<strong>Penn</strong> <strong>Philosophical</strong> <strong>Perspectives</strong>ForewordDr. Zolton DomotorU<strong>Penn</strong> Philosophy Undergraduate Chair 1989-2009It has been twelve years since the <strong>University</strong> <strong>of</strong> <strong>Penn</strong>sylvania undergraduate philosophy journal Foundationspublished. Funds from the College have paid for preparation and publishing <strong>of</strong> Foundations over a couple <strong>of</strong> years, but whenundergraduate chair <strong>of</strong> <strong>Penn</strong>’s Philosophy Department for the past twenty years, I feel that I have been fortunate to oversee thepublication <strong>of</strong> Foundations and the essays contained in its volumes.In the ensuing decade, after the Foundations, <strong>Penn</strong>’s undergraduate philosophy community was advised to considerelectronic submissions to various outside-<strong>Penn</strong> undergraduate philosophy journals, including the Dialogue (Journal <strong>of</strong> PhiSigma Tau, International Honor Society for Philosophy -- <strong>Penn</strong>’s Philosophy Department is its regular chapter member and Ihave had the honor <strong>of</strong> being <strong>Penn</strong>’s Psi chapter representative), The Dualist<strong>Penn</strong>’s Foundations), and at least eighteen other undergraduate philosophy journals, currently published both in print andonline throughout the United States. undergraduate philosophy journal, <strong>Penn</strong> <strong>Philosophical</strong> <strong>Perspectives</strong>. The inauguration <strong>of</strong> <strong>Penn</strong>’s journal comes at a time <strong>of</strong>renewed undergraduate interest in the pursuit <strong>of</strong> philosophical research and publishable writing, whether inspired as part <strong>of</strong> aregular class assignment, honors thesis project, or self-motivated. In many ways and by every major measure, <strong>Penn</strong> has alwaysbeen committed to undergraduate writing -- regularly practiced in its numerous critical writing seminars -- and in Philosophyresearch paper writing is an integral part <strong>of</strong> teaching and scholarship.I anticipate that under the founders’ innovative editorial management skills and their continued allegiance to academicallyrigorous standards (in determining the quality <strong>of</strong> research, depth <strong>of</strong> philosophical inquiry, ingenuity, accessibility, and clarityin the submission pool essays), <strong>Penn</strong> <strong>Philosophical</strong> <strong>Perspectives</strong> will attract the most brilliant undergraduate students in theworld and from all philosophical walks <strong>of</strong> life. It will not only foster the publication <strong>of</strong> student papers in philosophy and promotea deeper study <strong>of</strong> philosophy, but also it will reach a broad community <strong>of</strong> readers with serious interest in undergraduatescholarship and writing that really matters.<strong>Penn</strong>’s Journal will join a growing roster <strong>of</strong> other undergraduate philosophy journals and I expect that initially it willdraw primarily upon <strong>Penn</strong> students’ exceptional undergraduate contributions in philosophy and their dedication to scholarlywriting. It will provide excellent opportunities for undergraduate students to showcase their work and to bolster applicationsfor admission in graduate schools.In addition to numerous undergraduate philosophy journals, there are many undergraduate philosophy conferences, in-by the Philosophy Department in early February. Students interested in attending such conferences should contact the philosophyundergraduate chair for more information.Last but not least, there are many local and national essay contests, usually open to fulltime students enrolled at variousregarding submission guidelines, please contact the Philosophy Department.These avenues provide opportunities for work in philosophy outside the classroom and they help foster a philosophicalculture among undergraduates, in areas ranging anywhere from ancient and medieval philosophy to contemporary issues inepistemology and metaphysics, moral and political philosophy, and philosophy <strong>of</strong> science. <strong>Penn</strong> <strong>Philosophical</strong> <strong>Perspectives</strong> and I am grateful to the Philosophy Under-<strong>Penn</strong>’s new Journal, and talking to me about unveiling it to the undergraduate philosophical community at-large. Finally,initial inspiration and interest, this second Journal venture might probably never have been started.Zoltan DomotorUndergraduate Chair, 1989 - 2009Department <strong>of</strong> Philosophy<strong>University</strong> <strong>of</strong> <strong>Penn</strong>sylvaniaJanuary 201012
<strong>Penn</strong> <strong>Philosophical</strong> <strong>Perspectives</strong>Contents3. Morality and SagesMencius and Xunzi on Self-Discovery7. Leibnitz’s ContraditionOn the Moral Necessity <strong>of</strong> Creation11. Complexity, Information, and ModelingRobert RyanDuke <strong>University</strong>10. Art: Emblem <strong>of</strong> PhilosophyChristina Mao<strong>University</strong> <strong>of</strong> <strong>Penn</strong>sylvania15. Chip on the ShoulderFinding a Better Alternative to Revenge21. Bad Luck is Not a Way Out <strong>of</strong> JailDrawing the Line Between Chance and Intention23. Why Fortune Does Not Bring HappinessA Stoic Critique <strong>of</strong> the Aristotelian Notion <strong>of</strong> Blessedness26. On the Philosophy <strong>of</strong> MetaphorsAn interview with Dr. Elisabeth CampAbout PPPBieu Bu Tran<strong>University</strong> <strong>of</strong> ConnecticutBenjamin Naecker<strong>University</strong> <strong>of</strong> <strong>Penn</strong>sylvaniaBenjamin FarkasPrinceton <strong>University</strong>Gregory L. HertzStanford <strong>University</strong>Dustin ElliotChristina Matthias<strong>University</strong> <strong>of</strong> <strong>Penn</strong>sylvaniaEditorial BoardEditor-in-ChiefExecutive EditorCharles Kenworthy (C’10)EditorsArtists<strong>Penn</strong> <strong>Philosophical</strong> <strong>Perspectives</strong> publishes research,outstanding course essays, artwork, critical articles, andother writing formats. PPP circulates in print and online,from both graduate and undergraduate students.For details on submissions, how to get involved,or advertising, please visit:www.ppperspectives.orgJanuary 2010<strong>Penn</strong> <strong>Philosophical</strong> <strong>Perspectives</strong> is an independent student publication advised andendorsed by U<strong>Penn</strong>’s Philosophy Department. All articles are chosen by the EditorialBoard based on merit <strong>of</strong> argument or reasoning. All opinions expressed herein aresolely those <strong>of</strong> the author(s) and do not in anyway reflect the opinions or theendorsement <strong>of</strong> the Editors or the Philosophy Department at U<strong>Penn</strong>.2