第5回プレゼン資料(PDF)

Multicast (Broadcast)(1) i.e., O(N) O(LogN)(2) Bootstrap / Auto-configurationi.e., Solicitation of Servers by ClientsTrap by Multicast/BroadcastCommunicate by Unicast1

?• WEB–CDN( ) –IP Deployment2

Multicast (Broadcast) Addresses(1) Broadcast(a) Limited Broadcast ; 255.255.255.255- Router(b) Net-Directed Broadcast ; netid.255.255(c) Subnet-directed Broadcast ; host-id=11....1111(d) all-subnets-directed Broadcast ; netid.255.255(2) Multicast(i) IPv4 ; starting by “1110”“224.0.0.0”“239.255.255.255”(ii) IPv6 ; starting by “1111 1111”3

HostMulticast Addresses(1) 0 ; IP Multicast(2) 1 ; Multicast(3) 2 ; Multicast ( )(a) Well-Known Addresses(b) Transient Addresses4

IPv4 Well-Known Multicast Addresses224.0.0.0 Base Address (reserved)224.0.0.1 All_hosts224.0.0.2 All_routers224.0.0.3 Unassigned224.0.0.4 DVMRP Routers224.0.0.5 OSPF; OSPFIGP_all_routers224.0.0.6 OSPF; OSPFIGP_designated_routers224.0.0.7 ST routers224.0.0.8 ST hosts224.0.0.9 RIP2 routers: :224.0.0.12 DHCP Server / Relay-agent: :224.0. 1.24 microsoft-ds: :224.0.2.1 “rwho” group (BSD): :239.0.0.0-239.255.255.255 Administratively Scoped: :239.128.0.0-129.191.255.255 Organization-Local-Scope239.192.0.0.0-239.255.255.255 Site-Local-Scope5

IPv6 Well-Known Multicast AddressesFFxx:0:0:0:0:0:0:1 All_hostsFFxx:0:0:0:0:0:0:2 All_routersFFxx:0:0:0:0:0:0:9 All_RIPng_routersFFxx:0:0:0:0:0:0:10 All_CBT_routers: :FFxx:0:0:0:0:0:1:0 reserved by IANAFFxx:0:0:0:0:0:1:1 linknameFFxx:0:0:0:0:0:1:2 All_dhcp_agentsFFxx:0:0:0:0:0:1:3 All_dhcp_serversFFxx:0:0:0:0:0:1:4 All_dhcp_relays: :FFxx:0:0:0:0:1:0:0 solicit -nodes6

Multicast Packet Transmissionover EthernetMap and Use Ethernet Multicast Address-MulticastNot used inEthe-HeaderClass D IP Address0 7 8 15 16 23 24 3111100000 0001 0000 0000 0101 1110 00 1 0 0 5 e7

Multicast Packet Transmissionover Ethernet224.X.Y.X 01-00-5e-(X-128)-Y-Z()224.0.0.1 01-00-5e-00-00-01224.128.54.32 01-00-5e-00-54-32224.192.32.17 01-00-5e-64-32-17224.64.32.17 01-00-5e-64-32-17230.192.32.17 01-00-5e-64-32-17239.64.32.17 01-00-5e-64-32-17() 32IP Multicast AddressesEthernet Multicast Address8

Ethernet Multicast/Broadcast AddressesAddress Type Owner01-00-5e-00-00-00 0x0800 Internet Multicast (RFC1112)01-00-5e-7f-ff-ff 0x0800 Internet Multicast (RFC1112)01-00-5e-80-00-00 n/a IANA reserved01-00-5e-ff-ff-ff n/a IANA reserved01-80-c2-00-00-00 0x-802 IEEE802 spanning-treecf-00-00-00-00-00 0x9000 Ethernet loopbackff-ff-ff-ff-ff-ff 0x0800 IPff-ff-ff-ff-ff-ff 0x0806 ARPff-ff-ff-ff-ff-ff 0x8035 RARP9

Dynamic Routing Protocols[Unicast Routing](1) IGP (Interior Gateway Protocol)(a) RIP (Routing Information Protocol)(b) OSPF (Open Shortest Path First)(2) EGP (Exterior Gateway Protocol)(c) BGP4 (Border Gateway Protocol version 4)[Multicast Routing](i) DVMRP (Distance Vector Multicast Routing Protocol)(ii) MOSPF (Multicast OSPF)(iii) PIM (Protocol Independent Multicast protocol)(iv) MBGP (Multicast BGP)10

Multicast Routing Protocols[Multicast Routing](1) Flooding Keep and establish based-on “last-seen” packet Inefficient and unnecessary packet forwarding(2) Spanning Tree IEEE802.1d Spanning Tree Unnecessary packet forwarding(3) Reverse-Path Forwarding RPF(4) RPF and Prune(5) Steiner Trees ; Multicast-tree(6) Core-Based Trees11

Multicast PcktAFlooding- Same as in OSPF -(1) (2)BCD(3) (4)(6)E(5)1. AD(1)(3)(6)(4)BE(2)(5)CAD(1)(3)(6)(4)BE(2)(5)C12

Flooding- Same as in OSPF -AD(1)(3)(6)(4)BE(2)(5)CAD(1)(3)(6)(4)BE(2)(5)C1 ( ) - Aging Agin dead_interalStorm2- (*) (transition)(3) - (e.g., C E)13

ADSpanning Tree- Same as in IEEE802.1d Bridge -(1) (2)(3) (4)(6)BECroot=A(5)root=CrootADAD(1)(3)(6)(1)(3)(6)(4)(4)BEBE(2)(5)(2)(5)CCroot1. Root Root Spanning TreeSource-Specific Spanning Tree2. Spanning Tree14

Spanning Tree- Same as in IEEE802.1d Bridge - 1 Spanning Tree(*) Aging2- (*) (transition)(3) Spanning Tree15

ADReverse-Path Forwarding (RPF)(1) (2)(3) (4)(6)BE(5)CRouting pathby unicast routingfrom source AMulticastingfrom source AsourceADAD(3)(3)(1)(6)(1)(6)(4)multicast pck(4)BEBE(2)(5)(2)(5)CRouting pathfrom E to A1. Source (S) Interface (I) 2. Interface I Source S Shortest Path (in unicast routig)(i) If YES Interface I Interface(ii) If NO C16

Reverse-Path Forwarding (RPF)AD(1) (2)(3) (4)(6)BE- Modification -(5)CComputemulticast-treeroot1. Reverse-Path(Spanning Tree)ADAD(3)(3)(1)(6)(1)(6)(4)(4)BEBE(2)(5)(2)(5)CCroot17

Reverse-Path Forwarding- Spanning Tree using Unicast Routing - 1 Reverse-Tree(Spanning Tree)(i) Aging(ii) Spanning Tree 2- (*) (transition)Pruning (= RPF plus Pruning)18

RPF plus PruningNode D PruneNode B TransitD E(6)(Node A)(3)A(1)(4)B(2)(5)CrootrootPrunemessageAD(1)(3)(6)(4)BE(2)(5)CAD(1)(3)(6)(4)BE(2)(5)CAD(1)(3)(6)(4)BEPrune message(5)Croot(2) (1) (2)AD(3)(6)(4)BE(5)Croot19

Core-Base Tree(3)AD(1)(6)(4)BE(2)C(5)A ; Core RouterE not in MC group1. Core Router ()2. Core Router Hard-stateMulticast-Tree(Spanning Tree)(*) JoinCore Router Spanning Tree3. Multicast packet Core Router4. Core Router Multicast packet3. Multicast packet from E to AAD(1)(3)(6)(4)BE(2)(5)C4. Send multicast packet fromcore router AAD(3)(1)(6)(4)BE(2)(5)C20

Multicast Routing Protocol/ Routing Protocol(1) DVMRP (Distance Vector Multicast Routing)- Tunneling Overlay- Unicast RoutingRIP- RSF(Reverse Path Forwarding) Plus Join/Prune- MBONE(2) MOSPF- Source Based Tree(3) PIM (Protocol Independent Multicast)(i) Dense Mode- RSF plus Join/Prune(ii) Sparse Mode- Core-Based Tree (Source-BasedTree)(RP tree : rendezvous point )21

PIM Sparse ModeSource Tree Redirection(3)AD(1)(6)(4)BE(2)(5)CJoin message(3)AD(1)(6)(4)BE(2)(5)C(3)AD(1)(6)(4)BE(2)(5)C< B RP-Router D >(3)AD(1)(6)(4)BE(2)(5)CRedirectRequest(3)AD(1)(6)(4)BE(2)(5)C< Redirect B A D > < D requests Source Tree >22

SS(1)(1)SH(2)(2)C(2)H(3)R1C(2) (4)(4)HHHHHHH(a) (b) (c)S:H:23C:

DVMRP, MOSPFPIM, CBT MSDP, BGMP,MBGP24

DVMRPMOSPFPIM-DMPIM-SMCBT 25

• • 26

(SSM)• SSM(Source Specific Multicast)–20003 IETF– 1– – 232.0.0.0/8– IGMP(IGMPv3) PIM-SM27

IGMP (RFC1112) IGMP (Internet Group Management Protocol)- Appendix in RFC1112RFC1112; Host Extensions for IP Multicast- Multicast MembershipSoft-StateQuit- IP Address of IGMP Messages(1) IGMP Query ; 224.0.0.1 (2) IGMP Report ; Multicast Address 28

IGMP (RFC1112) Message Format Ver. Type unused 16-bits checksumGroup Address (Multicast Address)data of IGMP messageVersion =1Type ;Type Semantics1 : Membership Query2 : Membership ReportGroup Address ;Type Address1 : 0 (in Query Message)2 : Individual Group Address29

UH2IGMP (RFC1112)OperationTo Multicast Source NodeMR1UH1192.251.39.1192.251.39.11MH3192.251.102.34MH1192.251.39.23MR2192.251.102.1UH3MH2192.251.102.1830

IGMP (RFC1112)Operation[1] Ethernet Segment MR2(192.251.102.1)MH2(192.251.102.18 MH3(192.251.102.34)UH31) IGMP Query message ; MR2 224.0.0.1(all_hosts)TTL=1,IGMP_group_addr=0,dst_IP_addr=224.0.0.1 (all_hosts)src_IP_addr=192.251.102.1 (MR2)2) MH2/MH3 IGMP Query messsageMH2MH3“”(*) MH2expire3) IGMP Report message ; MH2 224.1.2.3 (group address)TTL=1IGMP_groupo_addr=224.1.2.3 ( group_address)dst_IP_addr=224.1.2.3 ( group_address)src_IP_addr=192.251.102.18 (MH2)4) MH3; Report message5) goto step 1)31

IGMP (RFC1112)Operation[2] Point-to-pointMR1(192.251.39.1)MR2(192.251.39.11)MH1(192.251.39.23)UH1UH21) IGMP Query message ; MR1 224.0.0.1(all_hosts)TTL=1,IGMP_group_addr=0,dst_IP_addr=224.0.0.1 (all_hosts)src_IP_addr=192.251.39.1 (MR1)2) MR2/MH1 IGMP Query messsageMR2MH1“”3-1) IGMP Report message ; MR2 224.1.2.3 (group address)TTL=1IGMP_groupo_addr=224.1.2.3 ( group_address)dst_IP_addr=224.1.2.3 ( group_address)src_IP_addr=192.251.39.11 (MR2)3-2) IGMP Report message ; MH1 224.1.2.3 (group address)TTL=1IGMP_groupo_addr=224.1.2.3 ( group_address)dst_IP_addr=224.1.2.3 ( group_address)src_IP_addr=192.251.39.23 (MH1)4) goto step 1)32

UH2IGMP (RFC1112)OperationMR1To Multicast Source Node192.251.39.1UH1MH1192.251.39.23IGMP QueryIGMP ReportMR2192.251.102.1192.251.39.11TTL=1,IGMP group addr=0dest_IP_addr=224.0.0.1src_IP_addr=192.251.102.1UH3MH2192.251.102.18MH3192.251.102.34IGMP reportTTL=1,IGMP group addr=224.1.2.3dest_IP_addr=224.1.2.3src_IP_addr=192.251.102.1833

IGMP (RFC1112)Operationsun % netstat -niaName Mtu Network Address Ipkts Ierrs Opkts Collle0 1500 140.252.13. 140.252.13.33 4374 0 4929 0224.1.2.3224.0.0.108:00:20:03:f6:4201:00:5e:01:02:0301:00:5e:00:00:01sl0 552 140.252.1. 140.252.1.29 13862 0 15943 0224.0.0.1lo0 1536 127 127.0.0.1 1360 0 1360 0224.0.0.134

tcpdumpIGMP (RFC1112)Operation1 0.0 sun > 224.0.0.4: igmp report 224.0.0.42 0.00 ( 0.00) sun > 224.0.0.1: igmp query3 5.10 ( 5.10) sun > 224.9.9.9: igmp report 224.9.9.94 5.22 ( 0.12) sun > 224.0.0.1: igmp query5 7.90 ( 2.68) sun > 224.1.2.3: igmp report 224.1.2.36 8.50 ( 0.60) sun > 224.0.0.4: igmp report 224.0.0.47 11.70 ( 3.20) sun > 224.9.9.9: igmp report 224.9.9.98 125.51 (113.81) sun > 224.0.0.1: igmp query9 125.70 ( 0.91) sun > 224.9.9.9: igmp report 224.9.9.910 128.50 ( 2.80) sun > 224.1.2.3: igmp report 224.1.2.311 129.10 ( 0.27) sun > 224.0.0.4: igmp report 224.0.0.412 247.82 (118.72) sun > 224.0.0.1: igmp query13 248.09 ( 0.27) sun > 224.1.2.3: igmp report 224.1.2.314 248.69 ( 0.60) sun > 224.0.0.4: igmp report 224.0.0.415 255.29 ( 6.60) sun > 224.9.9.9: igmp report 224.9.9.935

Multicast Service over the Internet(1) M-Bone (Multicast Backbone)-IP-in-IP Tunnel Multicast-Capable- DVMRP(Unicast IPv4Overlay DVMRP)Distance Vector-PIM(1) Dense Mode(2) Sparse Mode(2) Reliable Multicast(*) Researchwb(White Board)IETF M-Bone36

- - – – – 37

• IRTF(Internet Research Task Force)– SRM (Scalable Reliable Multicast)• (with Random Back-Off)• (/)– MTP (Multicast Transport Protocol RFC1301)• – FEC(Forward Error Correction)• • 38

• – • – • – • – • – 39

(1) • – NACKRFC1301/SRM– O(N) O(C)– RFC1301 – • (SRM)40

(2) • – (Aggregate)• NACK(Negative ACK)• (SRM)– Random Back-Off– RTT …41

(3) • – (• – () 42

(4) - -• (e.g.,RSVP)– NACK– ()– ()(*) • – 43

(5) • Default– – • – – • • (RTT)– 44

(5) : • – 100 ( )– PLR=10**(-6)=10**3 10**(-2)– PLR=10**(-9)=10**5 10**(-2)(*) 100 with 1KB = 100KB45

- Forward Error Correction -()1 23 4 5AB1 3 4 A B : A : 1 2 3 4 5 BFEC :46

SenderB1 2 3 4 5 A54R13211 2 3 4 A B : FEC : :3R21 2 3 5 ABA1 2 3 4 5 B 2 1R31 3 5 AB 47

d = diameter of datalink segments N = Number of ReceiversSDatalink Path : Sender Node: Intermediate Node: Receiver node48

Packet Error or Loss Probability+ FEC =10 packets+ =1100 PLR=10 -6 + = 100 packets10 -2without FEC10 -6 PLR=10 -9with FEC10-10PLR=10 -610-14PLR=10 --910-1610 1 10 2 10 3 10 4 10 5 10 6Number of Receivers49

: 1 2 4 5FEC : C SenderC1 2 3 4 5 A54R132B11 2 3 4 A : Data1 2 3 4 5 ABR132 3 5 A 2 1CCD: FECR11 3 5 A C 50