixed are constructed to Grade II accuracy as laid down in SANS 10155 0155-1980 as amended.
10.3.4 Should hould the structure not be build to Grade II accuracy, this is to be indicated at tender stage as the manufacturer
of Architectural Aluminium Products must compensate <strong>for</strong> the deviation as follows:
10.3.4.1 Structures tructures built to Grade III accuracy require the Architectural Aluminium Products to absorb larger dimensional
inaccuracies.
10.3.4.2 Structures tructures built to Grade I accu accuracy racy require the Architectural Aluminium Products to absorb smaller dimensional
inaccuracies and require increased amount of control during building, manufacture and installation.
Page 128

10.4 QUALITY GUIDE FOR INSTALLED ARCHITECTURAL ALUMINIUM PRODUCTS
<strong>AAAMSA</strong> is very aware of the fact that the quality <strong>for</strong> manufactured aluminium products depends on the control
exercised by the sub-contractor contractor over all the activities concerned, from design through to fabrication and installation.
Although gh the product may have some <strong>for</strong>m of protection it is still very susceptible to damage on site by following trades.
Unless a product is properly controlled during these various stages, it will not necessarily meet the requirements expected
by the building owner and specifier.
With the above in mind, the purpose of this <strong>guide</strong> is to enable building owners, specifiers, building contractors and sub-
contractors to be able to easily establish on on-site site that the installed products confirm to acceptable industry no norms.
<strong>AAAMSA</strong> considers the following requirements should be addressed when carrying out on on-site inspections of installed
<strong>architectural</strong> aluminium products.
10.4.1 PRE-INSPECTION INSPECTION COMPLIANCE LIST
Specifiers are recommended prior to the installation of produ products cts to ensure that a thorough check is made <strong>for</strong> compliance
with the specification. This will include inter alia: alia:-
The production of relevant <strong>AAAMSA</strong> test certificates.
Proof that anodising complies with SABS specification
specifications. SANS S 999 in case of external application and SANS
1407 in case of internal application.
Proof that powder coating finishes comply with a SABS specification. SA SANS S 1247 in case of internal application
and SANS 1796 in case of external application.
10.4.2 SURFACE FINISHES
i) ANODISING
There are likely to be variations in shade in both natural and colour anodising when viewed at different angles, this being
due to the metallurgical structure and surface texture of the aluminium. This can be particularly noticeable between
extrusions s in opposite planes and also between extruded and sheet products.
It is recommended light and dark colour limits should agreed between the specifier, sub sub-contractor and finishing
company, be<strong>for</strong>e commencement of any production. Where a thickness of anodi anodising sing is specified specified, the bottom limit should
not be more than 3 microns less than the thickness specified. It is an accepted norm that products are manufactured from
pre-anodised or pre-painted materials.
ii) ORGANIC (Paint)
Whilst organic finishes are not as prone to initial colour variations as anodising, it is also recommended that the same pre-
production procedures as <strong>for</strong> anodising be carried out and more importantly - that the correct paint specifications have
been used. Severe chalking or colouration can occur if incorrect paint quality has been used.
iii) STRUCTURAL SEALANT GLAZING
In structural sealant glazing systems, adhesion of the sealant to the substrates is of prime importance. Since the sealant is
the structural ral element which holds the glass place, it must be absolutely mandatory that the adhesion and compatibility
characteristics of all the elements are thoroughly tested, analysed and verified by the sealant manufacturer.
10.4.3 FRAMING
All aluminium framing g should be cleaned prior to inspection.
DIMENSIONAL TOLERANCES
The width and height dimensions of products should all be in accordance with the paragraph 10 10.2.
Sashes and ventilators should always be within dimensional tolerance in order <strong>for</strong> them to operate freely and seal
correctly.
Page 129

NOTE: When finishes around the frame are applied by trades other than the <strong>architectural</strong> aluminium sub sub-contractor,
extreme care should be taken to avoid distorting the frame in any way.
CONFIGURATIONS
The configuration of the product should be in accordance with the contract drawings.
IN-SITU POSITIONS
Products should be installed in accordance with the positions shown on the contract dr drawings. awings. All in accordance with the
<strong>AAAMSA</strong> Guide <strong>for</strong> Accuracy of Installed Architect Architectural Aluminium Products. (Section 10.1 & 10.2)
SECURING
Products should be securely anchored into the openings provided by the Contractor, all in accordance with <strong>AAAMSA</strong>
installation standards.
SQUARENESS
Products should be both plumb and square.
CORNERS, , JOINTS AND GLAZING BEADS
Corners, joints and glazing beads should be accurately mitered or notched and there must be no sharp edges or unsightly
gaps when viewed from a distance of 3 metres under <strong>for</strong>mal lighting conditions (refer “scratches and blemishes blemishes”). All
corners and intersections vulnerable to water penetration should have adequate sealant applied to ensure functional
per<strong>for</strong>mance.
SCRATCHES AND BLEMISHES
The scratch and blemish inspection should be viewed at a distance of 3 metres under normal lighting conditions. Normal
lighting conditions shall mean "reasonable lighting conditions under which the product is normally viewed".
Scratches in aluminium are defines as being a mark on the aluminium surface which penetrates the anodised or painted
surface urface thereby exposing the natural metal. If visible when viewed from a distance of 3 metres under the lighting
conditions described, the product/s may be rejected.
Blemishes in aluminium are defined as flaws/stains or runs, or any other indication that mars the aesthetic appearance of
the aluminium. If visible when viewed from a distance of 3 metres under the lighting conditions described, the product/s
may be rejected.
SEALING
The external perimeter of the frame should be continuously sealed against the surrounding structure.
10.4.4 GLASS
CLEANING
All glass should be cleaned prior to inspection.
CORRECT GLASS
All glass should be installed in accordance with: with:-
Specification.
Current National Building Regulation requirements.
<strong>AAAMSA</strong> <strong>Selection</strong> Guide <strong>for</strong> Safety Glazing Materials.
GLASS INSPECTION
Scratches in glass which are acceptable, are those which are under 75mm long in any area, and those which are longer
than 75mm which do not encroach more than 75mm from the edge.
In laminated glass, interlayer bubbles larger than 1.5mm diameter should not be allowed. Large clusters or close spacing
of smaller bubbles should also not be allowed.
NOTE: Some bubbles or edge delamination may be expected along exposed edges particularly where these are i iin
contact with structural silicone sealants. Bubbles and edge delamination should not penetrate "lost" in the joint
when viewed from a distance of 3 metres under the lighting conditions described under “scratches and
blemishes”.
Page 130

In metal coated glasses, s, pinholes in the coating area larger than 1.5mm diameter should not be allowed. Large clusters or
close spacing of smaller pinholes should not be allowed in any area which a person would normally look through.
When spandrel glazing is viewed from a di distance stance of 3 metres against a dark uni<strong>for</strong>m background under lighting
conditions as described in “scratches and blemishes” and pinholes or scratches are not obvious, these are considered
acceptable.
GLASS DISTORTION/COLOUR VARIATIONS
There will always be some me degree of distortion in glass.
Toughened glass will exhibit more distortion than annealed glass. Some gasket systems such as roll roll-in or wedge gaskets
also trend to create more distortion than other gasket systems.
Sealed insulated glass units will distort due to changes in temperature and atmospheric pressure.
Sealed insulated glass units feature a spacer between the two sheets of glass around the perimeter of the unit. This spacer
is set in from the edge to allow <strong>for</strong> the inclusion of a secondary seal. The spacer is often visible in the rebate and the
primary seal, being soft mastic; it is not always perfectly flush with the spacer inner surface. In addition both the spacer
and the sealant may protrude beyond the sight line and, provided the req requirements uirements of section 10.4.4 are met, this is
considered acceptable.
Colour, reflectance and transmission in functional glasses may vary slightly and is considered acceptable.
10.4.5 GLAZING
The installed glazing materials must in all respects comply with SANS 10400, SANS 10137 and chapters III, IV and V of
the <strong>AAAMSA</strong> <strong>Selection</strong> Guide <strong>for</strong> Glazed Architectural Products: June 2008.
There should be no glass to metal contact.
The bite on the glazing ing material in the rebate should be sufficient to meet the requirements of the application, and no
edges of the glazing material should be visible.
No excess sealant or spillage should be visible when viewed from a distance of 3 metres under the lighting conditions
described in “scratches and blemishes”.
Sealants used should have no gaps or air pockets and should be visible on both sides of the glass when bead <strong>glazed</strong>.
Where translucent structural silicone sealant is used without glazing beads, small air bubbles are acceptable provided
these are not at the exposed surfaces.
Gaskets should be continuous and should not be loose or unsightly at corners. A maximum of 2 butt joints per pane is
permissible. If mitered corners are used, only corner joints are permissible. Gaps in mitered corners and butt joints must
be sealed with an approved sealant and not be visible from a distance of 3 metres under the lighting conditions described
under “scratches and blemishes”.
10.4.6 FITTINGS AND HARDWARE
All hardware re and fittings to be of a material generally resistant to atmospheric corrosion and should be of adequate
strength and design to serve the purpose of which they are intended and can easily be replaced.
Hardware should be neatly and securely attached to tthe
he window/door with screws or pop rivets which are compatible
which aluminium and which will generally be silver in appearance.
NOTE: Any variations to the above should be clearly specified at the tender stage.
10.4.7 FUNCTIONAL TEST
All opening sashes and doors should be capable of operating and sealing properly, in accordance with starting and
operating <strong>for</strong>ces described in the <strong>AAAMSA</strong> test per<strong>for</strong>mance certificate/s and relevant <strong>AAAMSA</strong> <strong>Selection</strong> Guides.
All locks, catches and any other r fittings should work properly.
Page 131

10.5 QUALITY ASSURANCE
10.5.1 Prior commencement of any site work:
10.5.1 Obtain a copy of the appropriate <strong>AAAMSA</strong> Per<strong>for</strong>mance Test Certificate from the Manufacturer/Specialist
Contractor supplying/installing the Architectural Aluminium Products.
10.5.1.2 Obtain a full set of detailed manufacturing drawings/manuals relevant to the installed products.
10.5.2 UPON COMPLETION OF ALL LL SITE WORK (AT HAN HANDOVER)
10.5.2.1 OBTAIN THE FOLLOWING CERTIFICATES:
a) <strong>AAAMSA</strong> Per<strong>for</strong>mance Test Certificate
b) <strong>AAAMSA</strong> or SAGGA Glass & Glazing Certificate
c) <strong>AAAMSA</strong> Surface Finishing Certificate
d) <strong>AAAMSA</strong> or SASA Skylight System Certificate (when applicable)
e) <strong>AAAMSA</strong> Architectural Product Certificate (in the event drawings are not provided)
10.5.3 WARRANTIES
10.5.3.1 POWDER COATED SURFAC SURFACE FINISH
Obtain a warranty, from an approved powder coater, that the powder manufacturer guarantees his product <strong>for</strong> a minimum
of 15 (fifteen) years.
10.5.3.2 GLASS
Obtain a warranty, from the manufacturer of the laminated safety glass and/or the hermetically sealed glazing units,
against delamination and colour degradation of the products <strong>for</strong> a period of not less than 5 (five) years.
Page 132

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Page 138

CHAPTER XI
ENERGY EFFICIENT FFENESTRATION
ENESTRATION
DEEMED EEMED-TO-SATISFY RULES
Page 139

11.1 INTRODUCTION
Fenestration is only one part of many building segments which determine the overall energy use in a building.
The complexity arriving at an overall energy per<strong>for</strong>mance of a building is the prerogative of registered Mechanical and
Electrical Engineers.
However, these qualified Engineers are not in all instances engaged on all building contracts to evalua evaluate the energy
per<strong>for</strong>mance of the building.
It is there<strong>for</strong>e appropriate that deemed-to-satisfy
satisfy rules are implemented to govern the many building segments ensuring
that the overall energy per<strong>for</strong>mance of a building meets the required level. In the event tha that t the deemed deemed-to-satisfy rules
are complied with during the execution of construction the resulting building will be assumed to meet the energy
per<strong>for</strong>mance criteria.
Only design professionals may deviate from deemed deemed-to-satisfy rules and must give written approval <strong>for</strong> any deviations.
11.2 DEEMED-TO-SATISFY SATISFY RULES FOR ENERGY EFFICIENT FENESTRATION
These Deemed-to-Satisfy Satisfy rules have been based on the rules contained in the energy efficiency section of the Building
Code Australia 2007. The following data <strong>for</strong> Australian Climate Zones 6, 5, 3, 6, 1 and 4 have been used as data <strong>for</strong>
South African Climate Zones 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 and 6 respectively. Also the following definitions apply to this section:
Natural Ventilated Buildings:
Buildings not having environmentally tally Controlled Heating Air-conditioning Systems
Mechanically Ventilated Buildings:
Buildings having environmentally Controlled Heating Air-conditioning Systems
11.3 CLIMATIC ZONES OF SOUTH AFRICA: DEEMED DEEMED-TO-SATISFY (SANS 204:1)
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11.4 EXTERNAL VERTICAL RTICAL GLAZING
11.4.1 METHOD 1: FOR NATURAL L VENTILATED BUILDIN BUILDINGS (SANS 204:2)
The glazing in each storey of a sole-occupancy occupancy unit, public space or other occupied space must be assessed separately in
accordance with (a) and (b).
(a) The aggregate conductance and aggregate solar heat gain of the glazing in each storey of a building must not exceed
the allowances obtained by multiplying the net floor area, measured within the enclosing walls, by
i) <strong>for</strong> conductance, the constant CCU;
and
ii) <strong>for</strong> r solar heat gain, the constant CCSHGC
Obtained from Table below:
TABLE 11.1 1.1 – Constants <strong>for</strong> Conductance and Solar heat gain
Climate zone
1 2 3 4 5 6
CU
1,2 1,4 1,4 1,4 1,4 1,2
0,15 0,12 0,10 0,13 0,11 0,13
CSHGC
(b) The aggregate conductance and solar heat gain of the glazing in each storey must be calculated by adding the
conductance and solar heat gain of each glazing element with the following <strong>for</strong>mula:
i) <strong>for</strong> conductance:
(A1 x U1) + (A2 x U2) ) + (A (A3 x U3) + ………
Where
A1, 2, 3 etc = The area of each glazing element; and
U1, 2, 3 etc = The total system UU-value
value of each glazing element refer table 11.2; and
ii) <strong>for</strong> solar heat gain:
(A1 x SHGC1 x E1) + (A2 x SHGC2 x E2) + (A3 x SHGC3 x E3) + ………
Where
A1, 2, 3 etc = The area of each glazing element; and
SHGC1, 2, 3 etc = The SHGC of the transparent or translucent element in each glazing element refer table
11.2; ; and
E1, 2, 3 etc = The solar exposure factor <strong>for</strong> each glazing element obtained from Table 11.3
TABLE 11.2: WORST CASE WHOLE GLAZING ELEMENT PERFORMANCES VALUES
Thermally broken aluminium or Timber or
Standard Aluminium Framing
Glass description
uPVC framing
Total U-value value SHGC Total U-value
SHGC
Single clear 7,9
0,81 5,6
0,77
Tinted single 7,9
0,65 5,6
0,61
Clear double (3/6/3) 6,2
0,72 3,8
0,68
1. By referring to “glazing elements: 11.4.4 (b) i) requires Total U-values and SHGCs and is assessed <strong>for</strong> the combined effect of
glass and frames. The measurements of these Total U-values and SHGCs is specified in the <strong>guide</strong>lines of the National
Fenestration Rating Council (NFRC), represented in RSA by the South African Fenestration and Insulation Energy Rating
Association (SAFIERA).
2. Total U-value value and SHGCs, based on the NFRC assessment methods are shown <strong>for</strong> some simple types of glazing elements in the
table below. (Smaller numbers indicate better glazing element per<strong>for</strong>mance). The table gives worst case assessments, which
can be improved by obtaining generic or custom product assessments from suppliers, manufacturers, industry associations
(including their online resources) and from ccompetent
ompetent assessors registered with the South African Glass Institute ( (SAGI).
Page 141

P/H
TABLE 11.3: Solar Exposure Factor E - Climate Zone 1
Orientation Sector (refer Figure 11.3)
Refer North North East South South South
Figure 11.2
East
East
West
0,00 0,84 1,08 1,15 0,87 0,61 1,05
0,05 0,71 0,97 1,05 0,78 0,52 0,96
0,10 0,65 0,90 0,99 0,74 0,49 0,91
0,15 0,58 0,83 0,93 0,69 0,47 0,86
0,20 0,52 0,77 0,88 0,65 0,44 0,82
0,25 0,48 0,72 0,84 0,62 0,42 0,78
0,30 0,44 0,68 0,80 0,59 0,40 0,75
0,35 0,40 0,63 0,75 0,57 0,38 0,71
0,40 0,36 0,58 0,71 0,54 0,36 0,67
0,50 0,33 0,51 0,66 0,49 0,33 0,63
0,60 0,30 0,43 0,61 0,45 0,31 0,58
0,70 0,28 0,39 0,56 0,42 0,29 0,54
0,80 0,26 0,35 0,50 0,38 0,26 0,50
0,90 0,24 0,32 0,46 0,35 0,25 0,46
1,00 0,22 0,29 0,42 0,32 0,23 0,42
1,10 0,21 0,26 0,40 0,30 0,23 0,41
1,20 0,20 0,24 0,37 0,29 0,23 0,39
1,30 0,19 0,23 0,34 0,27 0,21 0,36
1,40 0,18 0,22 0,32 0,26 0,19 0,34
1,50 0,17 0,21 0,30 0,25 0,19 0,32
1,60 0,16 0,19 0,28 0,24 0,18 0,31
1,70 0,16 0,19 0,27 0,23 0,18 0,29
1,80 0,15 0,18 0,26 0,22 0,17 0,28
1,90 0,15 0,18 0,25 0,21 0,17 0,27
2,00 0,14 0,17 0,24 0,21 0,17 0,26
P/H
TABLE 11.3: Solar Exposure Factor E - Climate Zone 2
Orientation Sector (refer Figure 11.3)
Refer North North East South South South
Figure 11.2
East
East
West
0,00 0,82 1,09 1,19 0,96 0,68 1,04
0,05 0,69 0,96 1,07 0,85 0,57 0,92
0,10 0,63 0,88 1,01 0,79 0,54 0,86
0,15 0,57 0,82 0,95 0,75 0,51 0,81
0,20 0,51 0,76 0,89 0,70 0,48 0,76
0,25 0,48 0,72 0,85 0,67 0,46 0,72
0,30 0,45 0,67 0,80 0,64 0,43 0,69
0,35 0,42 0,63 0,76 0,60 0,41 0,65
0,40 0,39 0,58 0,71 0,57 0,38 0,62
0,50 0,37 0,52 0,65 0,52 0,36 0,56
0,60 0,35 0,46 0,58 0,47 0,33 0,51
0,70 0,32 0,42 0,54 0,43 0,31 0,47
0,80 0,30 0,37 0,50 0,40 0,28 0,43
0,90 0,28 0,34 0,46 0,37 0,26 0,40
1,00 0,26 0,31 0,42 0,34 0,25 0,37
1,10 0,25 0,28 0,39 0,32 0,23 0,35
1,20 0,24 0,26 0,36 0,30 0,22 0,33
1,30 0,23 0,25 0,34 0,28 0,21 0,31
1,40 0,21 0,23 0,32 0,27 0,20 0,29
1,50 0,21 0,22 0,30 0,25 0,19 0,28
1,60 0,20 0,22 0,29 0,23 0,18 0,27
1,70 0,19 0,21 0,27 0,22 0,18 0,25
1,80 0,18 0,20 0,25 0,21 0,17 0,23
1,90 0,18 0,19 0,24 0,21 0,17 0,22
2,00 0,17 0,17 0,24 0,21 0,16 0,21
Page 142
West North
West
1,40 1,24
1,30 1,13
1,25 1,04
1,18 0,97
1,12 0,91
1,06 0,85
1,01 0,80
0,95 0,75
0,90 0,69
0,83 0,60
0,76 0,51
0,71 0,45
0,66 0,40
0,61 0,38
0,56 0,36
0,52 0,32
0,48 0,29
0,45 0,27
0,42 0,26
0,40 0,24
0,38 0,21
0,36 0,20
0,34 0,20
0,32 0,19
0,31 0,17
West North
West
1,30 1,16
1,19 1,04
1,11 0,94
1,05 0,88
0,99 0,83
0,95 0,77
0,90 0,72
0,85 0,67
0,81 0,62
0,73 0,55
0,65 0,48
0,59 0,44
0,52 0,40
0,49 0,35
0,46 0,31
0,43 0,29
0,40 0,27
0,37 0,26
0,34 0,24
0,32 0,23
0,30 0,21
0,29 0,20
0,27 0,20
0,26 0,19
0,25 0,19

P/H
Refer
Figure 11.2
North
0,00 0,56
0,05 0,47
0,10 0,44
0,15 0,41
0,20 0,38
0,25 0,36
0,30 0,35
0,35 0,34
0,40 0,32
0,50 0,30
0,60 0,28
0,70 0,26
0,80 0,24
0,90 0,22
1,00 0,20
1,10 0,20
1,20 0,19
1,30 0,18
1,40 0,17
1,50 0,17
1,60 0,17
1,70 0,16
1,80 0,15
1,90 0,15
2,00 0,15
P/H
Refer
Figure 11.2
North
0,00 0,84
0,05 0,71
0,10 0,65
0,15 0,58
0,20 0,52
0,25 0,48
0,30 0,44
0,35 0,40
0,40 0,36
0,50 0,33
0,60 0,30
0,70 0,28
0,80 0,26
0,90 0,24
1,00 0,22
1,10 0,21
1,20 0,20
1,30 0,19
1,40 0,18
1,50 0,17
1,60 0,16
1,70 0,16
1,80 0,15
1,90 0,15
2,00 0,14
TABLE 11.3: Solar Exposure Factor E - Climate Zone 3
Orientation Sector (refer Figure 11.3)
North East South South South West North
East
East
West
West
1,04 1,42 1,18 0,66 1,16 1,36 1,01
0,94 1,32 1,08 0,57 1,05 1,26 0,90
0,85 1,25 1,02 0,54 0,99 1,19 0,83
0,79 1,17 0,96 0,50 0,93 1,13 0,78
0,73 1,10 0,90 0,46 0,87 1,06 0,73
0,69 1,05 0,85 0,44 0,83 1,00 0,68
0,64 0,99 0,81 0,42 0,79 0,95 0,64
0,60 0,93 0,76 0,40 0,75 0,90 0,60
0,56 0,88 0,71 0,38 0,72 0,84 0,56
0,49 0,81 0,65 0,35 0,64 0,77 0,50
0,43 0,74 0,58 0,31 0,57 0,71 0,44
0,39 0,67 0,53 0,29 0,53 0,65 0,40
0,35 0,59 0,47 0,27 0,50 0,60 0,35
0,32 0,54 0,44 0,25 0,46 0,56 0,32
0,29 0,50 0,40 0,24 0,43 0,53 0,29
0,28 0,46 0,37 0,22 0,40 0,48 0,28
0,26 0,42 0,34 0,21 0,37 0,43 0,26
0,24 0,39 0,33 0,20 0,35 0,42 0,25
0,22 0,35 0,31 0,20 0,32 0,41 0,23
0,21 0,34 0,29 0,18 0,32 0,38 0,22
0,20 0,33 0,27 0,16 0,31 0,35 0,21
0,19 0,31 0,25 0,16 0,29 0,34 0,20
0,19 0,30 0,24 0,16 0,28 0,33 0,19
0,18 0,28 0,24 0,15 0,26 0,30 0,18
0,18 0,25 0,24 0,15 0,24 0,27 0,17
TABLE 11.3: Solar Exposure Factor E - Climate Zone 4
Orientation Sector (refer Figure 11.3)
North East South South South West North
East
East
West
West
1,08 1,15 0,87 0,61 1,05 1,40 1,24
0,97 1,05 0,78 0,52 0,96 1,30 1,13
0,90 0,99 0,74 0,49 0,91 1,25 1,04
0,83 0,93 0,69 0,47 0,86 1,18 0,97
0,77 0,88 0,65 0,44 0,82 1,12 0,91
0,72 0,84 0,62 0,42 0,78 1,06 0,85
0,68 0,80 0,59 0,40 0,75 1,01 0,80
0,63 0,75 0,57 0,38 0,71 0,95 0,75
0,58 0,71 0,54 0,36 0,67 0,90 0,69
0,51 0,66 0,49 0,33 0,63 0,83 0,60
0,43 0,61 0,45 0,31 0,58 0,76 0,51
0,39 0,56 0,42 0,29 0,54 0,71 0,45
0,35 0,50 0,38 0,26 0,50 0,66 0,40
0,32 0,46 0,35 0,25 0,46 0,61 0,38
0,29 0,42 0,32 0,23 0,42 0,56 0,36
0,26 0,40 0,30 0,23 0,41 0,52 0,32
0,24 0,37 0,29 0,23 0,39 0,48 0,29
0,23 0,34 0,27 0,21 0,36 0,45 0,27
0,22 0,32 0,26 0,19 0,34 0,42 0,26
0,21 0,30 0,25 0,19 0,32 0,40 0,24
0,19 0,28 0,24 0,18 0,31 0,38 0,21
0,19 0,27 0,23 0,18 0,29 0,36 0,20
0,18 0,26 0,22 0,17 0,28 0,34 0,20
0,18 0,25 0,21 0,17 0,27 0,32 0,19
0,17 0,24 0,21 0,17 0,26 0,31 0,17
Page 143

P/H
TABLE 11.3: Solar Exposure Factor E - Climate Zone 5
Orientation Sector (refer Figure 11.3)
Refer North North East South South South
Figure 11.2
East
East
West
0,00 0,52 0,84 1,29 1,24 0,87 1,27
0,05 0,44 0,74 1,19 1,13 0,75 1,17
0,10 0,41 0,68 1,11 1,07 0,68 1,09
0,15 0,39 0,64 1,06 1,00 0,61 1,02
0,20 0,37 0,59 1,01 0,94 0,55 0,94
0,25 0,35 0,56 0,95 0,88 0,52 0,89
0,30 0,33 0,52 0,90 0,82 0,48 0,85
0,35 0,32 0,49 0,84 0,76 0,45 0,80
0,40 0,30 0,45 0,79 0,69 0,42 0,75
0,50 0,27 0,41 0,72 0,64 0,38 0,67
0,60 0,25 0,37 0,66 0,59 0,34 0,60
0,70 0,24 0,34 0,59 0,53 0,32 0,56
0,80 0,22 0,31 0,53 0,47 0,30 0,52
0,90 0,20 0,28 0,49 0,44 0,27 0,48
1,00 0,19 0,26 0,45 0,41 0,25 0,43
1,10 0,18 0,24 0,41 0,37 0,23 0,41
1,20 0,18 0,23 0,37 0,33 0,22 0,39
1,30 0,17 0,22 0,35 0,32 0,22 0,36
1,40 0,17 0,21 0,32 0,30 0,22 0,32
1,50 0,16 0,20 0,30 0,28 0,20 0,31
1,60 0,15 0,18 0,28 0,26 0,18 0,29
1,70 0,14 0,18 0,28 0,24 0,18 0,29
1,80 0,13 0,18 0,27 0,22 0,17 0,28
1,90 0,13 0,18 0,25 0,22 0,17 0,26
2,00 0,12 0,17 0,23 0,21 0,16 0,24
P/H
TABLE 11.3: Solar Exposure Factor E - Climate Zone 6
Orientation Sector (refer Figure 11.3)
Refer North North East South South South
Figure 11.2
East
East
West
0,00 0,72 1,19 1,40 1,05 0,57 0,99
0,05 0,61 1,10 1,31 0,97 0,49 0,91
0,10 0,56 1,00 1,24 0,91 0,46 0,85
0,15 0,49 0,94 1,18 0,86 0,44 0,81
0,20 0,43 0,87 1,12 0,82 0,41 0,76
0,25 0,40 0,82 1,07 0,78 0,39 0,73
0,30 0,37 0,76 1,02 0,74 0,38 0,69
0,35 0,33 0,71 0,97 0,71 0,36 0,66
0,40 0,30 0,66 0,92 0,67 0,34 0,62
0,50 0,29 0,58 0,83 0,61 0,31 0,58
0,60 0,27 0,50 0,74 0,56 0,29 0.53
0,70 0,26 0,44 0,68 0,52 0,27 0,49
0,80 0,24 0,38 0,63 0,49 0,25 0,45
0,90 0,22 0,35 0,59 0,46 0,23 0,42
1,00 0,20 0,31 0,55 0,42 0,22 0,39
1,10 0,20 0,29 0,50 0,39 0,21 0,37
1,20 0,19 0,26 0,46 0,37 0,20 0,35
1,30 0,17 0,24 0,43 0,35 0,18 0,34
1,40 0,16 0,23 0,39 0,34 0,17 0,33
1,50 0,16 0,21 0,38 0,32 0,17 0,31
1,60 0,16 0,20 0,38 0,30 0,16 0,29
1,70 0,15 0,19 0,35 0,29 0,15 0,27
1,80 0,14 0,18 0,32 0,27 0,14 0,25
1,90 0,14 0,17 0,30 0,25 0,14 0,24
2,00 0,13 0,17 0,28 0,23 0,14 0,24
Page 144
West North
West
1,32 0,85
1,23 0,75
1,15 0,69
1,08 0,64
1,00 0,60
0,96 0,57
0,92 0,53
0,88 0,50
0,83 0,47
0,75 0,42
0,66 0,38
0,62 0,35
0,58 0,32
0,53 0,30
0,48 0,28
0,45 0,27
0,42 0,26
0,40 0,24
0,37 0,22
0,36 0,22
0,34 0,21
0,32 0,20
0,30 0,18
0,29 0,17
0,28 0,17
West North
West
1,31 1,12
1,22 1,02
1,17 0,94
1,11 0,87
1,05 0,81
1,00 0,76
0,95 0,71
0,90 0,66
0,85 0,62
0,79 0,53
0,72 0,45
0,66 0,40
0,59 0,36
0,55 0,33
0,51 0,30
0,48 0,27
0,45 0,25
0,41 0,23
0,38 0,21
0,35 0,21
0,33 0,20
0,32 0,18
0,32 .1,17
0,29 0,16
0,26 0,16

11.4.2 METHOD 2: FOR MECHANICALLY VENTILATED BUILDINGS (SANS 204:3)
a) The glazing in each storey of a building and facing each orientation must be assessed separately in accordance
with (b) and (c).
b) The aggregate air-conditioning energy value attributable to the glazing must not exceed the allowance obtained by
multiplying the façade area of the orientation by the energy index in Table 11.4.
TABLE 11.4: ENERGY INDEX
CLIMATIC ZONE
1 2 3 4 5 6
0,220 0,257 0,221 0,220 0,180 0,227
c) The aggregate air-conditioning
conditioning energy value must be calculated by adding the air air-conditioning energy value
through each glazing element in accordance with the following <strong>for</strong>mula:
A1 [SHGC1 (CA x SH1 + CB x SSC1)
+ CC x U1] + A2 [SHGC2 (CA x SH2 + CB x SC2) + CC x U2] + …
Where:
A1, 2 etc. = the area of each glazing element; and
CA, B and C = the energy constants A, B and C <strong>for</strong> the specific orientation from Table 11.5; and
SHGC1, 2, etc. = the SHGC of each glazing element; and
SH1, 2, etc. = the heating shading multiplier <strong>for</strong> each glazing element obtained from Table 11.6; and
SC1, 2, etc = the cooling shading multiplier <strong>for</strong> each glazing element obtained from Table 11.7; and
U1, 2, etc = the Total U-value value of each glazing element refer Table 11.2
d) For the purposes of c), where the air-conditioning energy value of a glazing element is calculated to be negative, it
must be taken to be zero.
Climatic Zone
1
2
3
4
5
6
TABLE 11.5: ENERGY CONSTANTS (C (CA, CB AND CC) Energy
Constants North
Orientation Section
CA -0.37
CB 1.53
CC -0.01
CA -0.06
CB 1.46
CC -0.02
CA 0.00
CB 1.01
CC 0.01
CA -0.37
CB 1.53
CC -0.01
CA 0.00
CB 0.80
CC 0.02
CA -0.16
CB 1.25
0.00
North
East
East
South
South
South
East
West
West
0.37 -0.38 -0.59 -0.82 -0.87 -0.90 -0.85
1.53 1.66 1.39 0.80 0.38 0.66 1.07
0.01 -0.01 0.03 0.11 0.15 0.13 0.08
0.06 -0.09 -0.18 -0.41 -0.47 -0.43 -0.28
1.46 1.55 1.32 0.75 0.41 0.68 1.13
0.02 -0.01 0.00 0.05 0.07 0.05 0.02
0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
1.01 1.16 1.08 0.69 0.41 0.67 1.01
0.01 0.01 0.01 0.02 0.01 0.01 0.01
0.37 -0.38 -0.59 -0.82 -0.87 -0.90 -0.85
1.53 1.66 1.39 0.80 0.38 0.66 1.07
0.01 -0.01 0.03 0.11 0.15 0.13 0.08
0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
0.80 0.92 0.91 0.67 0.48 0.67 0.88
0.02 0.02 0.02 0.02 0.02 0.02 0.02
0.16 -0.18 -0.30 -0.44 -0.45 -0.46 -0.40
1.25 1.37 1.18 0.68 0.35 0.60 0.98
0.00 0.00 0.03 0.07 0.09 0.08 0.04
North
West
0.85 -0.61
1.07 1.34
0.08 0.03
0.28 -0.14
1.13 1.38
0.02 -0.01
0.00 0.00
1.01 1.09
0.01 0.01
0.85 -0.61
1.07 1.34
0.08 0.03
0.00 0.00
0.88 0.91
0.02 0.02
0.40 -0.26
0.98 1.20
0.04 0.02
C C
TABLE 11.6:
G
PH
Refer Figure
11.2
Refer
Figure 11.1
North
11.6: HEATING SHADING MULTIPLIER (SH) Orientation Section (Refer Figure 11.3)
North
CLIMATIC ZONE 1 & 4
0.0 1.00
0.2 0.95
0.4 0.82
0.6 0.61
Not more than
100mm
0.8
1.0
1.2
0.31
0.02
0.00
1.4 0.00
1.6 0.00
1.8 0.00
2.0 0.00
North
East
East
South
East
South
South
West
West
1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00
0.95 0.93 0.91 0.90 0.93 0.91 0.91
0.82 0.82 0.78 0.79 0.86 0.81 0.78
0.61 0.66 0.64 0.70 0.80 0.71 0.64
0.31
0.02
0.00
0.46
0.23
0.04
0.49
0.35
0.23
0.63
0.58
0.53
0.74
0.70
0.66
0.63
0.56
0.51
0.52
0.40
0.30
0.00 0.00 0.14 0.49 0.63 0.47 0.22
0.00 0.00 0.10 0.45 0.60 0.44 0.16
0.00 0.00 0.05 0.41 0.58 0.41 0.11
0.00 0.00 0.01 0.37 0.55 0.38 0.05
North
West
1.00 1.00
0.91 0.93
0.78 0.80
0.64 0.62
0.52
0.40
0.30
0.41
0.17
0.02
0.22 0.00
0.16 0.00
0.11 0.00
0.05 0.00
Page 145

HEATING SHADING MULTIPLIER (S
G
PH
Refer
Figure 11.2
Refer
Figure 11.1 North
HEATING SHADING MULTIPLIER (SH) (Continue)
Orientation Section (Refer Figure 11.3)
North
CLIMATIC ZONE 1 (Continue)
0.0 1.00
0.2 0.99
0.4 0.96
More than
100mm but
not more than
500mm
0.6
0.8
1.0
1.2
1.4
0.88
0.75
0.57
0.33
0.14
1.6 0.10
1.8 0.05
2.0 0.00
0.0 1.00
0.2 1.00
0.4 0.99
More than
500mm but
not more than
1200mm
0.6
0.8
1.0
1.2
1.4
0.97
0.94
0.88
0.79
0.66
1.6 0.48
1.8 0.30
2.0 0.13
CLIMATIC ZONE 3 & 5
In climate zones 3 and 5, the heating shading multiplier is to be taken as 1.0
CLIMATIC ZONE 6 & 2
0.0 1.00
0.2 0.96
0.4 0.86
0.6 0.66
Not more than
100mm
0.8
1.0
1.2
0.30
0.00
0.00
1.4 0.00
1.6 0.00
1.8 0.00
2.0 0.00
0.0 1.00
0.2 0.99
0.4 0.97
More than
100mm but
not more than
500mm
0.6
0.8
1.0
1.2
1.4
0.91
0.79
0.59
0.27
0.03
1.6 0.02
1.8 0.01
2.0 0.00
0.0 1.00
0.2 1.00
0.4 0.99
More than
500mm but
not more than
1200m
0.6
0.8
1.0
1.2
1.4
0.98
0.95
0.91
0.82
0.67
1.6 0.45
1.8 0.22
Note:
2.0 0.00
In climate zones 1, 2, 4 and 6, where G is more than 1200mm, the heating shading
1.0.
North
East
East
South
East
South South
West West
1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00
0.99 0.99 0.98 0.97 0.97 0.97 0.97
0.96 0.94 0.91 0.89 0.93 0.91 0.91
0.88
0.75
0.57
0.33
0.14
0.87
0.78
0.66
0.51
0.37
0.83
0.73
0.62
0.51
0.42
0.82
0.70
0.68
0.64
0.60
0.87
0.83
0.78
0.75
0.72
0.84
0.76
0.69
0.63
0.59
0.82
0.71
0.61
0.52
0.44
0.10 0.25 0.33 0.57 0.69 0.55 0.36
0.05 0.12 0.25 0.53 0.67 0.51 0.29
0.00 0.00 0.17 0.50 0.64 0.48 0.21
1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00
1.00 0.99 0.99 0.99 0.99 0.99 0.99
0.99 0.98 0.97 0.96 0.97 0.96 0.96
0.97
0.94
0.88
0.79
0.66
0.96
0.93
0.88
0.82
0.73
0.93
0.89
0.83
0.77
0.69
0.92
0.87
0.82
0.77
0.73
0.94
0.91
0.87
0.85
0.82
0.92
0.88
0.83
0.79
0.75
0.92
0.87
0.81
0.75
0.68
0.48 0.63 0.62 0.69 0.79 0.70 0.61
0.30 0.53 0.54 0.66 0.76 0.66 0.55
0.13 0.42 0.47 0.63 0.74 0.62 0.48
3 and 5, the heating shading multiplier is to be taken as 1.0
1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00
0.96 0.95 0.92 0.90 0.94 0.92 0.92
0.86 0.83 0.79 0.78 0.87 0.83 0.80
0.66 0.65 0.63 0.69 0.81 0.74 0.66
0.30
0.00
0.00
0.41
0.08
0.00
0.43
0.22
0.08
0.62
0.56
0.52
0.77
0.74
0.71
0.66
0.60
0.54
0.50
0.35
0.21
0.00 0.00 0.04 0.48 0.69 0.50 0.12
0.00 0.00 0.02 0.45 0.67 0.46 0.08
0.00 0.00 0.01 0.42 0.66 0.43 0.04
0.00 0.00 0.00 0.39 0.64 0.39 0.00
1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00
0.99 0.99 0.98 0.97 0.98 0.97 0.98
0.97 0.95 0.92 0.89 0.93 0.91 0.92
0.91
0.79
0.59
0.27
0.03
0.88
0.78
0.63
0.45
0.28
0.84
0.73
0.62
0.48
0.35
0.81
0.70
0.67
0.63
0.59
0.88
0.84
0.80
0.78
0.75
0.85
0.79
0.73
0.68
0.63
0.85
0.75
0.65
0.54
0.44
0.02 0.19 0.25 0.56 0.74 0.59 0.34
0.01 0.09 0.14 0.52 0.72 0.55 0.25
0.00 0.00 0.03 0.49 0.70 0.51 0.15
1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00
1.00 1.00 0.99 0.99 0.99 0.99 0.99
0.99 0.98 0.97 0.97 0.97 0.96 0.97
0.98
0.95
0.91
0.82
0.67
0.97
0.94
0.89
0.82
0.71
0.94
0.90
0.84
0.78
0.70
0.92
0.88
0.83
0.78
0.73
0.95
0.92
0.89
0.86
0.84
0.93
0.89
0.85
0.82
0.78
0.94
0.90
0.84
0.78
0.71
0.45 0.58 0.60 0.70 0.81 0.74 0.64
0.22 0.44 0.51 0.66 0.79 0.71 0.56
0.00 0.30 0.42 0.62 0.77 0.67 0.49
In climate zones 1, 2, 4 and 6, where G is more than 1200mm, the heating shading multiplier is to be taken as
North
West
1.00 1.00
0.97 0.98
0.91 0.94
0.82
0.71
0.61
0.52
0.44
0.86
0.75
0.60
0.44
0.30
0.36 0.20
0.29 0.10
0.21 0.00
1.00 1.00
0.99 0.99
0.96 0.98
0.92
0.87
0.81
0.75
0.68
0.96
0.92
0.86
0.79
0.69
0.61 0.57
0.55 0.45
0.48 0.33
1.00 1.00
0.92 0.95
0.80 0.85
0.66 0.70
0.50
0.35
0.21
0.47
0.15
0.00
0.12 0.00
0.08 0.00
0.04 0.00
0.00 0.00
1.00 1.00
0.98 0.99
0.92 0.96
0.85
0.75
0.65
0.54
0.44
0.90
0.81
0.69
0.50
0.31
0.34 0.21
0.25 0.10
0.15 0.00
1.00 1.00
0.99 0.99
0.97 0.99
0.94
0.90
0.84
0.78
0.71
0.97
0.94
0.90
0.84
0.75
0.64 0.62
0.56 0.48
0.49 0.35
multiplier is to be taken as
Page 146

TABLE 11.7:
G
PH
Refer
Figure 11.2
Refer
Figure 11.1 North
: COOLING SHADING MULTIPLIER (SC)
Orientation Section (Refer Figure 11.3)
North
CLIMATIC ZONE 1 & 4
0.0 1.00
0.2 0.82
0.4 0.63
0.6 0.49
Not more than
100mm
0.8
1.0
1.2
0.40
0.35
0.32
1.4 0.31
1.6 0.30
1.8 0.30
2.0 0.30
0.0 1.00
0.2 0.93
0.4 0.79
More than
100mm but
not more than
500mm
0.6
0.8
1.0
1.2
1.4
0.64
0.52
0.43
0.38
0.35
1.6 0.33
1.8 0.32
2.0 0.31
0.0 1.00
0.2 0.97
0.4 0.91
More than
500mm but
not more than
1200mm
0.6
0.8
1.0
1.2
1.4
0.82
0.72
0.62
0.53
0.47
1.6 0.42
1.8 0.38
2.0 0.35
CLIMATIC ZONE 2 & 6
0.0 1.00
0.2 0.81
0.4 0.61
0.6 0.46
Not More
than 100mm
0.8
1.0
1.2
0.35
0.28
0.24
1.4 0.22
1.6 0.20
1.8 0.20
2.0 0.19
0.0 1.00
0.2 0.93
0.4 0.77
More than
100mm but
not more than
500mm
0.6
0.8
1.0
1.2
1.4
0.62
0.48
0.37
0.32
0.28
1.6 0.25
1.8 0.23
2.0 0.21
North
East
East
South
East
South South
West West
1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00
0.82 0.86 0.87 0.87 0.90 0.88 0.87
0.63 0.69 0.72 0.74 0.80 0.74 0.72
0.49 0.56 0.60 0.64 0.73 0.64 0.61
0.40
0.35
0.32
0.46
0.38
0.34
0.51
0.44
0.39
0.56
0.51
0.48
0.68
0.64
0.61
0.57
0.51
0.47
0.52
0.45
0.41
0.31 0.32 0.36 0.45 0.59 0.44 0.37
0.30 0.30 0.33 0.42 0.57 0.42 0.34
0.30 0.29 0.31 0.41 0.56 0.40 0.32
0.30 0.28 0.29 0.39 0.55 0.38 0.31
1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00
0.93 0.95 0.95 0.95 0.95 0.95 0.95
0.79 0.84 0.86 0.86 0.88 0.86 0.85
0.64
0.52
0.43
0.38
0.35
0.71
0.60
0.51
0.44
0.39
0.75
0.65
0.57
0.50
0.45
0.76
0.63
0.61
0.56
0.52
0.81
0.75
0.71
0.68
0.65
0.76
0.68
0.61
0.56
0.52
0.74
0.65
0.57
0.50
0.46
0.33 0.35 0.41 0.49 0.63 0.49 0.42
0.32 0.33 0.38 0.47 0.62 0.46 0.39
0.31 0.31 0.36 0.45 0.60 0.44 0.36
1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00
0.97 0.98 0.98 0.98 0.98 0.98 0.98
0.91 0.94 0.94 0.94 0.94 0.94 0.94
0.82
0.72
0.62
0.53
0.47
0.87
0.79
0.70
0.62
0.55
0.88
0.81
0.74
0.67
0.62
0.88
0.82
0.76
0.70
0.65
0.90
0.85
0.81
0.77
0.74
0.88
0.81
0.75
0.70
0.65
0.87
0.80
0.73
0.67
0.61
0.42 0.49 0.56 0.61 0.72 0.61 0.56
0.38 0.44 0.51 0.57 0.69 0.57 0.51
0.35 0.40 0.47 0.54 0.67 0.54 0.47
1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00
0.81 0.85 0.87 0.86 0.90 0.88 0.87
0.61 0.68 0.72 0.72 0.81 0.75 0.72
0.46 0.54 0.59 0.61 0.74 0.64 0.60
0.35
0.28
0.24
0.42
0.34
0.29
0.49
0.42
0.37
0.53
0.47
0.43
0.68
0.64
0.62
0.57
0.50
0.46
0.51
0.44
0.38
0.22 0.26 0.33 0.39 0.59 0.42 0.34
0.20 0.23 0.30 0.36 0.57 0.39 0.31
0.20 0.21 0.27 0.34 0.56 0.37 0.29
0.19 0.20 0.25 0.32 0.54 0.34 0.26
1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00
0.93 0.95 0.96 0.95 0.96 0.95 0.95
0.77 0.83 0.86 0.85 0.89 0.86 0.85
0.62
0.48
0.37
0.32
0.28
0.70
0.58
0.48
0.40
0.35
0.74
0.64
0.55
0.48
0.43
0.74
0.60
0.58
0.52
0.48
0.82
0.76
0.72
0.68
0.66
0.77
0.68
0.61
0.56
0.52
0.74
0.64
0.56
0.50
0.44
0.25 0.30 0.39 0.45 0.64 0.48 0.40
0.23 0.27 0.35 0.42 0.62 0.45 0.37
0.21 0.25 0.32 0.39 0.60 0.42 0.34
North
West
1.00 1.00
0.87 0.84
0.72 0.67
0.61 0.54
0.52
0.45
0.41
0.44
0.38
0.35
0.37 0.32
0.34 0.31
0.32 0.30
0.31 0.29
1.00 1.00
0.95 0.95
0.85 0.82
0.74
0.65
0.57
0.50
0.46
0.68
0.57
0.48
0.42
0.38
0.42 0.35
0.39 0.33
0.36 0.32
1.00 1.00
0.98 0.98
0.94 0.93
0.87
0.80
0.73
0.67
0.61
0.85
0.75
0.66
0.58
0.51
0.56 0.46
0.51 0.42
0.47 0.38
1.00 1.00
0.87 0.84
0.72 0.67
0.60 0.53
0.51
0.44
0.38
0.42
0.34
0.29
0.34 0.26
0.31 0.24
0.29 0.22
0.26 0.21
1.00 1.00
0.95 0.95
0.85 0.82
0.74
0.64
0.56
0.50
0.44
0.68
0.56
0.46
0.39
0.34
0.40 0.30
0.37 0.27
0.34 0.25
Page 147

TABLE 11.7: COOLING
G
PH
Refer
Figure 11.2
Refer
Figure 11.1 North
COOLING SHADING MULTIPLIER (SC) (Continued)
Orientation Section (Refer Figure 11.3)
North
CLIMATIC ZONE 2 & 6 (Continue)
0.0 1.00
0.2 0.97
0.4 0.90
More than
500mm but
not more than
1200mm
0.6
0.8
1.0
1.2
1.4
0.81
0.70
0.58
0.47
0.40
1.6 0.35
1.8 0.31
2.0 0.27
CLIMATIC ZONE 3 & 5
0.0 1.00
0.2 0.79
0.4 0.57
0.6 0.41
Note more 0.8 0.32
than
1.0 0.26
100mm 1.2 0.22
1.4 0.20
1.6 0.19
1.8 0.18
2.0 0.17
0.0 1.00
0.2 0.92
0.4 0.72
More than
100mm but
not more than
500mm
0.6
0.8
1.0
1.2
1.4
0.54
0.42
0.34
0.29
0.25
1.6 0.23
1.8 0.21
2.0 0.20
0.0 1.00
0.2 0.97
0.4 0.89
More than
500mm but
not more than
1200mm
0.6
0.8
1.0
1.2
1.4
0.74
0.59
0.49
0.41
0.35
1.6 0.31
1.8 0.28
Note:
2.0 0.25
Where G is more than 1200mm, the cooling shading multiplier is to be taken as 1.0.
North
East
East
South
East
South South
West West
) (Continued)
West
CLIMATIC ZONE 2 & 6 (Continue)
1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00
0.97 0.98 0.98 0.98 0.98 0.98 0.98
0.90 0.94 0.94 0.94 0.95 0.94 0.94
0.81
0.70
0.58
0.47
0.40
0.86
0.77
0.68
0.60
0.52
0.88
0.81
0.74
0.67
0.61
0.87
0.81
0.74
0.68
0.62
0.91
0.87
0.82
0.79
0.75
0.88
0.81
0.76
0.70
0.65
0.88
0.80
0.73
0.66
0.60
0.35 0.46 0.55 0.58 0.73 0.61 0.55
0.31 0.41 0.50 0.54 0.70 0.57 0.50
0.27 0.36 0.45 0.50 0.68 0.54 0.46
1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00
0.79 0.84 0.86 0.85 0.87 0.87 0.87
0.57 0.66 0.71 0.70 0.76 0.73 0.72
0.41 0.52 0.58 0.58 0.68 0.62 0.60
0.32 0.40 0.47 0.48 0.62 0.54 0.50
0.26 0.32 0.39 0.42 0.58 0.48 0.43
0.22 0.28 0.33 0.38 0.56 0.43 0.37
0.20 0.24 0.29 0.34 0.53 0.39 0.33
0.19 0.22 0.26 0.32 0.52 0.36 0.29
0.18 0.20 0.23 0.30 0.50 0.33 0.26
0.17 0.18 0.21 0.28 0.49 0.31 0.24
1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00
0.92 0.94 0.95 0.94 0.93 0.94 0.95
0.72 0.81 0.85 0.83 0.84 0.84 0.85
0.54
0.42
0.34
0.29
0.25
0.68
0.56
0.46
0.38
0.32
0.73
0.63
0.54
0.46
0.40
0.72
0.57
0.54
0.48
0.43
0.77
0.71
0.66
0.62
0.60
0.75
0.66
0.59
0.54
0.50
0.74
0.64
0.56
0.49
0.44
0.23 0.29 0.35 0.40 0.57 0.46 0.39
0.21 0.26 0.32 0.37 0.56 0.42 0.36
0.20 0.24 0.29 0.34 0.54 0.39 0.32
1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00
0.97 0.98 0.98 0.98 0.96 0.98 0.98
0.89 0.93 0.94 0.93 0.91 0.93 0.94
0.74
0.59
0.49
0.41
0.35
0.85
0.76
0.66
0.58
0.51
0.88
0.81
0.73
0.66
0.59
0.6
0.79
0.72
0.65
0.59
0.86
0.81
0.77
0.73
0.69
0.86
0.80
0.73
0.68
0.63
0.87
0.80
0.72
0.66
0.60
0.31 0.44 0.53 0.54 0.66 0.59 0.55
0.28 0.39 0.48 0.50 0.64 0.55 0.50
0.25 0.35 0.43 0.46 0.61 0.51 0.45
Where G is more than 1200mm, the cooling shading multiplier is to be taken as 1.0.
North
West
1.00 1.00
0.98 0.98
0.94 0.93
0.88
0.80
0.73
0.66
0.60
0.85
0.75
0.66
0.58
0.50
0.55 0.44
0.50 0.39
0.46 0.35
1.00 1.00
0.87 0.84
0.72 0.67
0.60 0.53
0.50 0.43
0.43 0.35
0.37 0.30
0.33 0.25
0.29 0.22
0.26 0.20
0.24 0.18
1.00 1.00
0.95 0.94
0.85 0.81
0.74
0.64
0.56
0.49
0.44
0.68
0.56
0.47
0.41
0.35
0.39 0.31
0.36 0.38
0.32 0.25
1.00 1.00
0.98 0.98
0.94 0.92
0.87
0.80
0.72
0.66
0.60
0.84
0.74
0.66
0.58
0.51
0.55 0.46
0.50 0.41
0.45 0.37
Page 148

Note:
2. The direction that all wall or glazing element faces is the direction of a perpendicular line from the wall or glazing elemen element.
3. Figure 11.1 is based on True North and all angles are measured clockwise from True North. Survey angles on site plans are
usually marked in angles from True North. These angles can be used to establish True North <strong>for</strong> a particular site.
4. Magnetic North, found by a magnetic compass, varies from True North over time and by different amounts in different
locations. Magnetic North h is not an acceptable approximation of True North.
5. The eight orientation sectors shown in Figure 11.1 do not overlap at their boundaries. North sector, <strong>for</strong> example, begins jus just
clockwise after the NNW line and ends exactly on the NNE line. The start and end of other sections are determined in a
similar way, as indicated by the outer curved arrows.
11.5 SHADING
Where shading is required it must-
Figure 11.1: ORIENTATION SECTORS
(a) be provided by an external permanent projection, such as a verandah, balcony, fixed canopy, eaves, shading hood
or carport, which-
i) extends horizontally on both sides of the glazing <strong>for</strong> a distance not less than the projection distance P in
Figure 11.2; or
ii) provide the equivalent shading to (i) with a reveal or the like; or
(b) be provided by an external shading device, such as a shutter, blind, vertical or horizontal building screen with
blades, battens or slats, which-
i) is capable of restricting at least 80% of the summer solar radiation; and
ii) if adjustable, is readily operated either manually, mechanicall mechanically y or electronically by the building occupants.
Page 149

Note:
Figure 11.2: METHOD OF MEASURING P AND H
1. Shading devices can include fixed louvers, shading screens and other types of per<strong>for</strong>ated or fixed angle slatted shades.
However, such devices need to be designed <strong>for</strong> the climate and latitude to ensure that summer sun penetration is restricted,
while winter sun access is achieved.
2. Gutters can only be considered as providing shading if attached to a shading projection such as a verandah, fixed canopy,
eaves, shading hood, balcony or the like.
3. Shading devices can be either attached or located adjacent to the building. For example, a free free-standing lattice screen may
be considered to provide shading to glazing if it complies with 11.5.
Page 150

11.6 PERMISSIBLE AIR LEAKAGE
Maximum permissible air leakage <strong>for</strong> open
tested to ASTM E283.
Maximum permissible air leakage <strong>for</strong> open-able windows shall be 2 l/m 2 /s with a pressure difference of 75Pa, when
Maximum permissible air leakage <strong>for</strong> non
tested to ASTM E283.
Maximum permissible air leakage <strong>for</strong> non-open-able windows is 0.306 l/m 2 /s with pressure
For double action swing doors and revolving doors, the maximum permissible air leakage shall be 5 l/m
difference of 75Pa, when tested to ASTM E283.
2 /s with a pressure
11.7 ROOFLIGHTS
Roof lights serving a habitable room, public area on an interconnecting space such as a corridor, hallway, stairway or the
like.
a) If the total area of roof lights is more than 1,5% but not more than 10% of the floor area or space they serve, must
comply with Table 11.8.
b) If the total area of roof lights is more than 10% of the floor area of the room or space they serve may only be used
where the transparent and translucent elements of the roof lights including any imper<strong>for</strong>ated ceiling diffuser
achieves an SHGH of not more than 00.30
and a total U-value of not more than 2.0.
Page 151
/s with pressure difference of 75Pa, when
TABLE 11.8: : Roof lights – Thermal Per<strong>for</strong>mance of Transparent and Translucent Elements
Total are of roof lights serving the room or space as a percentage of the floor area of the
Roof light shaft index
room or space
(see Note 1) More than 1.5% and up to More than 3% and More than 5% and
3%
up to 5%
up to 10%
SHGC of not more than 0.75 SHGC of not more than 0.50 SHGC of not more than 0.25
Less than 0.5 and a Total UU-value
of not and a Total U-value of not and a Total U-value of not
more than 5.0
more than 5.0
more than 2.5
0.5 to less than 1.0
Total U-value value of not more
than 5.0
SHGC of not more than 0.70
and a Total U-value of not
more than 5.0
SHGC of not more than 0.35
and a Total U-value of not
more than 2.5
1.0 to less than 2.5
Total U-value value of not more
than 5.0
Total U-value of not more
than 5.0
SHGC of not more than 0.45
and a Total U-value
0.5 to less than 1.0
Notes:
Total U-value value of not more
than 5.0
Total U-value of not more
than 5.0
Total U-value of not more
than 2.5
1. The roof light shaft index is determined by measuring the distance from the centre of the shaft at the roof to the centre of the shaft
at the ceiling level and dividing it by the average internal dimension of the shaft opening at the ceiling level (or the diameter <strong>for</strong> a
circular shaft) in the same units of measurement.
2. The total area of a roof lights is the combined area <strong>for</strong> all roof lights serving the room or space.
3. The area of a roof light is the area of the roof opening that allows light to enter the building.
4. The thermal per<strong>for</strong>mance of an imper<strong>for</strong>ate ceiling diffuser may be included in the Total RR-value
value of a roof light.

Page 152

CHAPTER XII
SAFIERA
TESTING PROTOCOL
Page 153

12. SAFIERA TESTING PROTOCOL
12.1. INTRODUCTION
Fenestration refers to the arrangement, proportioning, and design of windows and doors in a building. The energy
efficiency of the building envelope is greatly impacted by the fenestration systems. Windows ws strongly influence the use
of the building and the productivity and com<strong>for</strong>t of its occupants
The annual thermal per<strong>for</strong>mance of any fenestration system can be determined from three energy per<strong>for</strong>mance
characteristics:
Solar heat gain coefficient (SHGC) <strong>for</strong>merly known as the shading coefficient
U-factor factor sometimes referred to as UU-value
or thermal transmittance
Air leakage rating
The fenestration testing procedure has been developed by the National Fenestration Rating Council (NFRC) in America
to meet the need <strong>for</strong> a uni<strong>for</strong>m and accurate means <strong>for</strong> evaluating the UU-Factors
Factors of fenestration systems. This procedure
uses state-of-the-art art computer simulation software tools and physical hot hotbox testing.
The SHGC and U-factor factor have been determined by an internatio international nal certification and labelling program developed by the
National Fenestration Rating Council (NFRC NFRC) in America.
Because NFRC combines testing and computer simulation to determine the actual values used to characterize the thermal
per<strong>for</strong>mance of a particular fenestration system, it is important that the most accurate test and simulation methods be used
to evaluate the products.
Ratings per this procedure are based on computer simulations. A physical test on a representa representative specimen is used to
validate product con<strong>for</strong>mance and the computer simulations. Products that cannot be simulated use ratings based on
physical testing.
The Rotatable Guarded Hot Box (RGHB) RGHB) is typically used to measure the thermal transmittance (U (U-factor) of test
specimens mounted in a vertical orientation, but the entire chamber can rotate so that measurements can be per<strong>for</strong>med
with the test specimen at any tilt between vertical and horizontal. Not only can this chamber be used to test in accordance
with ASTM C 1363, but also it can per<strong>for</strong>m thermal transmittance tests of fenestration systems that are smaller than the
area required by ASTM C 1199-97.
The Rotatable Guarded Hot Box (RGHB RGHB) is capable of testing the U-factors factors of building envelope systems in accordance
with ASTM C 1363-05. This would include insulation products and roof systems. The insulation testing procedure is in
accordance with the thermal per<strong>for</strong>mance of building materi materials and envelope assemblies.
PROCEDURE TO EVALUATE E FENESTRATION
1. Total product solar heat gain coefficient and visible transmittance NFRC 200
2. Glazing layer optical properties
NFRC 300
3. Air leakage
NFRC 400
4. Condensation resistance rating
NFRC 500
12.2 REFERENCES
NFRC 200: PROCEDURE FOR INTERIM STANDARD TEST METHOD FOR MEAS MEASURING THE SOLAR
HEAT GAIN COEFFICIEN
COEFFICIENT OF FENESTRATION SYSTEMS STEMS USING CALORIME
CALORIMETRY HOT
BOX METHODS
RELEVANT STANDARDS APPLICABLE PPLICABLE TO NFRC 20 200:
ASTM C 168: Terminology Relating elating to Thermal Insulating Materials, Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol. 04.06
ASTM E 631: Terminology of Building Constructions. Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol. 12.02.
ASTM E 772: Terminology Relating to Solar Energy Conversion, Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol. 12.02.
ASTM C 1199-97: 97: Test Method <strong>for</strong> Measuring the Steady Steady-State State Thermal Transmittance of Fenestration Systems Using
Hot Box Methods, Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol. 04.11.
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ASTM E 283: Test Method <strong>for</strong> Rate of Air Leakage through Exterior Windows, Curtain Walls and Doors under
Specified Pressure Difference across the Specimen, Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol. 04.11.
ASTM E 1423: Practice <strong>for</strong> Determining the Steady Steady-State State Thermal Transmittance of Fenestration Sy Systems, Annual
Book of ASTM Standards, Vol. 12.02. (SHGC)
ASTM E 824: Test Method <strong>for</strong> Transfer of Calibration from Reference to Field Radiometers, Annual Book of ASTM
Standards, Vol. 14.04.
ASTM C 1363-05: 05: Surface Temperature Differences/Air Temperatures Standard Test Method <strong>for</strong> the Thermal
Per<strong>for</strong>mance of Building Assemblies by Means of a Hot Box Apparatus
ASTM C 1363: Standard Method of Test <strong>for</strong> The Thermal Per<strong>for</strong>mance of Building Assemblies by Means of A Hot Box
Apparatus, Annual Book of ASTM Standa Standards, rds, Vol. 04.11 (Interior surface temperatures)
ASTM E 903: Standard Methods of Test <strong>for</strong> Solar Absorbance, Reflectance and Transmittance of Materials Using
Integrating Spheres
ASTM C 1371: Standard Test Method <strong>for</strong> Determination of Emittance of Materia Materials ls near Room Temperature Using
Portable Emissometers, Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol. 04.11.
ASTM E 1585: Standard Test Method of Emittance of Specular Using Spectrometric Measurements.
ISO 9060: Solar Energy – Specification and Classification of Instruments <strong>for</strong> Measuring Hemispherical Solar and
Direct Solar Radiation. Available from ASHRAE Inc.
ISO 15099: Thermal Per<strong>for</strong>mance of Windows, Doors and Shading Devices — Detailed Calculations. Available from
ASHRAE Inc.
NFRC 300: TEST METHOD D FOR DE DETERMINING THE SOLAR OPTICAL PROPERTIES OOF
GLAZING
MATERIALS AND SYSTEM SYSTEMS
RELEVANT STANDARDS APPLICABLE PPLICABLE TO NFRC 30 300:
ASTM E 903-1996: 1996: Standard Test Method <strong>for</strong> Solar Absorptance, Reflectance and Transmittance of Materials Using
Integrating Spheres.
CIE 89/3-1991: 1991: CIE Technical Collection 1990/3. Division 6 Report: On the deterioration of exhibited Museum Objects
by Optical radiation.
ISO 9845-1:1992 1:1992 (E): Solar energy - Reference Solar Spectral Irradiance at the Ground at Different Receiving
Conditions.
ISO/CIE 10526: 1991 (E) CIE: Standard Colorimetric Illuminants.
ISO/CIE 10527: 1991 (E) CIE: Standard Colorimetric Observers.
ASTM E 179-96 (2003): Standard Guide <strong>for</strong> <strong>Selection</strong> of Geometric Conditions <strong>for</strong> Measurement of Reflection and
Transmission Properties of Materials
ASTM E 284-03a: 03a: Standard Terminology of Appearance
ASTM E 932-89 89 (2002): Standard Practice <strong>for</strong> Describing and Measuring Per<strong>for</strong>mance of Dispersive Infrared
Spectroradiometers
ASTM E 1164-02 02 (2003): Standard Practice <strong>for</strong> Obtaini Obtaining Spectrometric Data <strong>for</strong> Object-Color Color Evaluation
NFRC 400: PROCEDURE FOR DETERMINING FENE FENESTRATION PRODUCT AIR LEAKAGE
RELEVANT STANDARDS APPLICABLE PPLICABLE TO NFRC 40 400:
ASTM E 283: Test Method <strong>for</strong> Rate of Air Leakage through Exterior Windows, Curtain Walls a aand
Doors under
Specified Pressure Difference across the Specimen, Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol. 04.11.
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NFRC 500: PROCEDURE FOR DETERMINING FENE FENESTRATION STRATION PRODUCT CON CONDENSATION
RESISTANCE VALUES
RELEVANT STANDARDS APPLICABLE PPLICABLE TO NFRC 50 500:
NFRC: Software Approval Guidelines (Simulation Method)
NFRC 100: Procedures <strong>for</strong> Determining Fenestration Product UU-Factors
NFRC 101: Procedure <strong>for</strong> Determining Thermophysical Properties of Materials <strong>for</strong> Use in NFRC NFRC-Approved Software
Programs
NFRC 102: Procedure dure <strong>for</strong> Measuring the Steady State Thermal Transmittance of Fenestration Systems.
ASTM C 1199-97: 97: Test Method <strong>for</strong> Measuring the Steady Steady-State State Thermal Transmittance of Fenestration Systems Using
Hot Box Methods, Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol. 04.11.
ASTM E 1423: Practice <strong>for</strong> Determining the Steady Steady-State State Thermal Transmittance of Fenestration Systems, Annual Book
of ASTM Standards, Vol. 12.02. (SHGC)
12.3 AIM
The aim is to reduce heat transfer through the building envelope and thus the electricity required and improving energy
efficiency of the building envelope.
12.4 PURPOSE
To specify a method of testing determining the UU-Factor
Factor (thermal transmittance) of fenestration products, fenestration
systems, insulation products and insulation and roof ssystems
ystems to reduce the energy consumption of a building envelope
which is one aspect of energy conservation.
12.5 SCOPE
PRODUCTS COVERED
A. Products of all types as defined in Table 7.1.
B. Products of all frame materials including, but not limited to, aluminum, steel, thermally broken aluminum, wood,
vinyl, rein<strong>for</strong>ced vinyl, fiberglass and plastic, used singularly or in combination or products utilizing foam as a
core material.
C. Products s of all glazing materials, tints and types, including, but not limited to, clear glass, tinted glass, stained
glass, glass block, thin plastic films (internally suspended, internally applied or externally applied), rigid plastics
and translucent fiberglass s with or without any solar control, low low-E E or any other partially transparent coating and
products with manufactured decorative opaque insulated lazing panels, designed <strong>for</strong> interchangeability with other
glazing options.
D. Products with any or no gap width dth between glazing layers.
E. Products with any spacer or spacer systems between glazings, including, but not limited to, metallic, non non-metallic
or composite spacers.
F. Products utilizing any and all glazing dividers, including, but not limited to, interior, exterior or between glazing
grilles, muntin bars, true divided lites or simulated divided lites.
G. Products with any gas-fill fill between glazing layers, including, but not limited to, air, argon, krypton or mixes of
these gases; and
H. Products utilizing shading systems between glazing layers, currently limited to those that are an integral, i.e., non nonremovable,
part of the product.
1.
Page 156
Dynamic Glazing Products

12.6 PRODUCTS AND EFFECTS NOT COVERED
A. Products with shading systems other than those listed in Section 12.1.
B. Thermal per<strong>for</strong>mance changes of a fenestration product over the course of time, i.e., long long-term energy
per<strong>for</strong>mance; and
12.7 MODEL SIZES AND CONFIGURATIONS
IGURATIONS
For each individual product, total fenestration pro product U-Factors Factors shall be reported <strong>for</strong> the specified configuration at the
model size as shown in the Table 12.7.1
TABLE 12.7.1: Product Types and Model Sizes
Product Type
Opening (X)
Non-operating (O)
Model Size (width by height)
Opening dimensions
Fixed (includes nonstandard shapes)
O 1190mm x 1490mm
Casement – Top hung
XX 1190mm x 1490mm
Casement – Side hung
X 590mm 0mm x 1490mm
Turn and Tilt
X 1190mm x 1490mm
Pivoted
X 1190mm x 1490mm
Horizontal slider
XO or XX 1490mm x 1190mm
Vertical slider
XO or XX 1190mm x 1490mm
Standard Patio Door
XO or XX 2090mm x 2090mm
Sidelight
X 590mm x 2090 2090mm
Hinged doors
X or XX 990mm x 2090mm mm or 2090 x 2090
Swing doors
X or XX 990mm x 2090mm mm or 2090 x 2090
Sliding folding door
X 4100mm x 22600mm
Stackaway door
X 4100mm x 22600mm
Adjustable glass louvers
X 590mm 0mm x 11190mm
Skylight/roof window
X 1190mm x 1190mm
Tubular Daylighting Device
O 350mm in diameter
Insulation only
X 1190mm x 1490mm (assembly size)
Roofing assemblies
X 4100mm x 2600mm
Note: Actual fenestration size is less 60mm in overall dimensions, i.e. window size 1190mm x 1490mm into 1250mm x 1551mm
opening.
12.7.2 CONFIGURATIONS
SEE ANNEXURE A
12.8 APPLICATION FOR TESTING ING
12.8.1 FENESTRATION PRODUCT PRODUCTS
Applicants must provide proof that the products offered <strong>for</strong> testing have a valid Per<strong>for</strong>mance Test Certificate/Compliance
Report, confirmation of deflection, structural pressure, water penetration and air infiltration of the product.
12.8.2 Application <strong>for</strong>m - see Annexure B
12.8.3 Manufacturers Responsibility
a) A production line sample of the product subject to test, which shall be shipped, freight prepaid, to the SAFIERA
laboratory situated at TTL.
b) Product drawings, installation specifications and any other in<strong>for</strong>mation necessary to conduct the test simulation of
the product shall be delivered together with the sample to be tested, to the SAFIERA laboratory situated at TTL. In
particular, the manufacturer urer shall also provide the complete results of THERM THERM-computer computer simulations (see Section
2) <strong>for</strong> the product to be tested as per<strong>for</strong>med by in in-house house simulators or contracted simulators <strong>for</strong> <strong>for</strong>mal verification
by the TTL simulators.
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12.9 RATING
TTL shall generate enerate a comprehensive report following testing. The UU-Factor
Factor measured shall be reported to 0.05 W/m
If area-weighting weighting is done, software full floating floating-point accuracy shall be used and the final U
two digits following the decimal imal point. If a spreadsheet or hand calculations are required, all variables used in the
<strong>for</strong>mula shall be expressed to at least three significant decimal places and the final UU-Factor
rounded to two digits beyond
the decimal point.
2 K.
point accuracy shall be used and the final U-Factor shall be rounded to
If a spreadsheet or hand calculations are required, all variables used in the
Factor rounded to two digits beyond
CONFIGURATIONS
The RGHB can test specimens of up to 4100mm x 2600mm in size. For fenestration products, the standard size of test
specimens tested or rating purposes is 1190mm x 1490mm. In cases where manufacturers want to test products with non-
standards sizes, it is recommended that the manufacturers engage with the test team at TTL to discuss the cost and other
implications of preparing a test frame to accept such a non non-standard standard specimen.
Page 158

Authors:
ANNEX A
ENVIROMENTAL COMPARISON
OF
WINDOW MATERIALS
(Carbon footprint)
Discussion Paper
Dr P Lyons – Peter Lyons & Associates, Australia
Dr A E Paterson – Aluminium Federation of Southern Africa
Page 159

A.1 INTRODUCTION
This paper was commissioned by the South African Fenestration & Insulation Energy Rating Association (SAFIERA)
and coincides with the introduction of the US National Fenestration Rating Council (NFRC)
Our report explores the relative environmental advantages and disadvantages of aluminium, tim
windows. All calculations are based on a 1200mm (h) x 1500mm (w) 22-light
window with one vertical mullion.
3 system by South Africa.
Our report explores the relative environmental advantages and disadvantages of aluminium, timber, uPVC and steel
light window with one vertical mullion.
When one considers environmental impact on buildings, three energy periods are involved during the life cycle. These
are the energy nergy of construction, the energy of use and the energy of demolition, the embodied energy, the operational
energy and the residual energy respectively. (The ttypical
ypical energy usage in Europe over a 50 50-year life span is 132 Terra
joules. Of this 18 Terra joules ules (14%) relates to materials and construction 80 (61%), to use, 21 (16%) to maintenance,
and 12 to fitting out (9%).) For calculation consistency a factor of three (about 75% 61/14 to allow <strong>for</strong> the more benign
RSA conditions) has been used between embo embodied died energy and thermal loss to measure environmental impact.
Embodied energy is defined as the total primary energy that has to be removed from a stock within the earth to produce a
specific product or service. Operational energy is the quantity of energy (mainly heating, lighting and air conditioning)
consumed during the life of the building and lost through the building envelope, a function of thermal loss through
conductivity and leakage. Residual energy is the embodied energy that can be reclai reclaimed med at end of life. Greenhouse
gasses are contributed to by the production of energy the extent of contribution depending on the energy source used. In
South Africa about 0,361kg of CO2-e e is produced per MJ of energy produced mainly from coal.
Based on a common source of energy, comparisons between materials are relatively simple. However the embodied
energy in electricity production differs widely depending on the conversion efficiency related to the source of energy;
Hydro and nuclear power require 3600, 600, coal 18784, natural gas 28360 and fuel oil 27180MJ/MWh respectively (source
IAI). The conversion efficiency of each source to electricity can be assessed from the scientific definition 1J=1Ws. As
an example, the conversion efficiency of coal to elec electricity is about 20%.
Throughout this report we have used as our unit of energy the megajoule [1 MJ = 10
joules = 1000 MJ) and petajoule (1 PJ = 10
3.6 MJ, i.e. 1Ws=1J) as an alternative unit of energy. The basis <strong>for</strong> analysing embodied energy of windows is the
input-output method’ (Craw<strong>for</strong>d 2005).(1)
6 joules (J)], gigajoule (1 GJ = 10
joules = 1000 MJ) and petajoule (1 PJ = 10 15 J = 10 9 joules (J)], gigajoule (1 GJ = 10
MJ). For electricity only we have used the kilowatt
1Ws=1J) as an alternative unit of energy. The basis <strong>for</strong> analysing embodied energy of windows is the
(Craw<strong>for</strong>d 2005).(1)
9
MJ). For electricity only we have used the kilowatt-hour (1 kWh =
1Ws=1J) as an alternative unit of energy. The basis <strong>for</strong> analysing embodied energy of windows is the ‘hybrid
A.2 WINDOW MATERIALS
Energy per<strong>for</strong>mance ratings <strong>for</strong> windows have been established <strong>for</strong> climatic regions in numerous countries including the
USA, most European countries and Australasia.
The main headings <strong>for</strong> which ratings have been decided are:
1) The U factor – expressed as U-value, alue, the rate at which heat is lost from a building. The lower the value the better.
2) The R-value. alue. This relates how well the window insulates the building and restricts heat transfer. The higher the
value, the more effective the insulation is in resisting heat flow.
3) SHGC, the solar heat gain coefficient. This indicates how well a product blocks heat from the sun. The lower the
number the better. A low SHGC means the window transmits less solar heat.
4) VT, the visible transmittance refers to the visible light being transmitted. The higher the VT, the more light is
transmitted.
5) AL, the leakage. Heat loss and gin occur by infiltration of air through the cracks in the window assembly (or
opening sash). The lower the AL the bette better.
6) Condensation resistance measures the ability of a product to resist the <strong>for</strong>mation of condensation on the interior
surface of the product.
Of the above, items 3, 4 and 6 relate mainly to the glass. All factory factory-manufactured manufactured windows used glass glass, or occasionally
PMMA (acrylic sheet). In this report we assume that various glazing options are available equally among competing
window frame technologies, and there<strong>for</strong>e the environmental impacts of the <strong>glazed</strong> part of windows are not considered
further.
GREENHOUSE-GAS GAS IMPACT OF FRAME MATERIALS
The use of energy contributes to the development of the greenhouse gasses that impact on global warming. The material
analyses that follow are made up of three components. The first is the production of electricity, the second the
manufacture anufacture of the material, the third the residual energy.
3 www.nfrc.org
Page 160

ALUMINIUM
Aluminium is the most widely-used used frame material in South Africa’s windows. It is smelted locally. While it is highly
conductive, this potential heat flow disadvantage can be all but eliminated by better frame design and/or additional
measures such as thermal breaks.
The South African primary aluminium smelters draw 14MWh (50M (50MJ) J) of electricity per ton of primary aluminium. Thus
when manufactured solely from primary aluminium ( (i.e., , derived from alumina), without any recycled content, and using
coal as 88% (4) of the source of electricity (remainder hydro, nuclear, storage and other) and m), it requires
approximately 64MWh (230MJ) of embodied energy to manufacture 1 kg of aluminium. (This compares reasonably with
the Lawson mean of 250MJ/kg (2). The embodied energy varies from one smelter to another depending mainly on the
energy rgy source and to some extent on smelter efficiency. While the range 200 – 300 MJ/kg is suggested by Lawson, using
differing energy sources <strong>for</strong> an equally efficient smelter show this range to be too small, the factor of 1,5 is reasonable as
an assessment of the smelter efficiency range.
While this ‘embodied energy’ on a per-kilogram kilogram basis using primary aluminium is apparently high, a typical window both
uses a proportion of recycled metal and retains energy at end of life; the majority of the embodied ene energy in the material
itself is reclaimed on re-melting – it is not lost; it remains embodied energy.
To re-melt melt aluminium theoretically takes 5% of the energy required to initially separate the metal from its oxide. This
can be repeated time and again, , theoretically infinitely, as the metal, being an element, does not degrade with reuse.
EMBEDDED ENERGY USE - EXTRUSIONS
Primary aluminium extrusions include primary metal and recycled metal. Recycled metal can be run round scrap (scrap
that does not leave eave the premises) and bought in scrap. As aluminium is an element, re re-melting melting does not degrade the
material – however as the recycling process does add small quantities of other elements such as iron pick up from the
holding furnace, there is a need to add dd some primary metal as a “sweetener”.
Original kg primary metal 230 MJ/kg. Practical extrusion 40% primary aluminium, 60% scrap (combination of bought in
scrap and run round scrap). 40% primary material fully recovered, 100% re re-melt 40 x 230 0 = 60% x 5% x 230 = 99MJ/kg 99MJ/kg.
From Table 1 based on the Lawson model, the mass of aluminium in a typical residential window is about 7kg which,
based on primary aluminium requires about 1489MJ of electricity to produce, (equivalent to about 537kg of CO2-e of
greenhouse gas emissions) in South Africa. However as average aluminium extrusions include 61% recycled stock; the
electricity requirement is 704MJ/kg. A recycled content of 90% is possible which will reduce the above figures to as low
as 47 kWh (169 MJ), or 61 kg CO2-e.)
USE PHASE – THERMAL LOSS
Thermal flow can be divided into two sections; loss through ill fitting windows and loss through material properties and
loss through leakage. Thermal break, double <strong>glazed</strong> Aluminium has been consider considered ed a high per<strong>for</strong>ming window wi with a
thermal per<strong>for</strong>mance similar to uPVC and timber. It has also been assumed well fitting.
DEMOLITION/ REUSE
Residual energy embodied in the frame which can be released on end of life, re re-melted melted and reused 90% recovery x 250
1MJ/kg = 150MJ/kg. The net energy used is apparently negative (105,1 – 150) because the re re-melted material is
measured against the energy requirements of primary metal which would otherwise be used recovery. However the
greenhouse gases associated with th the original production remain.
TIMBER
The most common timbers used in residential windows are kiln kiln-dried dried softwoods and hardwoods. All timbers are highly
thermally insulating. The most popular wood used to be western red cedar from the northwest U UUnited
States and western
Canada. In Australia in recent years this has been supplemented or replaced by cheaper hardwood imports from
Southeast Asia (especially Malaysia) such as meranti and merbau (kwila). In some Countries, ountries, construction timbers come
from local plantation <strong>for</strong>ests. In South Africa, where the most common window framing material is meranti a relatively
unstable wood, much window-frame frame timber is imported from Gabon. The instability of meranti leads to thermal leakage.
Increasingly, rain<strong>for</strong>est timbers used <strong>for</strong> windows have been the subject of close scrutiny by environmental groups
because they are typically harvested on an unsustainable basis. (In South Africa structural timber is in short supply and is
anticipated by the timber industry to be 30% short of national needs <strong>for</strong> at least the next ten years.) This accelerates the
destruction of tropical <strong>for</strong>ests and with them the habitat <strong>for</strong> irreplaceable flora and fauna; it also contributes to soil
erosion, landslides and the loss of living <strong>for</strong>est biomass as a carbon sink. There have been strong concerns about illegally
harvested Malaysian timber being imported into Australia. Several third third-party party certification schemes exist to provide
unbiased in<strong>for</strong>mation about the origin and consequences of using imported timbers in construction but these schemes do
not operate in all countries.
Page 161

Using the Craw<strong>for</strong>d hybrid input-output output model, the embodied energy of kiln kiln-dried dried hardwood is about 25 MJ/kg. This
translates to about 414 MJ embodied energy in a typical wooden window frame. This is spread over extraction, milling
and transportation – processes which depend on fossil fuels. The coal coal-fired fired electrical carbon equivalent is 150 kg CO CO2-e.
A.3 ENERGY OF USE. USE PHASE ASE – THERMAL LOSS
Maintenance. Timber windows are typically recoated every three to five five-years. years. On the highveld, because of the wet/dry
cycles the timber preservative sector recommended frequency is every two two-years. years. The wet dry cycles also encourage
thermal leakage.
Thermal flow can be divided into two sections; loss through ill fitting windows and loss through material properties and
loss through leakage. The thermal properties of timber are good, on a par with uPVC. However they generally leak.
Shapiro and James (3) consider timber sash windows 900mm wide x1500mm high. They found leakage of timber
windows to be between the equivalent of a
insert reduced the leakage to 187mm 2 Thermal flow can be divided into two sections; loss through ill fitting windows and loss through material properties and
loss through leakage. The thermal properties of timber are good, on a par with uPVC. However they generally leak.
Shapiro and James (3) consider timber sash windows 900mm wide x1500mm high. They found leakage of timber
windows to be between the equivalent of a whole 554mm
. The work shows that be<strong>for</strong>e upgrading refit the average loss through leakage was
21% of the energy lest through the window as a whole, this including glass. After retrofit, with the exception of a poorly
fitting sash (ignored), the contribution of
<strong>for</strong> typical energy leakage of 21%.
2 (tight fitting) and 1794mm 2 Thermal flow can be divided into two sections; loss through ill fitting windows and loss through material properties and
loss through leakage. The thermal properties of timber are good, on a par with uPVC. However they generally leak.
Shapiro and James (3) consider timber sash windows 900mm wide x1500mm high. They found leakage of timber
loose fitting). Including a vinyl
. The work shows that be<strong>for</strong>e upgrading refit the average loss through leakage was
21% of the energy lest through the window as a whole, this including glass. After retrofit, with the exception of a poorly
fitting sash (ignored), the contribution of leakage to energy costs was 7%, the remainder being non leakage costs. Allow
Residual energy – whilst some windows are reclaimed (say 10%) the majority are simply burned. It is not clear to me
whether this allows <strong>for</strong> in n process off off-cuts of about 15%, i.e. 85% recovery, or the subsequent effects of disposal,
generally by burning – which contributes to greenhouse gasses. Considering the treatment of aluminium, I would
anticipate that it does not. According to the (Austr (Australian) alian) National Association of Forestry Industries, (internet reference
lost but obtainable) greenhouse gas emissions from burning timber are about eight times less than generating the same
amount of energy using coal. (An equal dry biomass will have the same calorific value, coal has a typical sg of 1,7, cut
timber 0,7 – factor 2,4. cf embodied energy of coal 18784/MJ/MWh, in n South Africa about 0,361kg of CO CO2-e is produced
per MJ of energy produced mainly from coal.)
uPVC
Un-plasticised polyvinyl chloride loride (uPVC) is a widely widely-used used frame material in Europe and North America. It is highly
insulating (on a par with timber), oil-based based and extruded like aluminium. It’s Craw<strong>for</strong>d embodied energy is estimated at
163 MJ/kg which translates to about 849 MJ emb embodied odied energy in a complete, typical uPVC window. Some uPVC
windows require additional internal aluminium or hardwood rein<strong>for</strong>cing which increases the embodied energy. Taking a
round figure of 1000 MJ, this is more than the embodied energy of an aluminium window having a recycled content
greater than 40%. The coal-fired fired electrical carbon equivalent is 360 kg CO CO2-e.
1) The energy required to reclaim uPVC is the same as to claim it in the first place (Source EAA analysis of energy
demand <strong>for</strong> primary and recycling ing – reference available if required). If we assume that off off-cuts re reclaimed there
is no a net effect from disposal, but the energy required from a typical 15% off off-cut cut reclamation needs to be
considered, practically we consider 85% recovery.
2) Energy of use – assume high per<strong>for</strong>ming windows windows.
3) Residual energy – assume reclamation possible.
STEEL
Mild steel is a widely-used used window frame material in South Africa. It is highly conductive. It is also highly ill fitting –
which is acceptable in a relatively benign climate until one considers energy effects. It’s Craw<strong>for</strong>d embodied energy is
estimated at 85.3 MJ/kg which translates to about 2646 MJ embodied energy in a complete steel window of frame mass
31kg. This is about 57% larger than the embodied energ energy y in an aluminium window frame of the same dimensions. The
coal-fired fired electrical carbon equivalent is 956 kg CO CO2-e.
1) The energy required to reclaim steel is the same as to claim it in the first place. If we assume that off off-cuts
reclaimed there is no a net effect from disposal, but the energy required from a typical 15% off off-cut reclamation
needs to be considered, practically we consider 85% recovery.
2) Energy of use – assume very low per<strong>for</strong>mance – greater than 21% energy leakage
3) Residual energy – assume reclamation possible.
IMPACT OF FRAME MATERIAL RIAL SURFACE FINISHE FINISHES
ALUMINIUM
Apart from the energy and CO2 impacts of aluminium production, there is a small impact from the anodising or powdercoating
of window frame sections. The expected lifetime of such surface finishes is good – typically in excess of 20years.
Page 162

TIMBER
Most timber windows require staining g or painting to withstand the weather. Normally these treatments are re re-applied
every 2 – 5 years. It is true that western red cedar contains oils which resist rot and weathering much longer than other
timbers, but many building owners do not like the ccoarse,
oarse, weathered silver appearance that cedar takes on if it is not
protected. The result is that most timber windows are end up being recoated a number of times during their service life.
uPVC
Most uPVC windows are supplied white and do not require pain painting ting or other <strong>for</strong>ms of surface protection. In the past,
some uPVC frames were not stabilised against degradation from ultraviolet radiation, and this was a serious problem in
sunny countries like South Africa. Modern uPVC windows should be structurally sstable
table in all climates.
STEEL
Steel window frames must be painted to prevent corrosion, especially in coastal areas. It is assumed that such finishes
must be re-applied every 5 – 10 years.
A.4 CONCLUSIONS
Using the most up-to-date date assessment methods, it is clear that all window frame materials cause some environmental
damage. Like other industries, the South African aluminium industry must strive to reduce its energy usage and carbon
emissions. However it is clear that aluminium windows can compete directly with timber windows on an embodied embodied-
energy basis if the recycled aluminium content is greater than 75%.
Aluminium frames can compete with uPVC windows if the recycled content is greater than 40%. The damage caused by
sourcing of some rain<strong>for</strong>est timbers is of very serious concern and requires a coordinated approach by Government,
academics and consumer groups to provide society with in<strong>for</strong>mation it requires.
uPVC PVC windows have the lowest ongoing exterior maintenance costs, followed closely by aluminium, while timber
windows require the most maintenance to maintain appearance and function. The embodied energy of steel windows is,
on average, greater than that of aluminium windows. The maintenance require requirements ments of steel windows are fairly high:
greater than those of aluminium windows and potentially approaching those of timber windows.
TABLE 1. Embodied energy and CO CO2-equivalent equivalent <strong>for</strong> window frame materials, assuming electricity used to
manufacture each material. .
Material
Craw<strong>for</strong>d
embodied
energy
(MJ/kg)
Mass
(1200h x 1500w
window)
Craw<strong>for</strong>d
embodied
energy (MJ)
Craw<strong>for</strong>d
embodied
energy (kWh)
Craw<strong>for</strong>d
embodied
CO2-e (kg)
Aluminium 252, ,6 6,7 1690
469 610
Aluminium, 60% recycled 105,1 6,7 704
195 238
Kind-dried hardwood 25,11
16,5 414
115 150
uPVC 192, ,0 5,2 998
277 360
Structural steel
Notes:
85,33
31,0 2646
735 956
1) To o comply with the title this table needs to be extended to include life cycle contributions.
(This only deals with one phase of the environmental contribution).
2) The he Lawson embodied energy calculations have not been changed to reflect the fossil fuel (coal) usage in RSA RSA.
A.5 REFERENCES
Craw<strong>for</strong>d, RH. Validation of the Use of Input Input-Output Data <strong>for</strong> Embodied Energy Analysis of the Australian
Construction Industry, , Journal of Construction Research, 6, 1, pp 71 71-90 (2005).
Lawson, Bill. Embodied Energy of Building Materials Materials. . BDP Environment Design Guide, Royal Australian Institute of
Architects, Pro 2 (August 2006).
Shapiro A M and James B. Creating windows of energy –saving opportunity Home Energy magazine Online
September/October 1997 (homeenergy.org/archive/hem.dis.anl.gov/ehem/97/970908)
(homeenergy.org/archive/hem.dis.anl.gov/ehem/97/970908).
John Begg. Eskom, Eskom build programme and its oppo opportunities <strong>for</strong> industry, Keynote address SAIW 60
Conference, 28-29 May 2008, Johannesburg esburg.
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Keynote address SAIW 60 th Anniversary

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