BIOETHANOL GREENHOUSE GAS CALCULATOR - HGCA

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28Climate Change (UNFCCC definition) is a change of climate which is attributeddirectly or indirectly to human activity that alters the composition of the globalatmosphere and which is in addition to natural climate variability over comparabletime periods.Combined cycle is an electricity generation where the waste heat of a gasturbinegenerator is used to heat water in a boiler to drive a steam-turbine generator, therebyincreasing efficiency.Cogeneration is the use of waste heat from electricity generation, such as exhaustfrom gas turbines, for either industrial purposes or district heating.Coppicing is the traditional method of woodland management in which trees are cutdown near to the ground to encourage the production of long, straight shoots that canbe harvested.Distillers’ Dark Grains and Solubles or DDGS is a protein-rich residue/ by-productleaves after the wheat grain processing.Emissions (UNFCCC Definition) is the release of greenhouse gases and/or theirprecursors into the atmosphere over a specified area and period of time.Emissions are the substances released into the atmosphere or into water. In climatechange, greenhouse gas emissions are the release of gases such as carbon dioxide,methane and nitrous oxide through natural and human activities.Emissions Cap is a mandated restraint, in a scheduled timeframe that puts a ‘ceiling’on the total amount of anthropogenic greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions that can bereleased into the atmosphere. The Kyoto Protocol mandates caps on the GHGemissions released by Annex B, or developed, countries.Emissions Reduction Unit, or ERU is the ERU represents a specified amount ofgreenhouse gas emissions reductions achieved through a Joint Implementation projector as the unit of trade in greenhouse gas emissions trading systems.Emissions Trading is a market-based approach to achieving environmentalobjectives that allows those reducing greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions below what isrequired to use or trade the excess reductions to offset emissions at another sourceinside or outside the country. In general, trading can occur at the domestic,international and intra-company levels. Article 17 of the Kyoto Protocol, allowsAnnex B countries to exchange emissions obligations. Negotiations will determine theextent to which firms and others may be allowed to participate. Internationalemissions trading constitutes one of the Kyoto Mechanisms, designed to provideAnnex B countries cost-effective flexibility in reducing emissions to achieve theiragreed commitments.Ethanol is a liquid that is produced chemically from ethylene or biologically from thefermentation of various sugars from carbohydrates found in agricultural crops andcellulosic residues from crops or wood. Depending on how it is produced, it can beused as a substitute for gasoline, and can result in significantly less greenhouse gasemissions than gasoline. It is also known as ethyl alcohol or grain alcohol.Fossil Fuels are the carbon-based fuels, including coal, oil and natural gas.Fuel carbon content (% by mass) is the carbon content of the fuel as a percent of itsmass. This value is used to calculate the annual carbon emissions of the system.
29Fuel Switching is a supplying energy services using different fuels. Often used torefer to actions that reduce CO 2 emissions from electric utilities by switching fromcoal to natural gas.Global Warming is the view that the earth’s temperature is being increased, in part,due to emissions of greenhouse gases associated with human activities, such asburning fossil fuels, biomass burning, cement manufacture, cow and sheep rearing,deforestation and other land-use changes.Global Warming Potential, or GWP is a time dependent index used to compare theradiative forcing, on a mass basis, of an impulse of a specific greenhouse gas relativeto that of CO 2 . Gases included in the Kyoto Protocol are weighted in the firstcommitment period according to their GWP over a 100-year time horizon aspublished in the 1995 Second Assessment Report of the IPCC. In that report,methane, for example has a radiative forcing that was estimated to be about 21 timesgreater than that of CO 2 , thus it has a GWP of 21.Greenhouse Effect is the trapping of heat by naturally occurring heat retainingatmospheric gases (water vapour, carbon dioxide, nitrous oxide, methane and ozone)that keeps the earth about 30° C (60° F) warmer than if these gases did not exist.Greenhouse Gases (GHG) are gases in the earth’s atmosphere that absorb and reemitinfra-red radiation. These gases occur through both natural and humaninfluencedprocesses. The major GHG is water vapour. Other GHGs include carbondioxide, nitrous oxide, methane, ozone and CFCs.GHG certification is a process by which a product or service is delivered with aformally declared carbon intensity, which is a measure of the amount of GHGsproduced expressed in units of CO 2 equivalent. The process is normally based upon astandardised method that makes use of a combination of direct information provisionor measurements and assumptions taken from the scientific literature. The declaredcarbon intensity of each could be linked to the number of RTFO certificates issued(Bauen et. al., 2005).Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, or IPCC is a Panel established in1988, by governments under the auspices of the World Meteorological Organizationand the UN Environment Programme. It prepares assessments, reports and guidelineson the science of climate change, its potential environmental, economic and socialimpacts, technological developments, possible national and international responses toclimate change and crosscutting issues. It provides advice to the UNFCCC’sConference of the Parties. It is currently organized into 3 Working Groups whichaddress: I) Science; II) Impacts, Adaptation and Vulnerability; and III) Mitigation;there is also a Working Group to address GHG Inventories.International Energy Agency, or IEA is a Paris-based organization formed in 1973by the major oil-consuming nations to manage future oil supply shortfalls.Kyoto Lands. The Kyoto Protocol describes land use, land use change and forestryactivities that require or allow the net GHG emissions from sinks to be accounted forby Parties in meeting their emission reduction commitments. The lands on whichthese activities take place are designated as Kyoto lands (as defined in the IPCC draftreport on LULUCF).
Page 1 and 2: BIOETHANOL GREENHOUSE GAS CALCULATO
Page 3 and 4: Table 2: GHG emission factors for f
Page 5 and 6: 11. IntroductionA recent lifecycle
Page 7 and 8: 3recovery (LCVP report; Rickeard et
Page 10 and 11: 64. Using the CalculatorThe bioetha
Page 12 and 13: 8DATA INPUT GUIDANCEThe table below
Page 14 and 15: 10PRE-PROCESSING(DRYING AND STORAGE
Page 16 and 17: 12• Surplus electricity (kWh/t et
Page 18 and 19: 14Clicking the BACK button takes th
Page 20 and 21: 165. Underlying factors and calcula
Page 22 and 23: 18kg of nitrogen fertilizer (as N)
Page 24 and 25: 20As in the LCVP study, imported so
Page 26 and 27: 226.2 Farming Inputs and YieldsFor
Page 28 and 29: 247. ReferencesBauen, A., Howes, J.
Page 30 and 31: 26Definitions and terminologyThe fo
Page 34 and 35: 30Kyoto Protocol is the Protocol, d
Page 36 and 37: 32continued supply depends, in many
Page 38: 34In this case ‘delivery’ is as

BIOETHANOL GREENHOUSE GAS CALCULATOR - HGCA

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