102 8. TUBULAR EXCEPTIONAL CURVESalgebraically closed field the preceding remark implies that this group action istransitive, but over an arbitrary field there may occur more than one orbit. Thenumber of these orbits is called the index of X. Our main result in [59] isthatthe index of a tubular exceptional curve X is at most three and that such curvesof index three exist. We summarize a proof for this result and present the newProposition 8.1.6 which improves the argument.We study examples exploiting the results from the previous chapters. Theyillustrate the principle how to determine the automorphism group Aut(D b (X)) ingeneral. The central example will be a tubular exceptional curve of index three.In this example, the Grothendieck group is of rank three. (In general, the rank ofthe Grothendieck group of a tubular exceptional curve is at least three and at mostten [66].) Tubular exceptional curves with this property are of particular interest.First of all, since there is only one exceptional tube (of rank two) in each tubularfamily, exceptional objects are essentially determined by their slope and explicitcalculations are much easier than for other tubular curves. This was demonstratedby Ringel [95], pointing out an interesting link between tilting modules and Fareyfractions.Moreover, in the tubular case the following effects arise only when K 0 (X) isofrank three:• the occurrence of index three;• the occurrence of roots (even 1-roots) in K 0 (X) which are not realizableby indecomposable objects in H (we refer to [53, 59]).In the algebraically closed case each line bundle L over an exceptional curveX is exceptional. Over an arbitrary field this is also true for line bundles over adomestic exceptional curve (that is, when the virtual genus satisfies g X < 1). Wewill show that it is false for some tubular cases where the Grothendieck group is ofrank three or four.8.1. Slope categories and the rational helixThroughout this section let X be a tubular exceptional curve over a field k.8.1.1 (Slope). For each x ∈ K 0 (X) such that rk x ≠0ordegx ≠ 0 define theslope by µx = deg xrk x. The slope of a non-zero object in H is defined as the slopeof its class. Stability and semistability of non-zero objects in H is defined withrespect to the slope as in [34]. For each q ∈ ̂Q := Q ∪{∞} denote by H (q) thefull subcategory of H which is formed by the zero sheaf and the semistable sheavesof slope q. We call the categories H (q) (and also their translates in the derivedcategory) slope categories. Note that for example H (∞) = H 0 .8.1.2. Since each indecomposable object in H is semistable (compare [34, 5.5]),H is the additive closure of its slope categories, and since H is hereditary we haveD := D b (X) = ∨ ∨H[n] = H (q) [n],n∈Z(n,q)∈Z× b Qwhich means that D b (X) is the additive closure of the (disjoint) copies H[n] andalso of the H (q) [n], and moreover, there are non-zero morphisms from H[n] toH[n ′ ](from H (q) [n] toH (q′) [n ′ ], resp.) only if n ≤ n ′ ((n, q) ≤ (n ′ ,q ′ ), resp., where therational helix Z× ̂Q is endowed with the lexicographical order [72]). More precisely,
8.1. SLOPE CATEGORIES AND THE RATIONAL HELIX 103for all X, Y ∈Hand all m, n ∈ Z we have Hom D (X[n],Y[m]) = Ext m−nH(X, Y ).Note that Ext i H(−, −) =0fori ∈ Z, i ≠ 0, 1. Here, X[n] denotes the element inthe copy H[n] which corresponds to X ∈H. The automorphism T on D, whichisinduced by the assignment X ↦→ X[1], is called translation functor.8.1.3 (Riemann-Roch formula). Let p be the least common multiple of theweights p 1 ,...,p t . Recall that for any x, y ∈ K 0 (X)∑p−1〈〈x, y〉〉 = 〈τ j x, y〉.j=0For any x, y ∈ K 0 (X) the following formula holds ([66, 70]).〈〈x, y〉〉 = κε∣ rk x rk ydeg x deg y∣ ,which in case rk x ≠0≠rky can also be written as 〈〈x, y〉〉 = κε rk x rk y(µy −µx).As application one gets: If X, Y ∈Hare indecomposable with µ(X)