Tunisian Journal of Plant Protection Vol. 8, No. 1, 2013 - Iresa

Tunisian Journal of Plant Protection Vol. 8, No. 1, 2013

Tunisian JournalofPlant ProtectionVolume 8Number 1June 2013Scientific Journal Hosted in theInstitution de la Recherche et de l’Enseignement Supérieur Agricoles( Tunisia)Created and Hosted in the Ecole Supérieure d’ Agriculture du Kef ( Tunisia ),from 2006 to 2012Editor-in-ChiefNasraoui, BouzidPhytopathology, INATAssistant Editor-in-ChiefDaami-Remadi, MejdaPhytopathology, C R R H A B ChM -Barbouche, NaïmaEntomology, I N A TBen Hamouda, M. HabibEntomology, I N A TBen Jamâa, M. LahbibEntomology, I N R G R E FChérif, MohamedPhytopathology, I N A T/ C T AHajlaoui, M. RabehPhytopathology, I N R A TEditorial BoardHamada,WalidDisease Resistance,E S A KHorrigue-Raouani, NajetNematology, I S A Ch-MKsantini, MohieddineEntomology, I OMekki, MounirWeed & Pesticide Sc., I S A Ch-MRhouma, AliPhytopathology, I OEvaluation BoardTunisian Scientists and :Abou-Haider, Mounir G., Phytopathology, CanadaBayaa, Bassam, Phytopathology, SyriaBenazoun, Abdessalam, Entomolgy, MoroccoBernier, Louis, Phytopathology, CanadaBesri, Mohamed, Phytopathology, MoroccoBouzned, Zouaoui, Phytopathology, AlgeriaDellagi, Alia, Phytopathology, FranceDu Jardin, Patrick, Biotechnology, BelgiumDuncan, Larry, Nematology, Florida USAFargette, Mireille, Nematology, FranceFuchs, Jacques G., Biol. Control, SwitzerlandHullé, Maurice, Entomology, FranceIppolito, Antonio, Phytopathology, ItalyKamoun, Sophien, Phytopathology, Ohio USAKema, Gert, Phytopathology, NetherlandsKerlan, Camille,Phytopathology, FranceKreiter, Serge, Acarology, FranceKremer, Robert J., Weed Sc., Missouri USALepoivre, Philippe,Phytopathology, BelgiumLieutier, François, Entomology, FranceMakkouk, Khaled, Phytopathology, LebanonMateille, Thierry, Nematology, FranceMugniery, Didier, Nematology, FrancePeever, Tobin, Phytopathol., Washington St., USARamade, François, Eco-Toxicology, FranceReignault, Philippe, Phytopathology, FranceRusso, Agatino, Entomology, ItalySchiffers, Bruno, Pesticide Sc., BelgiumSchoelz, James, Phytopathology, Missouri USASimpson, Stephen J., Entomology, AustraliaTirilly, Yves, Phytopathology, FranceZiedan, El Sayed, Phytopathology, EgyptSustaining MembersInstitution de la Recherche et de l’Enseignement Supérieur Agricoles (IRESA)Ecole Supérieure d’Agriculture du Kef (ESAK)Visa no. 2872/04-04-2005Tunisian Journal of Plant Protection Vol. 8, No. 1, 2013

Tunisian Journal of Plant Protectionhttp://www.iresa.tn/tjppemail: tjpp@iresa.tnVolume 8, Number 1, June 2013ContentsMYCOLOGY1. Some recent progress in oat crown rust in Tunisia. M.B. Allagui.(Tunisia)7. Use of seminotherapy to improve the control of Septoria leaf blotch ofdurum wheat in Tunisia. K. Taher, M.M. Fakhfakh, A. Bouajila, S.Rezgui, M. Khammassi, J. Haber, B. Nasraoui, and A. Yahyaoui.(Tunisia/Germany)ENTOMOLOGY23. Hot air treatment for postharvest control of the date mothEctomyelois ceratoniae. A. Zouba, M. Jmoui, B. Chermiti, A. Msetra,and H. Bouabidi. (Tunisia)33. Fumigant control of the Mediterranean flour moth Ephestiakuehniella with the noble laurel Laurus nobilis essential oils. J.Mediouni-Ben Jemâa, N. Tersim, E. Boushih, K. Taleb-Toudert, and M.L.Khouja. (Tunisia/Algeria)45. Parasitoids of the almond bark beetle Scolytus amygdali in Tunisia. A.Zeiri, M. Braham, and M. Braham. (Tunisia)57. Molecular identification of Eurytoma striolata reared from almondbark beetle Scolytus amygdali in Tunisia. A. Zeiri, M. Braham, and M.Braham. (Tunisia)Photo of the cover page: Oat crow rust disease (Courtesy Mohamed Bechir Allagui)Tunisian Journal of Plant Protection Vol. 8, No. 1, 2013

Guest EditorialPesticides and Beneficial Insects: Do we Need BetterRegulations?The controversy around banningpesticides that has an adverse effect onbeneficial insects such as bees or naturalenemies of pests that attack economiccrops is many decades old, but no seriousaction on this issue was taken bygovernments across the globe. Recentnews indicated that the European Unionis seriously considering to establish atwo-year ban on three pesticidessuspected of contributing to the globaldecline in the number of bees. Already 15countries voted to allow the EuropeanCommission (EU) to restrict the use ofinsecticides from December 2012.However, it seems that the EU failed toreach the majority needed to adopt theban outright, meaning the decision ispassed to the EU.The three insecticides are“imidocloprid”, “clothianidin” and“thiamethoxam”, all of them are used asseed treatment in addition to applyingthem as soil drench or sprayed on beeattractiveplants, such as cereals. It isimportant to note that bee numbers wentdown in the Middle East, Europe andUSA by up to 85% in some regions.The role of bees in helping plantsto bear fruits through enhancement offlower pollination is a commonknowledge. However, the influence of themanufacturing companies on the politicalmachine of their respective countries isalways a hurdle which is not easy tocross. Accordingly, eight countries,including the United Kingdom votedagainst the ban. The pesticides companiesstress the point that the ban is a poordecision because it is based on anincomplete scientific analysis. This is anopen invitation to world scientists,including those in the Middle East andNorth Africa to investigate this issuefurther and produce reliable data thatcan explain what happens in the field.Many small farmers rely on the incomegenerated by bee products, not to mentionthe indirect other benefits of a balancedbee population, and if the scientificevidence proves harmful effects of somechemicals to bees or other beneficialinsects, the ban should also be consideredoutside Europe.Dr. Khaled MakkoukNational Council for Scientific ResearchBeirut, LebanonTunisian Journal of Plant Protection Vol. 8, No. 1, 2013

Plant Protection NewsAnnouncementofThe 1 st Africa-International Allelopathy Congress(AIAC-2014)Sousse, Tunisia, February 6 – 9, 2014I. BackgroundAllelopathy Looking AheadThe rapidly growing humanpopulation has increased the dependenceon fossil fuel based agrochemicals(fertilizers or pesticides) to produce therequired agricultural and forestryproducts. This has exerted a greatpressure on the non-renewable fossil fuelresources, which cannot last indefinitely.Besides, agrochemicals pollute theenvironment, the pests develop toleranceto pesticides and their new resistantstrains are emerging. Hence, suchpractices cannot remain in use for ever.One safe alternative to overcome theseproblems is the use of allelopathy tosustain development in agriculture andforestry and maintenance of a cleanenvironment for our future generations.Allelopathy has great potential to increasethe productivity of field crops, vegetables,fruits/forestry trees, fisheries etc., usingallelochemicals as pesticides and asgrowth regulators (using the stimulatoryallelopathic effects) in agriculture.Besides, it aims at reducing theenvironmental pollution and maintainingan ecological balance in fauna and florathrough reduced use of nitrogenousfertilizers and pesticides (weedicides,nematicides, insecticides and fungicides)and substituting them with biologicalnitrogen fixation, natural products (plantand microbial), allelochemicals andphytochemicals free from all problemsarising from the use of agrochemicals.Allelopathy is a new and potential area ofresearch. Although farmers have observedproblem's related to allelopathy since thebeginning of agriculture, planned researchwas started only from 1940. Presently,much information is available on its basicaspects in the developed countries butTunisian Journal of Plant ProtectionVol. 8, No. 1, 2013

very little research has been done indeveloping countries of Tropics and Sub-Tropics (suitable climate for round theyear cropping), where there is great scopeof allelopathy research owing to multiplecropping, agroforestry systems anddifferent agroecosystems. In the nearfuture, allelopathy may be used in (i).crop production, crop protection,agroforestry and agrohorticulturalpractices, (ii) to increase agriculturalproduction in Sustainable OrganicAgriculture and (iii) to reduceenvironmental pollution. Thus, it is nowreceiving more attention from Agri- andBioscientists. Currently, OrganicAgriculture is becoming popular due tohealth concerns and public awarenessabout the ill effects of ModernAgriculture. Hence, this Congress aims (i)to bring together active allelopathyresearchers from worldwide, (ii) tohighlight the present status of research inthe thrust areas and to plan for the future,(iii) to review progress, (iv) to identifyconstraints and (v) to project future goalsfor Basic and Applied AllelopathyResearch in Organic Agriculture.Congress themes:In multiple sessions, the followingthemes will be developed:T1: Allelopathy in sustainable andorganic agricultureT2: Allelopathy in natural ecosystemsT3: Allelopathy in soil sicknessT4: Chemistry of allelochemicalsT5: Molecular biology and genetics ofallelopathyT6: Physiology and biochemistry ofallelopathyT7: Allelopathy mechanisms andinteractionsT8: Allelopathy methodologies andmodelingII. OrganizersThe 1st Africa-InternationalAllelopathy Congress will be organizedjointly by the Higher Agronomic Instituteof Chott-Mariem (ISA-ChM) & theTunisian Association for SustainableAgriculture in collaboration with:Allelopathy JournalTunisian Journal of Plant ProtectionRegional Center of Research onHorticulture and Organic AgricultureTechnical Center of OrganicAgricultureAlumni Association of ISA-ChMGraduate school of ISA-ChMResearch Unit “AGROBIODIVER-SITE”CoordinatorRabiaa Haouala (ISA-ChM, Tunisia)Organizing CommitteeKhemeis Abdellaoui (ISA-ChM, Tunisia)Hamadi Boussetta (ISA-ChM, Tunisia)Ikbal Chaieb (CRRHAB, Tunisia)Mejda Daami-Remadi (CRRHAB,Tunisia)Bouthaina Dridi-Al Mouhandes (ISA-ChM, Tunisia)Sadok Kammoun (ISA-ChM, Tunisia)Raja Kammoun (ISA-ChM, Tunisia)Raoudha Khanfir-Ben Jenana (ISA-ChM,Tunisia)Shi-ming Luo (South China AgriculturalUniversity, China)Shamsher S. Narwal (Chief EditorAllelopathy Journal, India)National Scientific CommitteeKhemeis Abdellaoui (ISA-ChM)Chedly Abdelly (CBBC)Mohamed Ben Khedher (CTAB)Mohamed Bouaziz (ISBS)Abdelhamid Boujelben (ISA-ChM)Olfa Bousaadia (IO)Hamadi Boussetta (ISA-ChM)Ikbal Chaieb (CRRHAB)Brahim Chermiti (ISA-ChM)Tunisian Journal of Plant Protection Vol. 8, No. 1, 2013

Mejda Daami-Remadi (CRRHAB)Bouthaina Dridi-Al Mouhandes (ISA-ChM)Néziha Ghanem-Boughanmi (FSB)Rabiaa Haouala (ISA-ChM)Hayfa Jabnoun-Khiareddine (CRRHAB)Sadok Kammoun (ISA-ChM)Raja Kammoun (ISA-ChM)Raoudha Khanfir-Ben Jenana (ISA-ChM)Asma Laarif (CRRHAB)Messaoud Mars (ISA-ChM/CRRHAB)Mohamed Naffati (IRA-Mednine)Bouzid Nasraoui (INAT)Najet Raouani-Horrigue (ISA-ChM)International Scientific CommitteeIbrahim Alsaadawi (Bagdad University,Iraq)Min An (Charles Sturt University,Australia)Zahid Ata Cheema (University ofAgriculture, Faisalabad, Pakistan)Frank Dayan (Thad Cochran ResearchCenter, USA)Marina Della Greca (Università DegliStudi, Napoli, Italy)Shi-ming Luo (South China AgriculturalUniversity, China)Shamsher S. Narwal (Chief EditorAllelopathy Journal, India)Manuel Reigosa-Roger (University ofVigo, Spain)Leslie Weston (Presidente of IAS, USA)Ren-sen Zeng (South China AgriculturalUniversity, China)III. Symposium languagesEnglish and French are the officiallanguages of the Congress.IV. ContactsDr. Rabiaa HaoualaThe Higher Agronomic Institute of Chott-MariemPhone: 00 (216) 73 327 544/546; GSM :00 (216) 98 526 832Fax: 00 (216) 73 327 591Dr. Mejda Daami-RemadiThe Regional Center of Research onHorticulture and Organic Agriculture ofChott-MariemPhone: 00 (216) 73 327 543; GSM : 00(216) 94 641 104Fax: 00 (216) 73 327 070Email: allelopathytunisia@yahoo.comFacebook Page: African AllelopathyV. AbstractsAbstracts submissionParticipants are invited to send anabstract in English stating the researchtheme (T1, T2,… T8). Acceptedmanuscripts will be published inAllelopathyJournal(www.allelopathyjournal.org) or inTunisian Journal of Plant Protection(http://www.iresa.tn/tjpp). The abstractshould not exceed 300 words. Use 12 ptfont size and times new roman fonts.Official paper language: EnglishDeadlinesAbstract submission: October, 15 th 2013.Acceptance notification: October, 31 th2013.Early registration: September, 15 th 2013.Manuscript submission: December, 31 th2013.VI. Registration FeesLocal participants:Researchers: 350 TND (Earlyregistration), 400 TND (Lateregistration).Students: 300 TND (Early registration),350 TND (Late registration).Foreign participants:Researchers: 350 USD (Earlyregistration), 400 USD (Late registration).Students: 300 USD (Early registration),350 USD (Late registration).Tunisian Journal of Plant Protection Vol. 8, No. 1, 2013

Registrationincludes:Accommodation (4 nights), breakfast,lunches, dinners, refreshment breaks,registration kit.Post Congress Tour to Famous TouristSites in Monastir, Mahdia and El Jem, forone day (optional with limited places).$50 USD (70 TND) (Travel + Food + Siteseeing Tickets, etc.).INTERNATIONAL SHORT COURSEON ALLELOPATHY (ISCA):Registration Fees (Foreigners):Scientists: 300 USD, Students: 250 USDRegistration Fees (Tunisian): Scientists:300 TND, Students: 250 TNDRegistration Deadline: December 31 th ,2013.-------------Tunisian Journal of Plant Protection Vol. 8, No. 1, 2013

ReportonInternational Symposium on Crop Protection Management inMediterranean Organic AgricultureSousse, Tunisia, May 14 - 16, 2013Organic Agriculture hasexperienced a rapid expansion in recentyears, with continued growth globally andin the Mediterranean region, where itoffers sustainable developmentopportunities and initiatives. Cropprotection is of major concern for thesuccessful management of organic farmsand is considered as one of the mostchallenging tasks that organic farmers arefacing. Both yield and quality can beseverely affected by pests and diseases,even if available preventive measureshave been accurately applied. Thedevelopment of ecologically soundcontrol methods against pest and diseasesis therefore a necessary part of organicresearch agendas.Some 100 researchers from 14countries (Albania, Algeria, Belgium,Egypt, Germany, Iraq, Italy, Jordan,Morocco, Poland, Saudi Arabia, Syria,and Tunisia) participated in theSymposium ‘Crop protectionmanagement in Mediterranean OrganicAgriculture’, which was jointly organizedby the Technical Center of OrganicAgriculture, Tunisia (CTAB), theInternational Society of OrganicAgriculture Research (ISOFAR) and theMediterranean Organic AgriculturalNetwork (MOAN).The organizers succeeded incompiling an attractive scientificprogram, which included about 30 oralpresentations and over 40 posters alltargeted on finding sustainable solutionsfor crop protection problems in organicplant production.The event started with aremarkable speech given by the Chief ofCabinet of the Minister of Agriculture ofTunisia. In his speech, the Chief of theCabinet confirmed that organicagriculture fits well in the nationalstrategy, which is based on selfsufficiencyin basic foodstuff, exportpromotion, protection of the environmentand improvement of farmer’s income. Inthis context, organic agriculture plays animportant role by offering products ofhigh quality while simultaneouslypreserving the ecological balance.Furthermore, the Chief of Cabinetmentioned that the Tunisian Governmentactively supports the development oforganic agriculture, by theimplementation of a national committee,a general direction and regional directionsfor organic agriculture, a technical centerof organic agriculture, etc.... Training ofTunisian Journal of Plant Protection Vol. 8, No. 1, 2013

farmers and innovative research isconsidered as a key element thatcontributes to the successful developmentof the organic sector.The plenary sessions continuedwith presentations on the current situationof organic agriculture in Tunisia, anoverview of the research activities of theMediterranean Agricultural Institute ofBari (IAMB) and an outline on currentresearch on microbial control of insects inTunisia.Further, sessions included insectand disease management with a strongfocus on microbial control and botanicals.Fortunately the list of speakers includedmany young researchers, which weregiven the opportunity to present theirresults on a conference. Fortunately, aconsiderable proportion of the youngspeakers presented high quality work.Two of them were rewarded at the end ofthe conference for the best oralpresentation and the best posterpresented.Another positive aspect related tothe contents was the considerable amountof contributions on basic research onpests and diseases. This type of research,e.g. on the auxiliary fauna is generallywork intensive and not easy to publish.On the other hand, this type of study is animportant part of any research agenda inorganic agriculture, which is mainlyfocusing on understanding the systemsand on the principle of prevention.Some of the approaches presentedhowever may cause problems with theself conception of organic agriculture oreven with the general legislation. The useof mycotoxin producing fungi such asAspergillus flavus, for example, is anambivalent approach for organic systems.Summaries of all contributionshave been compiled in an abstract bookthat is available via the website ofISOFAR. The last day of the Symposiumwas dedicated to an excursion which wasfocusing on citriculture and horticulturecompleted by interesting cultural visits.This symposium offered a greatopportunity for all participants to shareinformation and experiences about cropprotection and Organic Agriculture underMediterranean conditions.The atmosphere during thesymposium was more than convenient.Foreign participants had the great chanceto enjoy the hospitality of the Tunisianhosts. The Organizing and ScientificCommittees deserve full gratitude.Dr. Mohamed Ben KhédherFor the Organizing and Scientific Committees-------------------Tunisian Journal of Plant Protection Vol. 8, No. 1, 2013

Recent Doctorate Theses in Plant Protection(2012/13)Mansour, Ramzi. 2012. Toward enhancing Integrated Pest Managementprograms of mealybugs (Hemiptera: Pseudococcidae) in Tunisian and Sicilianvineyards. Doctorate Thesis in Plant Protection, joint supervision INAT,University of Carthage, Tunisia and Universita degli Studi di Catania, Italy, 156pp. (Public Defense: 22 September 2012)Two mealybug species,Planococcus ficus and Planococcus citri,and an armored scale species, Hemiberlesialataniae, were recordedthroughout Tunisian table-grapevineyards. P. ficus was by far the mostwidespread scale insect species within theinvestigated grape growing areas and wasalso recorded on fig trees. Most (74%) ofthe investigated Tunisian vineyards wereinfested by mealybugs. About 70% of themealybug-infested vineyards werecategorized as slightly to moderatelyinfested by these insects. All collectedAnagyrus pseudococci s.l. specimenswere identified as A. sp. nearpseudococci. Additionally, one primaryparasitoid Coccophagus sp. and onehyperparasitoid Chartocerus sp. were alsoreared from mealybugs. Six ant specieswere found in Tunisian mealybuginfestedtable-grape vineyards. They areTetramorium semilaeve, Plagiolepisschmitzii, Tapinoma nigerrimum,Crematogaster schmidti, Pheidolepallidula and Pheidole teneriffana. Thefour latter species were reported tendingmealybugs on grapevines. T. nigerrimumwas found to be the most common antspecies on grapevine and the mostassociated with the mealybugs.The morphological examination ofsome vine mealybug (P. ficus)populations collected from Tunisianvineyards showed the existence of twodifferent P. ficus populations in Tunisia.Likewise, in the molecular (RibosomalITS1) analysis, two separate clades wererevealed in the Neighbour-joiningphylogenetic tree, supporting themorphological studies suggesting thatthere are two distinct populations of P.ficus on grapevine in Tunisia. This is thefirst study showing the occurrence of twomorphologically and genetically differentpopulations of P. ficus on grapevine inTunisia.The number of captured A. sp.near pseudococci females in vinemealybug sex pheromone (LS) baitedtraps was significantly higher than that inunbaited traps. The minimal number ofdays for the first parasitoid emergence inLS baited traps was 16 days, namelyalmost 3 days earlier, compared tounbaited control. These findings resultedin a significant increase in the parasitismof the mealybugs P. citri by A. sp. nearpseudococci in LS baited traps relative tounbaited traps. Insecticide treatments(buprofezin or chlorpyriphos-methyl)significantly affected parasitizationactivity of A. sp. near pseudococci onmealybugs when compared to theuntreated control.Tunisian Journal of Plant Protection Vol. 8, No. 1, 2013

Regarding contact toxicity, theinsecticide chlorpyriphos-methyl caused100% parasitoid mortality 24 h aftertreatment, but parasitoid mortality fromthe insecticides Prev-Am® orspirotetramat was almost absent. Neitherthe total parasitoid offspring/female northe sex ratio of the progeny wasnegatively affected by Prev-Am® orspirotetramat relative to the untreatedcontrol. According to the IOBCclassification for laboratory trials, bothPrev-Am® and spirotetramat were ratedharmless (IOBC category 1), whereaschlorpyriphos-methyl was categorized asharmful (IOBC category 4) to A. sp. nearpseudococci. None of the insecticidesadversely affected the development of theparasitoid pupal stage inside vinemealybug mummies or the survival of theemerged parasitoids.In laboratory conditions,parasitism of P. ficus and P. citri by theirrespective encyrtid parasitoids A. sp. nearpseudococci and Leptomastix dactylopiiwas negatively affected by the ant T.nigerrimum. Similarly, T. nigerrimumwas shown to significantly disrupt thepredatory activity of Cryptolaemusmontrouzieri larvae when foraging onhost citrus mealybugs. By contrast, thepresence of T. nigerrimum did notnegatively influence the predatorypotential of C. montrouzieri adults whenfeeding on citrus mealybugs.Consequently, the encyrtid parasitoids A.sp. near pseudococci and L. dactylopiiand the larval stage of the predator C.montrouzieri may be considered as T.nigerrimum-sensitive, whereas adults ofC. montrouzieri may be regarded as T.nigerrimum-resistant predators.-----------------Sahraoui, Hajer. 2012. Influence of agro-ecological practices and plantprotection on phytoseiid mites communities in Tunisian citrus orchards.Doctorate Thesis in Plant Protection, joint supervision INAT, University ofCarthage, Tunisia and Montpellier SupAgro, France, 196 pp. (Public Defense:11 December 2012)Mites of the family Phytoseiidae(Mesostigmata) have been extensivelystudied because of the potential of severalspecies as biological control agents ofphytophagous mites and small insect croppests. Phytoseiidae diversity andabundance are known to be mainlyaffected by climate, stability of habitats,food resources and agricultural practices.This study conducted in Tunisian citrusorchards aimed to (i) characterize thediversity of Phytoseiidae in theseagrosystems, (ii) study the effect ofagricultural practices on the diversity andabundance of these species and (ii) studythe effect of weed management strategieson these predatory mites. The resultsobtained allow giving some responses.First, more data are now available onspecies of Phytoseiidae present on citrustrees and associated weeds. Eleven newspecies for the Tunisian fauna have beenfound species of Phytoseiidae, weredifferent according to the species of citrusconsidered and their abundance seemed tobe affected by herbicide sprayings. Onweeds, Phytoseiidae diversity wasdirectly affected by weed diversity.Furthermore, their density was influencedby pesticide sprayings and the weedTunisian Journal of Plant Protection Vol. 8, No. 1, 2013

management type. A positive correlationbetween Phytoseiidae densities on treesand weeds was emphasized. Ambulatorydispersal between weeds and trees wasobserved and migrations were higherfrom weeds to trees than in the oppositeway. This dispersal seemed to be favoredby some weeding practices, especially byploughing. At last, the comparison ofplots conducted with different farmingstrategies showed that Phytoseiidaediversity was the highest in the organicfarming plot. The results presentlyobtained allow a better understanding ofrelationships between Phytoseiidae andtheir habitat. They also allow someproposals to improve agriculturalpractices and promote a better biologicalcontrol of mite pests (eliminate herbicideuse, promote ploughing and mowing).However, additional studies are stillrequired in order to test more weedingstrategies, propose new ones and to bettercharacterize the interactions betweenPhytoseiidae and agrosystemsmanagement.---------------Tunisian Journal of Plant Protection Vol. 8, No. 1, 2013

Instructions to AuthorsThe Tunisian Journal of Plant Protection is published in English twice a year.Contributions on all aspects of plant protection are considered. Papers are evaluated by highlyqualified national and international scientists of the related disciplines.The original manuscript should be submittedto the Editor-in-Chief :Prof. Bouzid NasraouiInstitut National Agronomique de Tunisie,43 Avenue Charles Nicolle, 1082 Tunis-Mahrajène, TunisiaEmail: tjpp@iresa.tnPhone: (+216)982929 17Submitted manuscript must not be published or submitted for publication elsewhere.Manuscripts should be emailed on Microsoft Word and Microsoft Excel. It should be typed on oneside page (A4 format) in double space (Times New Roman, 12), starting by the title in the center,followed by author names and their addresses. Three abstracts are required : English, Arabic andFrench. The two latter come at the end of the manuscript. When necessary, the Journalmay translatethe English abstract into Arabic and/or French.Abstracts start with the title of the manuscript and finish by the keywords with sevenwords at most. The other sections of the manuscript are : Introduction, Materials and Methods,Results, Discussion, Acknowledgement (if necessary), French and Arabic abstracts, and LiteratureCited. Not divided short communications and review articles are also published.Tables should be cited in numeric order in the manuscript. They must be intelligiblewithout reference to the text. The title should summarize the information presented in the table.Subheadings should be brief. Abbreviations are accepted but those which are not standard must beexplained in footnotes.Figures should also be presented in numeric order. Captions should describe the contents,so each illustration is understandable when considered apart from the text. Color photos arepublished only on-line; they are black and white on the paper version.References in the text should be cited by their numbers. In the Literature Cited, referencesmust be reported in their original language when latin alphabet is used, otherwise, they have to betranslated to English between square brackets and their original language mentioned betweenbrackets. They should be numbered and arranged in alphabetical order, with author last names, theirinitials, publication year, title, journal or other source, volume and page numbers. Examples belowmust be followed.Article in a journal :Haddar, T. 1989. Check list of weeds naturally infesting agricultural fields in northern Tunisia. ArabJournal of Plant Protection 7: 174-178.Chapter in a book :Nasraoui, B. and Lepoivre, P. 2003. Les champignons phytopathogènes. Pages 111-143. In:Phytopathologie, bases moléculaires et biologiques des pathosystèmes et fondements desstratégies de lutte. P. Lepoivre, Ed. Editions De Boeck Université. Belgium.Proceedings :Medini, M., Hamza, S., Harrabi, M., and Lamari, L. 2003. Virulence of Mycosphaerellagraminicolafrom Tunisia, Algeria and Canada. Pages 14-44. In: Proceedings of the 6 thInternational Symposium on Septoria and StagonosporaDiseases of Cereals. December 8-12, 2003, Tunis, Tunisia.Book :Jarraya, A. 2003. Principaux nuisibles des plantes cultivées et des denrées stockées en Afrique duNord: leur biologie, leurs ennemis naturels, leurs dégâts et leur contrôle. Maghreb Editions,Tunisia, 415 pp.Thesis :Horrigue-Raouani, N. 2003. Variabilité de la relation hôtes-parasites dans le cas des Meloidogynespp. (Tylenchida, Meloidogynidae). Doctorat Es-Sciences Naturelles. Faculté des Sciencesde Tunis, Université Al-Manar, Tunisia, 222 pp.Tunisian Journal of Plant Protection Vol. 8, No. 1, 2013

Tunisian Journal of Plant Protection Vol. 8, No. 1, 2013