its Role and Challenges in Moving Indian Cities ... - Iwa-waterloss.org

IntroductionPopulation = 1,100 million. Predictedto overtake China by 2050. Already50+ cities over 1 million.Excess of water demand over supplyis a major problem in India.Intermittent supply was generallydeemed to be the solution. This hasbeen practised nationally for ageneration or more!No Indian City has 24x7 water supply!2

Detrimental effects include: Excess valve operation Adverse health outcomes fromingress of polluted ground water Reduced customer confidence Abandonment of metered suppliesreplaced with flat rate tariffs. Poor levels of service. Limited the Utilities’ ability to justify tariffincreases.3

The Government of India’s aspirations forimproved services.World Bank undertook preliminaryassessments of performance in three typicalcities to guide the future preparation ofService Improvement Plans (SIPs) in projectcities with a view to supporting this via apossible Project.Government of India’s 11 th Five-Year Plan(2007-12) specifically refers to NRWreduction for the first time4

This paper provides1. Initial findings on the NRW situation inthree typical cities in India2. Outlines the NRW managementactivities required as an integralelement of the project “SIPs”.3. Describes results from recent projectswith NRW elements in 24x74. Outlines future planned works andConclusions for the way forward5

1. None of the 3 Utilities had aclear NRW Management Plan.2. No staff had NRW training3. No access to the resources andequipment needed for introducingNRW Management4. Other major constraints wereobserved.7

Results of the Assessment Water Balances madeusing ULBs own figures Huge NRW > 65% Incredible ILIs >1,000!!!8

Problem with Intermittent SupplyDifficult for:ALCHydraulic modellingNight flow measurementsMetering(=> inaccurate water balances)So this presents a huge challenge!How can we move forward????10

The Scale of the Challenge tomove to 24x7 supplyIf we move to 24 hr supply from(say) 4 hour supply, leakagelevels will potentially increase(x6)!But Wastage will certainlydecrease if meters are installed11

So how can weprovide 24x7 supplyand reduce NRW atthe same time?12

Typically, in Bhubaneswar averagemonthly billed quantities = 43m3(even at 4hrs supply per day!)This is more than sufficient for anaverage household size of 6persons.(6 x 130 l.c.d. x 30 days = 23.4m3)So enough water is usually available!13

The NRW Cycle towards 24x7Increase supply timeTherefore Carry out less ALC.Carry out essentialwastage Fix Increase leaks. supplystructural adjustmentsReplace still time SCs furtherof network(Starting with smallDemo Zone /DMAs)BetterLosses increase –But wastage Expand(more uniformMore decreases ALC. Demo24 hour) pressure more! profileTherefore Gradual acceptancereduced lossesof meteringMake Hydraulic(with so more meterModeland Wastage calibrate Finally when & Reach Leakage ~ 50% 24x7 isuniform decrease all Supply covered SCs pressure) further Timewith acceptable NRW !!MoreFix MoreALC, Zones MoreLeaks.DMAsMore DMAs14

The Way Forward NRW reduction will be a coreactivity to achieving theobjectives of the proposedproject 2 Phases – during SIP 1(pre-feasibility studyactivities) and SIP 2(feasibility study activities). 15

SIP Stage 1 - Objectives(Pre FS level assessment)Water Balance – assess NRWcomponentsPrepare Pilot DMA designsHydraulic modelULB’s investment commitmentsManagement Model decision16

SIP Stage 2Feasibility Study Level: to deepenunderstanding of challenges => preparefirst tranche of large scale investments. Prepare calibrated hydraulic model Set up the Pilot DMAs to accuratelyquantify Water Balance & confirmintegrity via ZPTs Leak detection and repair, together withmeter investigation and tracing illegalconnections should then proceed.17

SIP Stage 2 Clear indications will beavailable regarding the impactof a 24x7 supply and effects ofconstant pressure on thenotional leakage levels. Continue to operate DMAs Detailed assessments of all PilotDMAs will be made with robustWater Balances being available.18

SIP Stage 2 (continued)Clarify the causes of the physical andcommercial lossesFigures become available for Nos. of piperepairs and replacements, service connectionreplacements and metering requirements etc. tobe included in the main project implementation.In particular the necessity of reducingleakage levels without resorting towholesale pipe replacements will becarefully investigated.Result of SIP2 => Develop strategy for NRWreduction e.g. Roll out program – where and when19to establish DMAs, approach to ALC, costs etc.

3 Recent ExperiencesNagpurMalkapurKarnataka20

Recent Experiences (1) Recent NRW reduction in KarnatakaState showed that when a 24x7 supplywas provided, together with meteredservice connections, overall consumptionlevels actually reduced. The effect of a 24x7 supply on potentialincreased leakage but offset by reducedwastage therefore needs to be carefullyinvestigated and quantified.21

Results from Demo Zones in KarnatakaStateParameterSituationbeforeSituation afterinterventionHours of supply 2 hours in 3-7daysVolume of watersupplied to demozones in MldWater connection(180,000 people)LossesMetering24x722 18 (18% less)many thru.433 publicfountainsMore than50%Negligible ornoneBy 24,000 individualconnections7%100%22

Recent Experiences (2)NRW reduction in Nagpur, Maharashtra State.Pilot area of Dharampeth. (Demo Zone)Objectives:• Comprehensive study/ diagnosis of the system• Rehabilitation of the distribution network• Replacement of House Service Connections andcustomer metering• Reduction in NRW using DMAs & standard methodology• Improvement in billing system & Service level toCustomers• 24x7 water supply to 15,000 Customers• O&M of the demo area for 5 years23

Recent Experiences (2)Nagpur ResultsRehabilitation works 95% completedMore than 65% customers alreadyreceiving 24x7 supplyHouse to house service connections inslum areasNRW reduced from 50+% to 27% in Oct2011Improvement in the water quality andpressure25-year O&M contract for full citycommenced from Ist Dec-2011 – Toimplement Pilot experience24

Recent Experiences (3)Malkapur, Karad City, MaharashtraParameterSituation Before Situation onProjectCompletionPopulation served 40,000 @ 55 l.c.d. 67,000 @ 110 l.c.d.Hours Supply ~6 hours every 2 days 24x7NRW >40% 12%Customer Metering N/A (Flat rate) 100%O&M Cost Recovery 36% ~100%Revenue -Rs 300 million/year +Rs 40 million/ year25

The Immediate Future3 Projects being Tendered by DJB in Delhi all on aPPP BasisMalviya Nagar: 24x7Mehrauli & Vasant Vihar Service LevelImprovementsNangloi: (Precise ToR TBA)All haveStrong bid participation criteria2 years construction +10 years O&Mapprox. 40,000 connectionsNRW reduction element with performancebonus incentives (and penalties!)26

ConclusionsCurrent Indian approach to management of thedistribution network is unsustainableNRW capacity and practices are very weakNRW is critical to improving utility sustainability andproviding good service to customersPilots have demonstrated that significant improvementscan be madeChallenge now is to scale up – for which strong incentivesare needed to encourage improved performance of serviceproviders. These may be financial incentives or politicalpressure (from consumers) or both.Such scale up will demonstrate new paradigm for sector 24x7 is definitely not a “pipe dream” –with integral NRW Management!27

Thank you for yourattentioncpmingram@hotmail.comchris.ingram@miya-water.asia28