The Economist December 1st 2007 - Online Public Access Catalog

Still work to be doneNov 29th 2007From The Economist print editionJapan's labour market is becoming more flexible, but also more unequalIN THE summer of 2007 Toshifumi Mori moved back to Japan,having spent 14 years in America, Canada, Britain and Germanyworking for Mitsubishi, one of Japan's big industrial groups. He wasstruck by some of the advertisements he saw on the Tokyo subway.Such hoardings, he feels, “tell you what's in”. Alongside the posterspromoting mobile phones and beer he was surprised to seeadvertisements for headhunters and recruitment firms. “There wasnothing like that 15 years ago,” he says. He joined Heidrick &Struggles, one of several companies both promoting and profitingfrom a more flexible Japanese labour market.Illustration by JacWhere he worked before, the traditional Japanese “lifetimeemployment” model was deeply entrenched. It is often said that thismodel is now collapsing and that the era of “jobs for life” has cometo an end. But the reality is more complicated. For one thing, thetraditional lifetime-employment system existed for only a fewdecades, and only at large Japanese firms; it was never universal.The system is now slowly crumbling, but only at the edges, notesAkira Kawamoto, the director of research at RIETI, a government think-tank. Most of the “salarymen”inside the traditional system will stay there until they retire. But the labour market is becoming moreflexible in several ways.Mid-career job changes, once unheard of, are no longer quite such a rarity. The strict seniority system isgiving way to a greater emphasis on performance-based pay and promotion on merit. And the number of“non-regular workers” (a term that encompasses temporary, part-time and contract workers) isincreasing. But much of this reflects efforts by Japanese companies to shore up the lifetime employmentsystem for its “regular workers”, involving necessary concessions to keep the old system going. Usefulthough the reforms have been, they have also raised concerns about the growing inequality betweenregular and non-regular workers.Under the traditional system, companies hired graduates and then invested heavily in their training anddevelopment. To keep workers loyal and protect their investment, they offered lifetime employment onsteadily increasing pay, with generous fringe benefits and a lump sum on retirement. Employees workedtheir way up through the ranks, so age and seniority were tightly intertwined. This made it hard forpeople to switch companies in mid-career. Women who left to have children found they could return onlyto more junior, part-time positions. People competed fiercely for jobs at the best companies—but oncethey were in, their performance made no difference to their pay. “At Mitsubishi your salary went up bythe same amount, no matter how hard you worked. My friends at foreign firms found this unbelievable,”recalls Mr Mori.But this is now changing. Young people who start work at a big company no longer expect to stay therefor their entire career. Some of them want more of a challenge, says Mr Mori; others “have seen whathappens to people who move to another company and do well”. Foreign firms in Japan helped thingsalong by poaching staff from Japanese firms, offering attractive benefits and better prospects forpromotion on merit. “That creates more mobility,” says Mr Mori. “People hear success stories by word ofmouth. If some people jump and become top managers, others want to do the same.” This is particularlynoticeable in financial services, he says, but is spreading to other industries too. A common strategy is tostart at a Japanese firm, move on to a foreign firm and then return to a Japanese firm in a more seniorposition.Signs of movement