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4.63 Surface gravity response . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1204.64 Downhole gravity response . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1214.65 NMR Depth of investigation dependency on B 1 frequency and temperature . . . . . 1254.66 NMR relaxation time of methane in <strong>the</strong> presence of CO 2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1265.1 Illustration of uncertainty from electromagnetics in <strong>the</strong> depth to CO 2 migration front 128A.1 Relationship between salinity and conductivity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . A 2C.1 Schematic illustration of a workflow for production of true-amplitude seismic sections C 2| ix
Page 1 and 2: www.csiro.auA deployment strategy f
Page 3: Response to referee’s commentsThi
Page 6 and 7: This project identified the followi
Page 8: 4.2.3 Marine electromagnetics . . .
Page 13 and 14: List of Tables2.1 Interval velociti
Page 15 and 16: List of abbreviationsM&VMonitoring
Page 17 and 18: 1 Introduction1.1 CO 2 sequestratio
Page 19 and 20: Figure 1.2: Sensitivity to gas satu
Page 23 and 24: 1.1.2 CO 2Trapping mechanismsIt is
Page 25 and 26: 1.2 Uncertainties in geophysicsImag
Page 27 and 28: 2 CCS In AustraliaCurrent and propo
Page 29 and 30: NYarragadeeLeederville aquiferInjec
Page 31 and 32: GA2011-6GA2011-4GA2011-5GA2011-3GA2
Page 33 and 34: 2.1.3 Conceptual modelThe South Per
Page 35 and 36: (a) Photo of core from 625 m (b) Ph
Page 37 and 38: Because of these differences, we ch
Page 39 and 40: 2.2 CarbonNetThe CarbonNet CCS Proj
Page 41 and 42: dle Miocene resulting in partial ba
Page 43: Figure 2.15: Location of seismic li
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Page 48 and 49: a)0b)depth (m)100020003000400050000
Page 50 and 51: As a result of washouts in the shal
Page 52 and 53: Finally, the Gassmann equation (3.5
Page 54 and 55: ] −Cl2α lwhere a l , α l and ρ
Page 56 and 57: 3.4 SummaryRock physics relationshi
Page 58 and 59: 4.1 Reflection seismic surveyingSei
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• ratio of the mean absolute ampl
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108A S/A N64202000 2100 2200 2300 2
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4.1.1.2 Quantitative noise analysis
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seismic input dataSPS, RPS, XPSand
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a)0b)0123depth (m)10002000depth (m)
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a) b)100probability (%)80602% RFC4%
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Differences in time lapse seismic i
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(a) Difference between baseline and
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4.1.4.2 SW Hub Line GA2011-LL2As di
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8007006002.00kt5.00kt10.00kt20.00kt
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Figure 4.18: Histograms of S/N rati
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4.1.4.3 Marine 2D seismicsWe based
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The plumes were distributed along t
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0 20040060080010001200140010
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00200200200180400400160600600140 T
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4.1.5 3D Reflection seismicsSo far
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Figure 4.31: Well 6, Zero-offset (1
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Figure 4.34: Walkaway VSP differenc
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CDP CDP2200 22002300 23002400 24002
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4.2.2 General comments on induction
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Figure 4.38: Schematic of time laps
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• Final conversion of induction l
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(a) Single borehole EM Sensitivity
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Induced currentsTransmitter wellPri
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2500 2500(a) 40 × 40 m CO 2 plume
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0Wonnerup, 1000 m target; Tx 1200m
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4.2.2.3 Vertical electric bipole sy
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seasurface (at the speed of light)
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0 0 0Figure 4.49: MCSEM Example res
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Figure 4.51: Dependence of mCSEM re
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0 0 0East
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0 0 0W Edge
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0 0 0East
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0 0 0W Edge
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NRx100 300 mTx electric dipole 12
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Modelling in this section is design
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1.010Time:4.39 msResponse Backgrou
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4.3 Gravimetric surveyingDisplaceme
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0Gravity model1000RL20001000500East
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4.4 Other methods4.4.1 Passive seis
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4.4.2 Nuclear Magnetic ResonanceThe
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Figure 4.66: NMR relaxation time T
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saturation values. This suggests th
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However, if vertical holes are plac
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5.2 Recommendations for flagship CC
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This page intentionally left blank.
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clear how to incorporate multiphase
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Calvert, R., 2005, 4D technology: w
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——-, 1912, Probability method f
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——-, 2002, Eastern and central
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Victorian Department of Primary Ind
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Figure A.1: Relationship between Na
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seismic input dataSPS, RPS, XPSand
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F-K processors (e.g. F-K demultiple
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a false amplitude comparable with t
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