<strong>How</strong> <strong>Canadians</strong> <strong>Govern</strong> <strong>Themselves</strong>Living <strong>Govern</strong>mentWe are apt to think of government assomething static; as a machine that wasbuilt and finished long ago. Actually,since our democratic government isreally only the sum of ourselves, itgrows and changes as we do.<strong>Canada</strong> today is not the <strong>Canada</strong> of1867, and neither is the Act that madeit. It has been changed by manyamendments, all originated by us, thepeople of <strong>Canada</strong>. <strong>How</strong> we governourselves has also been changed byjudicial interpretation of the writtenconstitution, by custom and usage, andby arrangements between the nationaland provincial legislatures andgovernments as to how they would usetheir respective powers. These otherways in which our system has changed,and is changing, give it great flexibility,and make possible a multitude of specialarrangements for particular provincesor regions within the existing writtenconstitution, without the danger of“freezing” some special arrangementthat might not have worked out wellin practice.There may still be many changes. Someare already in process, some have beenslowly evolving since 1867, and someare only glimmerings along the horizon.They will come, as they always do inthe parliamentary process, at the handsof many governments, with the clash ofloud debate, and with the ultimateagreement of the majority who casttheir votes.We are concerned with the relationsbetween French-speaking and Englishspeaking<strong>Canadians</strong>, and with thedivision of powers between the federaland provincial governments. We alwayshave been. But the search for areas ofagreement and the making of newadjustments has been a continualprocess from the beginning. Therecognition of the French fact, which waslimited in 1867, now embraces, in greateror lesser degree, the whole of <strong>Canada</strong>.All federal services must be availablewhere required in either language.Federal, Quebec and Manitoba courtshave always had to be bilingual. NewBrunswick is now constitutionallybilingual. Criminal justice must now bebilingual wherever the facilities exist orcan be made available.The country’s resources grow; theprovinces’ and territories’ needschange. Some are rich, others less welloff. Federalism makes possible a poolingof financial resources and re<strong>du</strong>ctionof such disparities. Yet there are alwaysareas of dispute, new adjustmentsrequired, and special problems to bemet. Federal-provincial conferences,bringing together all the heads ofgovernment, are fairly new in ourhistory. But they are now very frequent,and a major force in evolving newsolutions. Indeed, the Constitution Act,1982, required that the Prime Ministerconvene such a conference within15 years to review the proce<strong>du</strong>re forconstitutional amendment.Living <strong>Govern</strong>ment49
<strong>How</strong> <strong>Canadians</strong> <strong>Govern</strong> <strong>Themselves</strong>Voting is one way of participatingdirectly in our democracy.Historically, <strong>Canada</strong> is a nation foundedby the British and the French. Yet it isnow a great amalgam of many peoples.They have common rights and needs,and their own particular requirementswithin the general frame of the law. Allthese must be recognized. We are faryet from realizing many of our ideals,but we have made progress.Photo: Elections <strong>Canada</strong>in just and peaceful sharing, but how isthat to be achieved? We have gained forourselves a certain measure ofsecurity for the aged and sick andhelpless, yet poverty is still with us. Soare regional disparities.These are all problems of government,and therefore your problems. They allconcern millions of people and aretherefore difficult to solve. Parliamentsand parties, like life, have no instantremedies, but they have one commonaim. It is to get closer to you, todetermine your real will, and toendeavour to give it form and thrust foraction. That is the work you chose themfor, and it can be done in the end onlywith your help. When you take aninterest in your community, when youform an opinion in politics, and whenyou go to cast your vote, you are partof government.Living <strong>Govern</strong>ment50As a country we have grown richer, butwe have paid a price in terms ofenvironmental pollution. We are leavingthe farms and bushlands and crowdinginto the cities. Ours is becoming acomputerized, in<strong>du</strong>strialized, urbanized,and ever more multicultural society,and we face the difficulties of adaptingourselves and our institutions tonew lifestyles.These changes have pro<strong>du</strong>ced a newconcern for an environment that ourforebears took for granted. We believe