Final Report - Strategic Environmental Research and Development ...

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ObjectiveThe basic objective of this research project was to develop an improved understanding of thefundamental physics underlying classification and discrimination of unexploded ordnance(UXO) and clutter items using electromagnetic induction (EMI) data. This improvedunderstanding can help to establish a rational basis for the development and implementation ofimproved UXO/clutter discrimination processing and analysis techniques capable of fullyexploiting the capabilities of new EMI sensor technologies purpose-built for target classification.We proposed to assemble a comprehensive database of EMI signatures of UXO and clutter itemsfrom a variety of active clearance sites using the ESTCP MM-0601 time domain EMI array. Theobjective was then to work with this library to relate the structure of the EMI signatures to thefundamental physical aspects of the EMI response arising from the magnetic surface mode andthe bulk eddy current decay regimes, and establish bounds on the information content of the EMIsignatures in the two regimes and their significance for UXO/clutter classification anddiscrimination.The results of this research should generalize directly to other EMI sensors, regardless of sensordesign. The basic products are principal axis polarizabilities derived from data collected for thevarious UXO and clutter targets. As such they are sensor-independent, intrinsic properties of thetargets. The products of this research will be useful to the user community in several ways. Thesignature library will be an important resource for other scientists and engineers conductingresearch on UXO/clutter discrimination. It will provide the necessary input for development andtesting of decision rules and procedures for UXO/clutter discrimination. The results will alsoprovide a rational basis for optimizing sensor operating parameters and data collection protocolson a site-specific basis.1
BackgroundIntroductionOver the past decade or so SERDP has invested heavily in research efforts directed at developingtechniques for distinguishing between buried UXO and metallic clutter items that are also foundin the ground. One very important line of research centers on the EMI signatures of buriedobjects and ways of reliably classifying them as either ordnance-like or clutter-like. A number ofSERDP projects have supported research efforts to find techniques for deciding what isordnance-like or clutter-like about the EMI signatures. Until recently, technology limitationshave hindered progress. Largely as a result of SERDP and ESTCP investments, a new generationof EMI sensors specifically designed to gather data suitable for UXO/clutter classification anddiscrimination has become available. Examples are the Berkeley UXO Discriminator (BUD)developed by the Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory under SERDP project MR-1225, thetransient electromagnetic (TEM) array, nicknamed “TEMTADS”, developed by the NavalResearch Laboratory (NRL) in SERDP project MR-1315 and ESTCP project MR-200601, andthe MetalMapper developed with funding from the Navy and SERDP project MR-1534.These new sensors operate in the time domain. The basic elements of time domain or transientelectromagnetic induction are illustrated in Figure 1. First, a magnetic field (the primary field) isproduced by running a current through the transmit coil. When the transmit current is shut off theprimary field shuts down, which causes current eddies to spring up in nearby metal objects.These eddy currents quickly diffuse through the object and decay, typically on a time scale of10’s of ms. The sensor measures the voltage induced in a receive coil by the decaying magneticfield (the secondary or induced field) due to the decaying eddy currents.Figure 1. Basic elements of electromagnetic induction: (a) a magnetic field is produced byrunning current through the transmit coil, (b) when the field is cut off current eddies springup in nearby metal objects and then quickly (~10 ms) decay, (c) the sensor measures voltageinduced in receive coil by decaying magnetic field from eddy currents.2
Page 1 and 2: FINAL REPORTMagnetic Surface Modes
Page 3 and 4: AbstractThis research project conce
Page 5 and 6: List of TablesTable 1. MR-1595 targ
Page 7 and 8: List of AcronymsBUDDARPAEMIESTCPGEM
Page 9: AcknowledgementsThis project was a
Page 14 and 15: (11)V(t) = −μ 0 n R n T C R (r 0
Page 16 and 17: in blue. Finely spaced gray lines a
Page 18 and 19: Figure 5. Comparison of quadrature
Page 20 and 21: Although useful, these EMI signatur
Page 22 and 23: Materials and MethodsData Collectio
Page 24 and 25: Figure 9. (a) EMI response curves m
Page 26 and 27: have used the site for testing and
Page 28 and 29: ProjectilesMunition Type Variants M
Page 30 and 31: Figure 14. Principal axis polarizab
Page 32 and 33: transfer coefficient h according to
Page 34 and 35: around ½ depending on the object [
Page 36 and 37: We have considered the utility of u
Page 38 and 39: Figure 22. Ringdown for different T
Page 40 and 41: Figure 25. Classification performan
Page 42 and 43: Conclusions and Implications for Fu
Page 44: 13. James B. Kingdon, Bruce J. Barr

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