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This project identified the following analysis and measurement technology with potential for furtherdevelopment:-• Codes which are capable of modelling the geophysical response complex CO 2 distributions, andtheir behaviour over time, are required. The simple models used in this report, particularly forelectromagnetics, are incapable of modelling the complex distributions of a field scenario. Placingmodelling codes in the public domain would increase the transparency of the M&V process.;• Workflows and requirements suitable for synthesising modelling results of multiple geophysical(and other) modelling methods are required in order to place modelling results in proper geologicalcontext;• Further research and development focusing on the quantitative interpretation of geophysical data isnecessary to ultimately provide decision makers with the necessary information about uncertaintiesin potential migration paths and distribution of CO 2 .• Limitations of extant effective medium theories, particularly for electromagnetics, were found.Development of appropriate effective medium theories is required in order to properly couplemultiple geophysical measurement techniques; and• Because of its potential to directly target 13 C, further development of the NMR method is required.Successful development could allow direct measurement of CO 2 saturation in saline aquifers,which is not currently possible. Direct CO 2 measurement would allow models to be calibrated.iv |
Contents1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11.1 CO 2 sequestration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11.1.1 CO 2 Sequestration state and conditions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51.1.2 CO 2 Trapping mechanisms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 71.2 Uncertainties in geophysics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 91.2.1 Geological uncertainty . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 92 CCS In Australia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 112.1 South West Hub CCS Project . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 122.1.1 Prior studies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 122.1.2 Data review . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 142.1.3 Conceptual model . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 172.2 CarbonNet . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 232.2.1 CarbonNet geological setting . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 232.2.2 Data review . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 262.2.3 CarbonNet conceptual model . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 283 Rock physics relationships . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 313.1 Elastic properties . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 313.1.1 Sandstone-shale model . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 313.1.2 Clean sandstone model . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 353.2 Electrical properties . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 373.3 Effective medium theories . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 373.4 Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 404 Geophysical remote sensing techniques . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 414.1 Reflection seismic surveying . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 424.1.1 Seismic noise . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 424.1.1.1 Surface related noise analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 424.1.1.2 Quantitative noise analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 484.1.2 Data processing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 494.1.3 1D Reflection seismics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 514.1.4 2D Reflection seismics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 554.1.4.1 SW Hub Line GA2011-LL1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 554.1.4.2 SW Hub Line GA2011-LL2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 604.1.4.3 Marine 2D seismics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 664.1.5 3D Reflection seismics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 744.1.6 Permanent receiver installations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 754.1.6.1 Vertical seismic profiling . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 754.1.6.2 Ocean bottom cables . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 794.2 Electromagnetic surveying & interpretation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 814.2.1 Introductory remarks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 814.2.2 General comments on induction logging . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 824.2.2.1 Single-borehole electromagnetics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 874.2.2.2 Separated-borehole electromagnetics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 894.2.2.3 Vertical electric bipole systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 96| v
Page 1 and 2: www.csiro.auA deployment strategy f
Page 3: Response to referee’s commentsThi
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Page 18 and 19: and Hoversten, 2006, 2005; Wells et
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Page 28 and 29: 2.1 South West Hub CCS ProjectThe S
Page 30 and 31: 2.1.2 Data reviewPublically-availab
Page 32 and 33: GSWA Record 2004/8Gravity and magne
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Page 47 and 48: 3 Rock physics relationshipsNo exta
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Page 55 and 56: 300Lesueur project GEMTIP Rock phys
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4 Geophysical remote sensing techni
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0500100021.81.61.4 T (ms) 150
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108A S/A N64202000 2100 2200 2300 2
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Figure 4.5: The seismic lines super
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4.1.2 Data processingThe end goal o
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4.1.3 1D Reflection seismicsSeismic
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the detectability of CO 2 when only
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4.1.4 2D Reflection seismicsModelli
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(a) Baseline velocity model(b) Velo
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(a) Baseline and 2.5% CO 2 saturati
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• ρ = 2.497g/cm 3 .This gives th
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!me$(ms)$Figure 4.17: Noise-free ba
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CDP0400 time (ms)800120016002
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5004504000.64kt1.59kt3.18kt6.37kt12
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010020040060080014000.116001800N ra
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Figure 4.27: Zoomed in synthetic ba
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Figure 4.30: Zoomed view of the inj
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4.1.6 Permanent receiver installati
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Figure 4.33: Well 6, Zero-offset (1
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4.1.6.2 Ocean bottom cablesFor mari
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4.2 Electromagnetic surveying & int
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• Clearly, the induction monitori
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Key points to consider for applicat
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4.2.2.1 Single-borehole electromagn
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4.2.2.2 Separated-borehole electrom
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The second and third examples of cr
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0 A 100 m 50010001500 2000 250010
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0Wonnerup, 1000 m target; Tx 1200m
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Downloaded 23 Sep 2010 to 130.116.1
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ceiver offset from the transmitter
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Figure 4.50: Dependence of mCSEM re
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The second variation of Figure 4.48
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0 A EE Component0B E Z Component0 C
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The third variation of Figure 4.48
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0 A EE Component0B E Z Component0 C
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4.2.4 Ground electromagneticsThe mC
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Table 4.7: LOTEM Gate parameters. T
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Response Background1.0101.0051.000
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Response Background1.101.051.000.9
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Primary Industries, 2011). However,
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Effect of drill hole offset0DDH10DD
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Microseismic monitoring ideally beg
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ferromagnetic magnet which has a te
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5 Monitoring & verification strateg
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5.1 General recommendations & strat
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Table 5.2: Suitability of geophysic
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confused with seepage. In this case
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6 ConclusionsThis report has discus
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7 Recommendations for future resear
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ReferencesAl-Ali, Z. A., M. H. Al-B
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Du, J., D. L. Tilbrook, J. C. Macfa
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JafarGandomi, A., and A. Curtis, 20
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Schilling, F., G. Borm, H. Würdema
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Yan, W., S. Huang, and E. H. Stenby
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ACO 2 PropertiesThis Appendix gives
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BSeismic preprocessing workflowThe
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CSeismic data processing for quanti
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Preprocessing prior to any stack wi
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Recent developments, such as target
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and should not be used for quantita
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DGeophysical software used in the p
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EProject detailsThis section lists
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