214 Seyenteenth- andliightectttltCerLtury Frcncepush them bevond cxtrlordinar\ probabilitv bccause these ornamcnts thatthe poet adds out of his oun inr,ention are not absolutch necessarv, andit is better to dispense with therl conpletclr. than to aclorn his plav contrary to all nanner of probabilitr'. In orcler to pleasc accorcling to the rulesof his art he rnust confinc his action to unitv of tirue and of placc, andas that is an absolLrtc and indispcnsable necessitv. much more leeu:rv isperlnittcd to hirlt in these t$ o itcDrs than in that of enbellishnrent.It is so difficult to cltcounter, in ltiston or in thc iuragination of men,a great nunbcr of tlresc illustrio[s e\,cnts uorthy of tragedt, whoseresolrrtions arrd thcir execution can happen in the sarnc placc andon the sarrc dar, u'ithout cloing a little violcncc to thc usual orclerof things that I canrrot belio,c this sort of violeuce complctcll'condentnable proviclecl it docs uot skirt the iurpossiblc.'l hcre arc beautifulplots uhere onc carlot :rvoid it, and a scrupulous plavuright uilldcprive himsclf of an opportunitv for glon irncl the public of a great clealof satisfaction if hc does rot rnake bold to put therrr on thc stagc, forfcar of sceing hiruself forcccl to makc thcur nlove rrlorc quicklv than prol>abilitv permits hirn to. I lill, in ihis case, give hiur some advicc that heu'ill find salutary: It is that he shoul
Piette <strong>Corneille</strong> 235Third DiscourseOn the Tluee Unitiesof Actiort, of Time, and of Plare) l'\I mailtain, t'hen, and I have alreadv said so, that in comcdy unity ofaction consists in unitr.of intrigue or of obstacle to the designs of theprincipal charactcrs; and in tragcdl', it consists in nnitv of danger, uhetherthe hero perishes in it or escapes from it. I clo not nean that one cannotallol'several dangers in the latter and several intrigries or obstacles in theforn.rer, provided that one necessarilv flous into the other; because thenthe cnd of the first clanger does not render the action conplctc, since itbrings u'ith it a sccond one; ancl the clearing Lrp of one intrigue docs notbring thc actors to a conplcte rcst, sircc it cntangles thcrr in a nerr'o[e. \,lv menrorr,does not pror,ide me anv exarDples in former tincs of tlrisnultiplicitl, of dangers linkcd to each other, so as not to dcstro,v unitv ofaction: but I har,c brandcd as a dcfcct thc nnsubordinatcd clouble action inIloruce and rn'flftodore, u'here there is no need for the forner to kill hissistcr as he sallics forth from his victorr', nor for thc lattcf to offer herselfas a nartvr after having escapecl prostitution; and I am grcatll dcccivcdif the dcaths of Pol,vxcna ancl of Astvanax, in The Troian Wornen ofSencca, do not creatc thc sanrc irrcgularitv.In the second placc, this phrasc "unitv of action" docs not mean that rrithe tragedv should shou onlv one action or the stage. \\'hat the poetchooscs for his subjcct nust havc a bcgirning, a middlc, and an end; andthese thrce parts are not onlv so rnanl actions coning to a head in thenain action. but. further. each of thcsc actions can consist of several actionssimilarlt' subordinated. 'l here must bc onlv one conplete action . butit can cvolve onlv through scvcral othcr incorrplctc actions, which serve asprogressions and keep the spectator in a pleasant state of suspensc.'fhe playwright rrust contrive this suspense at the cnd of €ach act in order to renderthc action continuous. There is no nced to knorv preciselv all that theactors do during thc intcrrrissions, nor u'hat thcy are doing u'hen tlreydo not appear on tlre stagc, but cach act Drust lcavc an expectation ofsomething that uill be shosn in the one that follou's it. . . .'l'he rule of unitv of tirre has its foundation in thc statcncnt of Aristotletlrat "tragcdv rrrust confine the drrration of its action to one revolution ofthc sun or not exceed it bv verv much." These rvords give risc to that famousargumcnt over rvhethcr Aristotlc means a natural dav of twentl four hoursor an artificial dav of tu'elvc.'['here are tu'o yicus. of u,hich cach has severalpartisans; and, as for ne, I find that therc are some subjccts so difficult5 The title characters of the former and latter plavs (both by CorneilJe).