FOREST BIOME - ScholarsArchive at Oregon State University

UNITED STATES
INTERNATIONAL BIOLOGICAL PROGRAM
Analysis of Ecosystems
CONIFEROUS
FOREST BIOME
YEAR 2 PROPOSAL
Volume 2 Appendix
May 1971

TABLE OF CONTENTS
Page
8. APPENDIX 8.01
8.1. List of Participants 8.01
8.2. List of Study Proposals 8.08
8.3. Individual Proposal Abstracts 8.15
8.4. System Modeling 8.157
8.4.1. Population dynamic aspects of the model 8.160
8.4.2. Mass and energy aspects 8.163
8.4.3. Ccmpartment models 8.164
8.5. Literature Cited 8.177
8.6. Vitae 8.184
8.7. Addendum 8.299

8.01
8.1 List of Participants Page No.
Aho, P. E. USDA Forest Service, Corvallis 8.8'
Anderson, N. H.
Bare, B. B.
Department of Entomology, Oregon State
University
Center for Quantitative Science, University
of Washington .1554
Bell, J. F. School of Forestry, Oregon State University
p
8.32,8.34
Belt, G. H. Meteorology Department, University of Idaho 8.147
Black, H. C. School of Forestry, Oregon State University 8.48,8.55
Brocksen, R. W. Department of Animal Physiology, University
of California, Davis 3.88
Brown, G. W. School of Forestry, Oregon State University 8.132
Bruce, D. USDA Forest Service, Portland 8.32
Burgner, R. L. Fisheries Research Institute, University of
Washington 8.97
Burgy, R. H. Department of Water Science and Engineering,
University of California, Davis 8.133
Calvin, L. D. Department of Statistics, Oregon State
University 8.22
Carrol, G. C. Department of 3iology, University of Oregon 8.72
Chapman, D. G. Center for Quantitative Science, University of 8.15,
Washington 8.154
Chen, C. L. Department of Civil Engineering, Utah State
!Jniversity 8.136
Christman, R. F. Department of Civil Engineering, University of
Washington 8.99
Cole, D. W. College of Forest Resources, University of 8.32,8.116
Washington 8.149
Daterman, G. E. USDA Forest Service, Corvallis 8.50

Davis, G. E.
Department of Fisheries and Wildlife, Oregon
State University
8.02
Page No.
8.22
Delacy, A. C. College of Fisheries, University of Washington 8.102
Del Moral, R.
Department of Botany, University of Washington 8.36
Denison, W. C. Department of Botany and Plant Pathology, 8.73,8.74
Oregon State University
8.80
Dirmhirn, 1. Department of Soils and Meteorology, Utah
State University
Donaldson, J. R. Department of Fisheries and Wildlife, Oregon
State University
8.141
8.90
Driver, C. H. College of Forest Resources, University of
Washington 8.76
Dyrness, C. T. USDA Forest Service, Corvallis, and
Department of Soils, Oregon State University
Ferrel, W. K. School of Forestry, Oregon State University 8.44
Franklin, J. F. USDA Forest Service, Corvallis, and
School of Forestry, Oregon State University
Fredriksen, R. L. USDA Forest Service, Corvallis, and
School of Forestry, Oregon State University
8.37
8.37
8.118
Fritschen, L. J. College of Forest Resources, University of 8.142,8.143
Washington
8.145,8.147
Gara, R. I. College of Forest Resources, University of 8.52,8.53
Washington 8.55
Gaufin, A. R. Department of Biology, University of Utah 8.91,8.103
Gay, L. W. School of Forestry, Oregon State University 8.145,8.147
Gessel, S. P. College of Forest Resources, University of
Washington
8.116,8.1
Gillespie, D. Department of Biology, University of Utah 8.103
Gilmour, C. M. Department of Bacteriology, University of
Idaho
Goldman, C. R. Department of Zoology, University of
California, Davis 8.19
8.78

8.03
Page No.
Gray, J. Department of Biology, University of Oregon 8.8o
Hall, J. D. Department of Fisheries and Wildlife,
Oregon State University 8.93
Hart, G. E. Forest Science Department, Utah State 8,134
University 8.136
Hatheway, W. H. College of Forest Resources, University of 8.15,8.23
Washington 8.152
Helm, W. T. Department of Wildlife Resources, Utah State
University 8.103
Helms, J. A. School of Forestry and Conservation,
University of California, Berkeley 8.24
Hermann, R. School of Forestry, Oregon State University 8.40
Hickman, J. C. Department of Biology, Swarthmore College 8.80
Irgens-P1oller, H. School of Forestry, Oregon State University 8.44,8.46
Israelsen, E. K. Department of Civil Engineering, Utah State
University 8.138
Jensen, H. J. Department of Botany and Plant Pathology,
Oregon State University 8.83
Jordan, C. F. Argonne National Laboratory 8.26
Kays, M. A. Department of Geology, University of Oregon 8.120
Kline, J. R. Radiational Physics Division, Argonne National
Laboratory 8.26
Knight, A. W. Department of Water Science and Engineering,
University of California, Davis 8.88
Knox, E. G. Department of Soils, Oregon State University 8.122
Knutson, D. M. USDA Forest Service, Corvallis 8.86
Koch, W. Forest Botanical Institute, University of
Hun i ch 8.23
Krantz, G. U. Department of Entomology, Oregon State
University 8.83

8.04
Page No.
Lavender, D. P. School of Forestry, Oregon State University 8.3498.124
Lighthart, B. Institute of Freshwater Studies, Western
Washington State College 8.61
Lu, K. C. USDA Forest Service, Corvallis and
Department of Microbiology, Oregon State
University 8.86
Lyford, J. H. Department of Botany and Plant Pathology,
Oregon State University 8.93
Male, L. Center for Quantitative Science, University
of Washington 8.15
Maslin, P. E. Department of Biological Sciences, Chico
State College 8.105
Matches, J. R. College of Fisheries, University of
Washington 8.63
McIntire, C. D. Department of Botany and Plant Pathology,
Oregon State University 8.80
Milne, D. H. Department of General Science, Oregon State
University 8.55
Mogren, E. W. College of Forestry and Natural Resources,
Colorado State University 3.155
Moore, D. G. USDA Forest Service, Corvallis, and
Department of Soils, Oregon State University 8.118
Morgan, D. L. Institute of Ecology, University of California,
Davis 8.19
Myrup, L. 0. Institute of Ecology, University of
California, Davis 8.19
Nagel, W. P. Department of Entomology, Oregon State 8.50,8.57
University 8.55
Nellis, C. H. College of Forest Resources, University of
Washington 8.59
Nelson, E. E. USDA Forest Service, Corvallis 3.86
Neuhold, J. M. Department of Wildlife Resources, Utah
State University 8.103

Newton, M. School of Forestry, Oregon State
University
Nussbaum, R. Department of Zoology, Oregon State
University
Ogawa, M. Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry,
Tokyo, Japan
Olsen, S. College of Fisheries, University of
Washington
8.05
Page No.
8.42
8.48
8.36
8.126
Olson, P. R. College of Fisheries, University of 8.112
Washington
8.14.)
Overton, W. S. School of Forestry, Oregon State University 8.15,8.55
Packard, T. T. Department of Oceanography, University of
Washington 8.65
Pamatmat, M. M. Department of Oceanography, University of
Washington 8.66
Parsons, R. B. USDA Soil Conservation Service, Corvallis 8.122
Paulson, D. R. Department of Zoology, University of 8.55,8.59
Washington 8.105
Pike, L. W. Department of Botany and Plant Pathology,
Oregon State University 8.73
Pitman, G. B. Boyce Thompson Institute, Grass Valley,
California 8.53
Porter, S. C. Geological Sciences Quarternary, Research
Center, University of Washington
8.127
Rickard, W. H. Ecosystems Department, "attelle Northwest 8.129
Riekerk, H. College of Forest Resources, University of 8.84
Washington 8.152
Riley, J. P. Department of Civil Engineering;, Utah State
University 8.136
Rogers, D. E. Fisheries Research Institute, University of
Washington 8.21
Rothacher, J. USDA Forest Service, Corvallis, and
School of Forestry, Oregon State University 8.138

8.06
Page No.
Rudinsky, J. A. Department of Entomology, Oregon State
University 8.55
Scott, D. R. M. College of Forest Resources, University of 8.29
Washington 8.36
Spyridakis, D. E. Department of Civil Engineering, University 8.99
of Washington 8.149
Stettler, R. F. College of Forest Resources and Department
of Genetics, University of Washington 8.46
Stober, Q. J. Fisheries Research Institute, University of
Washington 3
Storm, R. M. Department of Zoology, Oregon State 3.48
University 8.55
Strand, M. A. School of Forestry, Oregon State University 8.55
Taber, R. D. College of Forest Resources, University of 8.55
Washington 8.59
Taub, F. B. College of Fisheries, University of 8.68
Washington 8.69
Thorne, R. Fisheries Research Institute, University of
Washington 8.97
Tibbs, J. Biological Station, University of Montana 8.103
Trappe, J. M. USDA Forest Service, Corvallis and
Department of Botany and Plant Pathology,
Oregon State University 8.86
Tsukada, M. Department of Botany, University of
WJashington 8.108
Turnbull, K. J. College of Forest Resources, University of
Washington 8.15
Ugolini, F. C. College of Forest Resources, University of
Washington 8.131
Vohs, P. A. Department of Fisheries and Wildlife,
Oregon State University
Walker, R. B. Department of Botany, University of
Washington 8.29
8.55

Waring, R. H. School of Forestry, Oregon State University
8.07
Page No.
Warren, C. E. Department of Fisheries and Wildlife,
Oregon State University 8.22
Webb, W. L. School of Forestry, Oregon State University 8.31
Weisbrod, R. College of Forest Resources, University of
Washington 8.59
8.23 , 8 . 31
Welch, E. B. Department of Civil Engineering, University 8.110
of Washington
8.112
Whisler, H. C. Department of Botany, University of Washington 8.71
White, D. Utah Lake Biology Station, Brigham Young
University
8.44,8.151
8.103
Whitney, R. R. College of Fisheries, University of Washington 8.114
Wicklow, M. Department of Botany and Plant Pathology,
Oregon State University 8.74
liens, J. A. Department of Zoology, Oregon State 8.48
University
8.55
Wilson, B. C. Department of Natural Resources, State of
Washington
Wooldridge, D. D. College of Forest Resources. University of
Washington
8.46
8.139
Wootton, D. Department of Biology, Chico State College 8.103
Wydoski, R. S. College of Fisheries, University of
Washington
Youngberg, C. T. Department of Soils, Oregon State
University
8.114
8.78
Zak, B. USDA Forest Service, Corvallis, and
Department of Botany and Plant Pathology,
Oregon State University 8.86
Zobel, D. B. Department of Botany and Plant Pathology,
Oregon State University 8.37

Project No.
MODELING
8.2. List of Study Proposals
1. Chapman, D. G., Hatheway, W. H., Turnbull, K. J.,
Pale, L., and Overton, W. S.
System Modeling, Sampling, and Parameter Estimation
2. Goldman, C. R., Myrup, L. 0., and Morgan, D.
Systems Analysis and Proposed Nutrient Models of the Castle
Lake Watershed
3. Rogers, D. E.
Trophic Relation Model in Aquatic Communities: Sockeye
Salmon Model, Wood River Lakes
4. Warren, C. E., Davis, G. E., and Calvin, L. E.
Trophic Relation Model Based on Density-dependent Processes
TERRESTRIAL PRODUCERS
Terrestrial Processes
5. Hatheway, W. H., Waring, R. H., and Koch, W.
Seasonal and Diurnal Patterns of CO Uptake by European
Spruce: A Joint German"American IBP2Proposal
6. Helms, J. A.
Physiological Processes within the Mixed Conifer Forest
of California
7. Kline, J. R. and Jordan, C. F.
Direct Measurement of Transpiration and Biomass in Coniferous
Trees
8. Scott, D. R. M. and Walker, R. B.
Assiimilation-Water Relation Studies in Douglas-Fir at the
Cedar River Intensive Site
9. Wa r i ng , R. H. and Webb, W. L.
Seasonal Variation of CO2 Absorption and Translocation in
Douglas-Fir Seedlings
Biomass and Structure
10. Bell, J. F., Cole, D. 11., and Bruce, D.
Use of Optical Systems for Estimation of Biomass and Net
Productivity
8.08
Page No.
8.15
8.19
8.21
8.22
8.23
8.24
8.26
8.29
8.31
8.32

H. Bell, J. F. and Lavender, D. P.
Estimation of the Biomass of Old-Growth Douglas-Fir Trees
12. Del floral, R. and Scott, D. R. M.
inventory of Terrestrial Ecosystems of Cedar River
Intensive Site: Higher Plant Component
13. Dyrness, C. T., Franklin, J. F., and Zobel, 0.
Site Biological and Environmental
Monitoring, and Mapping
14. Hermann, R.
Root Biomass and Distribution in Old-Growth Forest Stands
15. Newton, M.
Biomass and Nutrient Content of Understory Plants
GENETICS
8 . 0
Page No.
8.34
8.36
8.37
8.40
8.42
16. I rgens-t-lol ler, H., Ferrel, W. K., and Waring, R. H. 8.44
Ecotypic Variation in Net Photosynthesis of Douglas-Fir
under Field Conditions with Particular Reference to
Sampling Methods
17. Stettler, R. F., Wilson, B. C., and Irgens-Moller, H.
Isoenzyme Variation among Douglas-Fir Parents and Progenies
from Different Sources
TERRESTRIAL CONSUMERS
18. Black, H. C., Storm, R. M., Wiens, J. A., and "Nussbaum, R.
Survey of Vertebrate Populations Occurring on the H. J.
Andrews Experimental Forest
19. Daterman, G. E. and Nagel, P. E.
Invertebrate Terrestrial Consumer Inventory in Cascade
Douglas-Fir-Western Hemlock Forests
20. Sara, R. 1. 3.52
Inventory of Principal Defoliator and Subcortical Insects
of the Cedar River Intensive Site
21. Sara, R. 1. and Pitman, G. B.
Interaction between Insect Consumers and Douglas-Fir
22. Overton, W. S., Mi lne, D. H., and Strand, M. A.
Development of Prototype Producer-Consumer Interaction
Models
8.46
8.43
8.50
8.53
8.55

23. Naqel, W. P.
Primary Insect Consumers of Foliage and Cones of Cascade
Douglas-Fir ?Western Hemlock Forests
8.10
Page No.
8.57
24. Taber, R. D., Nellis, C. H., Weisbrod, R., and Paulson, D. 8.59
Survey of Vertebrate Populations Occurring on the Cedar
River Intensive Site
DECOMPOSERS
Aquatic
25. Lighthart, B.
Aquatic Decomposition in Lakes F i nd l ey , Morse, Sammarn i sh ,
and Washington of the Western Coniferous Forest Biome
26. Matches, J. R.
Degradation of Organic Compounds in Freshwater Sediments
by Bacteria
27. Packard, T. T.
Oxidation of Organic Matter in the Water Column
28. Pamatmat, Ii. M.
Oxidation of Organic Matter in the Lake Bottom
29. Taub, F. B.
Estimates of Biomass of Detritus Food Chain
30. Taub, F. B.
Nitrogen Transformations
31. Whisler, H. C.
Study of Fungal Parasites of Algae
Terrestrial
32. Carroll, G. C.
Fungal-Decomposers on Living Coniferous Foliage and Twigs
33. Denison, W. C.
Epiphyte Communities: Catalog of Major Species, Measurement
of Biomass, and Nitrogen Fixation
34. Denison, W. C.
Fungal Decomposition of Bark, Litter, and Soil: Primary
Decomposition of Wood
8.61
8.63
8.65
8.66
8.68
8.69
8.71
8.72
8.73
8.74

8.11
Page No.
35. Driver, C. H. 8.76
Studies in Decomposition of Douglas-Fir Wood Induced by
Basidiomycetous Fungi
36. Gilmour, C. 14., and Youngberg, C. T. 8.78
Energy Flow as Determined by Rates of Litter Decomposition
37. Gray, J., Denison, W. C., Hickman, J. C. and Mclntire, C. D. 8.80
Airborne Microflora and Vegetational History of the
Western Coniferous Forest Biome
38. Krantz, G. W. and Jensen, H. J. 8.83
The Role of Various rlicrofauna as Terrestrial Decemposers
in the Western Coniferous Biome
39. Riekerk, H. 8.34
Downward Migration of Particulate Matter in Forest Soil
40. Trappe, J. and others 8.86
Fungi and Bacteria of Roots, Rhizosphere, and Adjacent Soil
AQUATIC
Stream Systems
41. Brocksen, R. W. and Knight, A. W.
Bioenergetics and Density Dependence: A Biological Model
of Trophic Processes
42. Donaldson, J. R.
Biogenic Enrichment by Salmon Carcasses
43. Gaufin, A. R.
Dynamics and Productivity of Aquatic Invertebrates in the
Cedar River
44. Lyford, J. H., Anderson, N. H., and Hall, J. D.
The Role of Biota of Small Streams in a Coniferous Forest
Ecosystem
45. Stober, Q. J.
Aquatic Production in a Sockeye Salmon River
Lake Systems
46. Burgner, R. L. and Thorne., R. E.
Population Magnitude and Species Composition of Limnetic
Feeding Fish
8.88
8.90
8.91
8.93
8.95
8.97

47. Christmnn, R. F. and Spyridakis, D. E.
Iiogeociemical Equilibria of Chemical Elements in Lakes of
Varying Enrichment in a Common Watershed
48. Delacy A. C.
Feedinj Ecology and Food Habits of Limnetic Feeding Fish
8.12
Page No.
8.99
8.102
49. Gaufir,, A. R., White, D., Wootton, D., Tibbs, J., Neuhold, 8.103
J. M., Helm, W. T., and Gillespie, D.
Data Compilation Proposal, Intermountain Aquatic Biome
Cons,art i um
50. Has . i n P. E.
Data o"mpilation on the Eagle Lake Drainage Basin
51. Pa.r l son , I). R.
TFe Production and Dispersal of Terrestrial Animals from
a,i Aquatic Ecosystem
52. sukada, M.
'aleoecological Study in the Cedar River Watershed
53. W'elch, E. B.
Primary Productivity and Nutrient Assimilation Related
to Enrichment
54. Welch, E. B. and Olson, P. R.
Zooplankton Standing Crop and Food Consumption in Three
Lakes of Contrasting Enrichment
55. Whitney, R. and Wydoski, R. S.
Distribution, Relative Abundance, and Biomass of Benthic
and Littoral Fishes
INTERFACE
Nutrient Cycling
56. Cole, D. W. and Gessel, S. P.
Elemental and Water Transport in a Second-Growth Douglas-
Fir Ecosystem, Thompson Research Center
57. Fredriksen, R. L. and Moore, D. G.
Nutrient Retention, Mobilization, and Loss in an Undisturbed
Forest Ecosystem on Experimental Watersheds at
the H. J. Andrews Experimental Forest
53. nays, M. A. and Dyrness, C. T.
Geological and Geochemical Profiles and the Dynamics of
Rock Alteration: Western and High Cascade Range
8.105
8.106
8.108
8.110
8.112
8.114
8.116
8.118
8.120

59. Knox, E. G. and Parsons, R. B.
Soil Variability and Soil-Landscape Relationships, H. J.
Andrews Experimental Forest
60. Lavender, D. P.
Nutrient Cycling in 450-Year-old Douglas-Fir Stands
61. Olsen, S.
Phosphate Balance Sheet for the Findley Lake Watershed
62. Porter, S. C.
Geologic Investigation of the Cedar River Watershed
63.
Rickard, W. H.
Fate of Radionuclides in a Mature Coniferous Forest Stand
64. Ugolini, F. C.
Soil Weathering Processes in the Findley Lake Watershed
Hydrology
65. Brown, G. W.
Movement of Water through Forested and Deforested Soils
in Steep Topography
66. Burgy, R. H.
Understanding Subsurface Flow Processes in the Coniferous
Biome
8.13
Page No.
8.122
8.124
8.124
8.127
8.129
8.130
8.132
8.133
67. Hart, G. E, 8.134
Survey and Evaluation of Hydrologic Data for the Coniferous
Biome
68. Riley, J. P., Israelsen, E. K., Hart, G. E., and Chen, C. L. 8.136
Computer Simulation of Forest Watersheds
69. Rothacher, J.
Hydrologic and Climatic Records for the Intensive Site,
H. J. Andrews Experimental Forest
8.138
70. Wooldridge, D. D. 8.139
Water Balance of the Findley Lake and Cedar River Watershed
Meteorology
71. Dirmhirn, I.
AfStudy of the Relation between Radiant Energy and Photosynthetic
Applicable Radiation in Different Levels within
the Forest Canopy at the Cedar River Site
8.141

8.14
Page No.
72. Fritschen, L. J. 8.142
Climatological Station Operations at the Cedar River Site
73. Fritschen, L. J.
Evapotranspiration and Biomass Accumulation with a Weighing
Lysimeter
74. Gay, L. W. and Fritschen, L. J.
The Development of a Basic Climatological Data Acquisition
Service at the H. J. Andrews Intensive Study Site
75. Gay, L. W., Belt, G. H., and Fritschen, L. J.
Assessment of Sensible Heat, Latent Heat, Momentum, and
Carbon Dioxide Fluxes by Meteorological Methods and
Their Evaluation
CENTRAL OFFICE
76. Cole, D. W., Olson, P., and Spyridakis, D. .
Administration of the Lake Washington Intensive Study Site
8.143
8.145
8.147
8.149
77. Waring, R. H. 8.151
Administration of the H. J. Andrews Intensive Study Site
73. Gessel, S. P., Hatheway, W. H., and Riekerk, H.
Coniferous Biome Central Office
3.152
79. Bare, B. B., and Chapman, D. G. 8.154
Information Bank
80. Mogren, E. W. 8.155
Or=ganization and Implementation of the Coordinating Site
Program of the Coniferous Forest Bicme in the Analysis of
Ecosystem Program of the IBP

8.3. Individual Proposed Abstracts
TITLE: System Modeling, Sampling, and Parameter Estimation
OBJECTIVES:
1. To explore the theoretical development of systems models and
submodels.
2. To continue work on development of a low-resolution system model
for the Cedar River watershed or subsystems thereof.
3. To work toward low-resolution compartment models for biomass and
water on the H. J. Andrews Experimental Forest.
4. To model an aquatic system, continuing work on Fern Lake and also
initiating work on Findley Lake within the Cedar River watershed.
5. To build a submodel of net assimilation in Douglas-fir.
6. To build a submodel for the soil nutrients of a Douglas-fir ecosystem.
7. To develop growth models of Douglas-fir at several levels of
resolution.
8. To support model development of other research groups.
9.
To supervise the sampling, experimental design, and data analysis
for the Biome.
APPROACHES:
As has been stressed, the focus of the whole proposal is the construction
of models of the ecosystem and all research is ultimately directed toward
this goal. Each of the groups of scientists involved in a major component
of the total system is responsible for the ultimate development of models.
However, it is convenient to separate out specifically as "modeling"
projects those that are not now concerned with data collection or field or
laboratory research. It is also useful to identify the group who will
take responsibility for the overall ecosystem model and who will work with
and assist other groups who are building the component models.
RESEARCH PLANS FOR YEAR 2:
Two aspects of ecosystem modeling will be emphasized in year 2: (1) development
of a computer simulation model of a forest ecosystem, and (2) investigaticn
of theoretical aspects of ecosystem models. These are not independent, but
the Washington group will have primary responsibility for the first and
the Oregon group will have the primary responsibility for the second.
The separate work of the several groups referred to above should lead in
year 2 to a simulation model for the Thompson Experimental Forest in the
Cedar River watershed, but with the view of early generalization to
the Andrews Forest and other study sites. The form of the model will be
hierarchical, and provision will be made for continual revision and replacement
of submodels for abiotic, primary producer, decomposer, and consumer
components, as well as for submodels entering each of these. In other
8.1*5

words, this computer simulation model will be modular. Since the basic
relationships will be expressed as ordinary differential equations, much
attention will be given to the problem of time scales. Levels of resolution
developed during year 2 will still be coarse. In fact, many
relationships will be frankly empirical. Nevertheless, we expect to be
able to run computer simulations of the Thompson ecosystem during year 2.
Our objectives in developing this computer model at this stage of our
work are (1) to develop a framework on which later improved ecosystem
models can be erected; (2) to be able to inform the Biome director of
important gaps in substantive research and modeling areas; and (3) to
determine the effects of key parameters on the behavior of an ecosystem
model which incorporates several submodels.
The study of theoretical aspects of ecosystem models will be directed
toward several primary objectives. The comparison of model prediction,
from models of two levels of ecological resolution, has been examined
by Overton as a means of model validation. This investigation will
continue. A second objective is to investigate alternative model structuring
to account for temporal and spatial heterogeneity. In some cases
(e.g., population models and growth models), it is apparent that a
coarse observational resolution, leading to difference equations rather
than differential equations, may often be used to advantage. Again, the
problem of comparison of models of different resolution arises. The
third major objective is to investigate a model form for ecological
information. Existing ecosystem models emphasize the flow of quantities
(e.g., nutrients and energy) from one ecological state to another. It
is not apparent that the self-organizing, self-perpetuating properties of
ecosystems will derive from these models. Neither is it apparent that
model structures exist which will satisfactorily treat, within the
context of present models, the control aspects which we call disruptive-pathogens,
pests, physical catastrophe, and man. An attempt will be made
to model these forces as flow of a quantity, information, through a
compartment system.
Primary' Productivity
8.16
Hatheway proposes to develop a model for net assimilation in Douglas-fir in
cooperation with P. B. Walker, D. R. M. Scott, and R. Waring. Recent
models for photosynthesis in cultivated crops have emphasized the role of
leaf arrangement in the canopy of the stand in the interception of light,
but have relied on empirical formulations to describe production of
carbohydrates in leaves. The complex geometry of conifer stands may preclude
the development of a satisfactory theory of light interception at various
levels of the canopy. On the other hand, some theory of production at
the level of the leaf and branch may be within reach. Critical to its
development will be submodels for stomata] opening and closing (which will
depend in part on the general level of moisture stress in the tree), leaf
temperatures, and incident radiation. Considerable data on assimilation
in Douglas-fir have already been accumulated, and a satisfactory theory
for transpiration (Gates, 1968) is available.
Nutrient Cycling Within the Terrestrial System
York on simple nutrient cycling models which will begin in year 1 will
continue in year 2. Such models will be useful in the total ecosystem

model but the ultimate aim is to develop much higher resolution functional
models. The availability of a nutrient to a sedentary organism depends
both on the physical mechanisms which transport the nutrient to the
organism and on the chemical reactions which supply the nutrient in a
chemical state which is compatible with the organism's absorbing mechanism.
The mechanical transport of substances within the soil is governed by
principles of soil physics and physical chemistry. The uptake of nutrients
by plant roots and soil organisms is explained by physiological theories.
These processes are subject to definite and well-defined laws which
should form the basis of useful component models.
Aquatic Models
8.17
The models developed for Fern Lake will be adapted to the Cedar River
watershed; in addition, other modeling activities for Lake Washington will
continue. On the H. J. Andrews site, the hydrologic data accumulated
over the past 20 years will be utilized in building a first-stage,hierarchical
model at two levels of spatial resolution, the unit watershed
and the entire Andrews watershed. The objectives will be twofold. First,
this will provide background for the studies of comparison of models of
two levels. Second, this will be the first step in investigation of the
portion of the Andrews Forest not amenable to stream gage studies--the interstices
between the unit watersheds.
Hierarchial Growth Model for Douglas-Fir
In year 2, Turnbull's emphasis will be placed on the tree and stand
levels of this hierarchical model. Structure and growth data for trees
and stands must be collected at the Cedar River site from stands representing
the age range of the second-growth forest. Microdendrometry records
and successive tissue samples will be collected to validate the cell growth
model. The detailed model for the individual tree will be completed and
a preliminary model will be developed at the stand level. It is anticipated that
hypotheses will be formulated concerning the physiological factors underlying
cell growth and tree growth. Experiments will then be designed in the
following year.
In year 2, Overton will start to apply the models developed in year I to
extensive data collected under several regimes of thinning by Berg on
the Black Rock young-growth studies. The objective will be to develop
a working model for stand growth and particular attention wil be directed
to meaningful characterization of spatial relationships.
This study differs from Turnbull's in that representation of individual
tree response will be functional, rather than structural (in the system
modeling sense). Again, we have a potential comparison of models of two
levels of resolution.
Other Support by Modeling Groups to Biome Research
The modeling group in the Center for Quantitative Science is also planning
to provide support to other research groups for their development of
functional models. In particular the model under development by Edmonds
will tie in closely with the understanding of the decomposer component

8.18
and the group will work with them on their aquatic research. Support is
also provided for the Consumer group. An outcome of the initial research
and of the modeling activities will be the setting up of new research plans
and experiments to fill gaps in the information and to test hypotheses
proposed in the preliminary models. The modeling group will provide support
in design of such experiments and in analysis of the data resulting
therefrom.
PERSONNEL:
Principal investigators:
Douglas G. Chapman,. Center for Quantitative Science,
University of Washington
William H. Hatheway, College of Forest Resources, University
of Washington
Ken J. Turnbull, College of Forest Resources, University
of Washington
Larry Male, Center for Quantitative Science, University of
Idlash i ngton
W. Scott Overton, School of Forestry, Oregon State University

TITLE:
OBJECTIVES:
Systems Analysis and Proposed 1utrient Models of the Castle
Lake Watershed
1. Establish a consistent and convenient
2.
methodology for the various measurement
Provide assistance in modeling techniques
various Investigators.
framework of language and
and analysis programs.
and programming to the
3. Formulate a seasonal model of the ecology of the Castle Lake
watershed, i.e., a model of the meteorology, linnology, hydrology,
nutrient transport and cycling processes, vegetation-nutrient
relationships., and stream and lake ecology of the region. The
model should be capable of predicting the
seasonal response of the
watershed ecology to changes in the important input parameters such
as rainfall, net radiation, amount of forest area, or degree of air
pollution.
4. Formulate a steady-state, annual model of sufficient generality
to be useful in evaluating the response of any forest-aquatic
environment to modification and/or management.
APPROACH:
8.19
in general, our first concern will be to form the budgets of energy;,
water, nutrients; and other chemicals and biomass. That is, we shall
attempt to evaluate the input, output, transport, storage, and production
processes. The next stage will be to formulate, with the guidance of
available theory, prognostic models of the individual budgets and also
of the total system response. These models should be capable of predicting
response to conditions which differ from those of the measurement program.
We anticipate that even a crude systems model will be enormously useful
in increasing understanding, in delineating areas inadequately measured, understood,
or modeled, and in influencing management policy and practice.
In order to determine interactions and transports within the watershed,
it will be necessary to evaluate the budgets according to an area]
coordination system. The coordinate system will be designed to reflect
the natural distribution of terrain and vegetation. Where necessary,
total watershed budgets will be broken down into area) distributions,
both in the measurement and modeling phases.
Data acquisition, reduction, and analysis will be centrally coordinated.
VIherever possible, computer analysis will be done using software packages.
We anticipate that such procedures will encourage a total systems approach
to watershed phenomena. In addition, we shall offer assistance to individual
investigators in modeling and computer techniques. Final programming
of all models will be done by a central team of programmers.

8.20
At this point we can say little about the final stages of the model of
systems research. Certainly, one important analysis of all models will
be a sensitivity analysis. This approach gives information useful both
in improving the model and also in developing management strategies. Beyond
this point we must wait for contact with operational difficulties and
hard data.
PERSONNEL:
Principal Investigators:
Charles R. Goldman, Department of Geology, University of
California, Davis
Leonard 0. Myrup, Institute of Ecology, University of
California, Davis
Donald Morgan, Institute of Ecology, University of
California, Davis

TITLE: Trophic Relation Model in Aquatic Communities: Sockeye Salmon
Model, Wood River Lakes
OBJECTIVE:
To develop a mathematical model to relate the production of juvenile
sockeye salmon in the Wood River Lake system to parent stock size,
primary and secondary production, predator and competitor population
size, and abiotic variables.
APPROACH:
8.21
From the research programs of the Fisheries Research Institute a large
body of data has been collected. At present we are examining the relationships
among ten biotic and ten abiotic variables. Annual observations
are available for the summer months of 1958 through 1970. The data
were collected throughout the five major lakes in the system.
Certain data are incomplete, i,e., are available for only one to two years
or from only one lake, and other data which are pertinent to the problem
have not been collected. Most notably we lack estimates of growth rates
for phytoplankton and zooplankton, and mortality due to predation of
arctic char on sockeye smolts.
It is proposed that an estimate of mortality from char predation be
obtained during the 1971 field season in cooperation with the Alaska
Department of Fish and Game. Estimates of plankton growth and reproduction
rates will be obtained from a literature search.
PERSONNEL:
Principal Investigator:
Donald E. Rogers, Fisheries Research Institute,
University of Washington

TITLE: Trophic Relation Model Eased on Density-dependent Processes
OBJECTIVES:
1. Further explain the biological relationships and refine their expressions
in our model of the production of a predator as functions of its
density, the density of its prey, plant density, and primary energy
and material resources in stream ecosystems.
2. Determine the nature and behavior of the mathematical forms involved
in the model and develop a suitable computer program.
3. Further determine the general validity of the model for stream, lake,
and marine communities.
8.22
4. For data that may be found not to be amenable to analysis and synthesis
by means of this model, attempt to find the reasons for this and means
by which the model can be made suitable or other models can be developed.
APPROACH:
1. Examine the model in light of data on trophic relations and production
of plants and animals in our experimental stream systems, the Mount St.
Helens experimental stream systems of the Weyerhaeuser Corporation, the
experimental stream systems of the University of California at Davis,
the Lookout Creek system in the Andrews Experimental Forest, and the
Wood River sockeye salmon system in Alaska.
2. Develop for specific data the mathematical formulations in the model
and examine their behavior when combined through computer programs.
3. Continue our examination of the literature on stream, lake, and marine
communities, an examination which to date has suggested our model to
be very generally valid.
if. Continue our search for possible constraints on the use of the model
and for ways of dealing with these constraints.
PERSONNEL:
Principal Investigators:
Charles E. Warren, Department of Fisheries and Wildlife,
Oregon State University
Gerald E. Davis, Department of Fisheries and Wildlife, Oregon
State University
Lyle D. Calvin, Department of Statistics, Oregon State University

TITLE: Seasonal and Diurnal Patterns of CO2 Uptake by European Spruce:
A Joint German-American IBP Proposal
OBJECTIVE:
8.23
To analyze Professor Koch's digitized data and present functional relationships
between CO, uptake by spruce needles under the changing environment during the
year.
APPROACH:
As part of the German IBP, a spruce stand near Munich is being studied intensively.
A biomass and growth increment analysis already has been published
and meteorological and physiological studies are in progress. As an outgrowth
of sabbatical work by Dr. Daring, Dr. Koch suggested that both our programs
might benefit by a joint modeling project.
With six Siemens cuvettes, which are climatically controlled, CO uptake
2
by needles in different portions of a spruce crown is being monitored year
around. The environmental variables measured include leaf and air temperature,
absolute humidity, and light. Biological measurements include phenology, age
and position of foliage, transpiration (with ventilated cuvette), stomata or
leaf resistance, water stress (pressure chamber method), CO uptake and dark
respiration. 2
These are the same major variables under study in our Biome,
gathered with essentially the same instrumentation.
Fortunately, the data which Professor Koch has offered to share with our Biome
are already in digital form on punched tape. With relatively little effort, they
should be amenable to computer analysis and modeling. Dr. Hatheway has suggested
that we attempt to test some of the photosynthetic models developed by
the Grassland Biome and also profit from the recent IBP studies on beech done
by Schuize (1970) in northern Germany. We shall also consult with Professor
Richard Walker who will be making comparable measurements and later analysis
upon Douglas-fir at Cedar River, Washington.
PERSONNEL:
Principal Investigators:
William Hatheway, Center for Quantitative Science, University of
Washington
Richard Waring, School of Forestry, Oregon State University
Werner Koch, Forest Botanical Institute, University of Munich

TITLE: Physiological Processes within the mixed
OBJECTIVES:
1. To compare quantitatively the physiological processes
Conifer Forest of California
of the major plant
species within the mixed conifer forest in terms of net photosynthesis,
dark respiration, transpiration, and foliar water stress.
2. To relate these processes to natural environmental conditions both
diurnally and seasonally.
3. To generate quantitative models that describe the relative capability
of the major understory and overstory vegetation to develop within its
natural environment.
8.24
Specific objectives for year 2 are limited to items 1 and 2 above as applied to
naturally growing Douglas-fir and ponderosa pine trees.
The proposed study is a logical extension of current research in California on
gas exchange in conifers. Considerable experience has been obtained in technique
and methodology (Helms 1964, 1965, 1970, unpublished MSS). The major equipment
and facilities required for the proposed study are therefore available at a
well-established forest research station used for interdisciplinary research.
The study will be located at the University of California's Blodgett Forest Research
Station situated at 1300 m in the Sierra nevada of California. The major conifers
in this area include a mixture of Douglas-fir, ponderosa pine, white fir, incense
cedar, and sugar pine.
Met photosynthesis, dark respiration,and transpiration will be measured by gas-
exchange procedures using multiple sampling chambers. A single Siemens cuvette
will be used as a standard reference. Major environmental parameters monitored
will include radiation (Eppley pyrheliometer and Talley
Industries Sol-A-Meters),
air temperature (thermocouples), leaf temperature (inserted thermocouples), and
saturation vapor pressure deficits. Air temperature, leaf-temperature and atmospheric
moisture levels will be continuously monitored within all sampling chambers.
Data acquisition will be handled by an already available system consisting
of the following: a 50-channel scanner, digital voltmeter (Non-Linear Systems,
model X-1), magnetic tape transport (Digi-Data Corp.), 4-K Nova computer
(Data General Corp.), teletype (ASR-33), and strip chart recorders for visual
checking in analog form.
Physiological processes will be characterized for sun and shade foliage on each
species studied. Within-tree sampling will conform to biome criteria. Comparisons
will be made between species in terms of diurnal and seasonal patterns,
compensation and saturation points, development of foliar water stress, and
stomata] behavior.
Quantitative descriptions characterizing the data available
for biome analysis will be made.

EXPECTED RESULTS
8.25
Year 2 will be spent primarily in developing and testing a working system to
measure processes in the field. Delivery and installation of the Siemens unit
will require two to three months after funds are secured. The interfacing
between this unit and the computer-controlled data acquisition system will be
designed and built. Subsidiary sampling cuvettes will be constructed and
correlations will be made between these simple chambers and the controlledenvironment
cuvette of the Siemens system. Initial measures comparing physiological
processes in Douglas-fir and ponderosa pine will be made. Limitations
on budget requests for year 2 have necessitated prime emphasis being placed on
purchase of equipment and the curtailment of research personnel.
PERSONNEL:
Principal investigator:
John A. Helms, School of Forestry and Conservation, University
of California, Berkeley

TITLE- Direct Measurement of Transpiration and [Biomass in Coniferous Trees
OBJECTIVES
1. Measure water consumption of both overstory and prominent understory
trees which are located in one of the experimental watersheds currently
under study by the Coniferous Biome.
2. Measure the biomass of the trees which have been used for transpiration
determination.
3. Continue development of the method: The underlying theory of the
method permits a variety of experimental strategies. Exploration of
these requires collection of samples in excess of those needed to
meet the objectives stated in 1 and 2 above.
4. Use the transpiration data, which have heretofore not been directly
measurable, as input to other Biome programs in forest hydrology
and in particular to use them in combination with watershed estimates
of evapotranspiration in order to resolve this quantity into its
components of transpiration and evaporation.
5. Attempt to derive relationships between transpiration and meteorological
variables such as temperature, rainfall, wind speed, humidity, and
solar radiation in a manner similar to determinations that have been
made previously by others for evapotranspiration.
APPROACH:
3.26
This is a proposal to measure both consumption of water and biomass of trees
growing in forests which are under study by the Coniferous Biome, using recently
developed radionuclide tracer methods. The proposal provides for the direct
measurement of transpiration for at least one full year at a location to be
selected in cooperation with the Biome program. Transpiration will be measured
by injecting trees with tritiated water. An activity-time curve for each
tree will be constructed by determining the specific activity of tritium
in tree tissue water as a function of time. Jell-documented published theory
permits such data to be used to compute transpiration. Biomass determinations,
based on related theory, will be made for each tree for which transpiration
estimates are made. Only minor extra data collections are needed for biomass
estimates.
It is the intent and purpose of the participants in this proposal to
interact fully with the Biome program. To this end it is anticipated that the
data will be used as directly measured input to existing forest hydrologic
modeling activities of the Biome program, as well as for confirmation of transpiration
estimates which are usually obtained indirectly through construction of
hydrologic budgets or by calculation from meteorological data. The participants
in this proposal further desire to extend the range of current experience with
the basic method and to improve and further the development of the method in
order to fully explore this aspect of the role of radioisotope technology in
the solution of forest hydrologic problems.

8.27
Measurements will be made with sufficient frequency to permit computation of
average rate of water consumption by individual trees over a time interval ranging
from 15 to 30 days. A sufficient number of such intervals will be repeated to
permit the consumption of water by the forest to be described for a period of
one full year.
The basic biomass measurement under this proposal is nondestructive. It is intended
however to combine this phase of the proposal with already existing plans of
the Coniferous Biome to measure biomass by felling of trees and direct weighing.
Thus it is important that there be the opportunity to make the proposed measurements
on at least 8 to 10 of the trees which have been marked by the Biome program
for destructive measurement. This procedure will permit on-site confirmation
of the nondestructive measurement of biomass and in addition provide indirect
validation of the transpiration measurements.
To date transpiration estimates have all been obtained through analysis of foliar
samples. This has a number of disadvantages. First, tritium in foliage exchanges
is diluted by atmospheric water vapor requiring empirical correction of the
data. Second, composite foliar samples are required in order to estimate the
instantaneous canopy concentration. This may be inconvenient and dangerous where
the trees involved are very large. In principle the required response curves
could be obtained through analysis of small wood samples taken from some convenient
point along the main stem. To determine if this is feasible, from 6 to
8 trees would be selected early in the experimental sequence for both foliar
and wood sampling. This could be done on understory trees which may have more
conveniently accessible canopies. If the estimates of transpiration from wood
and foliage agree, most future sampling in the project would be do- by taking
small-diameter wood cores at some convenient point on the tree above tt,a point
of tritium injection.
EXPECTED RESULTS:
The proposed series of measurements will yield the following data and results.
1. A measurement of mean water consumption by each of approximately 72
trees which is averaged over the period required for the injected
tritiated water to pass completely out of the tree.
2. A nondestructive measurement of the total undifferentiated biomass
of each tree. Biomass of leaves, twigs, branches, stems, and roots
can be individually approximated from ratios derived from destructive
measurements to be carried out by the Biome but cannot be determined
by the proposed method.
3.
4.
Estimation of water consumption per unit forest area by seasons
for one full year by combining data for individual trees with that
normally expected to be available in a forestry program such as
population density by size and species.
Estimation of total annual consumption of water in both understory
and overstory strata by integration of the curve which is obtained
by plotting short-term consumption rates as a function of time for
a full year.

.1'
8.28
5. Resolution of evapotranspiration data which are normally obtained by
watershed studies into their components of transpiration and evaporation.
In the proposed experiments the transpiration component will be
further resolved into overstory and understory components.
6. Generation of new data leading to improvement of methodology and
confidence in a fundamentally new method for measuring transpiration
and biomass.
7. Provision to the Coniferous Biome of a basic data set for both
transpiration and biomass which can be used at their discretion in other
modeling activities or other phases of the total program with appropriate
credit to its source.
PERSONNEL:
Principal Investigators:
Jerry R. Kline, Argonne National Laboratory
Carl F. Jordon, Argonne National Laboratory

8.29
TITLE: Assimilation-Water Relations Studies in Douglas-Fir at the Cedar River
Intensive Site
OBJECTIVES:
General: To provide an integral component of primary producer process information
to the overall soil-plant-atmosphere study being conducted at the Cedar
River intensive site.
Specific:
1. To examine the patterns of net assimilation of the principal primary
producers.
2. To study the principal factors affecting the rates of net assimilation.
3. To correlate net assimilation to various individual organism and ecosystem
growth parameters.
APPROACH:
This is part of an integrated soil-plant-atmosphere study in coordination with
the Interface Committee regarding the nutrient movement and cycling and
atmospheric aspects of this program.
The coordinated study at the intensive site with medium-age Douglas-fir
(Thompson Research Center) is directed in the first place to yielding the
information necessary for a production model for this ecosystem. Also it
will serve as an important site for methodological development and as a training
location for others working or anticipating work in the Biome at other sites.
At an early stage important comparisons with the work of the Deciduous Biome
in the loblolly pine stand at Durham, North Carolina, and with the German workers
at the Solling and Munich sites, where similar objectives are being pursued,
should be possible.
Towers will be erected to give access to the crown of the tree in a weighing
lysimeter and to the crowns of surrounding individuals. Patterns of net assimilation,
dark respiration of the foliage, and transpiration will be recorded for
one to two 2k-hour periods on a weekly interval throughout the year to provide
diurnal and seasonal responses of these processes in variously aged foliage from
different parts of the crown. Studies of ecosystem structure and biomass will
provide the other data to models of the principal primary production. Genetic
variability and stratification of the selected sample trees will be assessed by
studies of the genetics program.
Water stress has an important role in control of rates of assimilation and in
other production processes. Soil moisture stress will be regularly monitored
at the site by the soil scientists and atmospheric moisture will be monitored.
by the biometeorologists. We will determine regimes of moisture stress in the
plants utilizing pressure bomb techniques, stomata] infiltration measurements,
and sap velocity measurements.

8.30
Initially, efforts will be made to test whether the trees are deficient in any
mineral element (N deficiency is already considered likely), and whether or not
any deficiency identified is severe enough to influence rates of metabolic processes.
The duration of the growth period, intensity of cell division in the meristems,
and the geometry of growth will be followed on the experimental trees. This
will be tied in closely with the study of assimilate distribution elsewhere.
Although dark respiration of the foliage will be determined concomitantly with
net assimilation, special efforts will have to be made to determine respiration
rates of stems, branches, and roots. These measurements will be coordinated
with the biomass studies; samples of tissue will be brought into the laboratory
for respiratory determinations. Samples can be brought from the Andrews site
as well as the Cedar River site for such measurements. This work will be closely
coordinated with that of the terrestrial decomposers.
For the study of diurnal and seasonal patterns of net assimilation and transpiration
in various parts of the crown and with different ages of foliage,
small cuvettes (some temperature controlled), locally fabricated, will be
utilized in a multiline system.
We propose to use Siemens Sirigor air-conditioned cuvette equipment for more
controlled studies of the influences of temperature, light intensity, and relative
humidity on assimilation and transpiration throughout the year.
Standard methods regularly in use at the University of 'Vashington will be employed
for the water-regime and tree-dimension determinations. These include
Scholander-type pressure bombs, stomata] infiltration measurements, heat-probe
sap velocity determinations, xylem marking, and recording dendrometer bands.
Mineral analyses of first- and second-year foliage will be carried out and
comparisons will be made between the research trees and nearby specimens which
have been fertilized, particularly with nitrogen. Comparative measurements of
net assimilation will be made between the two groups, if advisable in view of
the foliar analyses.
Measurements of respiration on stems, branches, and roots will be made in stainless
steel tanks in which the air is stirred by fans and sampled for CO., concentration
at appropriate intervals by either infrared gas analyzer or by titrimetric
or conductometric measurement in absorbing solutions.
We will work closely with biomathematicians in the development of submodels
and eventually the ecosystem model for the processes being studied.
PERSONNEL:
Principal Investigators:
David R. M. Scott, College of Forest Resources, University of
Washington
Richard B. Walker, Department of Botany, University of Washington

TITLE: Seasonal Variation of CO., Absorption and Translocation in Douglas-Fir
Seedlings
OBJECTIVES:
8.31
1. Determine the seasonal effect on the photosynthetic response of Douglas-fir
seedlings to light and temperature.
2. Determine the seasonal variation in photosynthate movement using 01402.
APPROACH:
Douglas-fir seedlings (2-0 stock) will be transplanted to small containers in
the spring of 1971 and established in a soil block near the Forest Research
Lab. Plants will be watered as necessary through the first growing season.
At one- to two-month intervals beginning January 1972 and ending January 1973,
a single group of plants will be placed in a controlled environment system
where the photosynthetic response surface to light and temperature will be
established. The environment programed in the chamber will be based on data
taken from the growing site during the month previous to measurements. Plants
will be exposed to this chamber environment three to four days before measurements
of photosynthesis are taken.
At the end of the sampling period (one year), the surface area of the current
year's needles and previous year's needles will be determined and the photosynthetic
measurements will be expressed in terms of CO absorbed per unit surface
2
area per hour. A correction for the w needles that have developed during the
experiment will be determined using CN02* Parallel to the CO measurements, separate groups of seedlings will be exposed
to low levels of C 02 (0.33 x 10 6 microcuries/ml) in the gas-tight chamber
for three to four days. The plants will be separated into needles, stems,
and roots and 10O-mg samples will be dry j.cmbusted in a Schrodinger flask prior to
liquid scintillation analysis for total C .
PERSONNEL:
Principal Investigator:
Richard H. "faring, School of Forestry, Oregon State University
Principal Experimentalist:
Warren L. Webb, School of Forestry, Oregon State University

8.32
TITLE: Use of Optical Systems for Estimation of Biomass and Net Productivity
OBJECTIVES:
1. Experimentation with and calibration of an improved optical system
for nondestructive estimates of aerial biomass and net productivity.
2. Application of the system to nondestructive biomass and net productivity
estimates at the intensive study sites.
It is essential that we adopt new tools for assessment of forest biomass and
productivity which can replace or supplement the expensive, relatively imprecise,
traditional harvest methods presently in use. Nowhere is the need greater than
in the massive coniferous forests of our Biome. none of the traditional techniques
can supply the required numbers of data, let alone at the required precision,
given the manpower and budget foreseen in our program. There is almost no backlog
of data for western coniferous species to work from.
The U.S. Army Corps of Engineers have developed an optical system for assessment
of forest structure. This is the laser-beam theodolite, which consists of a
standard engineer's instrument to which has been fitted a laser-beam range finder
accurate to 1 centimeter in 80 meters; and a data recording device which automatically
records the bearing elevation, and distance of each target point.
Computer programs have been developed which translate the coordinates recorded
by the above system into measurements in three dimensions of the target tree(s).
These data readily permit estimation of the volume of the biomass at any level
in the crown structure.
A recent telephone conversation with Corps of Engineers personnel stationed at
Vicksburg, Miss., established that: (1) a pilot, operational model of this system
will be ready for trials in a variety of forest types early this spring; and
(2) the estimated costs of the instrument and the data recording system are $24,000
and $6,000, respectively.
An earlier model, which substituted two theodolites for the laser-beam range
finder, has been tested, with the cooperation and at the expense of the Corps,
for its capabilities inassessing net productivity by taking pre- and postseaspn
measurements. The results appear very promising in terms of precision, but this
technique was too expensive in terms of manpower for extensive use in the Biome
program. Incorporation of the range finder, however, should greatly reduce the
expense since it requires readings from only one instrument.
APPROACH:
Expenditure of the money contained in this proposal is contingent upon development
of the improved theodolite system with laser range finder and satisfaction with
the precision of the system based on the measurements made in year 1 (and presently
being analyzed). We believe that both of these contingencies will be fulfilled
and, if so, the system will become an important tool in all future forest biomass
work. This makes it essential that we have such a system available to us in
year 2 to use in connection with all destructive analyses to be carried out then.
During year 2, some of the very few destructive analyses which will ever be carried
out on large, old-growth conifers will be done.; preharvest measurements with
the theodolite must be made or an irreplaceable opportunity to correlate and
calibrate the optical system with actual harvest data will be lost.

8.33
To repeat, acquisition of the equipment budgeted herein is dependent upon proof
of precision and elimination of excessive manpower requirement by availability
of the improved system. Consequently this equipment will be purchased only after
the Biome's Biomass and Structure Subcommittee are satisfied on these points
and give their approval to go ahead. The principal investigator acknowledges
that he is not authorized to proceed with purchase on his own.
Once acquired, the theodolite system will immediately be placed in use servicing
terrestrial productivity research projects at the intensive study sites including:
1. preharvest measurements of all trees to be destructively analyzed
at H. J. Andrews;
2. structural analyses of all trees being used for epiphyte studies;
3. a set of pre- and postseason measurements of the young-growth
Douglas-fir stand at Thompson Research Center for net productivity
data;
b. preliminary application of the system to biomass analysis of total
old-growth stands using an area within the unit watershed.
PERSONNEL:
Principal Investigators:
John F. Bell, School of Forestry, Oregon State University
Dale W. Cole, College of Forest Resources, University of Washington
D. Bruce, USDA, Forest Service, Portland

TITLE: Estimation of the Biomass of Old-Growth Douglas-Fir Trees
8.34
Descriptions of forest structure are essential for understanding the processes
of photosynthesis, respiration, nutrient uptake and return, micrometeorological
energy fluxes, and water relations of intact forest stands. The quantity and
distribution of forest plant organs contributing to these processes is an integral
part of the research program of the Western Coniferous Forest Biome.
The literature germane to this investigation contains a number of papers from
many ecosystems which describe the methodology and resultant data of similar
studies. However, without exception, these experiments have been conducted in
relatively young, vigorously growing forest stands.
Therefore, we have little
reason to believe that the regressions relating weights of crown and bole
components to bole measurements in these stands are germane to the old-growth
%
D
ouglas-fir trees found in the Pacific Northwest.
Not only do the old-growth
Douglas-fir stands represent a major part of the forest resources of the United
States, but they also afford a. unique opportunity to measure growth processes
in an ecological system developed over several hundred years. However, the
range of tree diameters on the study plots (see proposal for nutrient cycling),
106 to 183 cm,is too great to permit extrapolation of volumes from conventional,
published yield tables. It will be necessary, therefore, for us to develop all
the data required to characterize the biomass of old-growth Douglas-fir trees.
OBJECTIVE:
To employ both destructive sampling and optical measurement techniques to measure
the biomass of the bole, branches, and foliar components of 450-year-old Douglasfir
trees to permit generalization of the biomass of these components on a unit
area basis within desired limits of precision and accuracy.
APPROACH:
Old-growth Douglas-fir trees will be selected for harvest and destructive analysis
according to the following criteria:
1. Diameters of the trees selected will span the range of 106 to 183 cm at
as uniform an interval as possible.
2. Tree crowns will be free from major injury, such as spike top,and will
have a form generally typical of the study stands.
3. The tree location will permit harvest with a minimum of breakage.
Prior to harvest, sufficient measurements of the standing tree will be made
with the laser-beam theodolite system developed by the U. S. Army Corps of
Engineers to permit an accurate description of the bole and branches. The
tree will then be harvested, utilizing high-climbing techniques to permit
removal of the crown, whorl by whorl, prior to felling the bole. Since both
the quantity and distribution of foliage are of major importance for process
studies, harvest techniques will be employed to yield an accurate inventory
of foliage ages and quantities by whorls.

8.35
In addition, sufficient samples of bole and branch wood will be collected to
permit an accurate estimation of the biomass and nutrient content of these
components.
Chemical analyses for nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, calcium, and magnesium
will be conducted on samples of the bole and crown components to permit:
1. an estimation of the nutrient capital incorporated in old-growth stands;
2. a more rapid estimation of the distribution of foliar age classes than
that provided by conventional dissection techniques.
Samples will be stored for analyses for other nutrient elements should future
investigations indicate the need for such determinations.
Since this project represents the initial investigation of biomass in old-growth
Douglas-fir stands, we have no measure of the efficiency of our projected
techniques to handle material of this size nor of the variance of the parameters
to be studied. Therefore, during at least part of the study, harvest techniques
will be tested and possibly revised. Further, we have no firm estimate of the
number of trees which we must sample to achieve the project goal. Obviously,
both available manpower and financial support will limit greatly the number of
trees to be harvested. The budget is based upon a project sample size of ten
trees. However, analysis of the early data may result in a revision of this
estimate.
A statistical evaluation of the relationships between the data obtained through
measurements with the theodolite and those determined after harvest should
yield prediction equations. If the precision of these equations is satisfactory,
the theodolite will be employed in future years to describe trees on study plots
utilized by Dr. Hermann to estimate root biomass. The above equations will
then be used to convert the theodolite data to biomass estimates for the boles
and crown components of the stand.
PERSONNEL:
Principal investigators:
John F. hell. School of Forestry, Oregon State University
Denis P. Lavender, School of Forestry, Oregon State University

TITLE: Inventory of Terrestrial Ecosystems of Cedar River Intensive Site
Higher Plant Component
OBJECTIVES.
8.36
1. To develop an ecosystem inventory that will allow research findings in
specific systems to be extrapolated as needed and appliad in verifying
entire watershed models and observations.
2. To distinguish the several ecologically unique higher plant components
of the ecosystems of the Cedar River watershed.
3.. To develop an inventory of the location and extent of each of these and
correlate with other inventory projects (edaphic, climatic, consumer,
decomposer).
4. To quantify in some detail the present floristics and structure, reconstruct
the origins, and forecast the future dynamics of each, and to
establish type locations for further research and reexamination.
APPROACH:
The Cedar Riverwatershed contains representative areas of several broad forest
associations. The lower elevations fall into the Tsuga heterophylla zone of
Franklin and Dyrness (1969)° those parts above 2,500-3,000 be considered
in the Abies amabilis zone, and there is evidence of small areas of Tsuga
mertensiana zone at'very high elevations at the extreme eastern edge of the
watershed. Imposed on these broad types are the periodic catastrophic natural
disturbances, primarily fires, of the past, and man's cultural activity of the
last half century. The lower watershed, the Tsuga heterophylla zone, is covered
by young stands, either natural or man--created, of the principal pioneer species
of the association, Pseudotsuga menziesii and Alnus rubra, that originated after
the logging of the twenti-es. The upper4watershe.d contains either much older
stands originating in natural disturbances from two to ten centuries ago or
young stands of pioneering species established naturally or artificially after
logging in the last two decades.
There are existing inventory data of a traditional forestry type and very
recent (1970) aerial photographs available. Most of the watershed is readily
accessible for inventory purposes from the extensive road system.
Existing information will be reviewed and assessed; reconnaissance will be carried
out on the ground and related to the aerial photographs. From this and from
general knowledge of the ecology of the several zones, first approximations of
the several ecological units will be established and delineated on maps and photographs.
This will be followed by fieldwork during which data will be collected
from an appropriate sampling of each stratum. These data will be examined to
allow for both a refinement of inventory and a first description of each unit.
There will be close collaboration with the edaphic and consumer inventory projects.
Biomass information will evolve.
PERSONNEL:
Principal investigators:
Roger Del Moral, Department of Botany, University of Washington
David R. M. Scott, College of Forest Resources, University of Wshin`

TITLE! Site Characterization, Biological and Environmental Monitoring, and
Mapping
OBJECTIVES:
8.37
1. Characterize and map in detail the composition and structures of the
bryophytic and vascular plant communities in selected reference stands
and plots at Andrews Forest and conduct terrestrial producer inventories
on unit watersheds necessary to support year-2 modeling efforts.
2. Monitor environmental and biological features (e.g., phenology, plant
moisture stress) of the reference stands at Andrews Forest as essential
to interpretation of other studies carried out in these same areas.
3. Carry out soil-vegetation mapping of the Andrews Forest with emphasis on
the unit watersheds and characterize quantitatively the vegetation classification
units already recognized.
This work is essential to and serves the Biome program: (1) as a stratification
for research work at the intensive study sites, (2) by providing data needed
by other research projects and for development of various ecosystem models, and
(3) as the basis for extrapolation of the research results geographically and
from a stand to a total-watershed level of resolution. Most of the characterization
work will be concentrated upon portions of the intensive study sites
of special significance, such as the unit watersheds and reference stands.
The series of reference stands span the soil-vegetation mosaics on the unit
watersheds and moisture and elevational gradients within the intensive study
sites. They allow extrapolation of much of the research from the stand to the
watershed level and provide the opportunity to study phenomena along identified
environmental gradients. Consequently, they are focal points for much of the
terrestrial research activity, e.g., studies of decomposer populations, litter
fall, throughfall, nondestructive measures of stand productivity, soil-water
movement, etc.
PROGRESS IN BIOME YEAR 1:
Excellent progress was made during year I on site characterization with
minimal funding. Detailed mapping of vegetation-soil types was completed on
the unit watersheds. Environmental monitoring began within selected reference
stands. A comprehensive classification of communities at Andrews Forest was
completed using similarity-ordination techniques on reconnaissance-level data,
and use of the system in mapping the unit watersheds showed its adequacy for
practical needs of the program. The most important immediate use of the
classification was as a stratification of the unit watersheds, i.e., to provide
ingress to these relatively heterogeneous areas. Reference stands have been
established in modal communities of each of the major types, including the span
of moisture and elevational gradients and the most extensive types on the unit
watersheds. Temperature and moisture stress data from these stands confirm the
moisture and temperature gradients hypothesized from the vegetation data. A
checklist of the Andrews Forest flora was completed and published for use by IBP
scientists.

APPROACH!
3.38
There will be a specific procedure or approach for each segment of this study
as outlined above.
1. The approach to describing the composition and structure of the reference
stands will be as follows: establishment of permanent plot boundaries,
collection of frequency and coverage data on understory plants, and analysis
of forest stand structure including stem maps. Emphasis will be on
numerous linear measurements of tree and shrub specimens so that the data
can be immediately extrapolated to estimates of biomass and nutrient
capital as necessary formulas become available through destructive analysis
and other work. Collection of data on biomass and nutrient capital of
ground-dwelling bryophytes will be made simultaneously with collection of
the descriptive data listed here and under No. 3, using a subsampling
technique. Exact details of sampling in unit watershed inventories will
vary with organism size and needs on that particular watershed; again,
however, they will emphasize basic linear measurements.
2. Monitoring of environmental and biological features will be carried out in
reference stands and includes (a) phenology of major plant species, including
cambial growth of tree species, (b) air and soil temperature, (c) soil
moisture, (d) plant moisture stress, and (e) nutritional status of dominant
trees. Phenological measurements will be of the type used by haring, temperature
by recording thermographs, soil moisture by neutron probe, and
nutrition by foliar analysis at selected seasons as suggested by Faring.
These monitoring activities will be fully coordinated with other interested
projects, such as the meteorological, nutrient cycling, and modeling groups
to ensure there is no duplication of effort and data are collected in their
most useful form. The soil moisture work will be conducted jointly with
the project on subsurface flow (Brown).
3. The community types identified in the vegetation-soil classification completed
last year will be quantified by placement of Daubenmire-type plots
within selected subsamples of the reconnaissance plots used initially.
Mapping of the H. J. Andrews Experimental Forest will be completed, based
on the vegetation-soil classification already developed and standard mapping
procedures.
in all cases, the work will be closely coordinated with that of scientists working
on soil and geologic inventory (Knox and Parsons, Kays and Dyrness).
EXPECTED RESULTS:
We expect to complete the following units of work by the end of year 2:
1. Composition and structure of the bryophytic and vascular-plant components
of the reference stands and plots at Cedar River and H. J. Andrews will
be quantitatively described and mapped in detail. Terrestrial producer
inventory of unit watershed 10 will be completed. In all cases, data
will be in such a form as to allow conversion to estimates of biomass and
nutrient capital upon provision of the necessary equations via destructive
sampling.

8.39
2. Provision of a year's data on phenology, plant moisture stress, soil
moisture, air and soil temperatures, and tree nutrition levels for
scientists needing these data for interpretation and modeling of their
results.
3. Essential completion of the vegetation-soil mapping for the H. J. Andrews
and quantitative characterization of the major community types recognized
in the earlier classification.
PERSONNEL:
Principal Investigators:
C. Theodore Dyrness, USDA, Forest Service, Corvallis
Jerry Franklin, USDA, Forest Service, Corvallis
Donald B. Zobel, Department of Botany, Oregon State University

TITLE: Root Biomass and Distribution in Old-Growth Forest Stands
8.40
Root systems represent an integral part of the forest. Greater knowledge of
mass, form, distribution, and function of roots is needed to permit valid
interpretations of increasingly complex studies concerned with physiological
processes in trees and their interaction with environmental factors. Clarification
of these relationships is a major objective of the research program of
the Western Coniferous Forest Biome.
Ecology and physiology of root growth has remained one of the least explored
fields in the study of trees. Lyr and Hoffmann (1967), Kostler at aT., (1968)
and Sutton (1969) probably have summarized and evaluated most of the papers
on tree roots that have been published in the last 100 years. These three
reviews show that nearly all studies of root systems have been conducted on
trees younger than 50 years. The few exceptions were investigations of root
systems of wind-thrown trees. Moreover, investigators largely confined their
work to descriptions of form and did not obtain measurements of volume or weight
of roots. The few quantitative data available for trees in the below-50-year
age class cannot be extrapolated to 400-year-old trees. Therefore, information
necessary to describe biomass and distribution of roots in old-growth stands
will have to be developed from the study proposed here.
OBJECTIVE:
To determine biomass and distribution of roots of 450-year-old Douglas-fir
trees through excavation and mapping techniques to permit realistic estimates
of biomass of tree roots in old-growth stands on a unit-area basis.
APPROACH:
Studies of root biomass will be carried out in an old-growth stand of
Douglas-fir in the Andrews Experimental Forest. Work will be coordinated
with that of Drs. Lavender and Bell. In addition, root samples will be
sent to Dr. Walker at the University of Washington for studies of root
respiration.
The original plan to excavate entire root systems had to be abandoned because
available funds make such an endeavor inadvisable. A few calculations will
show this.
As a rule of thumb, crown diameter is roughly equivalent to diameter of the
root system. In 450-year-old Douglas-firs we may expect commonly a diameter
of about 15 meters for the root system, or an area ofnearly 180 square meters
in need of excavation. To cover vertical extent of roots, we would have to
excavate to a depth of at least 1.3 meters moving over 300 tons of soil.
Six-hundred fifty hours equal four man-months for excavation of the root system
of just a single tree, which represents probably a highly conservative estimate
of the time required for this task. Assuming a labor cost of $525 per month,
expenditures for excavation of just one tree would amount to $2,100. The cost
of removing and processing a root system would certainly add another $1,000,
if not more, bringing total expenditures for work on the root systems of a
single tree to over $3,000. With the amount of money budgeted for the project,
and assuming the most favorable circumstances for work, five root systems at
best could be excavated.

3.41
A further argument against excavation of complete root systems is the great
variability that may be expected in configuration of root systems. Any attempt
to correlate biomass of bole and crown components with data derived from five
or even fewer root systems is unlikely to provide much useful information.
A possible alternative may be found in a different although unproven method
of sampling root biomass. Pits, i x 1 meter wide and 2 meters deep, will
be dug within an area whose size will be determined after field inspection
of the site. Pits will be constructed with equipment especially made
for this purpose. After removal of cores from the ground, roots will be
separated from other material for determination of their weight and volume.
The ultimate number of pits to be dug will be determined after the beginning
period of work. Analysis of initial results is expected to provide an indication
of the number of pits needed for the desired sampling accuracy. Sampling
will include roots of all plants present in the area to permit estimates of
total root biomass per unit area. Roots of Douglas-fir, however, will be processed
separately from roots of other species to enable correlation of root
and above-surface biomass for that tree species.
To obtain additional information on distribution of roots in the soil, mapping
of faces (cross sections) of roots along the wall of 2-meter-deep trenches
is being planned.
Lack of funds does not allow nutrient analysis of root samples at the present
time. However, samples will be stored until such time as funds become
available for nutrient analysis to develop an integrated estimate of the site
nutrient capital incorporated in the trees.
The lack of experience with studies of roots in century old stands places the
proposed work into the category of exploratory study. We cannot predict the
efficiency of the outlined procedures on a basis other than strictly theoretical
considerations and may be forced to revise experimental techniques in the
course of the study.
The general approach, however, appears to be sound for the following reasons:
1. Unlike young and vigorously growing timber, old-growth stands probably
have root systems stable in their dimensions and thus sampling procedures,
once developed, should be widely applicable in old-growth forests.
2. Excavation of entire root systems of century-old trees will never be
practical as a standard sampling procedure. However, a method such as
the one proposed for this project.could find application in biomass
sampling if the method is proved to yield sufficiently accurate results.
A statistical evaluation of the relationship of data on biomass of bole and
crown components per unit area from the study by Lavender and Bell will be
made with those from samples of root biomass per unit area. If sufficiently
high correlations can be demonstrated from the available data, fairly accurate
estimates of root biomass should become possible on the basis of extrapolation
of biomass data of bole and crown components for a given unit area.
PERSONNEL:
Principal Investigator:
Richard Hermann, School of Forestry, Oregon State University

TITLE:
Biomass and Nutrient Content of Understory Plants
8.42
Understory plants are one component of the biomass and nutrient capital of
terrestrial forest communities providing a percentage of the gross and net
annual production. Although the bulk of the biomass and production typically
occurs in the overstory (tree species), it is important to begin appraising
the contribution of the understory plants on the intensively studied unit
watersheds and plots. Several species have special significance as food for
various consumers and as substrates for decomposers offering a contrast with
the overstory conifers. Furthermore, the understory typically contains a
much higher percentage of the community's total leaf biomass, the site of
assimilation, than of the community's assimilated biomass.
The work proposed here will provide basic data on biomass, nutrient capital,
and net annual productivity for selected understory species at Andrews Forest.
The initial emphasis will be on those species common on the unit watersheds
and in the reference stands. Some preliminary work
will also be carried out
in the Findley Lake drainage at the Cedar River site. This research will,
of course, complement the terrestrial community inventory (Dyrness et al.)
and destructive analyses of tree species at Andrews Forest (Bell and Lavender;
Hermann).
OBJECTIVES:
species at the intensive
1. Determine relationships for important understory
sites so that simple field measurements may be converted nutrient capital data.
into biomass and
2. In connection with objective (1), obtain data for first-order estimates of
net productivity by important understory plants at the intensive site.
APPROACH:
The species selected for study are: Acer circinatum, Rhododendron macrophyllum,
Castanopsis chrysophylla, Gaultheria shallon, Berberis nervosa, Polystichum
munitum, Taxus brevifolia, and Xerophyllum tenax. Two of the more_abundant
understory species at Findley Lake may also be included. These species have
been selected as the most important understory plants based upon community
analysis data. In life form they range from a fern through subshrubs to le:ge
shrubs and small, subordinate trees.
Prior to sampling for destructive analysis, the size class distribution in the
populations of these species at the intensive study site will be determined.
Proportional samples of the various size classes will then be selected for
In all cases nutrient analyses will be made of the various components:
analysis.
The exact analytic technique to be used will, of course, vary with the plant
life form. In general, the procedures suggested by Whittaker (1961), Newbousd
(1967) and Milner and Hughes (1963)
will be follcwed. Total-plant-harvests are
planned to provide data on biomass and nutrient capital. The various parts
(leaves, stem, branches, roots, bark) will be separated and analyzed individu,,11,,

8.43
Estimates of current net productivity of large shrubs will be based upon
stem analysis techniques (for stem and older branches) and clippings of current
shoots and leaves (all but one of the larger shrubs are evergreen). Productivity
for subshrubs and herbs will be based on clipping techniques; if harvests are
made at the appropriate time of year, data for productivity and for total biomass
can be based upon partitioning of the same plants into current years and
older parts (e.g., current foliage and foliage older than one year).
EXPECTED RESULTS:
The data produced will allow estimates of total biomass and nutrient capital
for the important understory plants on the intensively studied portions of the
H. J. Andrews study site, when combined with various linear and density measurements
of these understory plants obtained during site inventories. It will
also allow us to make initial estimates of net productivity of these understory
components.
PERSONNEL:
Principal Investigator:
Michael Newton, School of Forestry, Oregon State University

8.44
TITLE: Ecotypic Variation in Net Photosynthesis of Douglas-Fir under Field
Conditions with Particular Reference to Sampling Methods
OBJECTIVES:
1. Determination of the within-tree variation in net photosynthesis by
simultaneous measurements at ten points via temperature- and
humidity-controlled cuvettes already available.
2. Monthly measurements of selected ecotypes in plantation throughout the
year under a variety of environmental conditions normally encountered
at this locality to determine the net assimilation on an annual basis.
3. Concurrent measurements of internal moisture stresses (via a pressure bomb)
and stomatal behavior (via an infiltration chamber) to determine their
effects on net assimilation rates. These measurements will be made in
cooperation with Dr. Waring.
4. Development of a thermoelectrically controlled air-drying mechanism for
humidity control within the cuvettes.
5. Comparison of the performance of the ten cuvettes with that of a
Siemens cuvette on loan from Siemens during the summer and fall of 1971.
APPROACH:
The first part of the study will be spent comparing the performance of the ten
cuvettes with that of a borrowed German cuvette (Siemens). Arrangements are
now being made to borrow such a unit from Germany, and we will be able to get
assistance from a graduate student thoroughly familiar with it after a year of
study in Germany under the direction of Dr. 0. Lange. Such a comparison will
no doubt result in the construction of a device to control humidity, and it is
anticipated that some months will be spent perfecting the performance of the
ten cuvettes to come as close as possible to that of the Siemens cuvette, or
at least permit the development of some correction factor. This should be
accomplished by the end of summer 1971.
During the fall and winter of 1971-72 efforts will be made to estimate the
within-tree variation in photosynthetic rates to arrive at a meaningful
estimate of the total net assimilation.
The main part of the study will be initiated during the spring of 1972 and will
consist of monthly measurements on selected ecotypes. Initially, such types
will be from drastically different native habitats, such as northern Rocky Mountains
versus Arizona and Vancouver Island, available in plantation at Corvallis.
The number of trees measured simultaneously will depend somewhat on the results
obtained from the study of within-tree variation. However, within each monthly
measurement period we think it possible by moving cuvettes from tree to tree,
with overlapping simultaneous measurements, to estimate within a reasonable degree
of accuracy the photosynthetic rates of a number of ecotypes.

8.45
Simultaneously with the monthly measurements made throughout the year, which
will include the usual meteorological factors, Dr. Waring will determine
internal moisture stresses by way of the pressure bomb technique, as well as
stomatal behavior by the infiltration method.
Furthermore, we want to follow up some interesting leads obtained in the laboratory
with potted seedlings from a number of areas. We have shown that soil
temperature apparently has a strong effect on the assimilation rates and plan
therefore to record soil temperatures during the measurements. Also, there
are strong indications that types from the northern Rocky Mountains, at least
when grown under Corvallis conditions, are characterized by a very low assimilation
rate during the winter months, possibly because of a chlorophyll breakdown.
Some types show practically no assimilation at 20°C in January-February when
kept out-of-doors until a few days before measurements. We want to determine
to what degree this is an artifact created by the laboratory conditions
during measurements.
EXPECTED RESULTS:
The ability to calculate the total annual net assimilation under given natural
conditions will be the main result. In addition we expect to obtain an estimate
of the differences among ecotypes from widely different natural habitats when
grown together in plantation. Of particular importance are the correlations
between total annual net assimilation and factors such as internal moisture
stress, stomatal behavior, and phenology (such as time of shoot and cambial
initiation of growth). The latter will be done in cooperation with Dr. Waring.
PERSONNEL:
Principal Investigator:
Helge Irgens-Moller, School of Forestry, Oregon State University
Coinvestigators:
W. K. Ferrell, School of Forestry, Oregon State University
Richard H. Waring, School of Forestry, Oregon State University

TITLE. Isoenzyme Variation among Douglas-Fir Parents and Progenies from
Different Sources
OBJECTIVES :
8.46
General: To test the usefulness of enzyme polymorphisms as a generalized
index of genetic variation in one of the significant terrestrial
producers, Douglas fir.
Specific: 1. To develop the methodology of isoenzyme analysis for Douglas-fir.
APPROACH:
2. To test for qualitative differences in isoenzyme patterns at
three different levels: (a) among ecotypes, (b) among populations
within an ecotype; and (c) among individuals within a population.
3. To verify the inheritance of isoenzyme variation in a number
of parent/progeny sets.
Part of the study will be conducted on a plantation of 600 different ecotypes
from throughout the natural range of Douglas-fir. This plantation is located
16 km from Corvallis and is the object of studies by Irgens-Moller (photosynthesis)
and Waring (internal moisture stress, stomata] behavior). In each
of three extreme ecotypes, e.g., northern Rocky Mountains vs. Arizona vs.
Vancouver Island, two trees will be selected as parents for controlled crosses
within and between ecotypes. Foliage samples from these trees will be examined
for parental isoenzyme patterns and compared with progenies as described
below. This part of the study will be complemented with seed material from
a California seed source, Blodgett Research Forest, under investigation by
Helms (physiological processes).
The major part of the study will be conducted on material from two different
populations near Seattle. One is located at the Thompson Research site of
the Cedar River watershed, and is currently under study for terrestrial
productivity as a function of biomass, structure (Cole), and processes
(Fritschen, Walker/Scott). The second population is a naturally regenerated
second-growth stand near Shelton.
In each stand, three sampling clusters will be chosen, each represented
by five trees, a subject-tree (S-tree) and its closest four neighbors
(N-trees). Arguments for the choice of these clusters include spacing
(pollen dispersal), presence of floral buds, suitability for other studies,
and accessibility. S-trees will be sampled for foliage for the determination
of parental isoenzyme patterns. In addition, the three S-trees of each
stand will be (a) self-pollinated, (b) cross-pollinated with one another
in a complete 3 x 3 diallel, (c) cross-pollinated 1 x I with the S-trees of
the other stand, and (d) open-pollinated. N-trees will be open-pollinated
only.

8.47
All seeds will be collected and kept in cold storage until germinated.
Seedlings will be raised under standard conditions in the greenhouse and
analyzed for isoenzyme patterns at different stages of development. Different
tissues will be sampled for different enzymes in search of a system with
optimal resolution and stability.
Enzyme analysis will be performed by starch-gel electrophoresis according
to Smithies (1955), as modified by hluhs (unpublished). Initially, several enzyme
systems will be assayed, including alcohol dehydrogenase., leucine
aminopeptidase, acid phosphatase, peroxidase, and esterase. Over the
past year we have obtained excellent results in the analysis of peroxidases
and esterases in the genus Populus, demonstrating consistent
differences among species, populations, and individuals within populations
(Stettler, Muhs, and Bergmann, in preparation). Recently, an exploratory study by
Conkle (personal communication, 1970) has shown polymorphisms of the same
two enzyme systems in young seedlings of Douglas-fir.
The statistical analysis of results is relatively simple because of
the qualitative nature of these polymorphisms (presence/absence of a
particular enzyme). In view of the specific objectives formulated,
the major comparisons will be: (a) among ecotypes, (b) among populations,
(c) among individuals, (d) between parents and progenies, (e) between selfings
and outcrossings, and (f) between subject trees and their neighbors.
Because of the anticipated bumper cone crop in 1971, selection of sample
clusters and controlled pollination will have to be conducted during spring
and summer of year 1. In year 2, seed collection and extraction and
methodological experiments will be accomplished; early analyses should
indicate the merits of the approach. A portion of the analysis, and the
final evaluation, will have to be extended into year 3.
EXPECTED RESULTS:
Results from this study will indicate at which level of hierarchy the resolution
of isoenzyme analysis permits insight in the homogeneity/heterogeneity of
Douglas-fir populations. Accordingly, the results may help in interpreting
variations measured by other studies of terrestrial productivity, notably
those by Irgens-Moller, Helms, and .alker/Scott. They may further help in
developing suitable sampling designs for future productivity studies and,
finally, in predicting productivity in the next generation under alternative
reproductive strategies.
PERSONNEL:
Principal Investigators:
Reinhard F. Stettler, College of Forest Resources, University of
Washington
Boyd C. Wilson, Washington State Department of Natural Resources
Supporting Researcher:
U. Irgens-lloller, School of Forestry, Oregon State University

TITLE: Survey of Vertebrate Populations Occurring in the H. J. Andrews
Experimental Forest
OBJECTIVES:
8.48
1. To estimate the relative species composition, abundance, and seasonal and
yearly variations in presence and abundance of mammals, birds, amphibians,
and reptiles on a representative sample of the habitat types and successional
stages found in the area. (Studies will concentrate on the unit
watersheds and reference stands.)
2. To assess the influence of each of these groups of vertebrates on the
productivity of Douglas-fir and other conifers on the area.
3. To estimate productivity of vertebrates in terms of IBP-specified units
(Petrusewicz and Macfayden, 1070).
APPROACH:
Part 1. Mammals. Small mammals will be censused following North American
Census of Small ilammals sampling procedures (Calhoun, 1159). Long-term,
continuous-removal trapping will be conducted in the spring simultaneously
at study areas within each forest type, but sampling in the high-elevation,
mixed conifer stands will follow censusing in the low-elevation forest type.
The linear regression method of Hayne (1949) will be used to estimate rodent
numbers.
Reconnaissance surveys of the area will be made to estimate the distribution
and abundance of other species of mammals. Information from the literature
survey (IBP, Black) will be combined with field data to provide estimates of
species present, distribution, relative population densities, and impact on
productivity.
Estimates of deer numbers and deer use of habitats will be based on direct
observations and counts of deer-pellet groups. Pellet groups will be counted
and removed periodically on permanent sampling plots randomly located on each
area sampled. An estimate of deer browsing on Douglas-fir and other conifers
will be based on periodic examinations of established and planted seedlings.
Survey procedures will be adapted from methods followed by Crouch (1970) and
Swanson (1970).
Part 2. Birds. Avian populations will be censused in three stand types,
employing variations of either the sample-count method (Bond, 1957) or a
variable strip census developed by Emlen (in press). As the research program
develops, other census methods may be applied to specific groups of interest,
e.g., woodpeckers (Baldwin and Amman, 1160).
Inventories will concentrate on obtaining a quantitative estimate of species
presence and abundance in each of the six seasonal phases (Anderson, 1970),
in each of three stand types. A minimum of three sequentially replicated
samplings will be required to obtain some measure of variance for the population
estimates. Thus, in all a minimum of 54 censuses during the year will
be required.

8.49
Data from these studies, together with information from the literature on these
parameters and on estimates of weights and feeding habits, can provide rough
estimates of biomass and trophic structure of the stand avifaunas.
Part 3. Amphibians and Reptiles. Intensive collecting (day and night), particularly
on favorable habitats on the unit watersheds and reference stands, will
be carried out by the principal investigators and graduate assistant, with other
help from cooperating biologists and classes. These collections will be made
periodically from March through November, weather permitting. Amphibians and
reptiles encountered will be identified, individually marked, weighed, measured,
and released. Subsequent captures will give information on growth rates and
permit estimates of population size. Specimens also will be collected for
stomach analyses to supplement published information available on feeding
habits.
PERSONNEL:
Principal Investigators:
Hugh C. Black, School of Forestry, Oregon State University
Robert M. Storm, Department of Zoology, Oregon State University
John A. Wi ens, Department of Zoology, Oregon State University
Ronald Nussbaum, Department of Zoology, Oregon State University

8.50
TITLE: Invertebrate Terrestrial Consumer Inventory in Cascade Douglas-Fir-
Western Hemlock Forests
OBJECTIVES:
1. Sample and/or collect insects inhabiting foliage, branches and boles,
logs and stumps, litter, and subterranean regions of Douglas-fir-
Western hemlock forests.
2. Obtain relative and/or absolute density estimates of the dominant taxa.
3. Establish and maintain a reference collection of these insect taxa.
APPROACHES:
Sampling and/or collecting will be conducted in two or three stand types (age
and composition) in the H. J. Andrews Experimental Forest. All strata will
be sampled within a given stand at approximately the same general location.
The number of spatial replicates will depend upon both the taxa of concern and
the stratum within the stand. Temporal replication will be a function of
the life histories of the principal taxa.
Above-ground samples will be obtained directly from the trees and in various
types of mechanical collecting devices. The use of light traps, suction traps,
rotary nets, etc., will all be attempted at various levels above the ground.
Relative abundance indexes can be obtained in these collecting devices.
Surface samples for insects will be obtained from pitfall and perhaps chemical
attraction traps. Quadrat sampling of the litter surface will also be attempted.
Logs and stumps can be examined mechanically but the most practical means will
be through the use of emergence traps and cages.
Subterranean insect forms will be sampled in emergence traps and from excavations.
Sampling for these insects will be coordinated with personnel studying
decomposer organisms,with much of the sampling being done simultaneously.
Identification, confirmed by experts when necessary, will be to the finest level
possible and the essential functional role of these taxa will likewise be recorded.
Differences between stand types will be evaluated and sampling refinements will
be incorporated throughout the duration of the study.
Adult and immature insect collections will be housed and curated in the museum
at the Department of Entomology, Oregon State University, in a separate collection
for use of the Biome participants.
EXPECTED RESULTS:
1. A list of insect taxa associated with stands of a particular age and
composition.
2. Establishment of relative abundance of principal species within stand types.

8.51
3. Establishment of functions of a limited number of species by association
with substrates (i.e., feeding on roots, fungi, other insects).
4. No submodel at this time. A submodel to other consumer studies could
eventually evolve from (2) and (3) above.
PERSONNEL:
Principal Investigators:
Gary E. Daterman, USDA, Forest Service, Corvallis
William P. Nagel, Department of Entomology, Oregon State University

TITLE: Inventory of Principal Defoliator and Subcortical Insects of the
Cedar River Intensive Site
OBJECTIVES:
8.52
1. To sample, collect, and identify defoliators and subcortical insects
feeding on Douglas--fir and associated conifers of the Cedar River area.
2. To determine the relative abundance of sampled insects.
3. To outline their role in the forest community with respect to qualitative
and quantitative consumption.
APPROACHES:
Type maps of the Cedar River site will be analyzed and insect surveys will
be established with regard to tree species and age class distribution.
Insects will be sampled directly from vigorous, weakened, and dead conifers.
Mechanical trapping devices also will be used and will include light traps,
rotary nets, and field olfactometers.
Tissue consumption will be based on random sampling methods both among the
major coniferous species and within various levels of the canopy. Tissue
analysis will be stratified according to age classes, phenology, and post
condition.
Collections will be curated and species will be identified (when possible) by
taxonomists in the state of Washington and by the Entomological Museum
of OSU's Department of Entomology.
PERSONNEL:
Principal Investigators
Robert I. Gara, College of Forest Resources, University of
Washington

TITLE: Interaction between Insect Consumers and Douglas-Fir
8.53
Forest insects play an important role in production-consumption interactions
of the coniferous ecosystem. By far, the most important group of insects which
constitute a control function on Douglas-fir are subcortical insects
(Scolytidae).
Knowledge of the web of circumstances existing between Douglas-fir in variable
physiological conditions and scolytid habits would provide needed information
on scolytid-host interactions--basic background needed to understand the
dynamics of Douglas-fir as well as its principle consumers.
OBJECTIVES:
The general objective is to outline basic host and associated environmental
factors that condition Douglas-firs to attacks by scolytids and, similarly, how
scolytids select susceptible hosts. Specific objectives will be as follows:
1. To study subcortical insect-host interactions with respect to:
a. host age and physiological condition,
b. host phenology and morphology,
c. host vigor as related to site and weather conditions, and
d. host chemical composition as related to stages of decomposition and
associated microflora.
2. To study scolytid-host relationships which transform Douglas-fir into a
major invertebrate food source.
APPROACH:
The intensive site will be surveyed for location and distribution of Douglasfirs
undergoing scolytid attack, Trees undergoing an infestation will be plotted
and characterized as to age and physiological condition. Where possible susceptible
trees will be characterized by the "pressure-bomb" technique.
Areas of blowdowns will be plotted and scolytid activity will be followed as
the material ages. The succession of scolytids will be correlated with products
of decomposition and host nutrients. Where practical, trees will be felled in
lieu of blowdowns.
In confirmatory tests, selected trees will be weakened artificially and scolytid
activity will be traced. Scolytid densities will be monitored systematically
with trapping devices and olfactometric techniques; in detail:
1. Rotary nets will be positioned in various areas selected with regard to
stand age and vigor.
2. Flight barriers will be established around felled Douglas-firs and
around trees undergoing scolytid attack.

8.54
3. Trapping devices also will be incorporated around manipulative experiments
where Douglas-firs are artificially weakened.
4. Field olfactometers will be employed to investigate the tertiary mixture
of Dendroctonus pseudotsugae pheromones as they induce host-selection
activities among various scolytids, associated consumers, and parasites
and predators.
It is envisioned that a major source of strength to this project will originate
from comparative studies on Douglas-fir-scolytid interactions situated in
Idaho and eastern Washington. Douglas-fir east of the Cascades is subject
to completely different and varied environmental stresses not experienced west
of the mountains. Accordingly, host trees in these areas are subjected to
more intensive control. Comparative studies thereby will provide insights
and definitive data on limits of control provided by subcortical insects
on their hosts.
PERSONNEL:
Principal Investigators:
Robert I. Gara, College of Forest Resources, University of Washington
G. B. Pitman (Advisor), Boyce Thompson Institute for Plant Research,
Grass Valley, California

TITLE: Development of Prototype Producer-Consumer Interaction Models
OBJECTIVES:
8.55
1. To develop and investigate models of energy flow through invertebrate
and vertebrate consumer populations.
2. To develop a conceptual basis for modeling the roles of consumer organisms
in controlling and/or disrupting processes and events in
coniferous forest ecosystems.
3. To design and test sampling procedures for data needed to test the
above models.
APPROACH:
The objectives will be achieved by a combination of modeling and research
efforts.
Modeling
1. Vertebrate research and modeling personnel will investigate existing
vertebrate population dynamics models (probably those of deer populations)
and select one for adaptation to the coniferous forest system.
Selection of this model will define the nature of the field data
required to test, refine, and expand it, and will permit data acquisition
to begin.
Coincident with the acquisition of these data will be an effort by the
modelers to generalize the model so that, with parameter changes, it
may be used to simulate the population dynamics of any single herbivorous
vertebrate species occurring in western coniferous forests.
If feasible, the model mechanisms will be extended to permit simulation
of omnivorous and predaceous vertebrate species as well. Provisions
will be made for the future possibility of linking this model with
others to permit simulation of multispecies complexes.
2. A simultaneous investigation of two (primarily invertebrate) population
dynamics models will be conducted with a view to eventual generalization
and linkage with other models. One, an existing single-species model
(currently of the Douglas-fir beetle), will be tested in order to
identify and remove anticipated sources of instability. The second, a
simulation of energy flow from Douglas-fir trees through populations of
seed-eating animals and their predators, will be tested with an eventual
view toward identifying critical components of this web of interactions.
Data needed for testing both models are now defined and will be obtained
from literature sources and research.
3. It is hoped that,by inclusion of appropriate information in the above
model structures, any one or all will contain the elements needed to
predict events which disrupt and/or control ecosystem processes, as well
as those events more commonly observed. In order to increase the likelihood
of obtaining such a model both modelers and researchers will meet
regularly in an attempt to identify combinations of factors permitting
disruptive and controlling events. An attempt will be made to establish
a conceptual framework for modeling the effects of such factors.

Research
Research personnel will collaborate with modelers, where necessary, to
ensure biological realism of model mechanisms and to help define the
nature of the data needed to test and use the models. Having defined
these data, researchers, modelers, and appropriate consultants will
devise sampling strategies which will ensure data collection consistent
with accuracy requirements and budget limitations. Researchers will
then assemble from literature and field investigations in the Andrews,
Cedar River, and other sites those data needed to test the above models.
The research will provide the first of a series of annual data sets
which will serve to test parts of long-term, multispecies models to be
developed later.
PERSONNEL:
Principal Coinvestigators:
8.56
W. Scott Overton, Department of Forest Management, Oregon State
University
David H. Milne, Department of Biology, Evergreen State College
Mary Ann Strand, Department of Forest Management, Oregon State
University
Coinvestigators:
Hugh C. Black, OSU -- mammals
Robert 1. Gara, UW -- primary insect consumers
William P. Nagel, OSU -° primary insect consumers
Dennis R. Paulson, UW -- mammals
Julius A. Rudinsky, OSU -- bark beetles
Robert M. Storm, OSU -- reptiles
Richard D. Taber, UW -- mammals
Paul A. Vohs, OSU mammals
John A. Wiens, OSU -- birds
Four modelers will be involved in all phases of the research: Milne, Strand,
Overton, and one to be hired. Milne and Strand will be primarily concerned
with invertebrate consumer populations and the modeler to be hired will work
with vertebrate populations. Overton will act as a general consultant and
will coordinate the activities of this project with those in the Central
Modeling Committee.

TITLE: Primary Insect Consumers of Foliage and Cones of Cascade Douglas-
Fir-Western Hemlock Forests
OBJECTIVES-
1. Determine the difference in animal production and/or consumption
of aboveground leaf tissue and limbs or small trees protected
and not protected from primary consumers.
2. Determine survival rates of Douglas-fir seed from unfertilized
ovule to germination.
3.
Estimate biomass of cones and seeds killed and/or consumed by
insects.
4. Identify key factors influencing survival of Douglas-fir seeds.
APPROACH:
These studies will be concerned with the identification estimation,
and modeling of herbivorous insect influence and effect on the primary
producers on the intensive sites. Secondary consideration will be given
to modeling population dynamics or determining the efficiency of energy
transfer within the primary insect-consumer trophic level.
8.57
The main thrust of this investigation will be: (1) an assessment of the
foliage consumed or lost during a year and (2) an analysis of the relationship
between insect herbivores and seed and cone survival.
For making gross estimates of foliage and cone consumption, paired
observations will be made on the biomass of needles or cones on branches
with and without herbivore exclusion. For larger trees single branches
on the same whorl form natural pairs with respect to genetic material and
climatic conditions. We will look primarily at within-tree comparisons.
Within- and between-tree variations may be sampled for smaller trees where
the entire tree may be covered. Since at this time we have no estimates
of the error term, we will wait until preliminary studies in the summer of
1971 can be analyzed to complete the formulation of sampling plans.
A systematic sampling scheme will be used to assess the factors affecting
cone and seed survival. From the literature on life history of cones we
have chosen critical periods at which to sample. At each sampling period
we will use a stratified sampling technique where the strata are based
on tree age or size. Observations will be made on young-, middle-, and
old-growth stands. Individual trees will be selected on a systematic
basis within the strata. The number of trees and cones sampled will be
determined by the manpower available and the expected error will be estimated
by the 1971 studies.
Foliage feeders. Two types of exclusion are available, mechanical and
chemical. In old-growth forests branch exclusion would be most likely,
provided means for getting access to the crowns is possible. In younger
stands total-tree exclusion would be feasible. Trees or branches would

8.58
be screened during late winter and kept covered for varying periods of time
up to one year. Progressive removal of the screens would allow estimates
to be made concerning seasonal loss of foliage.
Cone and seed feeders. Survival rates and mortality factors of Douglasfir
seed from unfertilized ovule to germination will be investigated
by constructing life tables for cone and seed populations in old-growth
and young-growth stands.
PERSONNEL:
Principal investigator:
'1. P. Nagel, Department of Entomology, Oregon State University

8.59
TITLE: Survey of Vertebrate Populations Occurring on the Cedar River Intensive
Site
OBJECTI1!ES
1. To estimate the relative species composition, abundance, and seasonal
and yearly variations in presence and abundance of mammals, birds,
amphibians,and reptiles on the intensively studied sites.
2. To assess the influence of each of these groups of vertebrates on the
productivity of Douglas°°fir and other conifers.
3. To estimate productivity of vertebrates in terms of IBP-specified units.
APPROACH:
Part 1. Mammals. Small mammals will be censused following NACSM sampling
procedures (Calhoun, 1959). Long-term, continual-removal trapping will be
conducted in the spring simultaneously at study areas within each forest type,
but sampling in the high-elevation, mixed conifer stands will follow censusing
in the low-elevation forest type. The linear regression method of Hayne (1949)
will be used to estimate rodent numbers. The saturation-trapping technique
(Miller, 1970) will provide comparative data.
Reconnaissance surveys of the area will be made to estimate the distribution
and abundance of other species of mammals. Information from the literature
survey (IBP, Black) will be combined with field data to provide estimates of
species present, distribution, relative population densities, and impact on
productivity.
Estimates of deer numbers and deer use of habitats will be based on direct
observations and counts of deer-pellet groups. Pellet groups will be counted
and removed periodically on permanent sampling plots randomly located on each
area sampled. An estimate of deer browsing on Douglas-fir and other conifers
will be based on periodic examinations of established and planted seedlings.
Survey procedures will be adapted from methods followed by Crouch (1970).
Part 2. Birds. Avian populations will be censused in three stand types,
employing variations of either the sample-count method (Bond, 1957) or a
variable strip census developed by Emlen (in press). As the research program
develops, other census methods may be applied to specific groups of interest,
e.g., woodpeckers (Baldwin and Amman, 1960).
Inventories will concentrate on obtaining a quantitative estimate of species
presence and abundance in each of the six seasonal phases (Anderson, 1970) in
each of three stand types. A minimum of three sequentially replicated samplings
will be required to obtain some measure of variance for the population estimates.
Thus, in all a minimum of 54 censuses during the year will be required.
Data from these studies, together with information from the literature on these
parameters and on estimates of weights and feeding habits, can provide rough
estimates of biomass and trophic structure of the stand avifaunas.

8.60
Part 3. Amphibians and Reptiles. Intensive collecting (day and night), particularly
on favorable habitats on the unit watersheds and reference stands,
will be carried out by the principal investigators and graduate assistant, with
other help from cooperating biologists and classes. These collections will be
made periodically from March through November, weather permitting. Amphibians
and reptiles encountered will be identified, individually marked, weighed, measured,
and released. Subsequent captures will give information on growth rates
and permit estimates of population size. These data will be supplemented by
small-plot destructive sampling of the forest floor. Specimens also will be
collected for stomach analyses to supplement published information available
on feeding habits.
PERSONNEL:
Principal Investigators:
Richard D. Taber, College of Forest Resources, University of
Washington
Carl H. tiellis., College of Forest Resources, University of
Washington
Richard Weisbrod, College of Forest Resources, University
of Washington
Dennis Paulson, Department of Zoology, University of Washington

TITLE: Aquatic Decomposition in Lakes Findley, Morse Sammamish, and
Washington, of the Western Coniferous Forest Biome
OBJECTIVES:
1. Evaluate the standing stock and kinetics in portions of the aquatic
carbon web at defined times in the Biome lake sites.
8.61
2. Determine quality and quantity of heterotrophic bacteria in the bacterial
compartment'at defined times and stated lake sites.
3. Determine quality and quantity of the bacterivorous protozoa in the (micro-)
zooplankton compartment at defined times and stated lake sites,
APPROACH:
Three integrated studies are presented in this proposal in which a systems
analysis approach is used to view dynamics of the aquatic carbon cycle (Part I),
and to study in greater depth the decomposer compartment; i.e., heterotrophic
bacterial (Part 2), and bacterivorous protozoan compartments (Part 3) in this
cycle.
Part I. Flux and Pool Size of the Aquatic Carbon Cycle
It is proposed to develop the methods and use them to evaluate the carbon
flux and pool sizes at times and sites to coincide with maximum metabolic activites
in the midlake water column of Lakes Findley, Morse., Sammamish; and Washington.
Thus several measurements will be made during the four seasons of the year, and
during the day and night in the hypolimnia, epilimnia, and thermoclines.
The flux and pool sizes of carbon will be determined from a compartment analysis
of (1) dissolved inorganic carbon (DIC), (2) phytoplankton, (3) zooplankton,
(4) dissolved organic carbon (DOC), (5) detritus, and (6) heterotrophic
(chemoorganotrophic) bacteria, Various interacting three-compartment
systems, e.g., DIC, phytoplankton, ajcj zooplankton, will be isolated from
one water sample and the flow of a C tracer will be monitored through each
compartment while the sample (in its container) is incubated in situ. Some
of the foregoing measurement techniques will be modified in an effort to
evaluate carbon flux and pool sizes in sediment cores and overlying water
at each sampling station.
Part 2. Quality and Quantity _of Aquatic Heterotrophic Bacteria
It is proposed to evaluate the numbers and kinds of heterotrophic bacteria
from water collected for the carbon-cycle experiments (Part I) and surface
film, and several samples from the epilimnion, hypolimnion, and thermocline areas.
Quantitative samples will be taken and the most prevalent viable cells will be
treated to a battery of biochemical, physiological, and morphological differentiating
tests (approx. 150) performed on a large number (approx. 125/week) of
isolates. These test data will be used in an ongoing computer program to cluster
similar kinds of organisms. Clusters of kinds of organisms will be demarked
and used to determine the portion of the total viable heterotrophic bacterial
population they compose, and how their numbers rh-ye with time over the
sampling period.

14
Part 3. Quality and Quantity of Bacterivorous Protozoa
8.62
It is proposed to evaluate the number and kinds of bacterivorous protozoa
at the designated biome lakes using two most-probable-number counting
techniques. The samples taken will be those used for the carbon-cycle experiments
(Part 1) and bacterial samples (Part 2 ). The methods used will allow an
estimate of protozoa appearing in the water and sediment. The kinds of protozoa
will be treated to an on-line clustering program to evaluate community structure
in terms of bacteria and protozoa. The portions of the population each species
contributes to the whole and how each changes with time will be evaluated.
EXPECTED RESULTS:
1. Seasonal estimates of the carbon turnover involving dissolved inorganic
carbon, phytoplankton, zooplankton, detritus, bacteria, and dissolved
organic carbon.
2. Characterization of functional types of bacterivorous protozoa.
3. Characterization of functional types of bacteria.
PERSONNEL:
Principal Investigator:
Bruce Lighthart, Western Washington State College

8.63
TITLE: Degradation of Organic Compounds in Freshwater Sediments by Bacteria
OBJECTIVES:
The objectives of this proposed investigation are to determine the total
functional activities of the bacteria (aerobic, facultative anaerobes, and
anaerobes in freshwater sediments. These functions are important in the
overall recycling of nutrients and are, of course, important in the overall
primary productivity of a body of water.
APPROACH:
Samples of sediment must be taken from the test areas by aseptic techniques
and returned to the laboratory for analysis. The same sediments as those in
Dr. Pamatmat's studies should be used, or separate samples should be taken
at approximately the same time and location so that a comparison of data
can be made.
Sediments will be collected by geological core or grab. Either samples will
be transferred from the geological corer or grab to sterile containers, or
the plastic tubular sleeve of the corer will be stoppered at each end and
the intact sediment sample will be retained. Samples of sediment will be
held at low temperature for return to the laboratory. In the laboratory,
sediment samples will be diluted with sterile water and dilute solutions of
substrate will be added.
Incubation will be at temperatures prevailing in the sampling area at the
time the samples were collected, or at temperatures between the minimum and
maximum prevailing in the environment. The samples will be incubated aerobically
in stationary and shaken cultures, and anaerobically in an anaerobic
incubator.. When necessary, refrigerated water baths, both shaking and
stationary, will be used to obtain the correct incubation temperature.
Initially, simple organic compounds such as monosaccharides and amino acids
will be investigated. Later, the complexity of the substrate will be
increased to include cellulose and other polysaccharides, and proteins.
The functional activities of the bacteria will be indicative of the changes
in the substrates and substrate levels. These changes will be measured in
two ways.
1. Production of end products such as acid from carbohydrates, production of
ammonia, denitrification processes, or production of H2S leading to anoxic
conditions can be measured by pH changes, titratable acidity, or the Conway
microdiffusion technique. Indicators may be included in the media as
visible indexes for acid or H S production. Gas-chromatographic methods for
the detection and characterization of microorganisms are gaining favor.
End products of metabolism or fermentation, such as acids, alcohol,
and gas, have been shown to be quite specific and can be detected
by the chromatographic technique. This method will be used to detect
low levels of end products from carbohydrate utilization.

8.64
2. Bacterial counts, aerobic and anaerobic, will be made at the beginning
of the test and again at the termination to detect increases in the
aerobic and/or anaerobic flora as a result of the added substrate.
In all cases controls will be run and low levels of substrate will be added to
prevent excess enrichment.
EXPECTED RESULTS-.
The degradation of organic matter is expected to follow a different pattern
for the aerobic and anaerobic organisms. In the anaerobic environment,
organic compounds are decomposed by bacterial enzymes by Permenlalion, and the
organic end products of fermentation are then further oxidized by anaerobic
respiration, using organic compounds as hydrogen acceptors. The aerobic
organisms are expected to oxidize the organic compounds more completely,
and possibly to CO2 and H2O.
If the organisms present in the sediment can utilize the substrates, the end
products can be detected. It is expected that simple sugars and amino acids
will be rapidly utilized by the flora, but the complex organic compounds will
be decomposed at a much slower rate.
PERSONNEL:
Principal Investigator:
Jack R. Matches, College of Fisheries, University of Washington

TITLE: Oxidation of Organic Matter in the Water Column
OBJECTIVES:
8.65
1. To determine the annual rate at which organic matter is oxidized in the
entire water column from the lake surface to the bottom.
2. To determine daily and seasonal variations in the vertical distribution
of the oxidation rate.
3. To determine the relative contribution to the total oxidation rate of
different size fractions of plankton.
APPROACH:
Oxidation rates will be calculated from measurements of the respiratory electron
transport system (ETS) activity in the plankton and bacteria (Packard, 1969). The
ETS method has been tested extensively in the marine environment (Packard,
Healy, and Richards, 1970) where it successfully detected carbon oxidation rates
as low as 40 ug C/liter per year in the deep sea.
Phase I
The epilimnia, thermoclines, and hypolimnia of Lakes Findley, Morse, Sammamish,
and Washington will be sampled monthly to determine the vertical distribution
of the oxidation rate.
Phase 2
Quarterly determinations will be made of daily variations and the relative
importance of six size fractions of the plankton.
Phase 3
Calibration of the method will be accomplished in two ways.
1. Simultaneous measurements will be made of ETS activity and oxygen consumption
of cultured lake organisms. Oxygen changes will be detected
by both electrode (Kanwisher, 1959) and Winkler (Conover, 1956) techniques.
2. ETS activity in the hypolimnetic plankton will be compared with oxygen
consumption estimated from changes in oxygen concentration in the hypolimnetic
water column (Barnes and Collias, 1958).
EXPECTED RESULTS:
A quantitative measurement and understanding of the role of the plankton community
in oxidizing organic matter in lakes of the l'Jestern Coniferous Forest Biome.
PERSONNEL:
Principal Investigator:
Theodore T. Packard, Department of Oceanography, University of
Washington

TITLE: Oxidation of Organic Matter in the Lake bottom
OBJECTIVES:
3.66
To understand the full significance of lakes in coniferous biomes, it is
necessary to investigate the complete cycle of organic matter in them.
While other investigators will be studying primary productivity, the input
of allochthonous material from the surrounding watershed, and the oxidation
of organic carbon in the water column, in this subproject the ultimate
objective will be to estimate the annual deposition of organic matter on
the lake basin and its rate of decomposition.
Using rates of oxygen consump-
tion by the lake bottom as measures of oxidation rate, the immediate
objective will be to measure benthic oxygen consumption at various depths
in Lakes Washington, Sammamish, Chester Morse, and Findley. The benthic
communities in these four very different lakes are expected to show different
roles in their respective cycles of organic matter. In succeeding years
the effort will be directed toward obtaining estimates of annual oxygen
uptake by the entire lake bottom of one or more of these lakes. These annual
estimates of total oxygen uptake are believed to represent the annual flux
of oxidizable organic matter to the bottom.
APPROACH:
Measurements of oxygen uptake will be done quarterly in each of the four
lakes at 1, 2, 4, 10, . . . meters. Both in situ techniques in shallow and deep
water (Pamatmat, 1968; Pamatmat and Fenton, 1968; Pamatmat and Banse, 1969)
and a shipboard or laboratory method (Pamatmat, in press) may be used.
Comparisons have shown that at least at depths to 22 meters, and probably to
200 meters, both methods give the same results, i.e., the possible effect of
hydrostatic pressure when samples are brought to atmospheric pressure is
negligible.
Briefly, the in situ method involves putting
SCUBA divers) bell
down into the sediment (by
jars each of which is equipped with an
a thermistor probe, and oxygen electrode,
a stirring mechanism.
known surface
The bell jars enclose a
area of the sediment and a known volume of water.
concentration of the
The oxygen
enclosed water is monitored
over a period of an hour
with the oxygen electrode
or so depending upon the
sediment. rate of uptake by the
Replicate bell jars are monitored simultaneously
recorder connected on a multipoint
to the sensors by means of a multiconductor cable.
measuring total uptake, After
the divers inject a poison such as formaldehyde
inside the bell jars to kill all the organisms.
then represents inorganic
The residual oxygen uptake
chemical oxidation, which
estimate of anaerobic
is thought to be
metabolism.
an
The shipboard method consists of sampling with a specially constructed
multiple corer that takes undisturbed sediment with its original overlying
water. This method can be used only in Lake Washington as the sampler
requires a heavy winch. For taking similar samples from deep water in
the inland lakes a Jenkin corer (;ortimer, 1942) will be used. This singlebarreled
corer can be lowered from a skiff. The cores will be sealed with

8.67
an oxygen electrode and a built-in stirring device, and will also be monitored
on a multipoint recorder while in a constant--temperature bath. The in situ
method will be used in the shallow depths and as much as possible in the
more remote lakes, as it requires a much smaller amount of electric power
than the laboratory method.
Sediment samples will be taken for analyses of organic carbon, organic
nitrogen, chlorophyll, phaeophytin, and total reduced substances. Perhaps
the most ecologically meaningful measure of total reduced substances in the
sediment is actual oxygen debt. Because of the long reaction time between
dissolved oxygen and some of these substances, however, a much faster
iodometric method has been developed. There is a good correlation between
the results of both determinations.
EXPECTED RESULTS:
During each of four seasons for each of the four lakes, we will take measurements
of respiration and inorganic chemical oxidation at various depths.
It is expected that different conditions in these lakes lead to different
rates of deposition and mineralization of organic matter. The data that
will be gathered should at least form a basis for comparison among these
lakes as to the relative importance of their benthic communities in the
cycle of organic matter and mineralization. Together with the work of
Lighthart, Packard, and Taub, we should be able to draw a picture of gross
energy flow through these lakes. The actual rates and quantities that we
will determine should dictate the emphasis on the more detailed studies
to be done in following years.
Results of analyses for organic matter and reduced substances in Puget
Sound sediment have been very informative regarding the oxidizability of
organic material that settles in different places. For example, in deep
water, sediments ordinarily having as high an organic matter content as in
shallower water do not have as high a concentration of reduced substances.
Since reduced substances are the result of anaerobic metabolism, this
indicates that organic matter in deep--water sediments is not as oxidizable
as that in shallower water. A correlation between the concentration of
reduced substances and the rate of inorganic chemical oxidation has been
shown (Pamatmat, submitted), and this is considered to be important evidence
for the relationship between anaerobic metabolism and inorganic chemical
oxidation.
PERSONNEL
Principal Investigator:
Mario M. Pamatmat, Department of Oceanography, University of Washington

TITLE: Estimates of Biomass of Detritus Food Chain
OBJECTIVES:
To evaluate the amount and the food chain routes through which detrital
material may reenter the higher trophic feeding levels.
APPROACH:
8.68
Sediment samples will be taken at the times and locations of benthic 0
2
determinations and/or in conjunction with aquatic invertebrate study.
Samples will be split for chemical analyses (ash-free dry-weight oxidizable
carbon, organic nitrogen, and caloric determinations) and for taxonomic
surveys and counts. Taxonomic work will be done in conjunction with the
aquatic-consumer group and various experts examining the soil invertebrates.
An attempt will be made to correlate these data to fish stomach contents.
The proportion of large detrital materials (e.g.,fish carcasses) reintroduced
into the upper trophic levels will also be considered.
EXPECTED RESULTS:
These findings will help evaluate the hypothesis that a significant proportion
of the energy which is fixed by primary producers, but which did not
become incorporated into zooplankton, still finds its way into fish via the
detritus-bottom insect route. In the models of many. aquatic communities,
the levels of fish production are higher than accounted for by measured
primary productivity, assuming two steps of energy transformation and with
various estimates of trophic level efficiency. In some communities, the
input of organic material from terrestrial sources has been proposed to
account for the discrepancy between the models and the data. The detritus
route has frequently been suggested, but needs to be quantitatively evaluated.
PERSONNEL:
Principal Investigator-.
Frieda B. Taub, College of Fisheries, University of Washington

TITLE: Nitrogen Transformations
OBJECTIVES:
8.69
I. To evaluate the amount of nitrogen fixation which occurs in the aquatic
environment. This information will be part of the nitrogen input for
an aquatic N budget and for the total N budget.
Since the method proposed, acetylene reduction, will be common to terrestrial
and aquatic systems, the information will be comparable on an area
basis. (A workshop on this technique will be held as part of the decom-poser
coordination project during year 1.)
2. To evaluate other quantitative methods for N transformations sich as
denitrification, nitrifying, and nitrate reduction.
APPROACH:
For N2 fixation, the sample is taken at known depth and bottled; a measured amount
of acetylene is added; the bottle is returned to its original depth aid incubated
in situ for one to several hours; the bottle is retrieved and the sample is
fixed and returned to the laboratory for measurement of ethylene (i.e., the
reduced product) by gas chromatography. Calculations of N fixation are
2
subject to certain assumptions which should be consistent within the Biome
measurements, e.g., the presumed ratio of C2H4 per mole of NH produced.
The technique assumes that the amount of enzyme present is a dfrect measure,
or a precisely defined index, of the N which would have been fixed in situ.
The method is detailed by Ktucas (19695 and has been successfully used in
Lake Erie (Howard et al., 1970).
No analagous enzymatic methods seem to exist for the other processes of nitrogen
fixation. The feasibility of measuring changes in the various ionization
states of nitrogen will be determined, although it appears unlikely that
changes of measurable magnitude will occur during reasonable periodsof in
situ incubation. Laboratory incubation of longer periods will also be
tested. The relative abundance of organisms associated with nitrogen trans-
formations, e.g., Nitroso nas and Nitrobacter will be determined as an index
of likel y activity. No NWwork is proposed within this year, but may be
considered for future work if these aspects appear to be of significance in the
nutrient model.
Sampling will be coordinated with in situ carbon kinetic measurements and algal
numerations of Dr. Lighthart and Drs. Packard and Pamatmat, the
anaerobic activity measurements of Dr. Matches, the primary productivity
studies of Dr. Welch, and the chemical (esp. 02 concentration) studies of Drs.
Christman and Spyridakis. By relying on the routine sampling by Dr. Welch,
aquatic sampling for N fixation can be done most intensely during blue-green
2
blooms, and less frequently at other times.

EXPECTED RESULTS:
8.70
An estimate of N fixation per volume of sample will result from the technique.
From a series of2samples, an estimate of the N fixation per volume of water,
2
or per surface area can be calculated. Biologically, it will be determined
if N2 fixation occurs only in the presence of blue-green algal blooms (these
are expected in Lake Sammamish and possibly in Lake Washington but not in
Findley or Morse Lakes), and if anaerobic bacteria in either the sediments of all
lakes or in the hypolimnion of Lake Sammamish contribute significantly, or
possibly if N2 fixation occurs unexpectedly. The calculated N fixation will
be compared in the overall N budget model to evaluate its relative importance.
Other nitrogen transformations will be evaluated.
PERSONNEL:
Principal investigator:
Frieda B. Taub, College of Fisheries, University of Washington

E
TITLE: Study of Fungal Parasites of Algae
OBJECTIVE:
An effort will be made to determine the role of aquatic fungi by assessing
both the quantitative and qualitative characteristics of the phytoplankton.
APPROACH:
Cantor and Lund (1948) have presented evidence that parasitic aquatic phycomycetes
may terminate algal blooms. Qualitative observation of ponds and
lakes in the Pacific Northwest suggests that fungi are affecting both the
species composition and the total biomass of the phytoplankton. The diatoms
and green algae appear to be particularly susceptible to fungal attack.
Despite the pioneering work of Cantor and Lund, it is clear that we do not
understand the role of parasitic fungi in the aquatic environment. The
extensive Lake Washington studies by Dr. Edmondson, the work of Drs. Norris,
Lewin, Waaland, and associates in local phytoplankton research, and our own
experience in the biology of aquatic phycomycetes should permit us to proceed
fairly quickly with this problem.
8.71
Weekly samples from several stations in Lake Washington will be examined
for both plankton and their parasites. Samples will be taken with Nansen
bottles. The quantitative evaluation of both algae and fungi will be sought.
Our procedures and techniques will be similar to those employed by Dr.
Edmondson's group. Although I anticipate solid information in the first year,
I imagine that evaluation of fungal members and pathogenicity will present a
number of procedural problems. Once these problems are resolved, we anticipate
investigation of other lakes in the Biome.
PERSONNEL:
Principal Investigator:
Howard C. Whisler, Department of Botany, University of Washington

TITLE: Fungal Decomposers on Living Coniferous Foliage and Twigs
OBJECTIVES:
1. To determine crude estimates of fixed carbon respired or transformed
to secondary products by fungi on living foliage and twigs.
2. To complete a catalog of the fungi on living foliage and twigs of
Douglas-fir, western hemlock, and western red cedar on the two
intensive sites.
3. To determine the substrates utilized and major products released by
those foliage and twig fungi identified as of major importance
on the two intensive sites.
APPROACHES:
8.72
1. Samples of foliage and twigs from trees of varying ages are examined
under the microscope and individual fungi are removed for identification
and culture.
2. Yeasts and bacteria are sampled by washing leaf surfaces with water
and by mild sonication. The wash water is filtered on cellulose
acetate membranes, which are then transferred to nutrient media.
3. Fungi identified as of major importance by estimates of frequency or
cover will be cultured to permit laboratory study of their substrates
and metabolic by-products. They will be screened for their ability
to utilize materials such as cellulose, hexoses, vanillin (as a
commercially available substitute for lignin), hydrocarbons, and
casein.
4. Crude estimates of amounts of materials used by these fungi will
be based upon in vitro tests of metabolic activity under conditions
simulating those in nature with respect to moisture, temperature,
and substrate concentration. An attempt will be made to correlate
growth of fungal mycelium with the rate of substrate utilization and
to make direct measurements of fungal growth by examination of
needles through the season and throughout the life-span of the needles.
PERSONNEL:
Principal investigator:
George C. Carroll, Department of Biology, University of Oregon

TITLE: Epiphyte Communities: Catalog of Major Species, Measurement of
Biomass,and Nitrogen Fixation
OBJECTIVES:
1. To complete a catalog of the major taxa of epiphytes (i.e., those
contributing more than 1 percent of epiphyte biomass and/or more than I
percent of epiphyte--fixed nitrogen) for the two intensive sites.
8.73
2. To improve techniques for sampling epiphyte biomass and provide an
initial estimate of epiphyte biomass for old-growth Douglas-fir--hemlock,
3. To survey epiphyte populations on both intensive sites for nitrogenfixation
competence.
4. To provide initial estimates of rates of fixation and annual accumulation
of nitrogen by epiphyte populations in old-growth Douglas-fir--hemlock.
APPROACH:
Technical rock-climbing aids, modified for use on trees during the
summer of 1970, will provide access to upper trunk and canopy. Once
"rigged" for climbing, trees are accessible for subsequent study. Standing
trees will be sampled because felled trees lose much of their epiphyte
load, especially that in the canopy.
Epiphytes on the trunk will be sampled from quadrats distributed along
vertical transects. Sampling from the canopy involves selection and
removal of parts of limb and twig systems for examination in the laboratory.
Preliminary identifications will be done at OSU; difficult species will be
sent to experts for confirmation and voucher specimens will be deposited
both at OSU and the U.S. National Herbarium.
Biomass of epiphytes caught in litter traps will be compared with that
measured on standing trees in the expectation of discovering a predictable
relationship between the two measurements.
All epiphyte species encountered will be checked for N-fixation competence.
Rates of nitrogen fixation will be measured using the acetylene reduction
technique. Annual accumulation will be estimated from micro--Kjeldahl
analysis and biomass and litter measurements for N-fixing species.
PERSONNEL:
Principal Investigators;
William C. Denison, Department of Botany and Plant Pathology,
Oregon State University
Coinvestigator:
Lawrence W. Pike, Department of Botany and Plant Pathology, Oregon
State University

8.74
TITLE: Fungal Decomposition of Bark, Litter, and Soil; Primary Decomposition
of Wood
OBJECTIVES:
1. To complete a catalog of major populations of fungi active in soil
and litter (including streams) on watersheds 1, 2, and 10 of the
Andrews Experimental Forest, and to initiate similar studies at
Cedar River and supporting sites.
2. To complete the study of aerial spores and the dormant spore population
of the forest floor.
3. To initiate a catalog of fungi active in bark and sapwood on the two
intensive sites.
4. To determine crude rates of decomposition, as weight loss, for all
litter components on watersheds 1, 2, and 10.
5. To initiate, for major fungal species, studies of their ability to
attack specific substrates (e.g., cellulose), their metabolic by-products
and wastes, and their growth rates in vitro and in vivo.
6. To contribute estimates of crude rates of decomposition and nutrient
release by fungi to a coarse-resolution model, and developa refined
model of filamentous fungal growth.
APPROACH:
Techniques for the identification of fungi and mapping of mycelia
active in the forest floor, which are being developed this year, will be
employed and extended. Lists of species based on cultures isolated from
dilution plates, on survey of the aerial spores, and on collection of
sporocarps will be edited in consideration of the mapping studies to
eliminate accidental, infrequent, or unimportant species.
Bark and sapwood fungi will be sampled from sterilely extracted plugs and
cores, from insect galleries, from the insects themselves, and from
natural wounds. Ascomycetes and Fungi Imperfecti growing in bark or
sapwood cause little structural damage themselves, but may determine the
course of subsequent rot by more destructive species. This study will
be coordinated with those of Driver and Trappe.
In cooperation with Lavender and Fredriksen, measurements will be made
of annual accumulation and decomposition of all components of litter
on watersheds 1, 2, and 10. Freshly fallen litter will be sorted by
component (e.g., Douglas-fir foliage) and weighed samples will be returned
to the forest floor in plastic mesh bags. These samples will be weighed at
intervals and subsamples will be examined and cultured to determine the organisms
responsible for their decomposition.

Where possible, fungi identified as of major importance will be cultured
to permit tests of their ability to utilize specific substrates, to
determine their major metabolic by-products and wastes, and to measure
growth rates.
PERSONNEL:
Principal Investigator:
William C. Denison, Department of Botany and Plant Pathology,
Oregon State University
Coinvestigator:
Marcia Wicklow, Department of Botany and Plant Pathology, Oregon
State University
8.75

8.76
TITLE: Studies in Decomposition of Douglas-Fir Wood Induced by Basidiomycetous
Fungi
OBJECTIVES:
1. To define the basidiomycetous fungi functioning as primary decomposers
in the Douglas-fir and western hemlock components of western coniferous
forests.
2. To study methods for evaluating rates of decomposition of the tree
components of the ecosystems with respect to adaptable input data in
modeling of the total ecosystem.
APPROACH:
Decomposition of wood substance may serve as a most significant step in
tapping a major portion of the potential energy reservoir of a Douglas-fir
ecosystem. Actually this decomposition could be considered as being initiated
while a tree is still in a living condition. An example of this is thought to
be the case when Douglas-fir is infected with root and butt rot-disease-inducing
organisms. Such organisms are known to bring about wood decay of the types
commonly known as either brown rot (cellulose decomposing) or white rot (lignin
and cellulose decomposition). These processes take place at various rates
depending on environment and species of causative fungi of the basidiomycete
class. Wood decay, having been well in process preceding death of the tree,
should continue as the tree is wind-thrown and comes into contact with the
forest floor. From this point the decay proceeds as a function of forest litter
decomposition, the initial phase of soil humus formation.
Major basidiomycetous organisms and processes are known that function in
this manner; however, little is known specifically about the rates and limiting
factors of the decomposition of Douglas-fir wood.
The quantitation of the energy cycle functional in the decomposition of
Douglas-fir from its inception should make significant contributions to understanding
the carbon turnover cycle of a conifer forest ecosystem.
Studies will be continued on the first year's efforts with concentration on the
goal of identifying major basidiomycetous fungi responsible for the initial
stages of decomposition of Douglas-fir. Efforts will be made to follow the
decomposition of these organisms in early stages of fungal succession within
the wood of Douglas-fir trees before and after coming in contact with the forest
floor.
Efforts will be made to correlate standard rate evaluations of wood decay,
as weight loss and alkali solubility (Cowling, 1961), with a possibly more
meaningful evaluation of the extractable water-soluble carbon technique of
Hu et al. (1968) for quantifying the overall forest litter decomposition process.
If significant correlations can be found it may offer a standard procedure to
evaluate decomposition processes of the Douglas-fir component of the ecosystem

8.77
in such a manner that it could be modeled. Such a model should be usable
in predicting the wood decay component of litter decomposition in many forest
ecosystems requiring only a minimum of new field data.
EXPECTED RESULTS:
It is anticipated that basidiomycetous organisms thought to be responsible
for primary decomposition of the wood of Douglas-fir will be demonstrated. The
role some individual fungi play in decomposition of wood cellulose, lignin, or
extractables will be indicated. In addition, initial efforts on adapting the
extractable water-soluble carbon technique to quantifying the decomposition of
Douglas-fir wood will indicate if this is a feasible technique for modeling a
major component in the decomposition processes of a conifer forest.
PERSONNEL:
Principal Investigator:
Charles H. Driver, College of Forest Resources, University of
Washington

TITLE: Energy Flow as Determined by Rates of Litter Decomposition
OBJECTIVES:
1. To determine energy expended and reservoir energy (stabilized) associated
with the rates of decomposition of forest litter samples.
2. To estimate that proportion of primary
through the decomposer chain.
APPROACH:
productivity which channels
Litter decomposition is a sequential process, mediated by a succession
of organisms. Of primary importance are the terminal oxidative steps
whereby we can quantitate the energy expended and energy
remaining in the
form of stabilized organic matter (humus fractions). In forested areas,
primary vegetative production constitutes a major segment of the energy
reservoir. The determination of turnover rates becomes mandatory in terms
of energy flow, end-product identification, and related impact on nutrient
cycling. Various aspects of the above energy considerations have been
reviewed by Delwiche (1967) and others (Reichie, 1970).
8.78
The principal investigators have carried out decomposition studies on
diverse forest litter samples (Hu et al., 1968). The experimental approach was
to correlate water-soluble carbon (readily oxidizable) content with litter decomposition
potential and the related humification process. The watersoluble
carbon level was determined by a persulfate oxidation procedure
(Gilmour et al., 1961) and cumulative carbon dioxide was evolved by trapping
in sodium dioxide and titration. Once the soluble carbon value was obtained
it became possible to equate tha latter value with the carbon dioxide evolved
by a particular ride.- comple and obtain a regression equation. The regression
line was used co determine expected litter decomposition values, using the
water-sot l e carbon data. It then becomes feasible to calculate (in caloric
terms) rates of energy expended and stored energy (stabilized litter fractions).
In addition to use of the aforementioned soluble carbon approach, the
electrolytic respirometer as described by McGarity et al. (1958) and later by
Gilmour et al. (1970) will be used to calculate carbon turnover rates. This
instrument was specifically designed to augment conventional Warburg manometric
techniques in cases where longer term experiments were mandatory and where
greater manipulation of the environment became beneficial during the course
of the experiment. Past experimentation has shown that the Q 02 and Q CO2
values obtained with the electrolytic respirometer correlate well with the q
level of litter water-soluble carbon.
The H. J. Andrews Experimental Forest will be the primary study site. We also
expect to carry out supplementary investigations at the Cedar River site, however.
After appropriate site-sampling transects have been established and the
statistical design has been approved, samples will be collected at varying
depths (surface to soil horizon A). The litter samples will be stores in plastic

8.79
bags and transferred to the laboratory, where each sample will be finely ground
and air dried. Moisture saturation values, total carbon, nitrogen, and
water-soluble carbon will then be determined. These values will constitute
the primary bench identification data for each sample, along with sitedescriptive
information.
EXPECTED RESULTS:
The data will be expressed in terms of rate determinations as obtained by the
conventional Q O and Q CO values for the series of litter samples.
2
These
rate determinations will
reveal the natural breakdown potential of the litter
samples and thereby
measure the energy changes resulting from hydrolysis and
oxidation of the organic carbon species of the litter. It is expected that
the test litter samples
will show varying degrees of stabilization (decomposition)
as reflected by the initial level of readily oxidizable carbon and related
Q 0 a-Q CO2 values.
2 Preliminary regression equations (soluble carbon versus
respiration value) have already been established for diverse litter samples
and we expect these to provide an excellent fit for computer analysis. The
described studies represent the carbon turnover aspect of the terrestrial
submodel. In consequence, the expected results should have a direct bearing
on other investigations that
emphasize the nature of the involved species,
nutrient recycling, and forest humus development.
PERSONNEL:
Principal Investigators:
C. M. Gilmour, Department of Bacteriology, University of Idaho
C. T. Youngberg, School of Forestry, Oregon State University

TITLE: Airborne microflora and Vegetational History of the Western
Coniferous Forest Biome
OBJECTIVES:
1. Determination of the principal taxa that comprise the airborne
microflora, including fungus spores, algae, pollen, and spores of
vascular plants, in the principal study site (H. J. Andrews
Experimental Forest).
2. Correlation of the airborne microflora with source plants in the
case of pollen and spores, or, in the case of fungi, with fruiting
bodies. The correlation will be done on both a seasonal and a geographic
basis.
3. Correlation of airborne microflora with the concentration of microflora
on or in soils, moss poisters, leaf surfaces, aquatic bottom sediments,
and other natural and artificial traps.
4. Determination of principal taxa of the microflora., the concentration
of taxa, and the relative frequencies of taxa in core samples taken
from bogs of the Andrews Forest.
5. Synthesis of vegetational history of the Andrews Forest from palynological
data recording vegetational succession through time.
The above objectives include both short- and long-term goals. The first
phase of the study will be concerned primarily with objective 1. The
others will be of concern over a period of several years.
The airborne fraction of a plant community is often overlooked. However,
study of this fraction is important in assessing the dissemination of
both individuals and genotypes, in epidemiology, and quite possibly in
measurement of nutrient cycling. Although the biomass transported as
microflora is small relative to litter fall, it is presumably energy
rich since most spores contain concentrated food reserves.
Studies of the vegetational history of a site often lean heavily on palynological
data. The several bogs available in the Andrews Forest at
different elevations are a valuable record of past vegetation, successional
trends through time, etc. In interpreting the preserved microflora of
the core samples, it is important to know how well the pollen rain
reflects the composition of the community both quantitatively aid qual
itatively, and whether there are differential factors favoring the
dissemination and preservation of the pollen of one species over another.
To this end, the studies of the airborne fraction of the plant community
will be invaluable in interpreting the core records. The vegetational
mapping and successional studies proposed by Hickman will also be important
to the interpretation of past data.
8.80

Studies of soil fungi depend upon dilution plant counts. Evidence
suggests that many fungi appearing on dilution plates occur in the soil
primarily or exclusively as dormant spores. In assessing the results
of plant counts, we need information about how the frequency of a given
species corresponds with the frequency of its spores in the airborne
microflora both seasonally and spatially, and we need information about
the subsequent fate of spores which are deposited in natural traps.
APPROACH:
8.81
1. Prepare reference slides necessary to identification of pollen
and spores, including fungi, commonly encountered in the study area.
With the use of the checklist of vascular plants of the Andrews Forest
prepared by Franklin and Dyrness, this work is now in progress, with
approximately 20-25 percent of the vascular flora represented by pollen
slides. Additional collecting of plant specimens mayle necessary
if herbarium specimens do not provide flowering material from which
pollen and spores can be recovered.
2. Sample airborne microflora directly from slides or other artificial
traps. This will be done on a seasonal and geographic basis.
3. Sample microflora in soil, both by extracting the soil and preparing
slides and by dilution plates.
4. Sample microflora deposited on leaf surfaces by use of plastic films,
and in other natural traps (e.g., moss polsters, aquatic bottom
deposits, surface foam, etc.) by standard chemical extraction
techniques.
5. Core the bogs within the Andrews Experimental Forest. To this end
a piston sampler will be constructed or borrowed and cores will be taken
from as many of the bogs as possible. The microflora will be
extracted from close-spaced samples for frequency counts. An attempt
will also be made to secure data on concentration of spores and pollen
per volume of sediment.
The approaches envisioned combine techniques which have been used successfully
but independently in palynology, soil microbiology, and diatomology.
In addition, the use of celloidin film peels to study leaf-inhabiting
fungi has shown that a wide variety of microflora is deposited on leaf
surfaces and may be removed for direct examination by means of plastic
films.
Microscopic identification of trapped microflora is based upon fine
structural features and measurements. One set of essential controls
consists of populations of pollen, spores, diatoms, etc., from known
sources to establish the range of variability within and among species
populations. A reference collection also serves as an aid in routine
identifications of specific elements of the flora. Research will take
place on the H. J. Andrews Experimental Forest.

PERSONNEL:
Principal Investigator:
Jane Gray, Department of Biology, University of Oregon
Coinvestigators:
William C. Denison, Department of Botany and Plant Pathology,
Oregon State University
C. David McIntire, Department of Botany and Plant Pathology,
Oregon State University
James C. Hickman, Department of Biology, Swarthmore College
8.82

TITLE: The Role of Various Microfauna as Terrestrial Decomposers in
the Western Coniferous Biome
SUBTITLES:
A. The Efficiency of Mites and Other Arthropods as Decomposers (Krantz)
B. The Efficiency of Nematodes and Other Microscopic Animals a;
Decomposers (Jensen)
OBJECTIVES:
To identify the dominant terrestrial decomposer fauna in the H. J.
Andrews Experimental Forest (primary site) and Cedar River Experimental
Forest (secondary site), including the litter, soil, and stream detritus
(Phase 1).
To develop experiments or models that will provide a basis for determining
specific roles and rates of terrestrial fauna as decomposers in
northwestern coniferous forests (Phase i1).
APPROACH:
1. Development of qualitative and quantitative sampling and extraction
techniques to determine decomposer fauna of the forest biome.
2. Systematic studies, including cataloging of major groups from litter,
soil, and stream detritus.
3. Ecological arrangement of major groups based on food preferences and
substrate associations (bacterivores, fungivores, herbivores,
saprophytes and predators).
4. The role of invertebrates in the vertical migration of particulate
material through the litter and soil will be studied in cooperation
with Dr. Riekerk's studies.
5. Aquatic microfauna will be identified as an aid to the lake and
river studies.
PERSONNEL:
Principal Investigators:
8.83
Gerald W. Krantz, Department of Entomology, Oregon State University
Harold J. Jensen, Department of Botany and Plant Pathology, Oregon
State University

TITLE: Downward Migration of Particulate Matter in Forest Soil
OBJECTIVE:
To quantify and elucidate mechanisms of the downward migration
of particulate decomposition and weathering products, pollen, and spores
in a Douglas-fir forest soil as related to environmental, soil, and
biological'factors.
APPROACH:
8.84
A number of studies focusing on leaching processes of organic and inorganic
(tracer) substances through the forest soil suggested that, in addition to
solubility mechanisms, the transfer by way of particulate matter movement in
the soil may be an important pathway (Riekerk et al., 1970; Riekerk, 1971).
Particulate matter is here defined as materials retained by micropore filtration.
The transfer mechanism may be by suspension, by mass-flow action of percolating
soil solutions, by gravitational processes, or by movements of the soil fauna.
Periodic peptization/flocculation processes due to fluctuations in soil solution
acidity and solute concentrations may be a factor in controlling the mobility
of particulate matter during the seasons and at various soil depths.
Little is known about the quantitative aspects of this pathway, but the
information is urgently needed for studies of soil decomposition and nutrient
cycling processes.
It is proposed to measure the migration of appropriately labeled matter in
solution and in particulate form through the forest floor and surface soil
of a Douglas-fir forest stand in the Allen Thompson Research Center on the
Cedar River watershed. Close cooperation with ongoing and concurrent studies
of forest floor decomposition processes, soil solution dynamics,and soil
fauna activities will make it possible to elucidate in an efficient manner
the mechanisms that control the migration of particulate matter between forest
soil compartments, such as forest floors, surface soil, and subsoil.
Organic forest floor materials and inorganic mineral soil samples will be
labeled thoroughly with organic tracers (such as DDT) and/or inorganic
tracers (such as CL36 and Ca45), and then will be placed on the appropriate
forest soil compartment. Fine fluorescent particles will be used to simulate
pollen and spore movements (Leighton, 1964). Migration of materials will
be followed by periodic collections of: soil solution suspensions, employing
lysimeters of similar porosity as the overlying forest soil compartment
materials; and soil samples from various soil depths to assess changes in
distribution patterns. Periodicity of collections will be rather intensive
during the first few weeks and will taper off to monthly collections during
the rest of the year.
Sample preparation, extraction, and analysis will be with existing equipment
and facilities and will be performed on a standard basis to obtain at least
comparable results within the study. Selected samples will also be analyzed
for contents as to soil fauna, pollen,and spores by Biome participants on
the Oregon State University campus.

PERSONNEL:
Principal Investigator:
8.85
Hans Riekerk, College of Forest Resources, University of Washington

TITLE: Fungi and Bacteria of Roots, Rhizosphere, and Adjacent Soil
OBJECTIVES:
1. Identify and estimate frequency and distribution of major populations
of bacteria and fungi in, on, or near the roots of conifers and
important associated vascular plants at watersheds 2 and 10 of the
H. J. Andrews Experimental Forest.
2. Categorize the organisms detected under objective 1 by function
(e.g., substrates utilized, metabolites and nutrients released
nitrogen transformations).
3. Estimate crude rates of nitrogen transformation by soil and root
microorganisms.
APPROACH:
Sampling will be concentrated on watersheds 2 and 10 of the Andrews Forest,
with supporting studies at Morse Lake and elsewhere on the two intensive
study areas. Studies involving the rhizosphere will be coordinated with
the soil decomposer studies by Denison, Gilmour and Youngberg, and Riekerk.
Studies of fungi in woody roots will be coordinated with the wood
decomposition studies of Driver.
Large standard samples, including roots and soil, will be divided among
the appropriate investigators for analysis, so that final data can be
integrated. The physical and chemical properties of the soil in each
sample will be determined, as will the species and biomass of included
roots.
8.86
Both bacteria and fungi will be isolated from the interior of healthy
and decaying roots, from root surfaces, and from adjacent soil. Bacteria
will be categorized chiefly by function, using both conventional systematics
and the methods of cluster analysis developed by Dr. Lighthart. Fungi
will be classified by function and, where possible, important populations will
be identified to species. Mycelial fragments from soil mycorrhizae, or
roots will be cultured and matched against cultures of known fungi.
Rates of nitrogen transformation in soil samples, at root surfaces, and
in endosymbiotic nodules will be determined using standard microbiological
procedures. Crude estimates of annual turnover will be extrapolated from
these rates and compared with data obtained by Fredriksen and Cole.
EXPECTED RESULTS:
The objectives will be met in a very broad way, although the limited financing
permits only a start in this complex and little-explored area of study, in
accordance with sound scientific methodology for eliminating bias, specific
results will not be anticipated.

PERSONNEL:
Principal Investigator:
James M. Trappe, USDA, Forest Service, Corvallis
Coinvestigators:
Paul E. Aho, USDA, Forest Service, Corvallis
Donald M. Knutson, USDA, Forest Service, Corvallis
K. C. Lu, USDA, Forest Service, Corvallis
Earl E. Nelson, USDA, Forest Service, Corvallis
Makoto Ogawa, Government Forest Experiment Station, Tokyo
Bratislav Zak, USDA, Forest Service, Corvallis
8.87

8.88
TITLE: Bioenergetics and Density Dependence: A Biological Model of Trophic
Processes
OBJECTIVES:
Subtle changes in plant and animal communities are brought about by changes in
various environmental parameters (for example, temperature). It is not known
to what extent such changes influence the growth and production of fish and
other aquatic life, or whether such changes have long-term effects on the
aquatic community. We hope to define the changes that take place under changing
temperatures in the bioenergetics of selected species of plaits, herbivores,
and carnivores. We believe that such changes should be refl:cted in terms
of the production of fish populations involved in the study. Growth of any
organism is possible only after all other metabolic requirements are satisfied,
and any modification of that organism's environment, either internal or
external, will ultimately alter its metabolic costs. Studies of individual
and community metabolism in the laboratory will provide valuable information
to evaluate the effects of temperature changes on the community as a whole.
Assuming that the reproduction and activity of a fish population are not influenced,
the problem of the effect of increasing temperature on population production
can be narrowed to studying the direct effects on the growth of fish
and on their food-chain components. Laboratory studies of t)e temperature
effect on fish growth and laboratory and field studies to determine the influence
of temperature on the components of their food chain can determine the levels
that are unlikely to have a deleterious effect on the aquatic communities.
Such information would not only be of scientific interest but could have great
predictive value in planning the future use of our natural waters.
APPROACH:
1. Obtain relationships between temperature, growth, and food consumption
for rainbow trout, suckers, stone flies, and caddis flies. Energy
maintenance requirements, as well as net and gross growth efficiencies,
will be determined for each of the species tested.
2. Using specially designed respirometers, the effect of temperature
upon standard metabolic rates at various activity levels will be determined
by measuring oxygen uptake.
3. Initiate density measurements and caloric values which ietermine nutrients,
plants, invertebrates, and vertebrates in laboratory streams so as to
examine density-dependent trophic relationships.
4. With the above information, and with estimates of food assimilation, a
general energy budget will be described for each species tested over the
same range of temperatures, employing the following equation given by
Warren and Davis (1967):

Q = 0sfa + QO + Q+r
8 . i89J
where Qc = energy value of food consumed,
Qw = energy value of waste products in feces, in urine, and lost
through gills and skin,
Qg = total change in energy value of materials of the body (growth),
Or = energy metabolically utilized or released in all ways for all
purposes.
Utilizing a production equation developed by Brocksen and Warren (unpublished),
we will attempt to describe production under a range of temperatures. The
equation to be used is:
Ps-3a =
where P =
s-3a
f4, f12,
f4(f12[fi1(Ep9Mp,Bs-2)], Bs-3) x Bs-3a
production of fish(es) on trophic step 3;
f11 = empirically derived functions;
EP = light energy;
MP = mineral nutrients of plants;
3s°2 = biomass of consuming herbivores;
Bs°3 = biomass of all carnivores influencing the biomass of
organisms on the previous step of a trophic pathway
leading to a product of interest.
This equation suggests that it may be possible to relate rigorously the production
of a product of interest not only to the density of its food resource but
also to all steps along the trophic pathway leading from primary energy and
material resources to this production.
PERSONNEL:
Principal Investigators:
Robert W. $rocksen, College of Agricultural and Environmental
Sciences, University of California, Davis
Allen W. Knight, College of Agricultural and Environmental
Sciences, University of California, Davis

TITLE: Biogenic Enrichment by Salmon Carcasses
OBJECTIVES-
To determine the importance of biogenic nutrients from salmon carcasses on
the production of young salmonids in stream environments.
APPROACH:
8.90
The anadromous Pacific salmon represents one of the few natural systems
that involves the movement of significant amounts of nutrients from the
ocean back to the land. Although the contribution of biogenic materials has
been proposed as being a major factor in maintaining the high level of the
salmon runs prior to modern man, it has never been demonstrated in fact.
It is the purpose of this proposed research to explore the pathways and
timing within and the quantitative effect on a semicontrolled aquatic
ecosystem of biogenic nutrients in deposited salmon carcasses. The physical
features, facility development, and backlog of physical, che;iical, and biological
information on Berry Creek, Benton County, Oregon, mak:s this an ideal
study environment.
The methodology would involve the introduction of radioactiv: isotopes of
selected essential elements into premortem adult salmon. Th! salmon would be
sacrificed and placed on the stream bank and in the stream itself. Subsequent
sampling of water, soils, and indigenous plants and animals, both terrestrial
and aquatic, would be used to identify and quantify the movenent of the elements.
The actual study would be initiated with the availability of adult salmon in
the early fall. Deposition would be followed by sampling that would continue
throughout the year or until biological half-life or physical removal from the
system had taken its toll. Radiological half-life will certainly limit the
effective use of certain isotopes.
PERSONI'IEL:
Principal Investigator:
John R. Donaldson, Department of Fisheries Game Management,
Oregon State University

8.91
TITLE: Dynamics and Productivity of Aquatic Invertebrates in the Cedar River
OBJECTIVES
The main objectives of the proposed study are to determine the following
characteristics of the common invertebrates found in the Cedar River and
tributaries of the Lake Washington-Cedar River watershed:
i. growth rates for the various size classes of selected species throughout
their life cycle;
2. food habits of the experimental animals;
3. mortality rates of specimens reared under laboratory conditions;
4. metabolic rates in relation to temperature, dissolved oxygen, and current
velocity.
The organisms to be studied intensively will be two species of common representative
aquatic insects from each of the following orders: Plecoptera,
Ephemeroptera, and Trichoptera.
APPROACH:
Specimens will be collected from the study areas in the early instar stages
and initially reared in the laboratory under as natural conditions as possible.
Growth measurements will be made at regular intervals or following molting of
the experimental animals. Food habits of specimens collected during different
seasons of the year will be determined by gut analysis.
The animals to be
tested in the laboratory will be fed various diets and the effect on survival,
growth rates, and metabolism will be determined.
The effects of temperature on the survival, growth rates, emergence, and
metabolism will be determined by exposure of the test specimens to a range
of temperature from 5°C to 30°C. Nine stainless steel tanks measuring 46
by 20 cm and immersed in two refrigerated water baths will be used for this
work. Each tank is equipped with a heating element for arriving at the desired
temperature.
Oxygen consumption of specimens taken directly from the natural environment
and those which have been fed various diets and exposed to various temperatures
in the laboratory will be measured by a Gilmour electrolytic respirometer and/or
a Gilson respirometer. The former instrument consists of two main parts: an
electrolysis unit and a respiratory flask. The respirometer functions by
electrolyzing water. The oxygen produced is equivalent to the amount used by
the animal. Hydrogen is trapped quantitatively and is equivalent to twice the
oxygen consumed. A 300-ml Erlenmeyer flask is connected to the electrolysis
unit by means of a gassing manifold. A substrate of plastic screen is supported
on glass rods 1.3 cm above the bottom of the flask. The test specimens
will be placed in the flask in the substrate,under which is located a magnetic
stirring bar.
The oxygen requirements of the various species to be tested will be determined
in connection with another project currently in progress. A Mount oxygen

degasser and an oxygen ladder will be used for this phase of the work.
this equipment specimens can be exposed to oxygen concentrations of
10 ppm of oxygen for short- or long-term periodsY
development will be determined by this technique .
PERSONNEL:
Principal Investigator:
8.92
With
1 to 9 or
Survival rates and effects on
Ardin R. Gaufin, Department of Biology, University of Utah
Graduate students being supported by a training grant from FWQA will be
involved in several phases of the project.

TITLE: The Role of Biota of Small Streams in a Coniferous Forest Ecosystem
OBJECTIVES:
8.93
1. To determine the structure and productivity of stream communities within
a coniferous forest.
2. To determine the relative importance of terrestrial detritus in the food
web of stream biota.
3. To incorporate the information obtained into a systems model that will
interrelate the terrestrial and aquatic components of the watershed
ecosystem.
APPROACH:
The long-term objectives and approaches planned in this study were outlined in
the previous Biome proposal. In this year, we propose to focus more effort on
the contribution of allochthonous material in the small streams draining the
Douglas-fir system at the H. J. Andrews Experimental Forest. A recent tentative
model for eastern woodland streams circulated by Cummins indicates a great
predominance of particulate organic matter over net primary production as the
source of energy. Some beginnings of a quantification of this work have been
made on the Alsea 4atershed Study in Oregon, but much work remains to be done.
Winter freshets, occurring soon after the major leaf fall, likely will result in
considerably more export from the system than is encountered in the Deciduous
Biome. These freshets will also cause significant sampling problems. It
is our intention to invite an investigator from the Eastern Deciduous Biome
to work in the streams at the Andrews Experimental Forest.
A wide range of conditions is available from which to sample, including virgin
watersheds, watersheds where streamsides have been recently logged, and watersheds
where streamside vegetation has grown after past logging. A comparison
of the relative importance of allochthonous input under these three conditions
would provide a beginning to our budget studies. In this first year of intensive
study emphasis will be placed on interties with the terrestrial system
by beginning work in the small watersheds (10 and 2) where intensive terrestrial
work is under way. Studies of litter fall from conifers by the primary production
and nutrient cycling groups will provide data that will also be useful in
these studies, although deciduous leaf fall from streamside vegetation will
be of more significance in our investigations.
The initial studies of stream productivity will involve the determination of
the aquatic plant community structure. This will include the species present
and their biomass under varying environmental conditions, particularly open
and closed canopy and different stream velocities. The rate of primary production
by aquatic plants will be obtained by use of a respirometer specially
designed for this task. The total primary productivity of the stream community
will then be related to the input of allochthonous material from the coniferous
forest. Data on water chemistry from the nutrient cycling group will be essential
here. Further experiments will be conducted in order to determine the
trophic fate of primary producers and allochthonous material in the stream system
so that their relative importance to insect and fish production may be understood.

8.94
A survey of the insect fauna of the Lookout Creek drainage currently under way
is concerned with establishing the dominant taxa in the streams. Three types
of samples will be taken: benthos, emergence,and drift. To obtain estimates
of density and standing crop of benthos, we are experimenting with removable
pots that can be buried in the substrate.
Emergence-trap sampling for adults
on a continuous basis will allow for identification of the fauna and an estimate
of the amount of energy leaving the stream as adult insects. Drift-net collections
will be taken as we are interested in the amount of biomass entering
and leaving the experimental areas. From the standpoint of removal of biomass,
the catastrophic drift occurring during freshets should be determined.
Definitive studies of the role of insects in energy transfer between trophic
levels will be done by field and laboratory studies of the life history, food
habits, and food requirements of selected species. Detritivores (mayflies,
caddis flies, and/or stone.flies) that contribute to the breakdown of allochthonous
material will be studied in Lookout Creek. Laboratory studies of their
feeding habits will be undertaken to determine whether they utilize the detritus
or the fungi and bacteria growing on it. These experiments will complement
projects undertaken on terrestrial and aquatic decomposers.
Population esti-
mates of an algal feeder (glossosomatid caddis flies) will be obtained at Lookout
Creek. A detailed production study of a congeneric species will be conducted
by N. H. Anderson while on sabbatical leave in connection with an IBP project
at the Freshwater Biological Association Laboratory, Wareham, England.
The general approach for the first phase of the fish population studies will
be to study the relationship between the density of cutthroat trout populations
and the availability of their food resource. One purpose of this approach will
be to begin validation of some preliminary models of trophic relations being
developed by Warren and Calvin in the modeling program. By studying fish
population density in several sections throughout the Lookout Creek drainage,
we hope to include sufficient variability in food conditions to determine
whether such a relationship exists. The study sections will be selected from
streams of several sizes and will include different conditions of streamside
vegetation. At the time of the population estimates, limited samples will be
taken for food habits analysis, so that estimates of insect abundance can be
correlated with food utilization by the trout population.
In addition, J. D.
Hall will develop a preliminary model for the stream study while on sabbatical
leave at the University of British Columbia. This work will be carried out
in association with workers on the Canadian IBP program.
PERSONNEL:
Principal Investigators:
John H. Lyford, Department of Botany and Plant Pathology, Oregon
State University
Norman H. Anderson, Department of Entomology, Oregon State University
James D. Hall, Department of Fisheries and tlildlife, Oregon State
University

TITLE: Aquatic Production in a Sockeye Salmon River
OBJECTIVES:
8.95
1. To determine the production rates of invertebrates in the drift and the
importance of environmental factors such as water temperature, discharge,
and water chemistry.
2. To determine the seasonal levels of nutrient availability in the river
with special emphasis on the biogenic input from spawned-out sockeye
salmon carcasses.
APPROACH:
Following the initial descriptive survey, year 2 of the Cedar River watershed
study is designed to complement work in the II. J. Andrews Forest by virtue
of larger stream size, colder temperatures, lower mineral content, and differences
in geology and in terrestrial manipulation. Additional complementary aspects
of the Cedar River system stem from river impoundment in Lake Chester Morse,
as well as diversion from the lower river for the City of Seattle water supply.
Discharge is regulated at these structures and the diversion effectively
limits upstream migration of spawning sockeye salmon.
During the initial year of work, stream study sections consisting of physically
comparable riffle-pool combinations were established near existing USGS gaging
stations. Stations were established on the Cedar and Rex Rivers above Lake
Morse, at two locations on the Cedar River below the lake but above the diversion,
and in two areas below the diversion.
Diurnal invertebrate drift is being routinely sampled at these stations,
along with physical and chemical measurements of the river. Benthic samples
are also being collected to assess the abundance of nonemerging macroinvertebrates
in the river. The allochthonous contribution of floating
terrestrial organisms, as well as the planktonic components from Morse Lake,
will be determined from drift samples. Identification of the predominant
invertebrate taxa of the Cedar River will provide a basis for laboratory
studies proposed at the University of Utah.
Elemental nutrient analysis (specifically N and P) will be made of water samples
from each station. The effects of stream impoundment on nutrient availability,
as well as seasonal changes, will be assessed. Measurement of the nutrient
input by sockeye salmon in the lower Cedar River will be given special attention.
An effort will be made to determine whether increased amounts of N and P
can be detected in water samples following decomposition of spawned-out sockeye
carcasses. A comparison will be made with samples above the diversion from
which sockeye are excluded.
This work will complement the more detailed
methodology which proposes the application of tagged trace elements to salmon
carcasses by Oregon State University at Berry Creek, Oregon.
A method will be developed for the determination of primary production in the
Cedar River. The predominant taxa of the periphyton, along with the seasonal
changes in periphyton standing crop throughout the course of the river, will
be determined.

8.96
Intensive investigations are being conducted on the Cedar River sockeye salmon
by the Washington State Department of Fisheries, with which this work will be
closely coordinated.
PERSONNEL:
Principal Investigator:
Quentin J. Stober, Fisheries Research Institute, University of
Washington

TITLE: Population Magnitude and Species Composition of
OBJECTIVES:
8.97
Limnetic Feeding Fish
To make seasonal abundance, growth, mortality, and biomass estimates of planktivore
fish by species and age groups in Lake Washington, Lake Sammamish, and
Chester Morse Lake, and to incorporate this information with other studies to
test trophic dynamics models.
APPROACH;:
The echo sounder-integrator apparatus developed under Sea Grant funds and available
under a cooperative project will be used with net sampling by mid-water
trawl or tow net to make biomass estimates by species of limnetic feeding fish
in the three lakes. Sampling and echo sounding will be conducted at night by
single or paired outboard boats (depending on nets used). Computerized methods
of analyzing echo-sounder tapes developed under a Sea Grant project will greatly
facilitate data handling. Samples of fish will be examined for size and age
composition. Abundance, growth, mortality, and biomass estimates will be made,
including confidence intervals on estimates.
Estimates will be made at least
every two months in Lakes Washington and Sammamish and at least once per quarter
in Chester Morse Lake.
The Lake Washington-Cedar River watershed presents a particularly valuable
situation for the study of the ecological factors controlling population dynamics
of salmonids and other fish species in relation to changes in stream and lake
ecology. The sockeye salmon, introduced into Lake Washington some 30 years
ago, began to flourish during the years when lake eutrophication was noticeably
increasing. A reversal of the trend in enrichment occurred as a result of the
diversion of sewage effluent, and the lake is now trending toward its former
trophic condition. Thus an unusual opportunity exists for evaluating the
influence of these changes in trophic dynamics on present and future production
of sockeye, which spend their early life after emergence from the spawning beds
as juveniles in the lake nursery area.
The three other lakes in the watershed provide valuable contrasts useful in the
study of lake productivity. Lake Sammamish is known to be a nursery area for a
smaller population of sockeye salmon and is expected to undergo a similar process
of eutrophication and recovery. Of the remaining two lakes, one, Chester Morse,
has no anadromous population of salmon and the other, Findley, has no fish at
all. Thus a comparison of the ecology of the four lakes is of considerable
interest. At present, Lake Washington is known to have a high population
density of planktivore fish (essentially young sockeye and long-finned smelt);
Lake Sammamish has a lower density of planktivore feeders; Chester Morse Lake,
has a low density; and Findley Lake has no planktivore fish. This project
will be closely coordinated withtthat of Dr. DeLacy on feeding ecology and
food habits of limnetic feeding fish, and with Whitney-Wydoski study of benthic
and littoral species. Other projects will furnish phytoplankton-zooplankton
ratios under widely varied levels of grazing on zooplankton.
The proposed methods to measure seasonal biomass and survival rates of
planktivore fish is adaptable to the three larger lakes because of their morphometry
and the depth distribution of the planktivore fish.

8.98
We believe population estimates can be made with a degree of accuracy not
attainable by mark and recapture or net sampling techniques. The information is
expected to provide important information on the planktivore consumers and will
be an essential part of the trophic dynamics study of the lake system. Models
developed from the Wood River Lakes data will be tested to determine their
validity for the Lake 1,3ashington watershed situation.
PERSONNEL:
Principal Investigators:
Robert L. Burgner, Fisheries Research Institute,University of
Washington
Richard Thorne, Fisheries Research Institute, University of
Washington

8.99
TITLE: Biogeochemical Equilibria of Chemical Elements in Lakes of Varying
Enrichment in a Common Watershed.
OBJECTIVES-.
1. Principal objective:
To quantify the chemical element cycle within freshwater lakes as a means of
evaluating the contribution of a given element to the biologic productivity in
natural lake water. The ultimate aim of the investigation is to provide information
on the water nutrient status, present and potential, needed to develop
models that describe certain aspects of the trophic dynamics in the Cedar River
watershed lakes.
2. Special objectives:
a. To continue and expand the ongoing research on the nutrient levels
and forms in the lake water proper as a function of lake water nutrient
inflow and outflow, seasonal variations, and sampling frequency and
stations.
b. To undertake physical, mineralogical, and chemical characterization
of lake sediments in relation to the depth of the water column, depth
of the sediment in the core, and other factors pertaining to nutrient
regeneration in a sediment-water interface.
c.
APPROACH:
To simulate nutrient regeneration in a sediment-water interface in
isolated intact sediment water columns in situ and in the laboratory
as a function of measurable environmental and experimental parameters
and processes.
d. To determine the levels and factors that control the status of inorganic
trace nutrients and toxic elements in lake waters and elucidate
any possible effects on phytoplankton productivity as measured by
laboratory studies.
e. To determine biological and chemical transformations of nitrogen as
they affect net nitrogen gains and losses in lake water through
nitrogen fixation and denitrification.
The study of the analytical chemistry of the waters in the Cedar River watershed
is required if any progress is to be made in understanding the mechanisms
that maintain productivity in the lakes and streams of the watershed. The
trophic level of lake water is largely, if not primarily, a matter of its
chemical composition. To best appreciate the effect of the supply of chemical
constituents in the productivity of a water body, waters of varying enrichment
are desirable. The study of the lake nutrient cycle will concentrate on lakes
from diversified environments within the Cedar River watershed and will include
Findley Lake, Chester Morse Reservoir, and Lake Sammamish. These lakes represent
three distinct environments with respect to elevation, human use of the lake
basin, and the lake water characteristics.

PROCEDURES:
1. Chemical analysis of lake water
8.100
Nutrient levels in stream and lake water as a function of seasonal variations
and location of sampling stations will be measured. The stations will be
selected in a manner that will permit measurement of nutrient levels and forms
and other environmental parameters and their distribution in stream inflow
and outflow and lake water proper. Choice of environmental and chemical vari
ables to be measured will involve consideration of seasonal changes and will
include temperature, conductivity, suspended and dissolved solids, light
penetration, turbidity, color, dissolved oxygen, pH and nutrient levels, and
chemical forms. ;later samples will be collected at two-week intervals during
spring and summer, monthly during winter, and possibly every week during active
growth periods. Chemical measurements will involve determination of soluble
and particulate organic C, chemical oxygen demand (COD), dissolved SiO , Na,
K, Ca, Mg, Fe, Al, Mn chloride, sulfate, bicarbonate, and carbonate. The
CO2 contents will be determined by calculation.
2. Characterization of lake sediments
To estimate the contribution of lake sediment to the chemistry of the overlying
waters it will be necessary to elucidate the sediment components that control
its chemical, biological, and physical properties in the surface sediment-water
interface and in the sediment column. Emphasis will be placed on obtaining a
selection of sediment samples differing in amounts of components considered
most likely to be of practical importance for determining the uptake and release
of P by sediments. The following sediment properties will be determined
to provide information required for interpretation of the chemical and biological
behavior of sediment. Particle size distribution and mineralogical composition
of the sediments, particularly the amount and activity of the amorphous sesquioxides
of iron and aluminum, and allophane will be determined by conventional
soil techniques. X-ray diffraction analysis and selective dissolution procedures
will be used to evaluate the types and amounts of clay minerals in the samples.
Exchangeable cations, cation and anion exchange capacities, carbonates, organic
carbon, total N, NH4, NO3. organic and inorganic P, contents of Fe, Al, Ca, Mg,
and Mn, pH values, and oidation-reduction potentials will be determined by
established methods. Because in principle the relative amounts of available C,
N, and P should provide a good criterion of the microbial immobilization of
mineralization of sediment P and N, the possibility of deriving a meaningful
C:N:Pratio using different measurements of available C, N, and P will receive
particular attention. To investigate the existence of any possible sedimentation
patterns a number of sediment samples will be analyzed for certain key
constituents such as N, P, and organic carbon as a function of the depth of
the sediment in the core. To further characterize the sediment an analysis of
the chemical composition of the sediment interstitial water will be undertaken
(Gahler, 1969).
3. Nutrient regeneration in the sediment-water interface
intact sediment-water columns (in plastic cylinders) in situ and in the laboratory
will be used to simulate nutrient regeneration (P,N) in a sediment-water

8.101
interface as a function of measurable environmental and experimental parameters
and processes. Initially two methods of equilibration will be considered: (1)
mild mixing of the water column by a stirring device just above the sediment
interface, and (2) allowing the sediment-water column to remain completely
undisturbed. Appropriate amendments will also be used to clarify the role of
individual sediment and water components. Sediment-water ratio will be varied
within appropriate ranges. Temperatures will range from 5°C to 25°C. The
oxygen concentration and pH will be controlled by continuously passing appropriate
mixtures of air, nitrogen, and carbon dioxide through the system. The
pH will be varied within the pH range of natural waters; both aerobic and
anaerobic conditions will be evaluated. Light will be either controlled at
appropriate intensity or excluded to prevent algal growth. The relative roles
of chemical and biological mechanisms of P and N uptake and release will be
evaluated using sterile and nonsterile systems. Phosphorus measurements will
emphasize the contents of soluble organic, soluble inorganic, and particulate
P in the aqueous phase and of Ca-, Al-, and Fe-bound P and total organic P in
the sediment phase.
4. Lake water contents in trace nutrients and toxic elements
Because of the scarcity of information concerning the status of trace nutrients
(Mo, Zn, Co, and B) and toxic elements (Cd, Se, Ni, Pb, and Hg) in lake waters,
it is essential that initial efforts be concentrated on identifying and monitoring
the extent of enrichment and/or contamination by these elements. Trace
and toxic elements will be determined using highly sensitive atomic adsorption
spectrometry methods (Christian and Feldman, 1970) and neutron activation
analysis (Funk et al., 1969). In subsequent stages of the investigation the
factors that control the status of the trace and toxic elements in surface
waters and their effect on phytoplankton productivity will be undertaken.
The possible effect that natural and synthetic chelating agents, including
those proposed for use as builders in detergents (to replace the polyphosphates
in use at present) or for control of corrosion in water cooling towers and
boilers, may have on the availability of the trace and toxic elements in phytoplankton
cultures will also be investigated.
5. Net nitrogen gains and losses in lake waters
Rates of nitrogen fixation will be measured in situ using the acetylene reduction
technique (Stewart et al., 19c?). Denitrification investigations will
be conducted using amendments of N -labeled nitrate as the denitrifying substrate
(Brezonic and Lee, 1968). These investigations will allow quantification
of the nitrogen budget within the lake.
PERSONNEL:
Principal Investigators:
Russel F. Christman, Department of Civil Engineering, University
of Washington
Demetrios E. Spyridakis, Department of Civil Engineering, University
of Washington

TITLE: Feeding Ecology and Food Habits of Lirnetic Feeding Fish
OBJECTIVES:
8.102
I. To describe fluctuations in the feeding rate of fingerling sockeyes
in relation to fish size, season, food abundance, and food sele tion.
2. To quantify food intake of sockeyes during their lacustrine existence.
APPROACH:
Sampling will be done in Lake Washington and in Lake Sammamish (sockeye are
not present in Chester Morse Lake). Particular emphasis will be given to the
collection and processing of samples made throughout 24-hour or longer sampling
periods. Seasonal and preferably monthly collections of this type w ll be
required from the two lakes. Variations of food intake within and between the
lakes will be studied.
In order to attain the quantitative goals of this project, it will b
to establish the times of ingestion and digestion of the several mos
food items found in the stomach samples. At Babine Lake in British
recent studies with a similar objectives have been made and the appr
of the methods used there will be evaluated with respect to the purp
the present study.
necessary
common
olumbia,
priateness
ses of
Two methods for investigating selective feeding by fingerling sockeyes can be
tried. Intrasample comparisons will reveal the extent of variation among
fish that have presumably been feeding in close proximity. Compariso of
stomach contents with concurrent plankton samples will give a second clue
for judging how selective the fish have been while feeding.
Qualitative studies on the food of fingerling sockeyes in Lake Washington
are presently being made by James C. Woodey. His work utilizes specimens
representing all seasons of the year. His findings will be availabl for
reference when the details of the sampling plan for the proposed stu y are
completed. Both the field and the laboratory phases of the new stud will
significantly benefit from Mr. l loodey's investigations.
Close coordination of the fingerling food studies with at least two other Biome
projects is essential. The work on zooplankton abundance (Welch and Olson) and
on the biomass of limnetic feeding fish (Burgner and Thorne) will produce samples
of both plankton and fish that can be used in the proposed food study. However,
the necessity for additional samples to meet the special goals of this project
is anticipated, particularly in the case of daily sampling associated with investigation
of the time of food ingestion.
PERSONNEL:
Principal Investigator:
Allan C. DeLacy, College of Fisheries, University of Washington

TITLE: Data Compilation Proposal, Intermountain Aquatic Biome Consor tium
OBJECTIVE:
8.103
The objective of this proposal is to assemble existing data for each of the
five lakes listed and organize it into a report to serve as a basis for
modeling of such data from ongoing comprehensive studies of five of the
larger lakes in the Coniferous Forest and Desert Biomes.
APPROACH:
The directors of the University of Montana Flathead Lake Biology Stat
the Utah State University Bear Lake Biology Station, University of Ut
Salt Lake Station, Brigham Young University Utah Lake Station, and Ch
State (California) Eagle Lake Station met in May 1969 under the auspi
of the Utah State University Ecology Center to discuss the possibili
consorting on a regional aquatic ecology research plan and design.
that meeting and a subsequent meeting at Flathead Lake in July 1969,
group came to a realization that the facilities represented by the pa
institutions and the faculty associated with those facilities repres
a potentially strong and cohesive aquatic biology group-'-strong becau
competencies represented by all the institutions covered a broad spec
of ecological activity, and cohesive because the attention of the wor
research and training, was directed toward lakes very similar in orig
to students with very similar interests.
ion,
h Great
ico
es
y of
4i t h
he
ticipating
nted
e the
The two meetings revealed that a considerable amount of aquatic reseal ch
had already been accomplished on the five lakes and that much valuabl data
existed that would contribute materially to modeling of ecosystem comet onents
in both the Desert and Coniferous Forest Biomes. It was proposed at 1 he Flathead
Lake meeting that a representative from each station attempt to asseml le
existing physical, chemical, and biological data for each lake that m' ght
serve for future Biome modeling purposes.
Data plan
The information to be gathered for each lake will consist of the following:
A. Basin origin--geological
1. Period of formation
2. Geological processes involved
3. Geological history
B. Morphology and morphometry
1. Elevation
2. Area and volume
3. Depth
4. Shoreline development
rum
n
both
and

5. Bathymetric maps available
6. Substrate
C. Physical characteristics
1. Temperature (stratification, heat budgets)
2. Seiches
3. Currents
4. Levels
5. Hydrological balance
6. Sediments
D. Chemical characteristics
1. Geochemical characteristics
2. Chemical analyses of water
E. Biological characteristics
8. 164
1. Enumeration of aquatic plants, phytoplankton, zooplankton, nvertebrates,
fish, birds
2. Productivity data
F. Water and land use
G. Current research projects
PERSONNEL:
Principal Investigators:
Arden R. Gaufin, Department of Biology, University of Utah
David White, Utah Lake Biology Station, Brigham Young University
Donald Wootton, Department of Biology, Chico State University
John Tibbs, Flathead Lake Biological Station, University of Montana
John M. iieuhold, Department of Wildlife Resources, Utah State
University
William T. Helm, Department of Wildlife Resources, Utah State
University
David Gillespie, Great Salt Lake Research Station, University of Utah

TITLE: Data Compilation on the Eagle Lake Drainage Basin
OBJECTIVE:
8.105
To review the available published and unpublished studies on the Eagl Lake
drainage basin and to assemble data pertinent to future ecosystem studies.
APPROACH:
Over 100 studies (mainly unpublished), including research for 13 mast
have been conducted at the Eagle Lake Field Station. A great quantit
additional data is available from state and private agencies working
the drainage basin. Stocking, spawning, and population records of ga
species are kept by the California Department of Fish and Game. Two
experimental forests have ongoing research in the area. The Federal
Resources Board has monitored certain parameters of Eagle Lake and i
tributaries for several years. Although there is a large number of
data, they are widely scattered and thus not readily available to in
researchers.
Literature from these and other sources will be critically reviewed a
summarized, and data will be assembled to determine the feasibility o
the ecosystem. This project is necessary at Eagle Lake, a coordinate
of the Western Coniferous Biome, in preparation for validation studie
the ecosystem models currently being developed at the intensive sites
will also provide guidelines for future research by indicating areas
more intensive study.
PERSONNEL:
Principal Investigator:
is theses,
of
ithin
e fish
SDA
later
s
ollected
ividual
d
modeling
g site
of
it
eeding
Paul E. Maslin, Department of Biological Sciences, Chico State College

8. 106
TITLE: The Production and Dispersal of Terrestrial Animals from an Auatic
Ecosystem
OBJECTIVES:
1. Process specimens taken during inventory of macrofauna in year 1
The qualitative and quantitative samples of lake and lakeside an mals
gathered during the summer of 1971 (year 1) will be sorted iden ified,
counted, measured, and recorded during the off-season (September 1971
to May 1972). The reference collections will be curated, and
insects will be sent to specialists for identification when this is
difficult or impossible using the current literature. Identification
of species in virtually all the groups can be furnished by specialists
at institutions within the state of Washington, assuring rapid
communication. Dried specimens of representative species will b
weighed and their caloric content will be determined for biomass and energy
calculations.
2. Assess the productivity of the lakes in terms of emerging adult
amphibians and insects: A sampling program will be initiated at
the lakes as soon as they become accessible in the spring of 197
(estimated to be around the end of May). Movements of amphibian
both into and out of the lakes will be assessed by daily collections
from a fence/trap system (Storm and Pimentel, 1954: Hurlbert, 1969).
Emergence of insects will be monitored by daily collections from
traps (Judd, 1953, 1957; Cook and Horn, 1968) to determine seasonal
emergence patterns and total emergence.
3. Determine the amount of dispersal of amphibians and insects among
the lakes: Dispersal studies will be carried out during the summer
of 1972 to provide some information about the amount of energy
passing among the lakes by this pathway. This will be done with
odonates and amphibians, both of which are suitable organisms, a
they are large and relatively easy to observe, mark, and recapture.
The two groups represent extremes in ability to disperse over to g
distances. If trial experiments during year 2 indicate the feasibility
of marking adults of other groups of insects from the emergence
traps and being able to recover them again, the same sort of won will
be done with those groups in the following year.
Both teneral and mature adult Odonata will be captured, individually
marked with paint on the wings, and released. This has proved a
indispensable tool in studying population dynamics (Pajunen, 1962),
territoriality (Jacobs, 1955; Pajunen, 1966), and dispersal (Stedart
and Murphy, 1968), and the principal investigator has used the technique
extensively. Amphibians will be marked by clipping of toes in fogs
and toes or entire feet in salamanders, although individuals of some
species of salamanders regenerate even entire feet with great rapidity
(Hurlbert, 1969), and other techniques for marking may have to be
developed.

APPROACH.
8.107
An important element in the study of ecosystems is the transfer of energy
across ecological interfaces. One such interface is the water-air
(water-land) boundary. Energy enters the water of a lake through a umber
of pathways. One of these pathways involves the eggs of animals that spend
their adult lives on land and their larval lives in water. These an mals
include members of several orders of insects (especially Odonata,
Ephemeroptera, Trichoptera, and Diptera) and two orders of amphibian
(Anura and Urodela). Energy again leaves the aquatic ecosystem when the
immature adults of these animals leave the water some time later after
having utilized substantially the resources of that ecosystem. Both
physical features of the environment and predation act to reduce the size
of the terrestrial (adult) and aquatic (larval) populations, and the
transfer of energy from one environment to the other is a consequent
of the final size of these populations at the time they make the transition
between the two environments. Two important questions can be asked bout
these events: (1) Are the adults returning to the water the same one that
left it, or is dispersal among bodies of water of such magnitude as to
represent a major source of energy interchange and a major source of error
in any answer to the next question? (2) Are the numbers of emerging (immature)
and returning (mature) adults proportional to each other; i.e., can he number
of adults returning to the water be predicted from the output (number emerging)
earlier in the season, and can the number of adults emerging from the water
be predicted from the input (number of reproductive females returning to
the water times the number of eggs per female) in the preceding seas n(s)?
Both questions must be answered simultaneously in the same ecosystem.
EXPECTED RESULTS:
From the data collected during 1972 I expect to be able to contribute. rough
estimates of energy loss from Findley Lake in the form of emerging terrestrial
insects and amphibians. In addition, estimates will be possible of he
interchange of some of these organisms among lakes of varying distances from
one another. This will facilitate studies, during the following yea , of
energy input into the lakes by the same terrestrial animals.
PERSONNEL:
Principal Investigator:
Dennis R. Paulson, Department of Zoology, University of Washington

TITLE: Paleoecological Study in the Cedar River Watershed
OBJECTIVES:
8.108
Paleoecology is a branch of the natural science dealing with the reconstruction
of ancient environments; it is based chiefly on fossil plants and animals and
on the chemistry of sediments. Pollen analysis can estimate the extent of man's
and climatic influences on vegetation. Wherever lacustrine sediments, young
and old, are available, pollen analysis can be applied as the prime paleoecological
method.
The gross feature of pollen succession in the Pacific Northwest, correlated with
radiocarbon dates and volcanic ash horizons, show a remarkably consistent
regional sequence of climate and chronology (Hansen, 1947; Heusser, 1960. 1964,
1965). It is hardly possible, however, to find in these diagrams any basis
for an approximation of quantitative vegetation cover and the extent of forest
changes.
An absolute pollen diagram from Hall Lake (analysis made at every 5 mm; Tsukada,
unpubl.) shows the sudden human disturbance on vegetation at the 18-cm level, as
shown by the abrupt decline of the coniferous (Pseudotsuga menziesii and Tsuga
heterophylla) forest and the emergence of Plantago lanceolata, whose American
distribution was initiated by European immigrants. This level also contains the
abundant wood chips and sawdust originating from a sawmill operation
(A.D. 1905-1914) near the lakeshore.
Attention should also be centered on analytical chemistry of sediments and
overlying water and plankton population. In particular the key role of photosynthesizing
plants in the oxygen---carbon dioxide cycle of the global environment
over the past centuries and millenia is of great interest and should be
studied to predict correctly the future environments. This is especially true
because the concentration of CO has increased suddenly and markedly since
the beginning industrialization with 2 possible influence on the average temperature
of the earth and the other environmental consequences.
APPROACH:
Along the line of elucidating the paleoenvironments, Daniel Adams (graduate
student) plans to study fossil pollen and chemical analyses of various lake
sediments in the Cedar River watershed. Chemical analysis includes total organic
content, percent carbon, percent hydrogen, total phosphorus, nitrate total
nitrogen, chloride, potassium, sodium, calcium, plant pigments, DMA, and proteins
(amino acids). Modern algal population will also be analyzed to understand
ancient energy flow into lake ecosystems.
The incorporation of a chemical substance into the sediment is a function of
several factors including the concentration of the substance and the sedimentation
rate. In addition, many chemicals behave alike either because they have
similar properties or because they respond to the same forces. For these reasons
it is important that any chemical substance in the sediment be studied with
regard to the other chemicals present.

8.109
The following biogeochemical components will be analyzed in the sediments and
in the overlying water in three lake ecosystems (Angle Lake, Findley Lake, and
Lake Sammamish): (l) chlorophyll decomposition products, (2) loss on ignition,
(3) percent carbon, (4) total halogens, (5) calcium, (6) sodium, (7) magnesium,
(8) phosphorus, (9) nitrogen, (10) DNA, and (11) RNA. The data obtained will
be analyzed in the light of the information gathered about the lake system today.
Algal populations, oxygen, pH, nutrient level, and temperature will be deter-mined
on a biweekly basis throughout years 1972 and 1973. Rainwater will
also be collected at two stations (Angle Lake and a site at 47°37'N, 122°35'4,
on the Olympic Peninsula) for chemical analysis.
Because of the need for relatively large amounts of samples, multiple short
cores (1 m) and one or two long cores will be taken from the basin in each
lake by a modified Livingstone sampler. Sediment samples will be extracted
at 5-mm intervals for the first 30 cm and then at 10-cm intervals to the end of
the cores. All the above analyses will be carried out at Tsukada's laboratory
at the Oceanography Teaching Building.
EXPECTED RESULTS:
Historically, known enrichment would have resulted in the shift of microfossil
population in Angle Lake and Lake Sammamish because the former is very close
to the Sea-Tac Airport and the latter to a recently developed residential area.
Any change found in Findley Lake would be expected to be the result of natural
rather than human causes, because the lake is located in an undisturbed
mountain region (Cedar River watershed, 1217 meters elevation).
Organic compounds have been used to measure the primary productivity and
cell concentration in seawater (Iwamura et al., 1970). At present, however,
only a few compounds have been isolated from the sediment (Vallentyne, 1955;
Griffiths et al., 1969). Owing to the lack of such work in this area, we
must find the exact meaning of the organic compounds found in the sediments.
Certainly, correlations between sedimentary fossils and chemicals should yield
information of past environmental changes. A major expected accomplishment
is that we can estimate the extent of ecosystem disturbance for the last
several hundred years, and can reasonably predict the consequences of
vegetational disturbance to prevent future environmental deterioration.
PERSONNEL:
Principal Investigator:
Matsuo Tsukada, Department of Botany, University of Washington

8.110
TITLE; Primary Productivity and Nutrient Assimilation Related to Enrichment
OBJECTIVES:
1. Define annual and seasonal primary productivity in Sammamish, Chester
Morse, and Findley Lakes and determine whether productivity is related
to the ambient concentration or the total availability (inflow and
regeneration) of the limiting nutrient.
2. Determine productivity of two fractions of phytopiankto,i cell size and
if a relation exists between the size fraction contributing the most productivity
and the degree of eutrophy (available nutrient income) in the
three lakes.
3. Determine the seasonal change in the nutrient(s) limiting productivity
by enrichment bioassays.
4. Determine the uptake rate of the limiting nutrient (as measured by C14) in
relation to light and temperature over their natural range and how the
relationships change with the trophic range represented by the three lakes.
APPROACH:
To study mechanisms that control productivity in lakes, study areas of contrasting
conditions are desirable. Probably the factor of most significance in such
a contrast is the degree of nutrient enrichment. The physical characteristics
of the lake basin and watershed that determine the form and supply of nutrients
available to autotrophic organisms would no doubt be largely responsible for
differences in productivity. Such a contrast in conditions exists in three lakes
in the Cedar River drainage: Lakes Sammamish, Chester Morse, and Findley. These
lakes show a gradient in elevation (8.5, 474, and 1131 meters above sea level,
respectively) and in human use. Lake Sammamish is nearly surrounded by residential
encroachment and up until two years ago received about double its '°natural"
nutrient income from sewage and dairy wastes. Chester Morse and Findley Lakes
are both located in the upper watershed, which is closed to the public. The
Findley watershed is remote and has not been logged.
Primary productivity will be related to light, temperature, and nutrient income
that is available to the phytoplankton in the epilimnion of the three lakes.
Available nutrients will be considered as those entering from surface streams or
regenerated from the sediments and by zooplankton and decompisers within the
water column, as well as the existing concentration. Cooperation with Drs.
Spyridakis and Taub is necessary to obtain data to estimate iutrient availability
on a seasonal basis.
Primary productivity will be estimated by in situ C14 assimilation at two-week
intervals during spring and summer, monthly during active growth periods. Pigment
content, species composition, oxygen-temperature profiles, Secchi disk
depth, and light penetration will be determined concurrently with productivity.
These variables are presently being measured on Lake Sammamish, as is the
magnitude of the nutrient income from various sources to evaluate the effect
of the 1968 waste diversion. Differences in productivity should be apparent
among the lakes; probably the principal variation can be accounted for by
nutrient availability. However, light, temperature, and grazing activity by

8.111
zooplankton should interact to cause considerable seasonal variability in
productivity.
To develop more fundamental relationship T4that could help to explain differences
in productivity among the lakes, C assimilation rates will be determined
on two size fractions of phytoplankton and at varying light, nutrient,
and temperature levels. These will be conducted in bottles in a constantlight
incubator, and phytoplankton size fractions will be se,arated by a 50micron
pore size net. Nutrients will be added to the bottles, light will be
varied by filters, and temperature will be varied according to seasonal changes
in ambient temperature. If nutrient assimilation rates of Vie two size fractions
follow principles of Michaelis-Menton enzyme kinetics (Dugdale, 1967) and.
effects on these rates by light and temperature are established, then such
relationships should provide a useful basis for predicting seasonal changes
in phytoplankton growth rate. Also, they should test the hypothesis that
most productivity in nutrient-rich waters is contributed by phytoplankton
of relatively larger cell size than that in nutrient-poor waters, and that
growth limitation of the larger cell-sized organisms in enriched waters occurs
at higher concentrations of nutrients than for organisms of smaller cell size
in unenriched waters. Eppley et al. (1969) have demonstrated such relationships
with cultures of marine phytoplankton.
The nutrient added that produces the greatest stimulation to ambient phytoplankton
populations will be considered the limiting nutrient at that time.
This is important since expression of assimilation rate (proportional to
growth rate) as a function of nutrient concentration assumes that the nutrient
considered is the limiting one. The nutrient-addition experiments in bottles
will be performed at least monthly in each lake during spring and summer. The
nutrients and concentrations that limit phytoplankton productivity will also
be determined by in situ experiments in large plastic bags, continued for a
week, at least twice during the summer. Results in bottle experiments will be
compared with those from the longer term studies in the larg bags. Long-term
experiments in 1- by 6-meter cylindrical bags held verticallj in Lake Sammamish
during August of 1970 showed that nitrate and phosphate together were signifi-
.cantlz stimulating, but not separately. Likewise silicon was not stimulating
to C assimilation by the phytoplankton.
Development of a useful prediction model depends on collection of sound data
that describe the principal relationships involving the phytoplankton. The
contrasting characteristics of the sites and the relationships planned for
study (including zooplankton grazing in the accompanying proposal) should
provide the necessary data to construct a model.
PERSONNEL:
Principal Investigator:
Eugene B. Welch, Department of Civil Engineering, Jniversity
of Washington

8.112
TITLE: Zooplankton Standing Crop and Food Consumption in Three Lakes of
Contrasting Enrichment
OBJECTIVES:
1. Determine the seasonal changes in abundance and dominant species of
zooplankton in the three lakes.
2. Determine seasonal changes in consumption rate of two ssparate size
groups of phytoplankton and if there is a difference in sizes consumed
along the three lakes related to the degree of eutrophy.
APPROACH:
The abundance, species composition, and distribution of zooplankton in Lakes
Sammamish, Chester Morse, and Findley will be determined from vertical hauls with
a 0.5-meter closing net (75-micron mesh) in the hypolimnion and epilimnion at
two stations in each lake. Plankton will be collected monthly, except twice
monthly during late spring and early summer. Such definition of the standing
zooplankton crop is to.identify the food available to pelagic planktivorous
fishes and as a potential grazing threat to the phytoplankton.
The rates of grazing or consumption of phytoplankton by zooplankton will be
determined in situ in closed polyethylene containers by comparing changes in
phytoplankton abundance in water filtered and unfiltered through a 50-micron
mesh net. These experiments will probably be performed over a several-hour
period at moderate light intensity, or whatever conditions preliminary studies
indicate are most appropriate to determine routine estimates. Such rates
should help explain seasonal changes in phytoplankton biomass and would be
necessary in the construction of models to predict such changes.
The relative rates of consumption of the two cell sizes of phytoplankton may
be related to degree of enrichment. If phytoplankton cells of larger size contribute
more to total production in enriched waters and a selective tendency
for smaller cells is shown by the zooplankton, then the conclusion might be
reached that energy is short-circuited from the food chain ii cases where
larger celled organisms are promoted by enrichment and not consumed. This
hypothesis is frequently proposed but to my knowledge has not been adequately
demonstrated. Such a study as proposed here provides a test for this hypothesis.
In addition, however, knowledge of possible selective grazing according
to cell size is necessary to estimate the total effect of grazing on phytoplankton
productivity.
Close coordination will be maintained with Dr. DeLacy, who will relate food
consumption of pelagic fishes to zooplankton availability. To facilitate this,
individuals on this project analyzing standing crops will also analyze the
zooplankton in fish stomachs.
Zooplankton abundance and species composition are presently being determined in
Lake Sammamish as a thesis project by a U.S. Public Health Service trainee.
The work as proposed here will begin in the spring of 1971 and will be financed
in part by a PHS traineeship and year 1 of IBP.

PERSONNEL:
Principal Investigators:
8.113
Eugene B. Welch, Department of Civil Engineering, University of
14ash i ngton
Paul R. Olson, College of Fisheries, University of Washington

8.114
TITLE: Distribution, Relative Abundance, and Biomass of Benthic and Littoral
Fishes
OBJECTIVES.
1. To test a combination of sampling gear in an attempt to determine the
distribution of benthic and littoral fishes with the aim of providing
estimates of relative abundance and biomass.
2. To collect data on the life histories of selected species in order to
model their importance in productivity within the ecosystem.
APPROACH:
Because of the selective nature of all sampling gear, various sampling devices
will be used to determine their suitability for sampling fishes in different
habitats. During the second year, the main effort will be continued in Lake
Washington because of its convenient location. Some test fishing will be
made in Lake Sammamish and Chester Morse Lake that will be useful for outlining
a future sampling scheme for these lakes.
We intend to evaluate the effectiveness of an electrical shocking device, fyke
nets, gill nets (including vertical gill nets), trawls, and 'each seines.
Emphasis will be placed on the use of fyke nets and gill nets because these
nets can be used throughout the lake. The other gear will be evaluated for
potential use in selected habitats within the lake.
A statistically sound sampling scheme will be devised to determine the placement
of the nets. The lake will be stratified according to depth and habitat types
for the sampling. Previous experience indicates that tagging will be necessary
as a double check on relative abundance estimates.
Our work on the lake indi-
cates that tagging is feasible for making population estimates of some species.
Our original plan was to estimate the relative abundance from catches related
to sockeye juveniles whose abundance will be determined from the echo integrator.
The data on the distribution and relative abundance can be expanded into estimates
of biomass.
The tagging will require manpower above and beyond the two research assistants
in our current project. We had hoped to obtain two more. Budgetary constraints
will make it necessary to carry on this work with unsupported students. Fortunately,
it appears that we will be able to locate students who will do this.
Data on the life history of selected species will be collected from net-caught
specimens for future analysis. Interactions of limnetic, littoral, and benthic
species can be examined by future food-habits studies.
The distribution of fishes will be influenced by physical variables of the water,
particularly temperature, dissolved oxygen, and light. The distribution of
food organisms no doubt will also be an important influence on fishes and
their distribution. We will collect data on some of these variables and
coordinate closely with others who will be measuring the other variables.

EXPECTED RESULTS:
8.115
Our work on Lake Washington will enable us to determine the gear and sampling
design that will provide estimates of the distribution and relative abundance
of benthic and littoral species. These estimates will be expanded into biomass
estimates.
Data on the life histories will be used in designing the sampling scheme; i.e.,
behavior of the fish is important
and selectivity of the gear must be determined.
In addition, data on length-weight
relationships, growth rates, etc. will be
needed to determine productivity. We have two unsupported
students on some
of this work and we also are collecting additional data through undergraduate
research projects that we are supervising.
PERSONNEL:
Principal Investigators:
Richard R. Whitney, College of
Washington
Richard S. Wydoski, College of Fisheries,
Washington
Fisheries, University of
University of

TITLE: Elemental and Water Transport in a Second-Growth Douglas-Fir
Ecosystem, Thompson Research Center
The cycling of N, Ca, Mg, K, P, and the transport of water
8.116
has been studied
at the Thompson Research Center since 1961. From these studies a rather complete
documentation of the distribution and transport of the above elements
has now been established (Cole and Gessel, 1968), (Cole, Gessel, and Dice, 1967).
More recently the principal focus of the research efforts at the Thompson
Research Center has been on the pathways, rates, and mechanisms of this
transport process within this forest ecosystem (McColl and Cale, 1968). From
these studies some preliminary models have been constructed describing the
cycling processes (McColl, 1969), (McColl and Cole, 1971). In this proposed
program, the above-mentioned research will be coordinated with the primary
production studies by Scott and Walker, and energy flux and 4eighing lysimeter
studies by Fritschen. It is hoped in this way to develop an overall understanding
of processes of production for this forest system (see statement from
Producer Process Committee). In future years the conclusions from this study
will be tested at the Andrews Forest and at the validation study areas.
OBJECTIVES:
1. Examine the transport of water through the aerial portion of the ecosystem.
Develop a mathematical model defining the storage of water within this part
of the system.
2. Study elemental and water transport in the ecosystem as it might relate to
the primary production studies by Scott and Walker and the energy flux
studies by Fritschen. The initial results from this study in year 2 should
lead to more intensified coordinate research in year 3.
3. Test the preliminary models that already have been developed at the
Thompson site regarding the cycling process to the environmental conditions
of year 2. This would be primarily a validation test of previous research.
4. Follow the change in water chemistry all the way into the groundwater
table. This was not possible in the past because there was not any access
into the groundwater system.
5. Compare the precipitation chemistry and litter-fall rates at the Thompson
site with a subalpine ecosystem in the upper watershed. This study is
suggested to determine the extrapolation limits of the research results at
the Thompson site.
APPROACH:
Extensive use will be made of the existing data-recording and field facilities
in developing this study. These systems have previously been described (Cole,
1963; Cole and Gessel, 1968) and will be only slightly modified for this proposed
study. Data processing and instrumentation techniques have been designed and
tested.
A sinnle-tree approach will be used to test the mathematical equation of interception.
An average diameter tree will be chosen from the plantation and

8.117
separated from the rest of the forest stand to avoid interference from surrounding
branches. Precipitation input will be in part from an artificial irrigation
system which distributes rainfall from a point source on a tower constructed
adjacent to the tree. The water source is positioned to distribute water over
the entire crown. Precipitation is delivered at a 360° angle and rotated to
avoid bias of the nozzle at a rate in the range of natural precipitation rates.
This is necessary in that precipitation intensity probably affects the storage
components of the model by affecting raindrop size and thus impact velocity.
Precipitation input will be measured at an integrated distance from the source
since some variability in intensity is expected. A trough-type rain gage will
extend from the tower at a height equal to the top of the tree crown. A tippingbucket
flowmeter will be used and monitored by a data logger. Throughfall
beneath the forest canopy will be measured with troughs over the same integrated
distance as precipitation and monitored in the same manner. Stemfiow will be
collected at the DBH level of the tree stem and also will be monitored by the
data logging system. A tube-type tension lysimeter system will be installed
in place of the existing disks. This new lysimeter system will allow for
a greater sampling area of the deeper depths where extensive variation in
flow is encountered. A newly developed pH and conductivity monitoring system
will be installed in the solution flow lines. The flowmeter for the lysimeter
system has been redesigned for a more simplified operation.
Leachates will be collected by the above lysimeter system at the following
positions in the soil:
1. at the boundary between the forest floor and the mineral soil,
2. at the boundary between A and B horizons,
3. within the C horizon beneath the rooting zone, and
4. within the groundwater table.
Collections from the above positions within the ecosystem will he made routinely
each month. The sampling from the groundwater table will be made from a recently
installed well. A number of these sampling points will be continuously monitored
with the data logging facilities. This sampling and continuous monitory program
will be closely coordinated with the other research programs proposed for
this study site.
PERSONNEL:
Principal Investigators:
Dale W. Cole, College of Forest Resources, University of
Washington
Stanley P. Gessel, College of Forest Resources, University of
Washington

8.118
TITLE: Nutrient Retention, Mobilization, and Loss in an Undisturbed Forest
Ecosystem on Experimental Watersheds at the H. J. Andrews Experimental
Forest
This proposal provides for an expansion of the nutrient budget studies begun
by the U.S. Forest Service in 1968 to four more experimental watersheds.
This study is part of a research package which includes the status of nutrients
within compartments and the fluxes between compartments of the general nutrient
cycling model. Nutrient transport will be coordinated with subsurface flow
studies (Brown), with nutrient mobilization and retention, with soil and site
description work (Kays, Knox, Dyrness), with nutrient cycling work now in
progress (Lavender), and with nitrogen fixation by the epiphyte flora (Denison),
and litter decomposition (Gilmour).
OBJECTIVES:
1. Monitor inputs in precipitation and loss in streamflow of chemicals from
mature and overmature Douglas-fir forest ecosystems.
2. To determine the capacity of the forest floor and soil to retain
nutrients returned in canopy drip.
3. Identify mechanisms of mobilization and release of nutrient chemicals.
APPROACH:
Three sites are proposed for ecosystem studies within the experimental forest.
The first site consists of two small watersheds (nos. 9 and 10) which contain
vegetation communities characteristic of warm-dry habitats at low elevation
in old-growth Douglas-fir forests. These community types have been identified
through the combined work of Drs. Franklin and Dyrness. Parent materials
are easily weathered tuff and breccias, which are characteristic of the Oregon
Cascade Range. This site will have four years of nutrient-loss data by the fall
of 1972. This information will serve as a background for harvest treatments
planned for year 3.
Three small watersheds (nos. 6, 7, and 8) represent midelevation vegetation
communities characteristic of more mesic conditions at the second site. Mature
Douglas-fir forests aged 125 will provide an opportunity for ecosystem studies
in a younger age class. The harvest cuttings will probably occur in year 5.
Soils of this area are more stable--characteristic of basalt parent materials
of the experimental forest. Three water samplers are planned for these
installations.
The third site is planned for modeling of a more mesic, low-elevation, oldgrowth
Douglas-fir ecosystem. This watershed (no. 2) will remain undisturbed.
One water sampler is planned for this site.
Instrumentation for experimental watersheds includes: (1) stream gaging
stations (now in place), (2) proportional stream-water samplers, (3) precipitation
samplers,and (1) soil solution samplers. This instrumentation will provide
for measurement of water volume,, sedimentation, nutrient input and loss, and
nutrient mobilization and retention within soils. Samples will be collected a.

8.119
approximately three-week intervals. In some cases, soil solution samples may
be collected outside the experimental watershed and within selected reference
stands.
Chemical analysis of water and sediment will be done at laboratory facilities
operated by the Forest Service using analytical methods developed there.
Analyses include dissolved forms of organic carbon; organic and inorganic
forms of nitrogen, phosphorus, and sulfur; and inorganic forms of the major
cations, manganese, iron, silica, and bicarbonate.
Experimental design includes a calibration period for prediction of the parameters
of interest (streamflow, sedimentation, nutrient loss) while both watersheds
are undisturbed. Change in the parameters of interest following harvest
treatment on one of the watersheds is measured from the difference between
the predicted and measured value of each parameter. This procedure follows
the traditional design of paired watershed studies.
Nutrient retention and mobilization of nutrients in soil solution will involve
development of a suitable soil-solution sampling device. Solution sampling
will be stratified by understory community types to span environmental
conditions from warm-dry to cool-moist habitats. Sampling will be intensive
enough to compare differences within and between habitat types. Parameters
of interest will be the time of mobilization and the quantity of nutrients
mobilized.
EXPECTED RESULTS:
By the completion of year 2 we expect to have the following results:
1. Chemical losses from undisturbed Douglas-fir ecosystems will be known
for all the major cations and anions. Losses will be segregated as to
transport mechanism, i.e., dissolved in stream water or carried on to
sediment.
2. Sources of chemicals in streams may be the atmosphere, vegetation, and
the mineral or organic soil components. We hope to know the relative
importance of the nutrient contributions of these components to the
stream.
3. The time of year that nutrients are released from the forest floor and
soil will be determined, as well as how the rate of release is
controlled by temperature and moisture.
PERSONNEL:
Principal Investigators:
Richard L. Fredriksen, School of Forestry, Oregon State
University
Duane G. Moore, USDA, Forest Service, Corvallis

8.120
TITLE: Geological and Geochemical Profiles and the Dynamics of Rock Alteration.:
Western and High Cascade Range
OBJECTIVES:
Although primarily a geologic investigation, the study will provide basic
information relative to an understanding of landscape evolution and soil development
in the H. J. Andrews Experimental Forest. This study also complements
earlier work and work in progress by the principal investigators in an area
of similar geologic and geomorphic setting in the South Umpqua National Forest.
The study consists of two parts, the objectives of which are to provide:
1. a detailed geologic map of all rock units, and basic mineralogical and
chemical information of the major rock units and their vertical and
lateral variations;
2. information concerning the mineralogical and chemical makeup of regolith
and soils developing on these major rock units.
As a natural consequence of the two main objectives, the study may also
provide a mineralogical-chemical profile demonstrating bulk mobility and
stability of major rock forming constituents in the weathering cycle.
The area is one of complex volcanic parentagez a detailed geologic map is
therefore basic to an understanding of the sequence of events and processes
responsible for development of the rock sequence. At least one full field
season is required for basic field mapping and sampling of rock and soil units.
The rocks of this region may be divided into two groups. One group consists
of older Tertiary rocks of the western Cascade Range modified by surficial
alteration-erosion at an earlier date, subsequently buried and subjected to
chemical-mineralogical alteration related to this burial, and later eroded and
chemically altered exposing the present rock sequence. The older Tertiary
rocks are overlain to the east by Pliocene to recent volcanic rocks of the
High Cascade Range. From a purely geologic viewpoint, the vertical variation
of chemical and mineralogical constituents can tell us much concerning processes
operative in the lower levels of the crust and in the upper mantle at the
time of deposition of this sequence. In like manner, the same information is
of vital significance in piecing together knowledge relating to aggradation
of the predominantly volcanic western margin of the continental United States
in Oregon. It may also provide clues regarding processes responsible for
formation of recent volcanoes of the High Cascade Range.
APPROACH:
it is important for comparison with areas of similar geologic and geomorphic
setting, especially along strikes of the Cascade trend, that a complete vertic=;1
sequence of samples be obtained in the study area. Rock samples will also be
obtained in order to detect significant lateral variations in mineralogychemistry
of given lithologic units. Variations in the vertical sequence may
provide basic data necessary for recognition of significant trends in evolution
of volcanic products. As an example, a study of a sequence of rocks of similar
age to rocks of the proposed study area, but in an area some 100 miles to the
south, reveals a predominant trend of increasingly basic character from bottom
to top. In addition to regional geologic implications regarding comparison cf
trends in the two areas, this variation might be of significance to regio=nal

8.121
variations in the character of soils. The validity of any comparisons depends
in part upon careful sample selection. In order to determine and define
relations between bedrock and soil, and to ensure careful soil sampling, these
samples will be selected by the soil scientist.
There are several phases to the laboratory investigations. One phase of
the study consists of standard petrographic-mineralogic analysis of bedrock
samples. Soil samples may also be studied by microscope to determine
mineralogical character; it seems more likely that X-ray analysis would
be more convenient and a rapid means of comparing rock and soil from a given
vertical sequence. Therefore, after standard petrographic analysis, crushed,
powdered, and homogenized samples of a given vertical sequence will be
analyzed by comparison of X-ray chart recordings to determine relative gains
and losses in the sequence. Separated fractions of soil samples may be
studied further by special X-ray techniques to determine the precise character
of certain minerals (for example, clay mineral species). Unaltered rock,
regolith, and soil samples of a given vertical sequence will also be chemically
analyzed by conventional wet chemical and X-ray fluorescence techniques.
PERSONNEL:
Principal Investigators:
M. Allan Kays, Department of Geology, University of Oregon
C. Theodore Dyrness, USDA, Forest Service, Corvallis

TITLE: Soil Variability and Soil'Landscbpe Relationships, H. J. Andrews
Experimental Forest
OBJECTIVES:
1. To characterize the soils of reference-stand plots and of unit
watershed.
2. To develop information on the characteristics, distribution and
genetic relationships of soils throughout the Forest.
3.
To evaluate the provision of nutrients from mineral sources to the
major kinds of soils.
Characterization of the soils of plots and unit watersheds will be
necessary for meaningful extension of results to other areas. It will
determine the nutrient capital held in the soils and provide information
about the transmission and retention of water.
Supplementary information about characteristics, distribution, and
relationships of the soils will make the existing soil map of the Forest
more useful and will provide a basis for efficient preparation of a new
soil map if a new map proves to be needed.
Existing information indicates that the soil-bedrock relationships are
complex and that careful studies will be necessary to evaluate the
provision of mineral. nutrients to the soils.
APPROACH:
More than one year of work will be necessary.
Objective 1: Evaluate the small-scale distribution of soils on the plots
and unit watersheds.
8.122
Much small-scale variation is expected. Single profiles cannot be expected
to represent the plots or watersheds. Portions of the plots are expected
to be unavailable for soil excavations. Therefore it is necessary to understand
the patterns of soil variation.
In the first year, field studies will be made of the most important
reference stands and unit watersheds. Sampling patterns will be determined
and soil samples will be taken for laboratory analysis.
Objectives 2 and 3: Relate the characteristics and distribution of soils
to landscape units, to the sequence of landscape development: and to the
bedrock (to be determined in another project).
A complicated history of landscape development is anticipated, It should
be possible to determine a sequence of landscape (geomorphic) units which
represents the sequence of episodes of erosion and deposition and which
correlates with patterns of soil distribution. Delineation of geomorphic
units will serve objective 2.

Study of soil-landscape relationships should indicate the extent to which
soils are formed in transported materials rather than weathered from the
bedrock, the importance of surficial deposits such as volcanic ash, the
contribution of deep groundwater seepage, and the age relationships of
soils and bedrock. Such information is necessary for objective 3.
8.123
In the first year, previously mapped surfaces (Balster and Parsons,
1968) will be traced upstream to the Forest, if possible. Geomorphic
units indicative of the episodes of landscape development will be defined
and mapped as necessary to understand their interrelationships and their
relationships to the distribution of soils. Selected soils will be sampled
for laboratory analysis, mostly to be done in the next year. Spatially
repetitive deposits or boundaries above the bedrock that can serve as
stratigraphic markers or that indicate significant carbon sources will
be utilized if found, but systematic search will be delayed until the
next year.
PERSONNEL:
Principal Investigators:
Ellis G. Knox, Department of Soils, Oregon State University
Roger B. Parsons, U.S. Soil Conservation Service, Corvallis

TITLE:
Nutrient Cycling in 450-Year-old Douglas-Fir Stands
8.124
Prior to the investigation of the nutrient cycle in 450-year-old Douglas-fir
stands on the H. J. Andrews Experimental Forest, which was initiated under
year 1 of the Western Coniferous Biome, studies of litter fall and nutrient
cycling in Douglas-fir forests were confined to stands less than 60 years
old. The current study is yielding comparable data for very old stands, which
will provide an estimate of the effect of age upon the movement of nutrient
elements through a coniferous ecosystem. This proposal, if funded, will extend
the present work through a second year, increase the number of sample plots,
and permit some modification of technique to improve sampling during periods
of snow cover.
OBJECTIVE:
Measure the movement of nutrients in canopy drip and litter fall in several
old-growth Douglas-fir stands selected to represent the range of environments
occurring on the H. J. Andrews Experimental Forest.
APPROACH:
Eight litter traps, each 10 square meters in area, have been established in
each of six 0.2-ha study plots. Litter has been collected, when feasible,
after major storms, brought to the laboratory for immediate drying, and then
sorted into major components--foliage, small branches and twigs, reproductive
organs, etc. The material has been weighed and is ready for grinding preparatory
to chemical analysis for nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, calcium, and magnesium
content. A similar procedure will be followed during 1971/72 with the
exception that some of the litter traps will be provided with reservoirs so
that water which leaches through litter between service visits to the traps
may be collected and analyzed for nutrient elements which may have been washed
from the litter.
Twelve rain gages, eight about 20 cm tall, and four at 51 cm tall, have been
installed on each plot. The smaller gages have been assigned permanent positions
for the duration of the study, while the large gages are rotated among 20 sites
selected at random. The gages have been serviced at intervals no longer than
two weeks. Total rainfall in each gage is recorded, and the water from all
small and from all large gages has been combined to provide two samples of
canopy drip for chemical analysis for each plot for each collection date.
The samples are frozen the day of collection and remain stored in a deep freeze
until analyzed. A similar procedure will be followed during 1971/72.
The plots established in 1970 were located to sample the range of environments
which occur over the entire H. J. Andrews Experimental Forest. However, it
is proposed to sample communities which occur on the gaged watersheds more
intensively in 1971/72, therefore we plan to extend the above procedures to at
least three more plots.
As noted above, the experimental design calls for collection of litter fall
immediately after major storms to reduce the leaching the material would
experience if it were exposed to precipitation after falling in the traps.
However, snow conditions frequently make such collections impractical until

8.125
some time has elapsed after winter storms. Therefore, it is proposed to equip
about one-half of the litter traps with large reservoirs which will be buried
in the ground and which will retain the moisture draining through the traps.
Samples of this water will be analyzed for nutrient content and compared with
data derived from comparable canopy drip analyses to estimate the loss of
nutrients from litter in the traps.
EXPECTED RESULTS:
It is expected that the outlined procedures will provide estimates of the
movement of nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, calcium, and magnesium through
stands of old-growth Douglas-fir. These stands have been selected to represent
the range of productivity known to exist in the H. J. Andrews Experimental
Forest. Such data, together with those obtained from biomass (Bell and
Lavender) and decomposer (Denison) investigations in the stands, and from
future process studies, will permit definition of factors regulating productivity
in 450-year-old Douglas-fir forests.
PERSOWNEL:
Principal Investigator:
Denis P. Lavender, School of Forestry, Oregon State University

TITLE: Phosphate Balance Sheet for the Findley Lake Watershed
OBJECTIVE:
1.126
As a basis for the mathematical modeling of phosphate cycling and as an approach
to the overall modeling of the elemental cycling within the watersheds a study
of the phosphate balance sheet in the small Findley Lake watershed is proposed.
APPROACH:
The work is seen as occurring in successive phases as follows:
1. An early phase, roughly coincidental with year 2, which will involve (a)
establishment of necessary analytical methods, (b) review for comparative
purposes of data to be obtained from other parts of the Cedar River
drainage basin; and (c) preliminary studies in the Findley Lake watershed
itself, as data become available.
2. A second phase, established from year 3, where major emphasis will be
placed on specific problems of the development of the phosphate cycling
model for the Findley Lake watershed. Phosphate data should become available
from the individual researchers who will be working in the field of
atmospheric science, hydrology, soils (nutrient transport), geochemistry,
geology, limnology, and decomposition. However, since it is important that
the phosphate balance sheet be as complete as possible, it is anticipated
that supplementary data will be needed over and above the data from the
various investigators.
Specific steps anticipated in year 2 are: (1) examination and correlation
of data provided by other individual researchers; (2) refining the model
to form the basis for the mathematical modeling.
3. The program proposed as initiating in year 2 is planned on a modest sale,
essentially as a pilot study. As the work evolves, however, and
considering the unique advantages of this well-defined, controlled
and isolated watershed in the Coniferous Biome, it is anticipated that
significant expansion of the study--to cover the entire Cedar River watershed--will
be advantageous. Phase 1 and phase 2, as outlined above, should
give a firm basis for such expansion in subsequent years.
PERSONNEL:
Principal Investigator:
Sigurd Olsen, College of Fisheries, University of Washington

TITLE: Geologic Investigation of the Cedar River '.Watershed
OBJECTIVES:
8.127
The detailed mapping and sampling of the Cedar River Valley and its major
tributaries with the aim of (1) determining the distribution and character
of surficial geologic deposits, (2) reconstructing the sequence of glacial
events in the drainage basin, (3) comparing the events thus delineated with
those determined for adjacent drainage basins which have previously been investigated,
and (4) reconstructing the sequence of postglacial events by studying
the resulting sedimentary deposits.
APPROACH:
The flux of nutrients in a forest ecosystem is very much affected by, among
other things, the physical setting, the potential source of nutrients, and the
geochemical and pedological processes involved in the release, mobilization,
and fixation of elements and compounds. The physical setting of an ecosystem
is the landscape, which reflects the cumulative effects of all processes that
have sculptured the land.
In essence the landscape is the result of types and arrangements of geologic
materials, events,and processes. The understanding of a given landscape is
in a broader sense the understanding of the environment and its development,
and can be gained when the composition and structure of the rocks is known,
when past events are reconstructed, and when the processes are recognized
and evaluated. Much insight on the formation and evolution of an environment
can be gained if the geologist (geomorphologist) and the pedologist investigate
a given area from the point of view of their respective disciplines.
The purpose of geologic investigation is to help implement this approach and
to provide information on both the static and the dynamic aspects of the
environment.
Findley Creek, a tributary of the Cedar River, was glaciated during the
Pleistocene epoch. The present landforms and surficial deposits within Cedar
River drainage basin are largely related to glacial processes that modified
the underlying bedrock. Although a part of the glacial record is present in
the Findley Creek Valley, an understanding of the complete Quaternary history
of the valley will require an investigation of the entire Cedar River drainage
basin. Special emphasis will be placed on the study of Findley Creek Valley,
as that is one of the primary IBP study sites in the drainage basin. The valley
head is a well-formed cirque, and Findley Lake itself is either a tarn or morainedammed
lake. Details of the surficial geology of the drainage basin are unknown,
for no detailed work on the glacial deposits above Chester Morse Lake have yet
been undertaken.
Although the bedrock geology of the drainage basin has been studied in reconnaissance
by Hammond (1963), detailed mapping of the bedrock has not been carried
out. The bedrock geology of the Cedar River basin is beyond the primary aim
of the present study, but special attention will be directed toward determining
the character and distribution of bedrock units within the IBP study site in
the Findley Creek tributary basin. Apparently the bulk of the basin is underlain
by the Cougar Mountain Formation, a Miocene succession of lava flows and

8.128
associated clastic volcanic rocks (Hammond, 1963). Several small intrusive
bodies of granite cropping out near the head of the valley are regarded as part
of the Snoqualmie batholithic complex.
Topographic maps and aerial photographs of suitable scale are available for
the entire drainage basin and will be used as a base for plotting data
collected in the field. Delineation of the nature of geologic materials at
the ground surface should provide important information bearing on the character
of the parent materials of soils that have developed and on which plants are
growing. Such data should help in evaluation of possible variations in plant
productivity that are a function of geologic differences.
The study proposed here will be used as a thesis problem for a masters degree
in geological sciences. It is anticipated that field mapping can be completed
during a single long summer field season and laboratory work can be completed
during the following academic year. A full-time research assistants position
is requested for the investigator so he can devote full effort during the
academic year to completion of the project.
EXPECTED RESULTS:
This project should result in (1) a detailed map of glacial and surficial
deposits in the upper Cedar River drainage basin; (2) a relative chronology
of Pleistocene and Holocene geologic events in the area; (3) information on
the physical character of sediment bodies in the basin that constitute parent
materials for soils-, (4) a map showing distribution of major bedrock types
in the Findley Creek Valley; and (5) additional data bearing on the nature
of Pleistocene glacier fluctuations in the Cascade Range.
PERSONNEL:
Principal Investigator:
Stephen C. Porter, Geological Sciences Quaternary Research Center,
University of Washington

TITLE: Fate of Radionuclides in a Mature Coniferous Forest Stand
OBJECTIVES:
8.129
The purpose of this investigation is to determine the concentration of the
more abundant and longer lived radionuclides characteristic of worldwide
fallout in new litter, aged litter, and in various strata of underlying
soil in a relatively undisturbed stand of trees representative of coniferous
forests in the Pacific Northwest. The data of this investigation will be
compared with those concerning cycling of macro- and micronutrient elements
obtained by other investigators working within the Coniferous Biome.
APPROACH:
Fallout radionuclides are not evenly distributed over broad geographic areas.
The conifer forests in the Pacific Northwest, in particular, have received
heavier depositions of radionuclides than climatically drier, nonforested
areas at similar latitudes. The relatively high input of airborne radionuclides
allows the identification of several kinds of radionuclides in
biological and soil samples by gamma-ray spectrometry without time-consuming
and tedious laboratory separation techniques. The counting technique employs
the use of a large 23- by 28-cm, well-type Nal crystal and a computer program
designed to yield quantitative data on six radionuclides,Cs137, Zn65, ZrNb95
Ru106, Mn54, and K40.
Field sampling would be designed to estimate the weight of the annual input of
newly fallen litter, i.e., leaves, cones, and small twigs, by use of litter
trays. The various litter layers on the forest floor would be separated by
hand collecting, as would humus layers and the various soil layers in the
underlying soil profile. Analysis of these kinds of samples allows a means
of interpreting radionuclide movement through the forest floor to the underlying
mineral soil by leaching and decomposition.
EXPECTED RESULTS:
It is expected that 50 or more biological and soil samples would be analyzed
for their radionuclide content. Results would be expressed quantitatively
in terms of picocuries per gram dry weight and picocuries per square meter of
forest floor.
PERSONNEL:
Principal Investigator:
William H. Rickard, Jr., Battelle Memorial Institute, Pacific
Northwest Laboratories

TITLE: Soil weathering Processes in the Findley Lake Watershed
OBJECTIVES:
The objective of the pedological study is to understand soil-weathering
processes and their relation to the biogeochemical cycle. Gravitational
water interconnects the atmospheric, biological, lithological, and
hydrological components of the biosphere, bringing the reactants together
and transporting the end products to new sites. The very essence of soil
formation is the migration of ions and particulate matter. Prior to
establishing the kinds and rates of migration, however, it is necessary
to acquire a knowledge of the soil system in both its chemical and its
mineralogical composition. The objective of year 2 is to measure the
chemical and mineralogical properties of the major soils in the upper
Cedar River watershed.
APPROACH:
1. Establishment of study areas
8.130
The fulfillment of the inventory stage will provide a knowledge of
the types of soil in the upper watershed. With additional information
collected on plant distribution and biomass and elemental inventory a
number of sites will be established for detailed studies. The choice
of these sites will be made in collaboration with other members of the
biogeochemical cycle (Cole, Del Moral,jnd Wooldridge). Soil samples
will be obtained at these sites.
2. Chemical and mineralogical inventory
The pool of ions involved in the continuous exchange processes is very
much dependent on the species of primary minerals, on the types of
clays, presence of noncrystalline matter, types of organic matter, and
reaction of the medium, in addition to the physical properties of the
soil. Further, these soil constituents and properties considered only
individually in strictly mineral nutrient studies display a vertical
distribution which is a function of the pedological processes. This
distribution is of great importance for the organisms that depend on
the soil for physical support and nutrients. Soil, therefore, also in
pedological context, is directly involved in the 'mechanism maintaining
ecosystem productivity.
3. Soil weathering processes
The very essence of soil formation is the migration of ions, molecules,
radicals, and compounds through the soil system. The organization of
soil material into an organized soil profile is accomplished by the
interaction of the moving reactants with the soil system. During the
second year some of the migration processes will be studied. This will
be done independently and in conjunction with the initiation of the

8.131
transfer processes (Cole). The pedological studies will emphasize
migration of silicon, aluminum, iron, and phosphorous both in solution
and suspension. In the upper watershed an attempt will be made to recover
particulate matter in the percolating solution. Migration of particulate
matter in soil is of great importance in pedogenesis: clay and secondary
organic matter illuviation are outstanding examples. Furthermore, as
demonstrated by Windsor (1969), generally 50 percent or more of the total
iron moving in a soil was in particulate form.
Leachates, from tension lysimeters placed in the lower boundaries of the
major soil horizons, will be periodically collected and analyzed. This
information will indicate the general trend of processes, and it will help
to formulate ideas and techniques for the more intense studies to be conducted
in years 3 or 4.
There is another aspect of soil--the historical aspect which is also pertinent
to the investigations of the present ecological system. Degrees of soil
development can be correlated with glacial as well as other geomorphological
events. Furthermore, soil in itself may retain the evidence of catastrophic
events--windstorms, landslides, and volcanic eruptions. The soils of the
upper Cedar River watershed and in the Findley Lake basin do indeed contain
the record of volcanic explosions in the form of ash layers. These tephra
once properly identified can provide an important chronological marker and
thus provide information on rate of soil development, forest floor accumulation,
and organic matter turnover.
EXPECTED RESULTS:
Upon acquisition of the desired information it will be possible to (1) infer
the types of pedological processes operating and the extent and stage of
weathering of soils; (2) relate, as far as possible, the ages and nature of
the geomorphic processes to the pedological processes; and (3) relate the
pedological processes to the distribution of plants.
PERSONNEL:
Principal Investigator:
Fiorenzo C. Ugolini, College of Forest Resources, University of
Washington

TITLE: Movement of Water through Forested and Deforested Soils in Steep
Topography
OBJECTIVE:
3.13 2
To determine the path of precipitation and snowmelt water as it passes through
a wet soil mantle on its way to the stream. There are some indications that
the transmission of water through forested soil in steep topography may
greatly differ from that in agricultural soils or even forest soils on gentle
topography. The timing and path of water through the soil has an important
bearing on the transport of nutrients and chemicals added to the forest environment
(fertilizers, pesticides, etc.). It may also have an important bearing
on flood flows and the effect of alterations in vegetation and surface condition
on the flow of water through or over the soil and the quantity of chemicals
and sediment transported. This project will be closely coordinated with
other projects of the Terrestrial-Aquatic Interface.
APPROACH:
R. Whipkey (1965-67) has successfully used a subsurface storm-flow plot for
determining rates and profiles of movement of water through soils in Ohio.
Although he used simulated rainstorms, our weather pattern is such that we
should be able to collect better data from natural precipitation. Whipkey's plot
technique could be used under forests on topography of two degrees of
steepness (40-50%, 60-70%). Plot locations will be as representative
as possible of one or more of the major soils on the H. J. Andrews lower
watersheds but need not actually be on the watersheds. This study will
supplement interface groundwater work on the Cedar River watershed.
Flow of water at the surface interface of litter and mineral soil and from two
or more horizons and the underlying impervious soil or rock will be collected
and recorded. A recording rain gage on or near the plot and a recording
tensiometer will complete the installation. Future plans include a second
year of measurement under undisturbed forests and one or two years with forest
removed.
EXPECTED RESULTS:
Data from this empirical study of subsurface water movement will provide
basic information for the comprehensive hydrologic model being prepared at
Utah State University by Paul Riley. Concurrently, these data will be used
to help model the nutrient cycling system on the Andrews Forest, since this
mechanism is primarily responsible for nutrient transport in these soils.
PERSONNEL:
Principal Investigator:
George W. Brown, School of Forestry, Oregon State University

TITLE: Understanding Subsurface Flow Processes in the Coniferous Biome
OBJECTIVE:
This proposal will develop analytical procedures to predict hydrologic
and water quality responses in forested watersheds. These procedures
will be incorporated into a comprehensive hydrologic model for predicting
water and nutrient flow from forested watersheds.
APPROACH:
Records of precipitation and runoff (plus soil moisture and groundwater
fluctuations, when available) will be used to predict the watershed
responses to given rainfall inputs and to partition streamflow into
various components (overland flow, interflow through the unsaturated
zone, groundwater flow).
The chemical quality of the streamflow is a function of the chemical
contributions of each flow component obtained as water passes through
segments of the soil and rock mantle. Measurements of the concentration
of chemical constituents of precipitation, surface water, soil water,
and groundwater have been made concurrently with the flow rate of each
component of streamflow throughout the year. This research will provide
techniques for separating streamflow into its components using highresolution
hydrologic data and measuremertts of chemical coilk-cnt rations
of the component flows.
These techniques will then be applied to hydrochemical data collected
on the Andrews watersheds to provide subsurface flow inputs into the
comprehensive model.
PERSONNEL:
Principal Investigator.
Robert H. Burgy, Department of Water Science and Engineering,
University of California, Davis
8.133

TITLE: Survey and Evaluation of Hydrologic Data for the Coniferous Biome
OBJECTIVES:
8.134
1. To locate and describe the available hydrologic data on forested watersheds
within the Coniferous Blame.
2. To evaluate the quality and the usefulness of the data for modeling
hydrologic processes.
APPROACH:
The development of a hydrologic model for watersheds with coniferous vegetation
will be an important component in the Interface project. The model
initially will be developed for watersheds on the Andrews Experimental Forest
and then extended to other physiographic regions within the Biome. An array
of hydrologic data of high quality is essential for modification and
validation of models.
A substantial amount of hydrologic data is probably available, but the usefulness
of these data for modeling is not known. This study would examine
the available data for potential use in the watershed model and would identify
regions in which the Biome could assist in obtaining more usable hydrologic
data.
The first step would be to review published hydrologic information on small
forested drainages within twelve western states. The main sources of data
are the U.S. Geological Survey (surface water and water supply papers),
Weather Bureau (climatological summaries), Forest Service (research and barometer
watersheds), and Agricultural Research Service. Other possible sources
would be the Bureau of Reclamation, Bureau of Land Management, Soil Conservation
Service (P.L. 556 watersheds), state water boards, municipalities,
university research projects, and industry. This survey would seek information on
precipitation, streamflow, climate, soil moisture, groundwater, vegetation
type and density, and geophysical characteristics of watershed; from this
we would establish tentative criteria for sensitivity and duration of record.
Confidence limits for various hydrologic parameters could be estimated.
After a preliminary analysis of the literature review, visits would be made
to selected field locations which have the most applicable hydrologic data
(about fifteen sites). At this time, the records would be studied for completeness
and the accuracy of measurements (instrument calibration) would
be evaluated. No attempt would be made in this proposal to compile the data
into computer format; that would be done by the modeling group and the
information bank as the need arises in the future.
In the final phase, an evaluation of each site will be made with respect to the
quality of hydrologic data, the representativeness of the individual watershed,
and its application to modeling. This report will give specific details on

8.135
sites which have potential for model verification and will establish criteria
for quality and relevancy of data for modeling the hydrology of the Coniferous
Biome.
EXPECTED RESULTS:
The results of this survey would yield an enlarged data base for future
computer simulation of forest watersheds. The initial work (Riley, Israelson,
Hart, and Chen) on simulation will be restricted to the Andrews Experimental
Forest and the data survey would identify and evaluate other watersheds that
may be suitable for further testing and validation of the initial model. It
would develop specifications and design criteria to provide uniform data if
additional gaged watersheds were to be developed within the Biome.
PERSONNEL:
Principal Investigator:
George E. Hart, Department of Forest Science, Utah State University

TITLE: Computer Simulation of Forest Watersheds
OBJECTIVES:
1. To verify (calibrate and test) hydrologic simulation models for
selected forest watersheds.
8.136
2. To estimate through model sensitivity studies the relative importance
of the various processes within the hydrologic systems of each model.
3. To demonstrate the utility of computer simulation as a management
technique for forest watersheds.
4. To investigate through simulation and spectral analysis techniques
the components of the surface runoff hydrograph.
APPROACH:
Under the simulation program at Utah State University, a general hydrologic
model has already been developed which is applicable to a wide variety of
geographical areas and basin management problems. Watershed models may
be synthesized either as lumped parameter models in which the entire
watershed area is considered as a single space unit, or as distributed
parameter models in which the watershed is divided into meaningful space
units or subbasins. Data requirements include temperature, precipitation,
runoff hydrographs, and physical characteristics of the watershed. It is
anticipated that a time increment of one day will be used in this study.
The study will proceed in accordance with the steps outlined as follows:
1. Required data for two or three selected subbasins of the Andrews
Experimental Forest in Oregon will be obtained and processed for
input to the computer model.
2. The computer models will be verified using observed input and output
data. Under this procedure appropriate coefficients in the general
equations of the model are adjusted until the simulated output hydrographs
closely match corresponding observed hydrographs. The model
is then tested using data corresponding to other runoff events. The
two steps of calibration and testing are frequently referred to as
model verification or validation studies.
3. Sensitivity studies will be conducted to gain insight into the operation
of the prototype system, and particularly to establish the relative
importance of various processes within the system. These studies will
also provide estimates of the three basic components of the outflow
hydrograph, namely base flow, interflow, and surface runoff. These
estimates will also be checked by the spectral analysis techniques
outlined in step 5.

8.137
4. Using the model, management studies will be conducted under various
conditions of vegetative cover as they might be influenced by management
alternatives.
5. Through a spectral analysis study an attempt will be made to examine
the components of runoff hydrographs for the selected study areas.
Runoff from a watershed consists of both surface and subsurface
components, with the subsurface portion usually resulting from interflow
and a base flow in an effluent stream. Because of the interdependence
between surface and subsurface runoff, it is difficult
on the basis of historical records to separate the total runoff
hydrograph into the three components of surface flow, interflow,
and base flow. However, this problem can be approached by analyzing
the cross-correlation (or, equivalently, cross-covariance) between
the precipitation and runoff processes. For example, for the prolonged
dry season the runoff may be due mainly to base flow, while for
certain light precipitation events it may be caused by both base flow
and interflow. The cross-correlation analysis of the precipitation
and runoff processes will make it possible to plot the corresponding
runoff hydrograph for each individual case. Once this is accomplished,
time series models for the respective runoff events will be formulated
on the basis of the conservation of mass principle. It is necessary
that a runoff model include the component stochastic processes of
precipitation, evapotranspiration, and storage. In this study
each of these three processes will be described individually by time
series models. This type of model may be considered in three
categories, namely the moving-average model, the sum-of-harmonics
model, and autoregression model. The correlation analysis (or the
analysis of correlogram) will be used to select the model most
suitable for this study, but usually a combination of the sum-ofharmonics
and autoregression models seems to best represent hydrologic
processes. The model likely will consist of two parts, a deterministic
harmonics part and a residual stochastic part. With reference to
the deterministic portion, periodicities will be determined by the
spectral analysis technique (or the analysis of power spectrum),
and the coefficients will be estimated by the least-squares method
from available historical records. For simplicity, the stochastic
part of the model will be considered to be completely random with
its mean equal to zero.
6. Subject to approval of the granting agency and the provision of
sufficient funding, the simulation model will be applied to a selected
peripheral watershed. This step will test the general applicability
of the findings and conclusions reached under steps (1) to (5) above.
PERSONNEL:
Principal Investigators:
J. Paul Riley, Utah State University
Eugene K. Israelsen, Utah State University
George E. Hart, Utah State University
Cheng Lung Chen, Utah State University

TITLE: Hydrologic and Climatic Records for the Intensive Study Site,
H. J. Andrews Experimental Forest
OBJECTIVES:
8.138
To bring all streamflow, precipitation, and other climatic data for the H. J.
Andrews intensive study site up to date and in a form suitable for subsequent
analysis.
APPROACH:
The U.S. Forest Service Pacific Northwest Station has been maintaining
hydrologic Installations on the Andrews Forest since 1949. Some earlier data
applicable to the Andrews Forest were collected during the U.S. Army Corps
of Engineers' study in the Blue River drainage. These records collected over
a span of more than 20 years are in various forms and stages of summary.
Some of the more recent data are not yet analyzed. In many cases, older
basic records have not been reproduced. It would be desirable to make sure
that extra copies are made to provide copies of data both at the intensive
study site and in Corvallis for use by IBP scientists and to prevent loss
of valuable records.
The Forest Service now uses a computer program for tabulating and summarizing
streamflow data. This program would be used to bring unanalyzed data up to
date. Precipitation and other climatic data will be summarized in a form
suitable for use with other existing climatological records. The form of
summaries will be coordinated with similar records for other study sites.
PERSONNEL:
Principal Investigator:
Jack Rothacher, USDA, Forest Service, Corvallis

TITLE: Water Balance of the Findley Lake and Cedar River Watershed
OBJECTIVES:
8.139
The initial water balance study for Findley Lake will monitor precipitation
and measure streamflow. These data will provide a base for future
hydrologic studies of quantities of precipitation as rain, snow, and
estimations of condensation and rime ice; disposition of precipitation;
and transfer of moisture to streams in the hydrologic cycle. Snow is
expected to be a major component of precipitation and also an influential
ecological factor. Preliminary studies of the energy balance of snowfields
will be initiated. Development of this study will be closely
coordinated with other aquatic and terrestrial studies to provide
transfer functions. A survey and compilation of data from records of the
Seattle Cedar River watershed will also be undertaken to supplement similar
work by Rothacher for the H. J. Andrews Experimental Forest in Oregon.
These data will also tie the more detailed interface studies of the small
Findley Lake watershed to the modeling efforts of the hydrology group
in the Coniferous Biome.
Specifically, the initial objectives of the water balance study for
year 2 are.
1. Establish a stream-gaging facility and calibrate a section of
channel for initial water balance. Sample water periodically to
determine chemical constituents in conjunction with the aquatic
program.
2. Establish a precipitation network to monitor total water input.
This network will also be used in another phase of the Findley
Lake program to monitor element inputs from the atmosphere.
3°
APPROACH:
Survey and compile data from all available records within the
Lake Washington drainage basin.
Water is the most dynamic element in any ecosystem. Its absence or overabundance
influences physical, biological, and chemical processes. Precipitation
falling on vegetated areas is influenced by three processes: interception,
evapotranspiration, and infiltration. Intercepted water is retained
on the foliage, stems, and forest floor. In each case, the physical quantity
of water can be altered by evaporation to the atmosphere, or altered chemically
by the addition or absorption of certain chemical elements.
A water balance study quantitatively establishes components of the hydrologic
cycle. Quantities and forms of precipitation are identified and dispositions
of this precipitation into storage or flow contributions are identified. The
stream hydrograph is usually considered to have three component sources of
flow: baseflow, interflow, and surface runoff. Baseflow is contributed from
nonsaturated flow, groundwater, and channel storage. An excess of precipitation
will develop an excess of soil moisture flowing under the force of

8.140
gravity, thus contributing to interflow. A rainfall rate in excess of the
soil infiltration capacity will contribute to surface runoff.
The climate of the Cascades is divided into a wet season (October through April)
and a dry season (May through September). Water available for streamflow and
support of life processes is deposited in the mountains during the wet season
largely as snow cover. This seasonal snow cover acts as a reservoir, providing
soil moisture and streamflow for the dry season. Many phases of the
ecological system are dependent upon this snow cover and processes which
influence the snowpack accumulation and melt.
The process of snow accumulation is primarily a function of synoptic weather
systems which migrate across the Cascades. Very little can be done to alter
the snow output of these systems without massive weather modification. However,
once the snowpack has accumulated, it may be manipulated to alter
total water yield and timing of flow.
A detailed hydrologic survey of the watershed will define surface and underground
flow and storage components. Definition of the hydrologic cycle is
basic to definition of elemental cycling, including studies of bothsuspended
and dissolved elemental movements of materials. Conductivity of the
outflow stream from Findley Lake, and certain major contributing water
sources to the lake, would be periodically assessed for conductivity and
chemical analyses. These cursory data would be used in the design of a
more detailed study of water and elemental transfer from the terrestrial
to aquatic phases at this area.
EXPECTED RESULTS:
1. Development of an initial annual water balance showing major inputs
as rain, snow, rime, and condensation; outputs as streamflow; and
magnitude of losses for the Findley Lake drainage area.
2. Determination of the range of concentrations of major elements as inputs
and outputs for the Findley Lake drainage area.
3. Summarization of the quality and length of record for types of hydrologic
data that might be useful for hydrologic modeling of the Cedar River
watershed.
PERSONNEL:
Principal Investigator
David D. Wooldridge, College of Forest Resources, University of
Washington

8.141
TITLE: A Study of the Relation between Radiant Energy and Photosynthetic
Applicable Radiation in Different Levels within the Forest Canopy
at the Cedar River Site
OBJECTIVES:
1. To measure the spectral composition of the solar
levels within the forest.
3.
APPROACH:
radiation in different
To compare this measured spectrum with simultaneous measurements
solar and net radiation.
of the
To determine the relation between the photosynthetic active radiation and
the measured solar (net) radiation and develop a mode of conversion for
the forest type.
Measurements of the spectral composition of solar radiation will be done in
different levels within the forest, along with the measurements of solar and
net radiation. A Zeiss quartz double-prism monochromator adapted for field
use will be used for the collection of spectral data, and pyranometers and
net radiometers will be used for solar and net radiation. If possible, already
available towers, which will be used for other studies in the Cedar River
site, will be used for instrument support, to reduce costs. Maximum and
minimum deviations of the spectrum from the unfiltered spectrum outside the
canopy will be determined and a characteristic spectrum will be defined by
statistical methods.
The relative spectrum will be compared with the simultaneously measured radiative
flux density. A definite relation between these two parameters is
expected for one forest type.
From the spectral composition, the radiative energy affecting photosynthesis
will be determined by integration. The blue and red part of the spectrum will
be derived independently. Together with the radiative flux density, these
two parameters will be used to develop an index which will characterize the
radiative climate of the particular forest.
From the method described in the previous paragraph, a mode of conversion will
follow that will enable use of future radiative flux density measurement a?en.a
to extrapolate to the entire radiation climate (energetic and photosynthetic)
of this same forest type.
PERSONNEL:
Principal Investigator:
Inge Dirmhirn, Department of Soils and Meteorology, Utah State
University

TITLE: Climatological Station Operations at the Cedar River Site
OBJECTIVES:
8.142
To provide climatological data for the Cedar River intensive research site at
two locations, Thompson Research Center and Findley Lake.
APPROACH:
At the two sites mentioned in the objectives, climatological stations will be
installed and maintained. Each station will consist of an automatic magnetic-
tape data logging system, a bank of integrators and counters, sensors, and a
tower. Parameters to be monitored consist of solar, net, and total hemispherical
radiation, wind speed and direction, air temperature and vapor pressure, soil
temperature, heat flux, and precipitation. All signals will be integrated
except the stable signals of soil temperature and heat flux.
The results will be tabular listing of hourly values and daily and monthly
averages of the parameters recorded. The results will be available to any
researcher and will eliminate the need for costly duplication.
PERSONNEL:
Principal Investigator:
Leo J. Fritschen, College of Forest Resources, University of
Washington

8.143
TITLE: Evapotranspiration and Biomass Accumulation with a Weighing Lysimeter
OBJECTIVE:
To determine short-term evapotranspiration andsensible heat exchange of
Douglas-fir in relation to soil moisture status and meteorological demand.
To determine long-period growth of a Douglas-fir tree. To test the results
against cuvette and meteorological techniques.
APPROACH:
The Cedar River watershed near Seattle contains a 35-year-old Douglas-fir
plantation. The trees are uniformly spaced 1.8 by 2.4 meters, are about
21 to 27 meters tall, and have a uniform crown density of 90 percent. The soil,
a Barneston gravelly loamy sand originating from glacial outwash laid down at
the end of the Vashon glacial period, generally restricts the root system
above the 91-cm depth. The lateral extent of the root system is largely
restricted to the basic tree spacing. A lysimeter installation is possible
in this area because of the uniform plant spacing and the naturally rootrestricting
soil conditions. The area is relatively level (± 3 meters) and has
a uniform canopy density making it desirable for micrometeorological investigations.
Using techniques similar to the installation of the Coshocton lysimeters, a
casing 3.7 meters in diameter will be built around a block of soil, containing a
21- to 27-meter tree in situ. The casing, block of soil, and tree, weighing
about 22,700 kg, will be mounted on a hydraulic load cell with a minimum of disturbance
to the surrounding trees. The system's sensitivity, 0.454 kg, would
be equivalent to 0.044 mm of water.
A drainage system will be provided at the bottom of the soil column. The
soil moisture tension in the lysimeter will be maintained similar to that in
the adjacent areas by applying a regulated vacuum to the drainage outlet.
An instrumented tower will be placed adjacent to the proposed weighing lysimeter.
Profiles of air temperature, vapor pressure, radiation (long and short wave),
carbon dioxide, and wind speed will be obtained. These data will be analyzed
using the energy balance, aerodynamic, and eddy correlation techniques. The
results will be tested against results from the proposed weighing lysimeter
and cuvette studies.
EXPECTED RESULTS:
When soil moisture is not limiting, evapotranspiration rates should be equal
to the potential demand of the atmosphere. This will be verified by computing
potential evapotranspiration from meteorological data using a modification
of Penman's combination method. The energy balance equation will also
be solved to determine if energy is extracted from the air mass to support the
evaporation process or is used to heat the air mass. Knowledge of the consumptive
use in relation to the time of year and meteorological demand would be
useful in estimating the possible water yield increases as a result of watershed
manipulation.

8.144
As soil moisture becomes limiting, a larger portion of radiant energy will be
used to heat the soil, the canopy, and the air mass. At this state, the
moisture status within the soil and the tree will be related to the atmospheric
demand. Plant control of evapotranspiration by stomata] closure will be determined
with leaf resistance meters or other devices.
Evapotranspiration by layers within the canopy will be computed from the
meteorological data using the Bowen ratio equation. The meteorological data
will also be used to determine the diffusivities of heat and water vapor at
different heights using the momentum balance approach.
Knowledge of these
transport coefficients is important in understanding the energy and material
exchanges between plant components and air layers.
In addition to determining consumptive use in relation to atmospheric
demand, the lysimeter installation would be used as a standard to evaluate
meteorological models for determining consumptive use of other types of vegetation
at other locations.
Tree growth would be determined as the long-term increase of weight. After
the initial studies have been completed, this installation would be used to
study the effect of elemental addition to increase growth.
PERSONNEL:
Principal Investigator:
Leo J. Fritschen, College of Forest Resources, University of
Washington

8.145
TITLES The Development of a Basic Climatological Data Acquisition Service
at the H. J. Andrews Intensive Study Site
OBJECTIVES:
To plan, acquire, test, install, and operate a system for the acquisition of
basic climatological data at the H. J. Andrews site.
APPROACH:
Basic climatological data will be needed at the H. J. Andrews Experimental
Forest. Certain standard meteorological measurements offer the most utility
during the initial phases of the Biome field research at this site. These
include temperature of the air, soil, and water; humidity of the air; wind run;
precipitation; and solar radiation. A standard climatological station will be
established for the measurement of these parameters near the administrative
site at the entrance to the experimental forest. Other measurements may be
added as their need becomes apparent.
Climatological measurements will be made with an automated data acquisition
system. Once the automated data system is operating satisfactorily, daily
climatic summaries will be made available for the use of other researchers.
Initially, the summaries will include hourly values of the following parameters:
air temperature in the standard shelter, humidity in the standard shelter, soil
temperature at three levels, stream temperature near the administrative site,
wind run, wind direction, presipitatinn, atmocphhoric pressure, and solar
radiation.
Deployment of the automated system at the Andrews site will be enhanced by
the development work already in progress at the Cedar River site. The
digital recorder to be selected for the automated system should duplicate the
one currently under test at the University of Washington. There will also be
considerable consultation in order to standardize the sensors to be used for
the basic climatological data at the two sites. Circuits already have been
developed at the University of Washington for counting and integrating digital
signals from pulse-output sensors, and for integrating signals from analog-
output signals.
Progress also has been made there on the processing and
handling of data from the digital recorders. The decoding and transformation
of the climatic data will be undertaken at the University of Washington, using
existing computer programs.
The equipment will be ordered, assembled, and tested during the winter and
spring of 1972. Circuit modifications to the automated system will be made
in consultation with Dr. Fritschen at the University of Washington. Two
weeks will be required to install and test the automated system at the H. J.
Andrews site. After installation of the equipment, the technician will make
weekly trips to service the site during the summer field season. These trips
should become less frequent as reliability of the automated system improves.
Measurements will begin in the late spring. Availability of the data will
depend upon the reliability of the digital recording system.

EXPECTED RESULTS:
8.146
The automated station will provide the basic climatological data for the
H. J. Andrews intensive study site. Once the automated data system is operating
satisfactorily, daily climatic summaries will be made available for the use of
other researchers.
Initially, the summaries will include hourly values of the
following parameters: air temperature in the standard shelter, humidity in
the standard shelter, soil temperature at three levels, stream temperature near
the administrative site, wind run, wind direction, precipitation, atmospheric
pressure, and solar radiation.
PERSONNEL:
Principal Investigators:
Lloyd W. Gay, School of Forestry, Oregon State University
Leo J. Fritschen, College of Forest Resources, University of
Washington

8.147
TITLE: Assessment of Sensible Heat, Latent Heat, Momentum, and Carbon Dioxide
Fluxes by Meteorological Methods and Their Evaluation
OBJECTIVE:
1. To determine the magnitude of the vertical fluxes of sensible heat, latent
heat, carbon dioxide, and momentum at three locations.
2. To determine the relative magnitude of the horizontal advection of sensible
and latent heat to the total flux of sensible and latent heat in a forester:
ecosystem.
3. To determine which meteorological model of flux determination would be
most appropriate.
APPROACH:
Knowledge of the fluxes of momentum, sensible heat, latent heat and carbon
dioxide for short time periods is necessary for evaluation of photosynthetic
and water-use efficiency of various plant species or plant layers of an ecosystem.
Meteorological models have been developed from physical theory to
predict these fluxes.
Meteorological models have several advantages for determining the fluxes of
momentum and matter from natural surfaces. The flux of water vapor (evapotranspiration),
for example, can be determined with meteorological models
which are nondestructive, can be used continuously,or can be used for sampling
at several sites. The instruments needed to sample the input variables can be
constructed so that the models can be used with a great deal of mobility.
Furthermore, assumptions concerning the wetness of the surface or the status
of soil moisture are not required.
Meteorological models also have disadvantages. The most serious is the
assumption that the fluxes are vertical (i.e., no horizontal advection).
This assumption may not always be met under conditions of interest. The
second disadvantage is that two of the models, the energy balance and the
aerodynamic methods, require vertical gradients of input parameters. Vertical
gradients will exist in most ecosystems under forced convection conditions.
However, in many localities free convection prevails more often than forced
convection. The meteorological method, which does not require vertical gradients
and which will work under free convection conditions, is the eddy correlation
technique.
To achieve the objectives it is proposed that three instrumented towers be
erected to form a horizontal triangle with sufficient distance on each base
to evaluate horizontal gradients of temperature and vapor pressure. The towers
will be instrumented with the conventional slow-response profile equipment
to allow vertical calculation of the fluxes by the aerodynamic and energy
balance methods and with fast-response sensors for the eddy correlation technique.
The horizontal gradients of temperature and vapor pressure plus mean wind
speed will be used to calculate the magnitude of horizontal advection.

8.148
This study will be conducted in the area of the lysimeter installation proposed
by the University of Washington. The towers established at the lysimeter
site will be used as one lea of the triangle. The difference in evapotranspiration
and sensible heat between the lysimeter and the meteorological models
will give an estimate of horizontal advection at that point. However, this
estimate applies to a single tree and it is necessary to know how representative
a single tree is of a larger area.
The number of sensors and recording equipment required for this study is so
large that it is impossible for a single group to undertake the project.
Therefore, the Biome Meteorological Committee will pool all of its instrumentation
at the Cedar River watershed for a short period to collect the necessary
data. Dr. Gay will be responsible for the mean profiles, Dr. Fritschen will
be responsible for the fast-response wind-speed and air-temperature equipment,
and Dr. Belt will be responsible for the fast-response humidity sensors and
computer programs.
Funding is requested for additional sensors and recording equipment which
the three groups do not have, and for operational activites.
Instrumentation needed for assessment of carbon dioxide profiles will be added
in the second year of this project.
EXPECTED RESULTS:
As part of this study, the fluxes of sensible heat, latent heat, carbon
dioxide, momentum, and radiation will be determined at three locations above
a forest canopy and on layers within the canopy by means of three independent
meteorological methods. The three methods will be evaluated for use in the
future. Hourly estimates will be tabulated for each flux during the sample
days. The magnitude of horizontal advection of the above fluxes will also
be assessed for the conditions of this experimental site. The initial studies
will be made under clear sky conditions when the energy transfer rates are
at a maximum.
The results will aid in defining the processes that control the cycling of
energy,imass, and momentum between the forest and the atmosphere. Further,
the measured environmental parameters will define the canopy microclimate
in detail. The flux estimates will complement a range of related studies,
including those in nutrient cycling, hydrology, and terrestrial producers.
PERSONflEL:
Principal Investigators:
Lloyd W. Gay, School of Forestry, Oregon State University
George H. Belt, College of Forestry, Wildlife, and Range Sciences,
University of Idaho
Leo J. Fritschen, College of Forest Resources, University of
Washington

TITLE: Administration of the Lake Washington Intensive Study Site
OBJECTIVES:
8.149
The administration budget for the Lake Washington study site includes the
following components: (1) development of field facilities, (2) organization
and equipping of a central analytical laboratory that will be used by both
the terrestrial and aquatic programs,(3) travel, and (4) personnel.
APPROACH:
1. Development of Field Facilities
As discussed in the research components of this study, the principal focus
of research activities in the Lake Washington drainage basin will be at the
Thompson Research Center and atj series of lakes including Sammamish, Morse,
and Findley. During year I a considerable improvement has been made to the
facilities at the Thompson site, including a water supply (deep well),
sanitary facilities, an expansion of the storage capabilities, and an
extension of the road system. These improvements were made possible in part
from first-year funding by the '3SF, and from contributions by the City of
Seattle Water Department. A higher elevation study site at the Findley Lake
site has not been developed for either access or field facilities. The
drainage basin is located approximately 2.4 km from the end of the nearest
road. Construction will begin on a trail leading from the end of the road
to the lake during the summer of 1971 using the fire crew for the City of
Seattle. It is doubtful that this trail will be complete by September of
1971. Additional trail systems are also needed within the drainage basin
to reach the research plot areas. Specifically, the new facilities needed
during year 2 at the Cedar River intensive study site include the following:
Thompson Research Site
a. Extension of power line 0.8 km to new research plots
b. Overnight living accommodation for 6--approximately 3716 square meters
c. Improvement in the laboratory and storage space in the current buildings
Findley Lake
a. Completion of an access trail to the lake and to the study plots within
the drainage basin (approximately 4.8 km of trail will be needed)
b. Overnight housing at lake (building will be prefabricated and taken
to the site)
2. Central Analytical Laboratory

8.150
During year i of the IBP program chemical analyses were performed with
existing equipment and facilities located throughout the campus. To permit
full utilization of existing instruments and to increase analytical capability
most economically, equipment will be centralized during year 2. This is
necessary in order to handle the increased load of samples efficiently as
fieldwork expands in terrestrial and aquatic systems in the second year.
Uniform analysis of all routine samples at a central laboratory will facilitate
standardization of procedures. Standardization to ensure comparable results
among different study groups is necessary in order to maintain consistency in
data during long-term studies. Such standardization by continual sample
exchange among the groups becomes very time-consuming and does not fully
resolve the problem of data consistency. All samples analyzed by one procedure
at a central facility under the supervision of a soil and water chemist
will greatly improve the efficiency of the operation.
Fuller utilization of instruments in a central laboratory will allow increased
capability of analysis for several different studies where acquisition of new
instruments is required. An automatic chemical analyzer is requested for
year 2.
3. Travel
A travel budget of $2500 is requested for the site director and his associate.
This budget will be used primarily for travel to the other coordinating and
validation sites in the Western Coniferous Biome.
4. Personnel
With the expanded complexity of organizing and administering the Cedar
River program, additional assistance is requested for Dale Cole, Cedar River
site director. The salary of the site director is paid by the University of
Washington. It is proposed to hire part time an aquatic biologist as an
associate site director because of the importance of limnological studies
in the Lake Washington drainage basin. This aquatic biologist will also serve
as coordinator of the physical facilities in the Cedar River watershed. Both
hourly and secretarial assistance will also be needed at approximately the
same level as requested in year 1.
PERSONNEL:
Principal Investigators:
D. W. Cole, College of Forest Resources, University of Washington
Paul Olson, College of Fisheries, University of Washington
Demetrios E. Spyridakis, Department of Civil Engineering, University
of Washington

TITLE: Administration of the H. J. Andrews Intensive Study Site
OBJECTIVE:
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To provide facilities, services, and logistical support for the Biome research
program on the H. J. Andrews intensive site and on the Oregon State University
campus.
APPROACH:
See text, section 9.2.1.
PERSONNEL:
Principal Investigator:
Richard H. blaring, School of Forestry, Oregon State University

TITLE: Coniferous Biome Central Office
OBJECTIVES:
1. To provide services in administration, accounting., information,
and analysis
2. To assist with the work of Research and Technical Committees
3. To manage the inter-Biome interactions among scientists
4. To manage the intra-Biome conferences and workshops
APPROACH:
Principal costs for direction of the Biome will again be contributed
by the University of Washington through the time of both the director
and one of the deputy directors. However, in order to support these
individuals and the deputy director at Oregon State, a full-time administrative
assistant is needed. We were fortunate to,secure the services
of Dr. Hans Riekerk for this position in year 1 and his continued
employment is anticipated and planned for.
8.152
Various kinds of services must be provided by the Biome office at an
increased level as the organization develops. These include editorial
assistance for various levels of communication, report writing, scientific
papers, and proposals. An important task will be to communicate the
research objectives and research progress to colleagues throughout the
Coniferous Biome working area and certainly to the public at large,
including the political component at both the local and national levels.
The editor will also improve communications with the national office
and both National and International IBP Committees. Salary for an editor
to be employed on a half-time basis is requested to provide these services.
A considerable amount of secretarial service is needed at the Blame office
to provide needed support for the administrative staff. Secretarial
services for site directors and researchers beyond that related to
the central office is requested in individual budgets.
An information service item is requested to provide some assistance
to the University of Washington library system in fulfilling requests
for information related to Biome interests and to maintain a file of
publications on IBP work for both students and research workers, as well
as the general public. Since the initiation of the Coniferous Biome
program, heavy demands for additional services from these groups have
been placed on our college library, and this request is for some hourly
assistance funds.
In order to centralize and also control expenses for computer programming,
a programmer is requested at the central office level. This programmer
will work with Dr. Chapman's modeling group but will provide programming

and card punching service to all researchers requesting such service.
Under the current operation policy of the University of Washington's
computers, this appears to be an effective way to provide these
services. Actual computer operating time costs are budgeted through the
modeling group.
Funds to provide a minimum of taxonomic services are also requested.
The University of Washington Herbarium will identify plant material
for researchers if personnel can be reimbursed for time spent on identification.
Communications at all levels and by all means will play a most important
role in the continued development of the Biome and the progress of
research. Telephone conferences have already proved to be a most
effective way of carrying on some of our business, and we plan to make
more extensive use of this communication system. Newsletters and publications
of various kinds and progress reports will also form important
parts of our communication program.
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Travel must be considered from several points of view related to the
total management and research progress of the Biome. First, there is
the need for the Biome administrative staff to travel to all parts of
the Biome to confer with researchers and plan the orderly development of
Biome activity. There is also the need for the Biome director or his
representative to travel to inter--Biome meetings at both the national
and international levels. These meetings may be for either administrative
or research purposes. Secondly, the importance and role of Biome meetings
by research or administrative committees, including conferences and
workshops, has been clearly demonstrated during the initial stagescf
development. So far many of these meetings have been related to development
of the second-year proposal and general organizational development.
Coniferous Biome philosophy is to insist that each researcher and each
research group be aware of research throughout the Biome and the role of
his or her activity with respect to the total model. Therefore workshops
and conferences will continue to be a mainstay of Biome operation and
must be provided for. The Biome office will plan these, and therefore
the fund request for the total Biome is included in the central office
budget.
PERSONNEL:
Principal Investigators:
Stanley P. Gessel, College of Forest Resources, University of Wash in ::n
William H. Hatheway, Center for Quantitative Science, University of
Washington
Hans Riekerk, College of Forest Resources, University of Washington

TITLE: Information Bank
OBJECTIVES.
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The need for a central information bank was clearly spelled out in the
year-1 proposal (pp. 52-54). The information bank has been set in motion and
will continue to perform the following services:
1. Collect and edit abstracts of all research performed under the IBP
program in the Biome. These will be transmitted to the central
office for exchange between Biomes.
2. Provide assistance to research scientists in coding data and
putting them into a form available for use in modeling and exchange
with other users.
3. Supervise the exchange of data with other Biomes and the Analysis
of Ecosystems' office.
4. Develop editing and statistical analysis programs as these prove
to be of general utility.
PERSONNEL:
Principal investigators:
Bruce Bare, Center for Quantitative Science, University of Washington
Douglas Chapman, Center for Quantitative Science, University of
Washington

8.155
TITLE: Organization and implementation of the coordinating Site Program of
the Coniferous Forest Biome in the Analysis of Ecosystem Program of
the IBP
OBJECTIVE:
Develop the coordinating site research program to: (a) extend models developed
on intensive sites to include other ecosystem conditions, (b) examine disruptive
influences where they occur, and (c) test models developed on intensive sites
(validation).
APPROACH:
Coordinating Site Program y General
The coordinating site system is an integral and necessary part of the Coniferous
Forest Biome structure. The function of the coordinating sites is to extend and
reinforce the research program of the intensive sites. The coordinating sites
will also provide the measure of variability within the Coniferous Forest Biome.
In addition they will evaluate the generalities and consistency of results from
investigations on the intensive sites. Research on the coordinating sites will
be directed toward the achievement of these objectives.
For an area to gain designation as a coordinating site in the Coniferous Forest
Biome it must meet several specific conditions. The basic requirements are:
1. The area must be undisturbed by urban or agricultural development.
2. The area must be of sufficient size to accommodate the studies planned.
3. A group of scientific and supporting personnel who are capable of
completing the proposed project must be present.
4. The personnel must be interested and willing to work in an integrated
research program.
5. The institutions involved must have sufficient control over the area
to enable treatments to be imposed in an adequate experimental design.
Coordinating Site Program--Year 2
In addition to the extension and testing of models from intensive site studies
during year 2, it is proposed that the coordinating site program for year 3
be organized and implemented. This will involve a number of steps as follows:
1. Development of a coordinating site committee. This committee is to be
appointed by the Nome director from coordinating site locations already
approved by the Executive Committee. The Biome director and the intensive
site directors should be ex-officio members of the committee. The role of
the group will be to establish guidelines, determine eligibility of new
sites, and solicit proposals for coordinating sites in year 3.

2. On-site evaluation of coordinating site to be included in year 3.
8.156
When the guidelines of work on the coordinating sites have been estabiished
in coordination with the objectives of the intensive sites, the committee
will solicit proposals for potential coordinating sites. These proposals
will be reviewed by the committee and, if it is found that they fit into
the overall Biome objectives, on-site evaluations will be made by the
committee.
3. Review of specific research proposals from designated coordinating sites.
Research proposals from the coordinating sites will be reviewed by the
committee as to their appropriateness to the Biome objectives and those
that meet the objectives will then be forwarded to the Planning and
Program Committee for evaluation.
4. Workshops for principal investigators during year 3. To ensure coordination
of research efforts on the coordinating sites and to acquaint
investigators with the Biome objectives and program, at least one
"workshop" will be conducted during year 3.
The purpose of the proposed organizational structure is to ensure that the
role of the coordinating site program meets the objectives of the total Biome
program and to maximize the input from the coordinating sites to this program.
An interim coordinating site director has been appointed by the Executive
Committee of the Biome to serve during the organizational period of the
coordinating site program. He is W. E. Mogren of Colorado State University.
PERSONNEL:
Principal Investigator:
Edward W, Mogren, College of Forestry and Natural Resources,
Colorado State University

8.4. System Modeling
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Briefly stated, systems analysis is the holistic approach to the study of
complex systems, and the essential philosophy is that a portion of the system
can be properly interpreted and understood only in relation to the remainder
of the system.
This is not a novel idea; biologists have long recognized the importance of
such a view, but have not had the technical support to undertake the study
of very complex, natural ecosystems. As a result, ecology has developed
along several paths that only occasionally have met. Two such paths are
descriptive studies of natural communities and laboratory studies of very
simple controlled systems. Because resource management needs can be met
only through an integrated approach, applied ecologists have attempted to
expand techniques worked out for simple systems to more complex cases.
Some success has been achieved, but real progress requires a thorough
understanding of natural and manipulated systems.
During the last 25 years the development of computer technology and applied
mathematics has progressed to the point that a major breakthrough in understanding
natural systems appears possible if the problem is attacked through
a coordinated effort. The bodies of knowledge defined as systems analysis
and operations research appear most helpful in the study of complex relations.
Systems analysis is generally oriented toward the objective of understanding
a system, whereas operations research is more oriented toward optimizing a
process.
The analysis of an ecosystem should begin by constructing models from existing
data. The second step should be collection and analysis of data for testing
and refining the first models. This requires participating scientists to
spend considerable time thinking how their part of the system relates to
the rest and about general modeling processes. As the kinds of additional
data that are needed are identified, scientists will be able to conduct
specific field studies designed to improve the models further. This approach
establishes a continual feedback loop.
It is important, then, that participating scientists consider the understanding
of systems modeling to be a major responsibility. The necessary
modeling cannot be done by, say, a systems engineer detached from the real
system; it must be done by a biologist, perhaps in association with a
systems engineer, biometrician, or biomathematician. It will not be
necessary for each participant to become a full-fledged systems engineer
or biomathematician (although it would be highly desirable if a few did
so), but it will be essential that each participant reorient his approach
and philosophy somewhat, for all should become systems modelers, in one
capacity or another.
It is also important to recognize, in the beginning, that a conventional
approach to field experiments may not be appropriate. If parametric
models are specified, sampling and experimentation will be oriented toward
parameter estimation, not toward detection of "treatment effects."

8.158
In fact, it is reasonable to consider the models of conventional experimental
design to be approximations to more realistic models, and the objectives of
conventional experimentation to be parallel approximations to more realistic
objectives. In the past, conventional methods have been used by necessity.
Now it will be possible to use the techniques of systems analysis in general,
and resort to conventional design and analysis only if it is deemed that the
approximation is adequate.
These thoughts are reinforced by Watt (1966) who states, "If we are to study
systems as whole systems and not just collections of fragments of systems,
we must use a strategy of research which at every step is designed in terms
of the problem of fitting all the fragments together correctly at the end
of the research problem. . . . In essence (this) is to design the whole
research program in terms of a conceptual model into which submodels, growing
out of various parts of the whole research program, can be fitted as
components."
The role that conceptual models might play has been well recognized throughout
the 20th century--one need only mention the names of Mendel, K. Pearson,
Pearl,Lotka, and Volterra. However, although such pioneers accomplished
some remarkable achievements, their results dealing with total systems are
scanty because the tools are not available to them to build and work with
models for total systems. What has finally made feasible the systems
analysis approach in biological systems is the advent of high-speed computers.
The computer is essential to handle the sheer number of variables
in a biological system, not to mention the complexities of the interrelationships
and their heterogeneity in time and space.
While conceptual models do not need to be mathematical, their reliance
upon computers almost certainly necessitates their expression in mathematical
framework. In any case, as both classical and modern physics
have demonstrated, mathematical models seem to be optimal in abstracting
the basic elements of a system, as well as in delineating the basic
assumptions; also the rigorous formulation of a mathematical model will
help to clarify our understanding of the ecosystem.
Given that a general system model will be employed, the details of the
structural organization of the model may vary according to the state of
knowledge or to the needs of a particular user. At the one extreme, one
may specifically consider all organisms and all relations among these
organisms and their environment. Simplification may take several forms.
For example, one may construct a model such that the basic element is
energy, structured by some criterion as trophic level. Alternatively,
one may be interested in some aspect of the system (as for example,
commercial timber production) and be willing to relegate a large part
of the total system to the "black box."
That simplification will be necessary is certain; the degree of simplification
that will be necessary is unknown. In the words of Levins (1968),
"Clearly we have to simplify the models in such a way that preserves the
essential features of the problem. The difference between legitimate and

8.159
illegitimate simplifications depends not only on the reality to be described
but also on the state of the science. It is of course desirable to work
with manageable models which maximize generality, realism, and precision
toward the overlapping but not identical goals of understanding, predicting
and modifying nature." Levins goes on to suggest that most modelers sacrifice
one of the three desirable properties in the process of simplication.
The implication is that the choice should be deliberate.
In the same paper, Levins borrows two concepts from statistics and applies
them to ecological modeling. First, he discusses robustness as a property
of a theorem or generalization, signifying that the theorem is derivable
from several models and hence not dependent on their peculiar features.
Such a theorem would be more or less model independent and more valuable
than one which is model dependent. Similarly, we can apply the term robust
to models themselves, signifying a generality of applicability.
Levins also uses the term sufficient in relation to a set of population
parameters, indicating that the population is adequately described by this
set. This is in accord with the statistical use of the term in relation
to a set of statistics, such that a sufficient (set of) statistic(s) contains
all of the statistical information in the entire sample of information
with regard to a particular set of parameters appropriate to the statistical
model. A sufficient set of parameters would then be a set which would
uniquely characterize a system with regard to a particular property of
the system appropriate to the model. Note that this does not require
uniqueness of the set.
We also borrow from statistics the distinction between causal and associational
models, as analogous to the distinction between causal and associational relationships
among variables.
In the associational model, the modeler creates an empirical equation which
describes a relationship observed to exist between two or more quantities-say,
A, B, and C. Then assuming that future levels of B and C will be, say
BF and CF, this equation can be used to "predict" the future level of A.
Such a model does not incorporate the causes of the observed relationship
between A, B, and C, but simply provides a rule for calculating one, given
the other two.
Such a model provides satisfactory predictions if, but only if, the mechanism
responsible for the relationship originally observed remains unchanged. Also
prediction of levels of A expected to accompany levels of A and/or C outside
of the range of values used to construct the equation is usually hazardous.
Also, if the mechanisms governing changes in the levels of A, B, and C are
different on different sites, the relationship observed on one site may not
be similar to that observed elsewhere. Thus the model could be restricted
in applicability to one site. Despite these drawbacks, however, such models
can be easily and quickly devised and put to use, often by utilizing data
already available.
A second type of model capable of predicting system changes is one which
may be called the "causal" model. In formulating the equal-iions which

8.16o
constitute such a model, the modeler draws upon his general knowledge of
the behavior of the system components and devises expressions which he
believes incorporate the mechanisms causing changes in these components.
If his reasoning is incorrect, faulty predictions made by the model should
ultimately reveal this, and lead to examination of alternative mechanisms,
or modification of the ones originally proposed. Construction of such a
model is often slow, and accompanied by many initial errors and reverses,
but leads eventually to a model capable of extremely penetrating powers of
analysis and prediction. Such a model often incorporates a number of
empirical equations (associational models) describing phenomena whose
underlying mechanisms are likely to be universal.
It is noted that the process of systems study is one of evolution from
the state of knowledge described by the associational model toward the
state of knowledge illustrated by a causal model. This evolution can
be interpreted in terms of development of better models of prediction
or in terms of attaining a better understanding of examined function,
but in the final analysis the logical status of the model reflects the
state of knowledge. At any point in the development, some aspects will
be associational and others causal.
Another dimension in which system models may vary is that of resolution,
referring to the level of organization of the system that is represented
in the model. A coarse resolution is illustrated by a model in which the
elements are trophic levels, a fine resolution by one in which the elements
are species or populations. The purpose of any particular analysis will
determine the needed resolution, so that it is desirable for this to be
variable. Such flexibility of resolution is provided by use of a hierarchical
structural model, so that the degree of resolution can be changed by inserting
submodels for elements or by combining elements into larger ones.
However, this process may be restricted in its general utility, as the
need to maintain functional integrity of the system will dictate the
level of resolution necessary for study of any functional process.
In summary, then, the model must be considered to be a family of models,
varying in resolution, complexity, and logical status and providing the
maximum generality, realism, and precision for any particular use.
Structurally, all models of this family will be essentially of the same
form. The components of the model will be: (1) the biological components,
and (2) the physical components. The measures will be energy, numbers,
biomass, variety, spatial structure, and physical and chemical properties.
The relation among the components will be energy and elemental flow, and
modification of that flow.
8.4.1. Population dynamic aspects of the model
The ultimate objective of the population modeling program is the creation
of a model of community interactions which predicts the changes in the
abundances of community species caused by certain events. The model should
be general, in that it can be applied to communities occupying sites other
than that at which it was originally developed. It should be accurate, in

that changes in species abundances predicted by it do indeed occur when
the modeled events take place in nature. in general, a few species will
be of primary interest; the others will be treated in the black box.
Events whose effects upon species abundances should be within the range
of the model's capabilities are:
8.161
a. short-term climatic events such as windstorms, late spring freezes,
and other traumatic short-lived phenomena confined to sites of varying
sizes;
b. long-term climatic events such as warming trends continued over periods
of years, continuing decreases in yearly precipitation, and other subtle
phenomena occurring on a regional scale;
c. deliberate manipulation such as logging, fertilization, hunting, release
of exotic species, burning, insecticide use; and
d. inadvertent manipulation such as burning, escape of exotic species,
pesticide accidents, and pollution.
The finished model must be capable of predicting species abundances which
would result from the continuation of normal conditions within an area,
in order to establish baselines from which departures in abundance caused
by the above events might be measured.
The following describes some of the considerations which dictate the proposed
organization of the Biome population-dynamics modeling effort. The benefits
of both types of models (causal and associational),as well as other practical
benefits, may be obtained in a program such as the IBP study if the modeling
effort is structured as set out in the diagram below. Each model type is
described in some detail below.
Species
Models
Coordinating Model
in the diagram each species model m is an equation, or a set of equations,
whose output is used as input by one of the more comprehensive site models,
M. Each species model describes one plant or animal species occurring on
one site within a large study area.
Outputs of each model m are, in the case of animal species, the demand for
energy by that species at a particular time, the suitablity of the speck:,
as food for others, and other quantities which can be used in a simulation
MM

8.162
of the food web dynamics of the site. Inputs to each model m include the
abundance of the species on the site, the prevailing temperature and humidity
conditions, the levels of other physical factors known to influence the
species' energy demand-, and the previous nutritional history of the species
population. The model itself calculates the species demand as modified by
these factors.
Each site model M compares the energy demands of all species present on a
site with existing supplies, and simulates a food web energy exchange in
a manner dependent upon the supply/demand ratios and the food preference
of each species. Models M also simulate plant production on the separate
sites, the effects of decomposers on the availability of nutrients, and
the effects of abiotic forces upon species mortalities. Thus each model
M calculates local changes in species abundances due to in-site interactions.
Model MM is that which links the sites described by models M. This comprehensive
coordinating model simulates species dispersals between the sites,
utilizing as its inputs factors such as species mobilities, site geometries,
and pressures generated by food shortages and high population densities within
certain sites. it can also simulate movements of nutrients between sites.
Its effect is to provide final adjustments to the in-site changes in species
abundances calculated by models M. The changes in abundances calculated for
any period are the quantities desired by the modeler and can be examined at
once. The new abundance can also be used as new inputs to the models m to
begin calculation of the changes expected in the next time period.
All of the above models will be partially associational, in that each will
contain empirically derived equations. This is particularly true of models
m, which may simply be regression equations relating species energy demands
to changes in physical factors. Models m in many cases can be derived
immediately from existing data, and can therefore be devised, tested, and
used for limited prediction purposes long before the comprehensive model
framework is assembled. Field researchers involved with particular species
may wish to undertake construction of these models themselves.
The construction of those portions of models M which will simulate the
dynamics of food webs will require an intensive developmental effort.
Many mechanisms of population regulation and interaction have been pro-
posed, all of which must be considered.
Much exploratory work will be
needed to produce models which seem to simulate most aspects of predation
realistically. It is likely that the most concentrated effort in the
modeling of consumer and producer interactions will be devoted to solving
this problem.
If the modeling program outlined above is employed, it offers several
advantages, in addition to the ultimate ability to predict changes in
species abundance. These are:
a. immediate utilization of existing data in formulating the species model m;
b. generality, in that if the mechanism of food web dynamics built into the
site models M are realistic, the entire model should apply to any locality
for which species models are available.

Certain data must eventually be obtained to facilitate and implement the
modeling effort. Among these are the following:
8.163
a. Simultaneous measurements of species abundances: In order to provide
a starting point for model calculations, at least one (hopefully nondestructure!)
measurement must be made of the abundance of each modeled
species on each site included in the comprehensive model MM. Later
measurements of a similar nature will be needed from time to time to
determine whether the model's predictions of species abundances on
undisturbed sites correspond to abundances actually observed there.
b. Measurements of threshhold effects: Whereas species energy demands
may vary gradually over a range of environmental conditions, certain
temperatures, rainfalls, and other conditions create abrupt changes
in species behaviors. The extent of these threshhold effects must
be recognized and incorporated into the models.
c. Correlations between air temperatures, humidities, and other regional
environmental factors, and the levels of these factors within the
micro-environment of each species: The energy demand of each species
is influenced by environmental conditions within its micro-environment.
These conditions are, in turn, determined by regional weather conditions.
The effects of regional climatic changes, which have been recorded for
many years, can be more accurately applied to modeled species if the
relationships between general weather patterns and micro-environmental
patterns are known.
d. Measurements of the energy contents of individuals of various species:
Model calculations will probably deal with species biomass and/or
stored-energy contents, rather than with numbers of individuals. It
is important that each field researcher obtain estimates of energy
stored per individual of each species studied early in the course of
his work.
e. Measurements of the maximum conceivable rates of energy intake by
each species: Such measurements, if made early in the study program,
will provide the modelers with order-of-magnitude estimates which can
be used in preliminary manipulations of models. Development of more
realistic models can proceed on the basis of these data, while field
determinations of more characteristic energy demands are carried out.
8.4.2. Mass and energy aspects
One rather fundamental method for study of an ecological system is that of
developing a model which will predict the distribution of energy mass among
the various plant and animal components of the system. The problem is not
unlike the first attacked by physicists in the late 1800's of establishing
a fundamental basis for thermodynamics through statistical mechanics. At
the time, the laws of thermodynamics were reasonably well established. However,
it was recognized by many that these laws were ultimately derivable
from a knowledge of the states of mechanical agitation of the constituent
particles (atoms, molecules, electrons, etc.) of a system.

0
8.164
It is true that an ecological system provides but a rough analogy to a
classical thermodynamic system. For example, an ecological system exchanges
both mass and energy with its surroundings. These are two of its most
essential characteristics. An ecological system never reaches true
thermodynamic equilibrium; however, it may reach a form of equilibrium
in the macroscopic sense not now recognizable to scientists because the
essential parameters have not been identified. It appears that the closest
analogy to the ecological system in the form of a physical theory is that
of nonequilibrium thermodynamics.
In a more pragmatic vein, energetic models of ecosystems offer great promise
in comparative studies and as general models for evaluating and predicting
the consequence of management. Odum (1967) provides an excellent discussion
of such models in the context of food production. He includes models at
two levels of resolution for a part of the rain-forest system, illustrating
resolution of function along with structural representation.
In regard to principles of stability, Odum states, "One of the principles
emerging from ecological energy studies is the positive feedback loop by
which a downstream recipient of potential energy rewards its source through
the passage of a necessary material, currency, or work back upstream. . . .
Species whose work efforts are not reinforced are quickly eliminated since
they run out of raw materials or energy." The relevance of these words to
the Biome study is obvious.
8.4.3. Compartment models
Compartment models are special forms of system models in which the elements
are storage containers or compartments. The relations among the elements
are transfer functions, governing transfer or flow of the quantity stored
from one container to another. This is a natural form for a system model
to take if the variable of input is energy of a nutrient. Most ecosystem
studies utilize these variables, and this form has been stressed by Van Dyne
in the grassland ecosystem. Ordinarily the transfer functions are modeled
as differential or difference equations, and with systems of the size being
considered here, matrix models are useful.
In the following pages are shown some diagrammatic models, which illustrate
the different resolutions possible. The first of these (Fig. 8.1) is a very
coarse description of some compartments and some transfer functions of a unit
watershed. Trees and other primary producers (P) take up carbon dioxide from
the atmosphere (A) and water and nutrient elements from the soil (S). In the
process of photosynthesis they return oxygen to the atmosphere and produce
single sugars, which are converted to more elaborate substances, such as
cellulose and proteins, which make up the tissues of the plant. Living
plant parts are eaten by herbivores which in turn are eaten by other consumers
(C); dead plant and animal parts are the source of energy for decomposers
(D), which break them down to simple chemical substances, which are
then released to the atmosphere and the soil. Similar processes occur in
the aquatic environment. The most important biological interactions between

Consumer
Terrestrial
System
Atmosphere
Primary
Producer
Decomposer
Soil Water
Aquatic
System
Atmosphere
Primary
Producer
Decomposer
Figure 8.1 Terrestrial-Aquatic Ecosystem Model
Consumer

8.166
terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems are those involving decomposing materials
such as dead leaves and other plant products, because these provide food for
aquatic invertebrates and microorganisms, which contribute im ortantly to
the aquatic food web. Water carrying dissolved and particula a matter passes
from the terrestrial to the aquatic system in surface runoff and underground
seepage. Clearly a diagram of this simplicity is of little v lue for modeling
work. Each compartment is a complex of different things--plants and animals
at different trophic levels, and inorganic substances--and contains many
processes * uifferent levels.
rigures 8.2-8.5, illuctrattve of diagrammatic submodels with somewhat finer
resolution, represent expansions of the basic model that concdntrate on some
part or on some element in the transfer process. Figure 8.2 illustrates the
fact that the compartments may be defined identically for different aspects,
though the relations are different. This representation does not show the
mechanical stresses (action by snow, wind, etc.) nor does it explicitly include
the consumers in the system. Further, the arrows of the'', energy cycle
are ambivalent: some of them represent flows of energy incorporated in the
system and some of them represent environmental modifications.'', Ideally the
two should be separated, the compartment flow model should be lidentified,
and then an overlay of functional response to environment should be superimposed.
Figure 8.3 represents a single dominant primary producer in a,forest ecosystem.
In this diagram the biomass of the plant is analyzed into chemical
substances which are believed to play important roles in interactions with
other plants and animals in the system. The plant, having taken up carbon
dioxide from the atmosphere and water and nutrient elements from the soil,
produces, in the presence of light, photosynthate (glucose), which is converted
by various biosynthetic processes into structural chemicals (cellulose
and lignin), storage materials (starches), proteins, and Special
chemicals (terpenes, tannins, oils, free amino acids). These re transported
from the points of manufacture to the stems, roots, leaves, anc reproductive
structures of the plant. If there is net growth (increase in Size), the
competitive ability of the plant is usually increased--it is able to intercept
more light and take up more water and nutrients. If the entire production
of the plant is channeled into growth, however, it does not reproduce,
nor will it be protected against the attacks of herbivores (consumers) and
parasites (pathogens). There is increasing evidence that terpenes, free
amino acids, and certain other special substances produced by the plant
discourage the attacks of many insects (see Jansen, 1969), and lif this is
the case, we may regard them as representing energy budgeted for protection-at
the expense of increase in size. Similarly, energy is budgeted for
reproduction at the expense of growth and protection. Different kinds of
plants allocate resources differently at different stages of thjeir life
cycles.

5j
Water Cycle Chemical Cycle Energy Cycle
Atmosphere
1! 2
--?Plants & Animal
Forest Floor
14
Soil
Parent Material
1. Precipitation
2. Transpiration
3. Stem flow; fog drip
4. Leaching
5. uptake
6. evaporation
7. run off
6
7
!14!
Atmosphere
P ]ants & An im a l s
--J
Forest Floor
j13
14 \V
E
`11
Soil
13
fParent Material
Aquatic System
11. deposition
12. litterfall
13. leaching
14. uptake
15. volatilization
16. weathering
5
j
Atmosphere
-T2- 22
!Plants & Animals
Forest Floor
Soil
'Parent Material
21. radiation
22. vaporization
radiation
23. advection
Figure 8.2 Model of Physical Processes in Coniferous Biome (Terrestrial Part)
23
K other sources,
&

External Environment
LI
nlight !
r_
Atmosphere
i --
Heat
/
. 75
Plants and. animals ' '
__----.
._. --_ -_1
,
Primary producers
--
j Plant :f Propagules
Starch and chemicals -O]
Structural materials
Glucose }
Dead parts and
excreted materials,
_
Symbionts
I
including Mycorrhiza -- -
List of processes:
1. Uptake of elements from soil
2. Uptake of water by plant
3. Intake of CO
!t. Incoming radiation (light)
5. Incoming radiation (heat)
6. Photosynthesis
7' Biosynthesis
8.
9. Mobilization of stored food
10. Growth and. development
11. Storage (immobilization)
12. Reproductive processes
13. Ingestion by consumers
14. Assimilation by lower plants
and microorganisms
15. Death
Figure 8.3 Primary Producer Model
NP,K, etc. H 0
2
2 17
Decomposers
j
Consumers
Pathogens 1--
E
r?,
16. Dispersal
17. Excretion
18. Migration
19. Sporulation
20. Abscission
21. Assimilation/colonization
by decomposers.

Litter subsystem
Soil subsystem
[CO
Dead plant and
animal parts
N,P,K, etc. H 0
Figure 8.4 Decomposer Component
Plant
decomposer
T
Y
Herbivore
Tannins
UndecP osed
materials
Allelopathic
substances

Figure 8.5 Consumer Component
Parasite

Variations in stand composition are related in part to strategies of
allocation of scarce resources. Stand composition and growth are also
related importantly to strategies of production of photosynthate. Gases
exchanged through the open stomata of the leaves include oxygen, carbon
dioxide, and water vapor. If the stomata are closed, little water is
lost by transpiration, but carbon dioxide does not enter the plant and
photosynthesis is interrupted. Ambient conditions governing stomata]
aperture and closure vary according to the species. Tolerant species
carry on photosynthesis at relatively low light intensities but are
generally most efficient when relative humidity is high. Colonizing
species require high light intensities but may remain active under
conditions of low relative humidity.
Compartment models for the biomass of entire stands are also readily
constructed if differences due to variations in species composition
are not of interest.
Figure 8.4 presents a possible approach to the decomposer component of
the ecosystem. Decomposers of nonliving organic materials include
arthropods, earthworms, nematodes, and other invertebrates, as well as
fungi, actinomycetes, and bacteria. The former are subject to attack
by predators and parasites of several kinds, the latter to the grazing
pressure of various invertebrates. Evidently a complete model of the
activities of all terrestrial decomposers is impracticable--the kinds
of organisms involved are only incompletely known and their activities
are much less understood. Crude models involving only certain abundant
organisms such as earthworms or wood-decomposing insects and fungi are
possible, but these represent only coarse first approximations.
It is of course possible to study rates of oxygen consumption, carbon
dioxide production, and release of mineral elements within the forest
litter as a whole, without becoming concerned with the activities of
important plant and animal decomposers. This approach, however, passes
over the roles of the biological components of a crucially important
ecological subsystem. Lacking knowledge of the biology of earthworms,
ambrosia beetles, and other major biological decomposers, we would be
unable to predict the reactions of their populations to manipulative
practices such as controlled burning, clear-cutting, or fertilizer
treatments. The consequences of major changes in the litter subsystem
are understood most effectively only if knowledge of the life histories
and interactions of important soil organisms is included in the study.
8.171
The consumer component of terrestrial coniferous forest ecosystems,
crudely diagrammed in Fig. 8.5 is much less conspicuous than those of
grasslands or deserts, in which herbivorous mammals and their carnivore
predators play very significant roles. The most important consumers of
primary plant producers in the forest ecosystem are insects, which feed
on leaves, roots, bark, and seeds. These consumers are in turn subject
to predation by other insects and by larger animals, of which birds are
the most important. Small rodents, however, are important consumers of
seeds and seedlings, and they are preyed on by mustelids and other carnivores.

8.172
Bears are important in coniferous forest ecosystems as consumers of plants,
the larvae of many insects, and occasionally smaller mammals and fish. The
food webs of terrestrial ecosystems are obviously enormously more complex
than Figure 8.5 suggests.
Figure 8.6, a much more complex diagrammatic model, is a copy of one presented
by S. Olsen as a result of work done on the Fern Lake Mineral Metabolism
Program (1957-1966). The model, however, has been made sufficiently
general to apply to watersheds or ecosystems in general. To illustrate the
pathways, use is made of a set of symbols connected with lines. The symbols
have been developed from those used by Watt and Loucks (1969) and are as
follows:
Symbols:
Input/output, total
partial
Exchange mechanisms or transfer functions I
Summing junctions
Partitioning of a variable
Pathways -,_
The lines indicate flow only; their positions (horizontally/vertically),
crossings, or angles are without significance.
No attempts are made to distinguish between major or minor pathways. This
is done to stress the generalized character of the model. Such differentiation
will be useful in comparisons between watersheds; possibly such differentiation
might be useful as a tool for characterizing watersheds of various types.
A certain logical sequence has been attempted, but when, e.g., in the aquatic
consumers segments, events are shown lower in the graph than the corresponding
terrestrial events, this does not indicate any time differentiation.
The notes are numbered in a horizontal sequence within the individual segments;
the terrestrial segment is treated before the parallel aquatic segment.

a
e
Q
Input
ECOSYSTEM s WATERSHED
V 1
O
Terrestrial Part Aquak Part
2 3 zt
output 13 ry
7 2t rf
/o 1
40 43
'o To
o
! s? 3
o
U
C QJ
y Tf S6 fs
GI
L6
f !3 f7
so
f/ (d
93 it 70
Gy a 73
91
a 11 __ _
Eigure 8.6 Water Cycle
17
x
f9
30
dr
ti 14
qz , 9y
9j

Notes:
8.174
1. Total input to the ecosystem of water as precipitation
(Fog and water, evaporated before the actual precipitation measurement,
is included here, as is dew.)
2. Partitioning, to 3, and 5
3. Unmeasured components of the total precipitation (fog, dew, evaporation)
4. Summing junction of all evaporation (and sublimation) from the abiotic,
terrestrial segment
5. Partitioning, to 23 (aquatic part), and 6
6. Precipitation as measured by gage
7. Partitioning, to 8 (interception), and 15 (soils)
8. Gross interception
9. Partitioning, to 10 (throughfall), and 13 (stemflow)
10. Throughfall
11. Partitioning, to 4 (evaporation), and 12
12. Partitioning, to 17 (water utilized by plants through the leaves), and
15 (soils)
13. Stemflow
14. Partitioning, to 4 (evaporation), and 15
15. Summing junction for all water reaching the soils, uncovered by vegetation,
or the soils below the vegetation
16. Partitioning, to 4 (evaporation), and 18
17. Summing junction for water for the terrestrial biota from the terrestrial
abiotic environment
18. Partitioning, to 17 and 19
19. Partitioning, to 23 (surface runoff, to aquatic part), and 20
20. Partitioning, to 23 (aquifers within the ecosystem), and 31 (aquifers
below the ecosystem, or water running outside the ecosystem due to the
subsurface topography)
21. Summing junction of water evaporated from the abiotic environment
22. Output of water evaporated from the abiotic environment
23. Summing junction of all sources of water for the abiotic aquatic segment
24. Partitioning, to 21 (water evaporated), and 25
25. Partitioning, to 26 (outflow), and 27
26. Outflowing water as measured by gage
27. Partitioning, to 40 (aquatic biotic segments), and to 28
28. Summing junction of water to the sediments (from the water body), 27;
from precipitated compounds, not shown here; from organisms (living or
dead) associated with the sediments as a result of metabolic or decomposition
processes, 53
29. Interstitial water in the sediments
30. Partitioning, to 23, water returning to the water body, and to 44 (interstitial
water for use by organisms) (an exchange occurring over the
interface, enhanced by eddies and animal activity; perhaps chemical
actions occur as well; these are all of importance for the mineral
cycling, but probably of insignificant value for the water balance)
31. Loss of water from deep aquifers (deeper than the ecosystem, see
definition), and from water going outside the watershed, e.g., due
to tilted hardpan, etc.
32. Partitioning of water from the terrestrial organisms, to 33 (water for
producers), and to the consumers/decomposers, 37

8.175
33. Water metabolized by producers
34. Partitioning, to 38 (loss by respiration/transpiration), and 35
35. Partitioning, to 46, (loss by harvest), and to 36
36. Partitioning, metabolized water for use by aquatic consumers and
decomposers (48), and for the terrestrial consumers and decomposers (37)
37. Summing junction for water for terrestrial consumers and decomposers
38. Summing junction, water loss, from respiration/transpiration of producers
39. Sum of output: water loss by respiration/transpiration of the producers
40. Partitioning of water from the water body to the aquatic organisms, to
41 (producers), and 48 (consumers/decomposers)
41. Summing junction of water for aquatic producers
42. Water metabolized
43. Partitioning, to 38 (loss by respiration/transpiration, e.g., swamp
plants), and to 45
44. Partitioning of interstitial water, to 41 (water for aquatic producers),
and to 73 (consumers/decomposers)
45. Partitioning, to 46 (loss by harvest), and to 49
46. Summing junction, water loss by harvest
47. Sum of water lost by harvest of producers
48. Summing of water for aquatic consumers/decomposers
49. Partitioning, to 48, and 50
50. Partitioning, to 37 (water for terrestrial consumers and decomposers),
and to 52
51. Summing junction, water returned to water body from aquatic organisms
52. Partitioning, to 51, and 53
53. Summing junction, water returning to the interstitial water in the
sediments from aquatic organisms
54. Water introduced by transient or migrating terrestrial animals
55. Summing junction for water to terrestrial consumers and decomposers
56. Summing junction for water for terrestrial consumers
57. Water metabolized
58. Partitioning, to 65 (loss by respiration/evaporation), and 59
59. Partitioning, to 60, and 61
60. Water returning to the soils from terrestrial consumers and decomposers
(excretion, decomposition)
61. Partitioning, to 68 (water for aquatic consumers and decomposers), and
to 63
62. Summing junction, water for terrestrial decomposers
63. Partitioning, to 62, and to 69 (loss by harvest)
64. Migrating fish
65. Partitioning, to 56 (water for terrestrial consumers), and to 68
66. Partitioning, water in aquatic consumers and decomposers, to 56
(terrestrial consumers), and 51 (return to water body)
67. Loss of water by respiration/evaporation
68. Summing junction of water for aquatic consumers and decomposers
69. Summing junction of water loss by harvest of consumers
70. Harvest of consumers
71. Partitioning, to 72 (water for aquatic consumers) and 79 (for water
decomposers)
72. Summing junction for water for aquatic consumers, from the water body
and interstitial water in the sediment

8.176
73. Partitioning, to 72, and 87 (aquatic decomposers)
74. Water metabolized by aquatic consumers
75. Partitioning, to 76 (water returning to interstitial water) and 78
76. Summing junction of water returning to interstitial water
77. Summing junction, water returning to the water body
78. Partitioning, to 77, and to 80
79. Summing junction for water for aquatic decomposers
80. Partitioning, to 79, and 69 (loss by harvest)
81. Water metabolized by terrestrial decomposers
82. Partitioning, to 84 (loss by respiration/transpiration), and 83
83. Partitioning, to 60 (water returned to soils), and to 85 (loss by harvest)
84. Loss from respiration/transpiration (terrestrial)
85. Summing junction, loss by harvest
86. Loss by harvest
87. Summing junction, water for aquatic decomposers
88. Water metabolized
89. Partitioning, to 85 (loss by harvest), and 90
90. Return of water to water body or interstitial water
91. Total input of water
92. Summation of water loss by evaporation, respiration, transpiration
93. Summation of loss of liquid water
94. Summation of loss by harvest
95. Total output of water

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area: A study and recommendations. Wash. Poll. Cont. Comm. Tech. Bull.
No. 13. 28 p.
Teal, J. M., and J. Kanwisher. 1961. Gas exchange in a Georgia salt marsh.
Limnol. Oceanogr. 6:388-399.
U.S. Department of the Interior. Geological Survey, Washington, D.C. 1970.
The National Atlas of the United States, potential natural vegetation.
Vallentyne, J. R. 1955. Sedimentary chlorophyll determination as a
paleobotanical method. Can. J. Bot. 33:304-313.
Warren, C. E., and G. E. Davis. 1967. Laboratory studies of the feeding,
bioenergetics and growth of fish, p. 175-214. In S. D. Gerking (ed.) The
biological basis of freshwater fish production.- Blackwell Scientific Pub].,
Oxford. 510 p.
Watt, K. E. F. 1966. The nature of systems analysis p. 1-14. In K.
E. F. Watt (ed.) Systems analysis in ecology. Academic Press, New York.
Watt, D. J., and 0. L. Loucks. 1969. Models for describing changes with
ecosystems. Inst. for Environmental Studies, Univ. Wisconsin Pub].
Whipkey, R. Z. 1965. Measuring subsurface stormflow from simulated
rainstorms--A plot technique. USDA Forest Service Res. Note CS-29. 6 p.
Whipkey, R. Z. 1967. Storm runoff from forested catchments by subsurface
routes. Proc. Int. Assoc. Sci. Hydrol. Symposium. August 1967. Leningrad.
p. 773-779.
Whittaker, R. H. 1961. Estimation of net primary production of forest and
shrub communities. Ecology 42:177-180.

Windsor, G. 1969. Dynamics of Phosphorus, Silicon, Iron and; Aluminum
movement in gravitational rainwater in a Douglas-fir ecosystem. Ph.D.
thesis, Univ. Wash. 188 p.
8.183

Name: Paul E. Aho
Title: Plant Pathologist
8.6. Vitae
8.184
Mailing Address: USDA Forest Service., Pacific Northwest Forest and Range
Experiment Station, Forestry Sciences Laboratory,
P.O. Box 887, Corvallis, Oregon 97330
Born: Worcester, Massachusetts, June 29, 1934
Academic Training:
B.S. 1956 University of Massachusetts
M.F. 1957 Yale University
Professional Experience:
1957- Plant pathologist, USDA Forest Service, Pacific Northwest Forest
and Range Experiment Station, Corvallis,
Publications (recent, relevant):
1960. Heartrot hazard is low in Abies amabilis reproduction injured in
logging. Pacific Northwest Forest Exp. Sta. Res.
Note 196. 5 p.
1966. Defect estimation for grand fir, Engelmann spruce, Douglas--fir,
and western larch in the Blue Mountains of Oregon and Washington.
Pacific Northwest Forest and Range Exp. Sta. paper. 26 p.
1971. Decay of Engelmann spruce in the Blue Mountains of eastern Oregon
and Washington. Pacific Northwest Forest and Range Exp. Sta.
Res. Paper (in press).

Name: Norman H. Anderson
Title: Associate Professor
Mailing Address: Department of Entomology
Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon 97331
Born: Edam, Saskatchewan, March 17, 1933
Academic Training:
8. 185
B.S.A. 1955 University of British Columbia, Agricultural Entomology
M.S. 1958 Oregon State University, Entomology
D.I.C. and Ph.D. 1961 University of London, Imperial College, Entomology
Professional Experience:
1955-57 Research Officer, Biological Control Unit, Canada Department
of Agriculture
1958-62 Research Officer, Canada Department of Agriculture, Entomology
Research Institute, Belleville, Ontario.
1962-67 Assistant Professor; Oregon State University
1967- Associate Professor, Oregon State University
Publications (recent, relevant):
1958. (with C.V.G. Morgan). The role of Typh_lodromus spp. (Acarina:
Phytoseiidae) in British Columbia apple orcha-rds. Tenth Int. Congr.
Entomol. 4.:659-665.
1962. Growth and fecundity of Anthocoris spp. reared on various prey
(Heteroptera: Anthocoridae). Entomol. Exp. Appl. 5: 40-52.
1966. Depressant effect of moonlight on activity of aquatic insects.
Nature, Lond. 209: 319-320.
1968. (with D.H. Lehmkuhl). Catastrophic drift of insects in a woodland
stream. Ecology 49: 198-206.
1969. (with K.M. Azam). Life history and habits of Sialis rotunda and S.
californica in Western Oregon. Ann. Entomol. Soc, Amer.62:549:558.

Name: B. Bruce Bare
Title: Assistant Professor
8.186
Mailing Address: Center for Quantitative Science
University of Washington Seattle, Washington 98105
Born: South Bend, Indiana, April 24, 1942
Academic Training:
B.S. 1964 Purdue University, Forestry
M.S. 1966 University of Minnesota, Forest Mensuration
Ph.D. 1969 Purdue University, Forest Management
Professional Experience:
1964-67 (summers) Computer programmer and analyst, North Central
Forest Experiment Station, St. Paul, and Eastern Regional
Office, Milwaukee.
1969- Assistant Professor, University of Washington
Publications (recent, relevant).
1966. (with H. John). Regeneration estimates based on data from a
CFI-type inventory. Minnesota School of Forestry, Forestry Note
No. 176.
1967. (with T. Beers). The unbiasedness of horizontal and vertical point
sampling for estimating forest volume. Purdue Univ. Agr. Exp. Res.
Progress Rep. 312.
1968. (with R. Stone). A computer program for displaying forest survey
type information. North Central Forest Exp. Sta. Res. Note NC-45.
1969. (with E.L. Norman). An evaluation of integer programming in forest
production scheduling problems. Purdue Univ. Agr. Sta. Res. Bull.
No. 847.

Name: John F. Bell
Title: Associate Professor
Mailing Address: Forest Research Laboratory
School of Forestry
Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon 97331
Born: January 7, 1924
Academic Training:
B.S. 1949 Oregon State University
M.S. 1951 Duke University
Ph.D. 1970 University of Michigan
Professional Experience:
1949-59 State Forestry Department, State of Oregon
1959-64 Assistant Professor, Oregon State University
1964- Associate Professor, Oregon State University
Publications (recent, relevant):
1971. (with W. A. Groman). A field test of the accuracy of the Barr
and Stroud optical dendrometer. Forestry Chronicle.
1971. (with J. R. Dilworth). Variable probability sampling. Oregon
State Univ. Bookstores, Inc, Corvallis.
8.187

Name: George H. Belt
Title: Associate Professor
Mailing Address: College of Forestry, Wildlife and Range Sciences
University of Idaho, Moscow, Idaho 83843
Born: Washington, D.C., January 28, 1938
Academic Training:
B.S. 1960 North Carolina State College
M.S. 1962 Yale University
Ph.D. 1968 Duke University
Professional Experience:
1965- Associate Professor, University of Idaho
Publications (recent, relevant):
8.188
1970. Spring evapotranspiration from low sagebrush range in southern
Idaho. Water Resource Inst., Univ. Idaho, Tech. Completion Rep.
A-014-Ida.
1971. (with 1. Dirmhirn). Variation in albedo of selected sagebrush range
in the Intermountain Region. Agr. Meteorol. (accepted for
publication).

Name: Hugh Clark Black
Title: Associate Professor
8.189
Mailing Address: Forest Research Laboratory
School of Forestry, Oregon State University, Corvallis,
Oregon, 97331
Born: State College, Pennsylvania, December 19, 1926
Academic Training:
B.S. 1950 Pennsylvania State University, Forestry
M.S. 1955 Oregon State University, Wildlife Management
Ph.D. 1965 Oregon State University, Zoology
Professional Experience:
1964-67 Game Biologist, New Hampshire Fish and Game Department
1959-60 Instructor, Eastern Oregon College
1962- Associate Professor of Forestry, Oregon State University
Publications (recent, relevant):
1963. (with B.T. Vladimiroff). Effect of grazing on regeneration of
Douglas-'fir in southwestern Oregon. Soc. Amer. Foresters. (Boston,
Massachusetts). Proc. p. 69-76.
1969. (with E.J. Dimock, W.E. Dodge, and W.H. Lawrence). Survey of animal
damage on forest plantations in Oregon and Washington. Trans. Thirty
fourth North Amer. Wildlife and Nat. Resource Conf. (Washington, D.C.).

Name: Robert W. Brocksen
Title: Assistant Professor
Mailing Address: Department of Animal Physiology
University of California, Davis, California 95616
Born: Grants Pass, Oregon
Academic Training:
B.S. 1963 Oregon State University
M.S. 1966 Oregon State University
Ph.D. 1969 Oregon State University
Professional Experience:
1960-61 Seasonal Aide, Oregon State University
1962-63 Laboratory Assistant, Oregon State University
1964 Research Fellow, Oregon State University
1964-69 Assistant of Fisheries, Oregon State University
1969- Assistant Professor, University of California, Davis
Publications (recent, relevant):
8.190
1969. The analyses of trophic processes on the basis of density-dependent
functions, p. 468-498. In J. S. Steele (ed.) Symp. on marine food
chains. Univ. Calif. Berkeley Press.
1969. (with G. G. Chadwick). Rate of accumulation of dieldrin in fish
and selected fish-food organisms. J. Wildlife Manage. 33:693-700.
1969. (with E. Robertson). The effect of dieldrin on the growth and food
consumption of sculpins. (in preparation).
1970. (with R. C. Averett). Measuring the effects of water quality
changes on fish. Proc. Amer. Water Resources Assoc. p. 217-227.

Name: George W. Brown
Title: Assistant Professor
8.191
Mailing Address: Forest Research Laboratory
School of Forestry, Oregon State University, Corvallis,
Oregon 97331
Born: Warrensburg, Missouri, January 31, 1939
Academic Training:
B.S. 1960 Colorado State University.: Forest Management
M.S. 1962 Colorado State University, Forest Hydrology
Ph.D. 1967 Oregon State University, Forest Hydrology
Professional Experience:
1966- Assistant Professor, Oregon State University
Publications (recent, relevant):
1962. Piping erosion in Colorado. J. Soil and Water Conserv. 17:220-222.
1967. (with J.T. Krygier). Changing water temperatures in small mountain
streams. J. Soil and Water Conserv. 22:
1969 Predicting temperatures of small streams, Water Resources Res. 5:

Name: Robert L. Burgner
Title: Director, Professor
8.192
Mailing Address: Fisheries Research Institute
University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98105
Born: Yakima, Washington, January 16, 1919
Academic Training:
B.S. 1942 University of Washington, Fisheries
Ph.D. 1958 University of Washington, Fisheries
Professional Experience:
1946-55 Biologist, University of Washington
1948-54 Assistant to Director, University of Washington
1955-66 Assistant Director, University of Washington
1955-64 Research Associate Professor, University of Washington
1964-67 Associate Professor, University of Washington
1967- Director, University of Washington
1967- Professor, University of Washington
1967- Scientific Advisor, U.S. Section International North Pacific
Fisheries Commission
Publications (recent, relevant):
1966. Food production in two lake chains of Southwestern Alaska.
Verh. Int. Verein. Limnol. 16:1036-1043.
1968. Further studies on Alaska Sockeye Salmon (ed.). Univ. Wash.
Publ. Fish. New Ser. Vol. 3:267 p.
1969. (with C.J. Dicostanzo and others). U.S. Fish. Wildlife Serv.
Fish. Bull. 67:405-459.

Name: Robert H. Burgy
Title: Professor
Mailing Address: Department of Water Science and Engineering
University of California, Davis: California 95616
Born: July 27, 1923
Academic Training;
B.S. 1949 University of Wisconsin
M.S. 1950 University of Wisconsin
Professional Experience:
1950-55 Faculty member, University of California, Davis
1955-60 Faculty member, University of California, Berkeley.
1960- Professor, University of California, Davis
Publications (recent, relevant):
1964. (with D.C. Lewis). The relationship of oak tree rooting and
groundwater in fractured rock as determined by tritium tracing.
J. Geophys. Res. 69: 2579-2855.
1964. (with D.C. Lewis). Hydraulic characteristics of fractured and
jointed rock. Ground Water 2:4-9.
8.193
1966. (with G.J. Kriz and U.H. Scott). Analyses of parameters of an
unconfined aquifer. J. Hydraulics Div., Proc., ASCE 92 (HY5)749-56.
1966. (with G.J. Kriz and D.C. Lewis). 1966. Groundwater tracing by
tritiated water injection. Trans. ASAE 9(1).116-118, 121.
1970. (with Z.G. Papazafiriou). Hydrologic studies and watershed management
on brushlands. Cooperative Watershed Management Res. with
Calif. Dep. of Water Resources Progress Rep. No. 9,31 p.

Name: Lyle D. Calvin
Title: Professor, Chairman and Head
Mailing Address: Department of Statistics
Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon 97331
Born: Nebraska, April 12, 1923
Academic Training:
A.B. 1943 Parsons Kansas Junior College
B.S. 1947 North Carolina State, Experimental Statistics
B.S. 1948 University of Chicago, Meteorology
Ph.D. 1953 North Carolina State, Experimental Statistics
Professional Experience:
1947-50 Graduate Assistant, North Carolina State
1950-52 Biometrician, G. D. Searle and Co., Chicago
1952-53 Assistant Statistician, North Carolina State University
1953-57 Associate Professor, Oregon State University
1957-62 Professor, Oregon State University
1962- Professor, Head of Department, Oregon State University
Publications (recent, relevant):
8.194
1963. (with D.N. Hyder, C.E. Conrad, P.T. Tueller). Frequency sampling
of sagebrush-bunchgrass vegetation. Ecol. Col. 44, No. 4.
1963. Discussion: Forecasting yields with objective measurements. J.
Farm Econ. 45:1513-1514.
1964. (with R.H. Hicks). An evaluation of the punch card method of
estimating salmon-steelhead sport catch. Exp. Sta. Oregon State
Univ. Tech. Bull. No. 81.

Name: George C. Carrol
Title: Assistant Professor
Mailing Address: Department of Biology
University of Oregon, Eugene, Oregon. 97403
Born: Alton, Illinois, February 11, 1940
Academic Training:
B.A. 1962 Swarthmore College
1962-63 Copenhagen University
Ph.D. 1966 University of :Texas
Professional Experience:
1962-66 NSF Pre-doctoral Fellow, University of Texas
1966-67 Research
Texas
Scientist and Assistant Instructor, University of
1967- Assistant Professor, University of Oregon
Publications (recent, relevant):
1966. (with W.C. Denison). The primitive Ascomycete: a new look at an
old problem. Mycologia 58:249-269.
8.195
1968. (with D.M. Brenner). Fine-structural correlates of growth in hyphae
of Ascodesmis sphaerospora. J. Bacteriol. 95:658-671.
1971. (with F.E. Carroll). Fine structural studies on poroconidium
formation in Stemphylium botryosum. Proc. Kananaskis Conf. on
Nomenclature and Taxonomy in the Nyphomycetes. (In press).

Name: Douglas G. Chapman
Title: Professor, Director
8.196
Mailing Address: Center for Quantitative Science
University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98105
Born: Provost, Alberta, March 20, 1920
Academic Training:
B.A. 1939 University of Saskatchewan, Mathematics Economics
M.A. 1940 University of California, Berkeley, Mathematics
Ph.D. 1949 University of California, Berkeley, Mathematical Statistics
Professional Experience:
1946-48 Assistant Professor, Department of Mathematics,. University of
British Columbia
1948-49 Research Assistant, Statistical Laboratory, University of
California, Berkeley
1949-53 Assistant Professor, Department of Mathematics, University of
Washington
1954-55 Guggenheim Fellow, Oxford University
1953-57 Associate Professor, Department of Mathematics, University of
Washington
1958-59 Visiting Professor, Department of Experimental Statistics,
Institute of Statistics, North Carolina State College
1963-64 Visiting Research Associate, Institute of Marine Resources,
University of California at San Diego.
1957- Professor, Department of Mathematics, University of Washington
(Also Professor of College of Forest Resources and College of
Fisheries since 1968).
1964-69 Chairman, Biomathematics Group., University of Washington
1965- Chairman, Scientific Committee, International Whaling Commission
1968- Director, University of Washington
Publications (recent, relevant):
1966. (with U.S. Overton). Estimating and testing differences between
population levels by the Schnabel estimation method. J. Wildlife
Manage. 30:173-180.
1967. Stochastic models in animal population ecology. Sixth Symp. Math.
Statist. and Probability, Berkeley. 4:147-162.
1969. Statistical problems in the optimum utilization of fisheries
resources. Int. Statist. Inst. Bull. 42:268--290.

Name: Cheng-lung Chen
Title: Professor
8.197
Mailing Address: Utah Water Research Laboratory
Department of Civil Engineering, Utah State University,
Logan, Utah 84321
Born: November 1, 1931
Academic Training:
B.S. 1954 National Taiwan University
M.S. 1960 Michigan State University
Ph.D. 1962 Michigan State University
Professional Experience:
1955-58 Assistant Engineer, Taiwan Water Conservance Bureau
1958-62 Graduate Research Assistant, Michigan State University
1962-63 Research Associate, Michigan State University
1963-64 Associate Research Engineer, Utah State University
1964-65 Assistant Professor, Utah State University
196566 Associate Professor, Utah State University
1966-69 Associate Professor, University of Illinois
1969- Professor, Utah State University
Publications (recent, relevant):
1969. (with C.T. Wang). Nondimensional gradually-varied flow profiles.
J. Hydraulics Div., Proc. ASCE 95(Hy5)°1671-1686.
1969. Discussion of surface irrigation hydraulics--kinematics. J. Irrigation
and Drainage Div., Proc. ASCE 95 (IR4):627-629.
1970. Surface irrigation using kinematic-wave method. J. Irrigation and
Drainage Div., Proc. ASCE 96 (IR1)139-46.

Name: Russell F. Christman
Title: Associate Professor
Mailing Address: Department of Civil Engineering
University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98105
Born: Mobile, Alabama, June 30, 1936
Academic Training:
B.S. 1958 University of Florida, Chemistry
M.S. 1960 University of Florida, Chemistry
Ph.D. 1962 University of Florida, Chemistry
Professional Experience:
1960-62 Research Associate, University of Florida
1962-66 Research Assistant Professor, University of Washington
1966-68 Assistant Professor, University of Washington
1968- Associate Professor, University of Washington
1970- Special Assistant to the Provost for Environmental Affairs,
University of Washington
Publications:
8.198
1966. (with M. Ghassemi). The nature of organic color in water. J. AWWA
58:723
1967. (with R.A. Minear). Fluorometric detection of lignin sulfonates. Eng l
1967. (with R.T. Oglesby). Microbiological degradation of lignin and the
formation of humus. in K.V. Sarkanen (ed.) Lignins, Chemistry and
Utilization. lnterscience, New York.

Name: Dale W. Cole
Title: Associate Professor
Mailing Address: College of Forest Resources
University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98105
Born: Everett, Washington, May 28, 1931
Academic Training:
B.S. 1955 University of Washington
M.S. 1957 University of Wisconsin
Ph.D. 1963 University of Washington
Professional Experience:
1960-64 Research Associate, University of Washington
1964-64 Acting Instructor and Research Instructor, University of
Washington
1965- Assistant Professor to Associate Professor, University of
Washington
1968- Associate Director of the Organization for Tropical Studies
Publications (recent, relevant):
8.199
1967. (with S. P. Gessel, and S. F. Dice). Distribution and cycling of
Nitrogen, Phosphorus, Potassium and Calcium in a second growth
Douglas-fir ecosystem, p. 197-233. In Symp. Primary Productivity
and Mineral Cycling in Natural Ecosystem. Amer. Assoc. Advance.
Sci. Thirteenth Ann. Meeting (New York). December 1967. Univ.
Maine Press, Maine.
1968. (with S. P. Gessel). Cedar River research -- a program for studying
pathways, rates, and processes of elemental cycling in a forest
ecosystem. Univ. Wash. College of Forest Resources. Forest
Resources Monogr. Contrib. No. 4. 53 p.
1968. (with J. G. McColl). A mechanism of cation transport in a forest
soil. Northwest Sci. 42:134-140.
1968. A system for measuring conductivity, acidity, and rate of water
flow in a forest soil. Water Resources Res. 4:1127--1136.
1969. (with S. F. Dice). Biomass and nutrient flux in coniferous forest
ecosystems: the development of a quantitative ecological approach,
p. 55-70 In Center for Natural Resources (ed.) Coniferous Forests
of the Northern Rocky Mountains. Univ. Montana Foundation,
Missoula.

Name. Gary E. Daterman
Title: Research Entomologist
8.200
Mailing Address: USDA Forest Service,
Pacific Northwest Forest and Range Experiment Station,
Forestry Sciences Laboratory, P.O. Box 887, Corvallis,
Oregon 97330
Born: Freeport, Illinois, June 26, 1939
Academic Training:
B.A. 1962 University of California, Davis
M.S. 1964 Oregon State University
Ph.D. 1969 Oregon State University
Professional Experience:
1965- Research Entomologist, USDA Forest Service, Pacific Northwest
Forest and Range Experiment Station, Corvallis
Publications (recent, relevant):
1964. (with J. A. Rudinsky). Field studies on flight patterns and olfact ry
responses of ambrosia beetles in Douglas-fir forests of western
Oregon. Can. Entomol. 96:1339-1352.
1965. (with J. A. Rudinsky, and W. P. Nagel). Flight patterns of bark
and timber beetles associated with coniferous forests of western
Oregon. Oregon Agr. Exp. Sta. Tech. Bull. 87. 46 p.
1970. (with D. McComb). Female sex attractant for survey trapping
European pine shoot moth. J. Econ. Entomol. 63:1406-1409.

Name: Gerald E. Davis
Title: Associate Professor
Mailing Address: Department of Fisheries and Wildlife
Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon 97331
Born:
Academic Training:
B.S. 1956 University of Washington, Fisheries
M.S. 1960 Oregon State University, Fisheries
Ph.D. 1963 Oregon State University, Fisheries
Professional Experience.
1956-58 Research Biologist, Fish Commission of Oregon
1962-63 Instructor in Fisheries, Oregon State University
1963-68 Assistant Professor, Oregon State University
1968- Associate Professor, Oregon State University
Publications (recent, relevant):
8.201
1967. (with C. E. Warren). Laboratory studies of the feeding., bioenergetics
and growth of fish, p. 175-214. In S. D. Gerking
(ed.) the biological basis of freshwater fish production. Blackwel
Scientific Publications, Oxford, 510 p.
1968. (with C. E. Warren), Estimation of food consumption rates. In W. E
Ricker (ed.) Methods for assessment of fish production in fresh
waters. Blackwell Scientific Publications, Oxford, 313 p.
ion,
and production of sculpins and trout in laboratory stream communit ies.
J. Wildlife Manage. 32:51-75-
1968. (with R. W. Brocksen and C. E. Warren). Competition; food consumpt
1969. (with R. W. Brockson and B. E. Davis). The analyses of tropic
processes on the basis of density-dependent functions. In Symp.
on Marine Food Chains (Aarhus, Denmark). Univ. Calif. Press and
Oliver and Boyd, London (in press).
1

Flame.-
Title:
Allan C. DeLacy
Professor
Mailing Address. College of Fisheries
University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98105
Born: clay 21,
Academic Training:
1912
B. S. 1933 University of Washington
M.S. 1933 University of Washington
Ph.D. 1941 i;;iiversity of Washington
Professional Experience:
1337-42 Biologist, USFWS, Seattle
1943.-46 Biologist, State of Washington
1946- Professor, University of Washington
8.202

Name: Roger Del Moral
Title: Assistant Professor
Mailing Address_ Department of Botany
University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98105
Born: Detroit, MIchigan September 13, 1943
Academic Training:
B.S. 1965 University of California, Santa Barbara, Botany
M.S. 1966 University of California, Santa Barbara, Botany
Ph.D. 1968 University of California, Santa Barbara, Botany
Professional Experience:
1965-66 NDEA. Fellow, University of California
1967-68 NDEA Fellow, University of California
1966-67 Teaching Assistant, University of California
1967 (summer) NSF Summer Trainee, University of California
1968- Assistant Professor, University of Washington
Publications (recent, relevant):
1966. (with C. H. Muller). Soil toxicity induced by terpens from
Salvia leucophylla. Bull. Torrey Dot. Club. 93:130-137.
8.203
1969. (with C. H. Muller). Fog drip: a mechanism of toxin transport from
Eucalyptus globulus. Bull. Torrey Bot. Club. 96:467-475.

Nlame. William C. Denison
Title: Associate Professor
Mailing Address:
Born: Rochester, New York, June 1, 1928
Academic Training:
Department of Botany and Plant Pathology
University of Oregon, Corvallis, Oregon 97331
A.B. 1950 Oberlin College
M.S. 1952 Oberlin College
Ph.D. 1956 Cornell University
Professional Experience:
1955-60 Assistant Associate Professor, Swarthmore College
1958-59 Visiting Assistant Professor, University of North Carolina
1966- Associate Professor, Oregon State University
Publications (recent, relevant):
8.204
1966. (with G. C. Carroll). The primitive Ascomycete: a new look at old
problem. Mycologia 58:249-269.
1967. (with R. C. Carlstran). Ascocarp development in Leptosphaerul_ina
84:254°257.
argentinensis. J. Elisha Mitchell Sci. Soc.
1969. Central American pezizales. Ill. The genus Phillipsia. Mycologia.
(in press).

Name: Inge Dirmhirn
Title. Professor
Mailing Address: Department of Soils and Meteorology
Utah State University, Logan, Utah 84321
Academic Training:
Ph.D. 1950 University of Vienna
Professional Experience:
8.205
1948-63 Research Assistant, Research Associate, Research Meteorologist
and Acting Head of Department of Bioclimatology (1959-63)
at Zentralanstalt fuer Meteorolgge u. G., Vienna Austria.
1964 Project Associate Meteorologist, University of Wisconsin,
and Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, Maryland
1965-68 Associate Meteorologist, Colorado State University
1968- Professor, Utah State University
Publications (recent; relevant),-
1957. Zur spektralen verteilung der reflexion natuerlicher medien.
Wetter u. Leben 9:41-46.
1958. (with F. Sauberer). Ein kleiner interferenz monochromator fuer
spektralmessungen mit fernablesung. Webber u. Leben 10:158-163.
1960. Ein einfacher empfaenger zur rnessung der chlorophyll-absorption.
Wetter u. Leben 12:15-19.
1961. Light intensity at different levels. III In Entomological Studies
from a High Tower in Mpanga Forest, Uganda. Trans. Entomol. Soc.
London 113.270,274.
1964. Das Strahlungsfeid im Lebensraum (Environmental Radiation).
Akademische Verlagsgesellschaft, Frankfurt am Main, 426 p.
1968. On the use of silicon cells in meteorological radiation studies.
J. Appl. Meteorol. 77702-707.
1971. (with G. H. Belt). Variation in albedo of selected sagebrush rang
in the Intermountain Region. Agric. Meteorol. (in press).

Name: John R. Donaldson
Title, Assistant Professor
Mailing Address: Department of Fisheries and Wildlife
Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon 97331
Born: Helena, Montana, January 14, 1929
Academic Training:
B.S. 1951 University of Washington, Fisheries
M.S. 1954 University of Washington, Fisheries
Ph.D. 1966 University of Washington, Fisheries
Professional Experience:
8.206
1951-52 Fulbright Scholarship, University of Oslo, Norway
1952 & 53 (summers) Fisheries Biologist, Washington Department of Fisheries
1954-63 Aquatic Chemist, Washington Department of Game
1963-66 Pre-doctoral Associate, University of Washington
1966- Assistant Professor, Oregon State University
Publications (recent, relevant).
1959.
(with L. R. Donaldson and P. R. Olson). The Fern Lake trace
mineral metabolism program. Trans. Amer. Fish. Soc. 88:1-6.
1966. Hydromechanics of Iliamna Lake, Alaska 1964 and 1965. Fish. Res.
Inst., Coll. Fish. Univ. Wash. Circ. No. 66-10. 18 p.
1968. The status of Oregon Lakes. In: Seminar in Water and Environmental
Quality, Water Resources Res. Inst., Oregon State Univ., Corvallis.

Name: Charles H. Driver III
Title: Professor
Mailing Address: College of Forest Resources
University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98105
Born: Orlando, Florida, October 12, 1921
Academic Training:
B.S. 1947 University of Georgia, Forestry
M.S. 1950 University of Georgia, Forest Pathology
Ph.D. 1954 Louisiana State University, Plant Pathology
Professional Experience:
8.207
1952-54 A.E.C. Research Fellow, Louisiana State University
1954-57 Project Leader Paper Microbiology, Southern Kraft Division
Research Department, International Paper
1957-65 Director of Forestry Research, Woodlands Department, Southern
Kraft Division, International Paper
1965- Professor, University of Washington
Publications (recent, relevant):
1967. (with R. T. Oglesby and R. F. Christman). The biotransformation
of lignin to humus--facts and postulates. Adv. Appl. Microbiol.
9:171y184.
1968. (with J. H. Ginns, Jr.). The influence of local environment on
infection by Fomes anosus. Third Int. Conf. Fomes annosus. IUFRO
Section 24. (Copenhagen-). August. 1968.
1969. (with J. H. Ginns, Jr.). Annosus root-rot in slash pine plantations
four years after thinning and stump treatments.
53:23-25.
Plant Disease Rep.
1969. (with J. H. Ginns, Jr.). Ecology of slash pine stumps fungal
colonization and infection by Fomes anosus. Forest Sci. 15:2-10.

Name. C. Theodore Dyrness
Title: Principal Soil Scientist and Assistant Professor
8.208
Mailing Address: USDA Forest Service, Pacific Northwest Forest and
Range Experimental Station, Forestry Sciences Laboratory,
P.O. Box 887, Corvallis, Oregon 97330
Born: Chicago, Illinois, June 4, 1933
Academic Training:
B.S. 1954 Wheaton College
M.S. 1956 Oregon State University
Ph.D. 1960 Oregon State University
Professional Experience:
1959- Principal Soil Scientist, USDA Forest Service, Pacific Northwest
Forest and Range Experiment Station, Corvallis
1969- Assistant Professor, Oregon State University
Publications (recent, relevant):
1966. (with C. T. Youngberg). Soil-vegetation relationships within the
Ponderosa pine type in the central Oregon pumic region. Ecology
47:122-138.
1967. Erodibility and erosion potential of forest watersheds, p. 599-611,
to W. E. Sopper and H. W. Lull (ed.) Int. Symp. Forest Hydrol.,
The Pennsylvania State University, August 29-September 10, 1965.
Permagon Press, New York. 813 p.
1969. (with J. F. Franklin). Vegetation of Oregon and Washington. Pacific
Northwest Forest and Range Exp. Sta. Res. Paper PNW-80. 216 p.

Name: William K. Ferrell
Title: Professor
8.209
Mailing Address: School of Forestry, Oregon State University, Corvallis,
Oregon 97331:
Born: October 18, 1919
Academic Training:
B.S. 1941 University of Michigan
M.S. 1946 Duke University
Ph.D. 1949 Duke University
Professional Experience:
1948-53 Assistant Forest Soils Specialist, University of Idaho
1953-56 Assistant Professor, University of Idaho
1956-59 Assistant Professor, Oregon State University
1959-65 Associate Professor, Oregon State University
1965- Professor, Oregon State University
Publications (recent, relevant):
1965. (with K.W. Krueger). Comparative photosynthetic and respiratory
responses to temperature and light by Pseudotsuga menziesii var.
menziesii and var. glauca seedlings. Ecology x+6:794-801.
1968. (with J. Zavitkovski). Effect of drought upon rates of photosynthesis,
respiration, and transpiration of seedlings of two ecotypes of
Douglas-fir. Bot. Gaz. 129:346-350.
1970. (with J. Zavitkovski). Effect of drought upon rates of photosynthesis,
respiration, and transpiration of seedlings of Douglas-fir, 11.
Two-year-old seedlings. Photosynthetica 4:58-67.

Name. Jerry F. Franklin
Title: Principal Plant Ecologist and Associate Professor
Mailing Address: USDA Forest Service
Pacific Northwest Forest and Range Experiment Station,
Forestry Sciences Laboratory, P.O. Box 887, Corvallis,
Oregon 97330
Born: Waldport, Oregon, October 27, 1937
Academic Training:
B.S. 1958 Oregon State University
M.S. 1961 Oregon State University
Ph.D. 1966 Washington State University
Professional Experience:
1957-59 Forestry Aid, USDA Forest Service, Pacific Northwest Forest
and Range Experiment Station, Corvallis
1959-63 Research Forester, USDA Forest Service, Corvallis
1963-65 Associate Plant Ecologist, USDA Forest Service, Corvallis
1965-68 Plant Ecologist, USDA Forest Service, Corvallis
1968- Principal Plant Ecologist, USDA Forest Service, Corvallis
Associate Professor, Oregon State University
1970- Research Associate, Japanese Government Forest Experiment
Station, Tokyo
Publications (recent, relevant):
8.210
1969. (with R. F. Tarrant and others). Nitrogen enrichment of two
forest ecosystems by red alder (Alnus rubra). USDA Forest Service,
Pacific Northwest Forest and Range Exp. Sta. Paper PNW-76. 8 p.
1969. (with C. T. Dyrness). Vegetation of Oregon and Washington. USDA
Forest Service, Pacific Northwest Forest and Range Exp. Sta.
Paper PNW-80. 216 p.
1970. (with C. T. Dyrness and W. H. Moir). A reconnaissance method for
forest site classification. Shinrin Rich. 12:1-16 (Japanese
summary).
1971. (with C. T. Dyrness). A checklist of vascular plants on the H. J.
Andrews Experimental Forest. USDA Forest Service, Pacific
Northwest Forest and Range Exp. Sta. Res. Note PNW-138.

Name. Richard L. Fredriksen
Title: Research Forester and Assistant Professor
8.211
Mailing Address: USDA Forest Service, Pacific Northwest Forest and
Range Experiment Station, Forestry Sciences Laboratory,
P.O. Box 887, Corvallis, Oregon 97330
Born:
Academic Training:
B.S 1954 University of Washington, Forestry
M.F. 1961 University of Washington, Forestry
Professional Experience:
1959-60 Technician, Forest Management Research, Weyerhaeuser Forest
Research Center, Centralia
1960-64 Research Forester, H. J. Andrews Forest
1964- Research Forester, USDA Forest Service, Corvallis
1971- Assistant Professor, Oregon State University
Publications (recent, relevant):
1966. Three types of stream gaging instruments for small watersheds.
Barometer Watershed Instrumentation Work Conf, Proc. 1966. 11 p.
1967. Summer water balance changes on an old--growth Douglas-fir site
after logging. (Abstract) Northwest Sci. 41:50.
1967. (with J. Rothacher and C. T. Dyrness). Hydrologic and related
characteristics of three small watersheds in the Oregon Cascades.
USDA Forest Service, Pacific Northwest Forest and Range Exp. Sta.
Misc. Publ. 54 p.
1969. A battery powered proportional stream water sampler. Water
Resources Res.

Name: Leo J. Fritschen
Title: Associate Professor
Mailing Address< College of Forest Resources
University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98105
Born: Salina, Kansas, September 14, 1930
Academic Training:
B.S. 1952 Kansas State University
M.S. 1958 Kansas State University
Ph.D. 1960 Iowa State University
Professional Experience:
8.212
1953-56 Weather Officer (Forecaster) U.S. Air Force, Okinawa and Texas
1960-62 Soil Scientist, U.S. Water Conservation Laboratory, Phoenix
1962-66 Research Meteorologist, U.S. Water Conservation Laboratory,
Phoenix
1966- Associate Professor, University of Washington
Publications (recent, relevant):
1967. Net solar radiation relations over irrigated field crops. Agr.
Meteorol. 4:55-62.
1967. (with R. Nixon). Microclimate before and after irrigation. Ground
Level Climatology. Amer. Assoc. Advance. Sci., Washington, D. C.
Pub]. 86.
1967. A sensitive cup--type anemometer. J. Appl. Meteorol. 6:695-698.
1969. Evapotranspiration and meteorological methods of estimation as
applied to forest, p. 8-28. In Proc. Third Forest Microclimate Symp.
Kananaskis Forest Experiment Station. Seebee, Alberta. September
23-26. 1969.
1970. (with R. Hinshaw). Diodes for temperature measurement. J. Appl.
Meteorol. 9:530-532.

Name: Robert I. Cara
Title: Associate Professor
Mailing Address: College of Forest Resources
University of Washington, Seattle Washington 98105
Born: Santiago, Chile December 16, 1931
Academic Training:
B.S. 1953 Utah State University, Forest Management
M.S. 1962 Oregon State University
Ph.D. 1964 Oregon State University, Forest Entomology
Professional Experience:
1957-60 Forester, Kirby Lumber Corp., Houston, Texas
1960-63 Graduate Assistant, Oregon State University
1964=66 Project Leader, Forest Entomology Laboratory, Boyce
Thompson Institute, Beaumont, Texas
1966-68 Assistant to Associate Professor; Syracuse University
1968- Associate Professor.; University of Washington
Publications (recent, relevant);
8.213
1970. (with S. C. Cade and B. F. Hrutfiord). Identification of a primary
attractant for Gnathotrichus sulcatus. J. Econ. Entomol. 63:1014-
_
1015.
1970. Notes on flight and host selection behavior of the pine engraver
fps pini (Coleoptera:Scolytidae) Ann. Entomol. Soc. Amer. 63:947-
1050.
1970. Studies on the shoot borer Hypsipyla grandella. Zeller I. Host
selection behavior. Turrialba. 2 ::233N240.' --'-
1970. Studies on the shoot borer Hypsipyla Zeller. H. Host preference
of the larva. Turrialba. 20:241-247.

Name: Arden R. Gaufin
Title: Professor
Mailing Address: Department of Biology
University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah 84112
Born: Salt Lake City, Utah, December 25, 1911
Academic Training:
8.214
B.S. 1935 University of Utah, Botany and Zoology
M.S. 1937 University of Utah, Entomology
Ph.D. 1951 Iowa State University, Limnology and Fisheries Biology
Professional Experience:
1943-45 Entomologist, Sanitary Corps, U.S. Army
1946-49 Instructor, University of Utah
1950-53 Aquatic Biologist, Stream Sanitation Research Unit, Environmental
Health Center, Cincinnati
1953-54 Assistant Professor, University of Utah
1954-61 Associate Professor, University of Utah
1961-68 Professor, University of Utah
1968-69 Professor and Director of Environmental Biology, University of
Montana
Professor, University of Utah
(recent, relevant),
(with A.W. Knight). Oxygen consumption of several species of
stoneflies (Plecoptera). J. Insect. Physiol. 12:347--355.
1965. (with A.W. Knight). Function of stonefly gills under reduced
dissolved oxygen concentration. Proc. Utah Acad. 42:186-190.
1967. (with A.W. Knight). Stream type selection and associations of
stoneflies (Plecoptera) in a Colorado River drainage system.
J. Kans. Entomol. Soc. 40:347-352,
1968. (with A.V. Nebeker). The winter stoneflies of the Rocky Mountains
(Plecoptera: Capniidae). Trans. Amer. Entomol. Soc. 94:1-24.

Name: Lloyd Wesley Gay
Title: Assistant Professor
8.215
Mailing Address: Forest Research Laboratory
School of Forestry, Oregon State University, Corvalls,
Oregon 97331
Born: Bryan, Texas, June 26, 1933
Academic Training:
Texas
B.S. 1955 Colorado State University, Forest Recreation
Dip. For. 1953 Australian For. School, Forest Influences
M.F. 1962 Duke University, Forest Climatolog;
Ph.D. 1966 ,. uke University.. Forest Climatology
Professional Experience:
1960-61 Research Forester and officer-in-charge. USDA Forest Service,
Central Sierra Snow Laboratory, Soda Springs, California
1961-66 Research assistant, Duke University
1966- Assistant Professor, Oregon State University
Publications (recent, relevant):
1962. Measuring snowpack profiles with radioactive sources, p. 14-19
In Thirtieth Ann. Western Snow Conf. Proc. 1962.
1963. (with H.W. Anderson and P.M. McDonald). Use of radioactive sources
in measuring characteristics of snowpacks. USDA Forest service,
Pacific Southwest Forest and Range Exp. Sta. Res. Note. PSW-11.
1965. (with K.K. Knoerr). Tree-leaf energy balance. Ecology 46:17-24.
1968. Effect of spray cooling on plum temperatures. Eighth Ann. Conf.
Agr. Meteorol. Amer.'Metuorol. Soc. (Ottawa, Canada) May 21-23,
1968.

Name: Stanley P. Gessel
Title: Professor and Associate Dean
8-.216
Mailing Address: College of Forest Resources
University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, 98105
Born: Utah, October 14, 1916
Academic Training:
B.S. 1939 Utah State Agriculture College
Ph.D. 1950 University of California, Berkeley
Professional Experience:
1948- Instructor to Professor, and Associate Dean, University of
Washington
1949 Summer. Forest Soils Specialist,, U.S. Soil Conservation Service
1950-51 Summers. In charge of Soil Survey, Eastern Rockies Forest
Conservation Board, Calgary
1952 Summer. Soils Inventory and Research, Washington State University
1953 Summer. Research, Scott Paper Company, Everett
1955 Spring. Visiting Professor, University of Wisconsin
1955-56 Summers. Research, Weyerhaeuser Company, Centralia
1957-62 Summers. Radiation Biology Laboratory, Rongelap, Marshall Islands
1964 Summer. Eniwetok, Bikini Island Expedition
1966 Summer. Research, College of Forestry, Costa Rica
Publications (recent, relevant):
1963. (with P.E. Ileilman). Nitrogen requirements and the biological
cycling of nitrogen in Douglas-fir stands in relationshipto the
effects of nitrogen fertilization. Plant and Soil. 18:386-402.
1965. (with D.W. Cole). Movement of elements through a forest sail as
influenced by tree removal and fertilizer additions. In Forest-Soil
Relationships in North America. Oregon State Univ. Press,Corvallis.
1967. (with D.W. Cole and S.F. Dice). Distribution and cycling of
nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, and calcium in a second growth
Douglas-fir ecosystem, p. 193-197. In Mineral Cycling in Natural
Ecosystems. Proc. Amer. Assoc. Advance. Sci. Ann. Meeting (New York).
Maine Univ. Press, Maine.
1969. (with T.N. Stoate and J.K. Turnbull). The growth behavior of Douglasfir
with nitrogenous fertilizer in Western Washington.
Products, University of Washington. Contr. No. 7.
Inst. For.

Name: C. M. G i lmour
Title: Professor and Head
Mailing Address: Department of Bacteriology
University of Idaho, Moscow, Idaho 83843
Born: July 2, 1916
Academic Training:
B.S. 1941 University of British Columbia
M.S. 1945 University of British Columbia
Ph.D. 1949 University of Wisconsin
Professional Experience:
1948-49 Instructor, University of Wisconsin
1949-50 Assistant Professor, Oklahoma State University
1950-51 Associate Professor, Oklahoma State University
1951-56 Associate Professor, Oregon State University
1956-67 Professor, Oregon State University
1967-70 Director for Environmental Biology, University of Utah
1970- Professor, University of Idaho
Publications (recent, relevant):
8.217
1964. (with R.P. Bhatt and J.V. eMayeux). Comparative role of nitrate and
molecular oxygen in the dissimilation of glucose. Nature 203:55-58.
1966. (with A.G. Wollum and C.T. Youngberg). Characterization of a
Streptomyces sp. isolated from root nodules of Ceanothus velutinus.
Soil Sci. Proc. 30:463-467.
1970. (with L.A. Bu)la and W.B. Dollen). Nonbiological reduction of
nitrate in soil. Nature 225:664.
1965. licroorganisms and Soil Fertility. Oregon State Univ. press,
Corvallis. 164 p.

Name: Charles R. Goldman
Title: Professor
Mailing Address: Department of Zoology
University of California, Davis, California 95616
Born: Illinois, November 9, 1930
Academic Training:
B.S. 1952 University of Illinois
M.S. 1955 University of Illinois
Ph.D. 1959 University of Illinois
Professional Experience:
1954-55 Assistant Aquatic Biologist, State Natural History Survey,
Illinois
1955-57 Assistant, University of Michigan
1956-57 Biologist,University of Michigan
1957-58 Teaching Fellow, University of Michigan
1957-58 Fisheries-Research Biologist, USF and WS, Alaska
1956,57,60 Field work in Alaska
1958 Field work in California
1961,62 Field work in Antarctica
1964-65 Field work in Italy
1968 Field work in Africa
1968 Field work in Argentina
1958-69 Instructor Zoology, University of California, Davis
1960-63 Assistant Professor, University of California, Davis
1963-66 Associate Professor, University of California, Davis
1966-69 Professor and Director, Institute of Ecology
1966- Professor, University of California, Davis
8.218

Name: Jane Gray
Title: Associate Professor, Curator of Paleobotany
Mailing Address: Museum of Natural History
University of Oregon, Eugene, Oregon 97405
Born:
Academic Training:
B.S. 1951 Radcliffe College
Ph.D. 1958 University of California, Berkeley
Professional Experience:
1956-58 Instructor in Geology, University of Texas
1958-61 Research Associate, University of Arizona
1961-62 Research Associate, University of Oregon
1963-66 Assistant Professor of Biology, University of Oregon
Curator of Paleobotany, University of Oregon
1966- Associate Professor of Biology, University of Oregon
Curator of Paleobotany, University of Oregon
Publications (recent, relevant):
8.219
1970. (with W. Smith). Pollen analysis,, p. 83-99. In B. M. Fagen (ed.)
Introductory Readings in Archaeology. Little, Brown and Co., Boston.
1970. (with A.J. Boucot). Silurian trilete spore occurrences. Geol. Soc.
Amer., Abstr. with Programs, 2:560-561,
1971. (with A.J. Boucot). Inverse acritarch°-chitinozoan scolecodont and
trilete spore abundance relationship: a shoreline finding guide for
the Silurian. Geol. Soc. Amer., Abstr. with Programs 3:127 128.
1971. (with D.A. ilolmgren). Geochronologic equivalence of type Picture
Gorge Basalt, Central Oregon and type Yakima Basalt, Central
Washington. Geol. Soc. Amer., Abstr. with Programs, 3°137.

Name: James D. Hall
Title: Associate Professor
Mailing Address: Department of Fisheries and Wildlife
Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon 97331
Born: Columbus, Ohio, August 31, 1933
Academic Training:
8.220
A.B. 1955 University of California at Berkeley, Wildlife Conservation
M.S. 1960 University of Michigan, Fisheries
Ph.D. 1963 University of Michigan, Fisheries
Professional Experience:
1958-62 Graduate Fellow, Michigan Department of Conservation Institute for
Fisheries Research
1959-60 Teaching Fellow, University of Michigan
1962-63 Research Instructor, University of Washington
1963-68 Assistant Professor, Oregon State University
1968- Associate Professor, Oregon State University
Publications (recent, relevant):
1963. An ecological study of the chestnut lamprey, Ichthyomyzen castaneus
Girard, in the Manistee River, Michigan. (Abstr.). Dissertation
Abstr. 24:901-902.
1963. Recommendations for control of the chestnut lamprey in theManistee
River, Michigan, Michigan Dep. Conserv., Inst. Fish. Res. Dep.
Rep. No. 1665. 9 p.
1968. (with J. Homer Campbell). The effects of logging on thelabitat of
coho salmon and cutthroat trout in coastal streams. In Logging and
Salmon. Amer. Inst. Fish. Res. Biol. Forum Proc. Juneau, Alaska.
1969. (with R.L. Lantz) Effects of logging on the habitat of coho salmon
and cutthroat trout in coastal streams p. 355°-375. 1n T. G.
Northcote (ed.) Symp. Salmon and Trout in Streams. Univ.
British Columbia, Vancouver.

Name: George E. Hart
Title: Associate Professor
Mailing Address: Forest Science Department,
Utah State University, Logan Utah, 84321
Born: February 6, 1929
Academic Training:
B.A. 1951 Yale University
B.S. 1956 University of Michigan
M.S. 1956 University of Michigan
Ph.D. 1966 University of Michigan
Professional Experience:
8.221
1956-59 Research Forester, Northeastern Forest Experiment Station,
Parsons, West Virginia
1959-66 Associate Hydrologist, Northeastern Forest Experiment Station,
Durham, New Hampshire
1966- Associate Professor, Utah State University
Publications (recent, relevant):
1967. New stream-gaging instruments, p. 787-790. In W.E. Sopper and
H.W. Lull (ed.) Int. Symp. Forest Hydrol. The Pennsylvania State
University, August 29-September 10, 1965. Permagon Press, New
York. 813 p...
1969. (with J. D. Schultz, and G. B. Coltharp). Controlling transpiration
in aspen with phenylmercuric acetate. Water Resources Res. 5:110-113.
1969. A semiautomatic method for reducing streamflow records. J. Soil
and Water Conserv. 24.

Name: William H. Hatheway
Title: Associate Professor
8.222
Mailing Address: College of Forest Resources and Center for Quantitative
Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
98105
Born: Hartford, Connecticut, November 28: 1923
Academic Training:
B.S. 1948 University of Chicago, Mathematics, Statistics
M.S. 1952 University of Chicago, Botany
M.F. 1953 Harvard University, Forestry
Ph.D. 1956 Harvard University, Biology
Professional Experience:
1950-51 Research in Botany: Hawaiian Islands and Canton Island
1952 Atoll Research Project, Pacific Science Board, National
Research Council
1955-56 Temporary Scientific Aide, The Rockefeller Foundation, Medellin,
Colombia
1956-57 Staff Member, The Rockefeller Foundation, assigned to Department of
Experimental Statistics, North Carolina State College
1957-61 Assistant Statistician, Field Staff in Agriculture
1961-64 Associate Statistician, The Rockefeller Foundation (Mexico, D.F.
Mexico)
1964-65 Executive Director, Organization for Tropical Studies, Inc.,
San Jose, Costa Rica.
1965-66 Botanist. Tropical Science Center, San Jose, Costa Rica.
1965- Collaborator in Botany, The Smithsonian Institution
1967-°69 Adjunct Associate Professor, Botany Department, North Carolina
State University
1967- Consultant to the Smithsonian Institution, APEG Ecological
Program, Belem, Para, Brazil
1968 Visiting Professor of Botany, Organization for Tropical Studies,
Costa Rica (Spring and Summer).
1969- Associate Professor, University of Washington
Publications (recent, relevant):
1962': A weighted hybrid index. Evolution 16,1-10.
1963. (with U. J. Grant, D. H. Timothy, C. Cassalett, and L. M. Roberts).
Races of maize in Venezuela. Nat. Acad. Sci. Nat. Res. Council Pub].
1136:1-92.
1967. Physiognomic characterizations of three vegetational types at the
Guama Ecological Research Area. Belem Brazil. Consultant's
Report to the Smithsonian institution.

Name: William T. Helm
Title: Associate Professor
Mailing Address: Department of Wildlife Resources
Utah State University, Logan, Utah 84321
Born: Niagara Falls, New York, May 12, 1923
Academic Training:
B.S. 1950 University of Wisconsin, Conservation
M.S. 1951 University of Wisconsin, Botany-Zoology
Ph.D. 1958 University of Wisconsin, Zoology
Professional Experience:
1951-53 Limnologist, Tennessee Valley Authority
1955-58 Project Associate, University of Wisconsin
1959-66 Assistant Professor, Utah State University
1966- Associate Professor, Utah State University
Publications (recent, relevant):
8.223
1965. (with R. A. Dalton, T. H. Lee and J. L. Hesse). Distribution of
Sculpin, Cottus estensus, in Bear Lake Utah--Idaho. Proc. Utah
Acad. Sci., Arts and Letters 42:70-73.
1966. (with W. F. Sigler, J. W. Angelovic, D. W. Linn and S. S. Martin).
The effects of uranium mill wastes on stream biota. Agr. Extension,
Utah State Univ. Bull. No. 462. 76 p.
1969. (with S. S. Martin and Ii. F. Sigler). Accumulation of 226Ra in
two aquatic ecosystems. Proc. Second Nat. Symp. Radioecology.

Name: John A. Helms
Title: Assistant Professor
8.224
Mailing Address: School of Forestry and Conservation
University of California, Berkeley, California 94720
Born: Esperance, West Australia, 1931
Academic Training:
B.S. 1953 Australian Forestry School
M.S. 1960 University of Washington
Ph.D. 1963 University of Washington
Professional Experience:
1963-64 Research Associate, University of Washington
1964-65 Acting Assistant Professor, University of California, Berkeley
1965- Assistant Professor, University of California Berkeley
Publications (recent; relevant):
1964. Apparent photosynthesis of mature Douglas-fir in relation to
silvicultural treatment, Forest Sci. 10:432-442.
1965. Diurnal and seasonal patterns of net assimilation in Douglas-fir
(Pseudotsuga menziesii (Mirb. Franco), as influenced by environment.
Ecology6'T98-708.-'Y-
1970. Summer net photosynthesis of ponderosa pine in its natural environment.
Photosynthetica 4:243-253.

Name: Richard Hermann
Title: Associate Professor
Mailing Address: Forest Research Laboratory, School of Forestry,
Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon 97331
Born: February 16, 1924
Academic Training:
B.S. 1951 Ludwig -Maximilian University, Munich Germany
M.S. 1956 Yale University
Ph.D. 1960 Oregon State University
Professional Experience:
1951-54 Forester, Bavarian Forest Service
1958-59 Instructor, Department of Botany, Oregon State University
1959-61 Ecologist, Oregon Protection and Conservation Committee
1961-65 Assistant Professor, Oregon State University
1965-71 Associate Professor, Oregon State University
Publications (recent, relevant):
8.225
1969. Root development and height increment of ponderosa pines in pumice
soils of central Oregon. Forest Sci. 15:226--237.

Name. Helge Irgens-Moller
Title: Associate Professor
Mailing Address: Forest Research Laboratory
Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon 97331
Born: Copenhagen, Denmark, January 21, 1922
Academic Training:
8.226
B.S. 1949 Royal Veterinary and Agriculture College, Copenhagen,
Horticulture
Ph.D. 1958 Oregon State University, Botany
Professional Experience:
1951-53 Technical
Experiment Assistant
1952-54
to Forest Geneticist, Petawawa Forest
Station, Chalk River, Ontario, Canada
Technical Assistant, Marie Moors Cabot Foundation forfbtanical
1963-64
1959-66
1966-
Research, Harvard University, Cambridge; Massachusetts
NSF Fellowship and sabbatical leave; Arboretum, Horsholm, Denmark
Assistant Professor, Oregon State University
Associate Professor, Oregon State University
Publications (recent, relevant):
1967. Patterns of height growth initiation and cessation in Douglas-fir.
Silvae Genetica 16:41°88.
1967. Geographical variation in growth patterns of Douglas-fir. Silvae
Genetica. 16:

Name: Eugene K. Israelsen
Title: Research Engineer
Mailing Address: Utah Water Research Laboratory
Department of Civil Engineering
Utah State University, Logan. Utah
Born: Hyrum, Utah, June 28, 1936
Academic Training:
S.S. 1962 Utah State University
M.S. 1967 Utah State University
Professional Experience:
8.227
1961-62 Assistant Engineer, Dam Construction, Utah Water and Power
Board, Salt Lake City, Utah
1964-65 Part-time; Utah Water Research Laboratory, Department of Civil
Engineering, Utah State University
1965- Utah Water Research Laboratory, Department of Civil Engineering,
Utah State University
Publications (recent, relevant):
1969. (with M. R. Packer and J. P. Riley). Simulation of the hydrologiceconomic
flow system. Utah Water Research Laboratory. Utah State
University, Logan Utah. June.
1969. (with V. V. D. hsarayana, D. G. Chadwick and J. P. Riley). Analog
computer simulation of water resource systems. Paper presented
at a Western Simulation Conference, Palo Alto, California. July 17, 1969.

Name: Harold J. Jensen
Title: Professor
Mailing Address: Department of Botany and Plant Pathology
Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon 97331
Born: September 16, 1921
Academic Training:
B.S. 1947 University of California Berkeley
Ph.D. 1950 University of California, Berkeley
Professional Experience:
1950- Professor, Oregon State University
Publications:
8.228
'1967 (with R. H. Mulvey). Mononchidae of Nigeria. Can. J. Zoo]. 45:667-727.
11968. (with R. H. Mulvey). Predaceous Nematodes (Mononchidae) of Oregon.
Oregon State Monographs (Studies in Zoology). No. 12. 57 p.
1970. Survival of Chloroplyceae infested by saprozoic nematodes.
J. Nematol. 2:351.354.
1971. Protection of Fusarium and Verticillium propagules from selected
biocides following ingestion by Pristionchus lheritieri. J. Nematol.
3.2327

Name: Carl F. Jordan
Titled Assistant Ecologist
Mailing Address: Bldg. 181, Argonne National Laboratory
Argonne, Illinois 60439
Born: December 10, 1935, New Brunswick, New Jersey
Academic Training:
B.S. 1958 University of Michigan
M.S. 1964 Rutgers University
Ph.D. 1966 Rutgers University
Professional Experience:
8.229
1962.65 Teaching Assistant, Biology Department, Douglass College,
New Brunswick, New Jersey
1965-66 Research Assistant, Soils Department, Rutgers University
1966-63 Associate Scientist I, Puerto Rico Nuclear Center
1968-69 Associate Scientist it and Acting Project Director, Terrestrial
Ecology Project, Puerto Rico Nuclear Center
1969- Assistant Ecologist, Ecology Project, Argonne National Laboratory
Publications (recent, relevant):
1968. (with J. R. Kline). Tritium movement in soil of a tropical rain
forest. Science 160:550-551.
1970. (with J. J. Koranda, J. R. Kline and J. R. Martin). Tritium movement
in a tropical ecosystem. BioScience 20:807 812.
1970. (with J. R. Martin, J. J. Koranda, and J. R. Kline). Radio-ecological
studies of tritium movement in a tropical rain forest. Symp.
Engineering with Nuclear Explosives Proc. p. 422-438.
1970. (with J. R. Kline, J. R. Martin, and J. J. Koranda). Measurement
of transpiration in tropical trees with tritiated water. Ecology
51:10681073.

Name: M. Allan Kays
Title: Associate Professor
Mailing Address: Department of Geology
University of Oregon, Eugene, Oregon
Born: Princeton, Indiana, May 13, 1934
Academic Training:
B.A. 1956 Southern Illinois University
M.S. 1958 Washington University
Ph.D. 1960 Washington University
Professional Experience:
1956-58 Instructor, Washington University
1958-60 Research Assistant, Washington University
1961-65 Assistant Professor, University of Oregon
1965- Associate Professor, University of Oregon
Publications:
8.230
1964. (with J. L. Bruemmer). Gravity field over zones of major tectonism,
southwest Oregon, The Ore Bin 26:43-52.
1965. (with B. H. Helming). Anomalous metamorphism of Jurassic rocks,
Klamath Mountains, southwestern Oregon. Geol. Soc. of Amer.
Special Paper p. 85-86.
1965. Petrographic and modal relations, Sanford hill titaniferous
magnetite deposit. Econ. Geol. 60:1261-1297.

Name: Jerry R. Kline
Title: Associate Ecologist
Mailing Address: Bldg. 181, Argonne National Laboratory
Argonne, Illinois 60439
Born: Minneapolis, Minnesota, May 21, 1932
Academic Training:
B.S. 1957 University of Minnesota (with honors)
F.S. 1960 University of Minnesota
Ph.D. 1964 University of Minnesota
Professional Experience:
8.231
1963-64 Ph.D. Thesis appointment, Argonne National Laboratory
1964-65 Postdoctoral Research Associate, Argonne National Laboratory
1965-66 Associate Scientist 1, Puerto Rico Nuclear Center
1966-68 Chief Scientist I and Director of Terrestrial Ecology Project,
Puerto Rico Nuclear Center
1968- Associate Ecologist, Argonne National Laboratory
Publications (recent, relevant):
1968. (with C. F. Jordan). Tritium movement in soil of a tropical rain
forest. Science 160:550-551.
1970. (with J. R. Martin, C. F. Jordan, and J. J. Koranda). Measurement
of transpiration in tropical trees with tritiated water. Ecology
51:1068-1073.
1970. (with J. R. Martin, C. F. Jordan, and J. J. Koranda). Radio-ecological
studies of tritium movement in a tropical rain forest. In Symp.
Engineering with Nuclear Explosives Proc. p. 422.438.
1970. (with D. F. Jordan, J. J. Koranda, and J. R. Martin). Tritium
movement in a tropical ecosystem. BioScience 20:807--812.

Name: Allen W. Knight,
Title: Associate Professor
Mailing Address: Department of Water Science and Engineering
University of Californa, Davis, California 95616
Born: Grand Rapids, Michigan
Academic Training:
B.S. 1959 Western Michigan University
M.S. 1961 Michigan State University
Ph.D. 1965 University of Utah
Professional Experience:
8.232
1959-60 Research Fellow, Michigan Institute for Fisheries Research
1960-61 Research Fellow, Michigan State University
1961-62 Research Fellow, University of Utah
1961-62 Consultant, U.S. Public Health, Colorado River Project
1962-65 Fellow, University of Utah, NIH Fellow
1965-68 Assistant Professor of Zoology, W. K. Kellog Biological Station,
Michigan State University
1968- Associate Professor, University of California, Davis
Publications (recent, relevant):
1970. (with L. W. Weisbecker, J. L. MacKin, and R. W. Brocksen). An
environmental monitoring program for the Sacramento-San Joaquin
Delta and Suisun Bay. Final Report. State Water Resources Control
Board. The Resources Agency, State of California. 154 p.
1970. (with D. R. Heiman). Studies on growth and development of the
stonefly Paragnetina media Walker (Plecoptera: Perlidae) Amer.
Midland Natur u+274-278.
1970. (with M. F. Petitpren). Oxygen consumption of the dragonfly,
Anax junius. J. Insect Physiol. 16:449-459.

Name: Donald M. Knutson
Title: Plant Pathologist
8.233
Mailing Address: USDA Forest Service, Pacific Northwest Forest and Range
Experiment Station, Forestry Sciences Laboratory, Corvallis,
Oregon 97330
Born: St Cloud, Minnesota, December 23; 1935
Academic Training:
B.S. 1957 University of Minnesota
M.S. 1965 University of Minnesota
Ph.D. 1968 University of Minnesota
Professional Experience:
1968- Plant Pathologist, USDA Forest Service Pacific Northwest Forest
and Range Experiment Station, Corvallis, Oregon
Publications (recent, relevant):
1969. A technique for estimating relative number of bacteria in wood
samples. Northwest Sci. 43:38.
1970. A method
Service,
PNW-128, 3 p.
for sampling yeasts and bacteria in sound wood. USDA Forest
Pacific Northwest Forest and Range Exp. Sta. Res. Note
1971. (with E. Sucoff). The bacteria in sapwood, wetwood, and heartwood
of trembling aspen. Phytopathology (in press).

Name: Gerald W. Krantz
Title: Professor
Mailing Address: Department of Entomology
Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon 97330
Born: Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, March 12, 1928
Academic Training:
B.S. 1951 University of Pittsburgh
Ph.D. 1955 Cornell University
Professional Experience:
8.234
1955-61 Assistant Professor, Oregon State University
1961-66 Associate Professor, Oregon State University
1962-63 National Science Foundation Grantee, Stazione di Entomologia
Agraria, Florence, Italy
1965 Deputy Leader and microzoologist, American Quintana Roo
Expeditions
1966- Professor Oregon State University
1967 Lecturer, Institute of Acarology, Ohio State University
1968 Deputy Leader and microzoologist, American Quintana Roo Expeditions
1969-70 Research Professor, Instituto di Biologia del Mare del CNR,
Venice, Italy
Publications (recent, relevant):
1965. A new species of Macrocheles (Acarina: Macrochelidae) associated
with bark beetles of the genera fps and Dendroctonus. J. Kansas
Entomol. Soc. 38:145-53.
1969. The mites of Quintana Roo. 1. A new species of Eutrachytes (Mesostigmata:
Uropodidae) from the Yucatan Peninsula, with observations on the
classification of the genus. Ann. Entomol. Soc. Amer. 62:62-70.
1970. Acari (Mesostigmata): Macrochelidea. In Brinck and Rudebeck (ed.)
South African Animal Life. 14:19-°23 --
1970. A manual of acarology. Oregon State Univ. Bookstores, Inc. 335 p.

Name: Denis P. Lavender
Title: Professor
8.235
Mailing Address: Forest Research Laboratory
School of Forestry, Oregon State University, Corvallis
Oregon 97331
Born: Seattle, Washington, October 13, 1926
Academic Training:
B.S. 1949 University of Washington, Forest Management
M.S. 1958 Oregon State College, Forest Science
Ph.D. 1962 Oregon State University
Professional Experience:
1950-55 Research Forester, Oregon State Board of Forestry
1955-57 Senior Research Forester, Oregon State Board of Forestry
1957°-61 Senior Research Forester, Oregon Conservation and Protection
Committee
1961-63 Assistant Professor, Oregon State University
1963-70 Associate Professor, Oregon State University
1970- Professor, Oregon State University
Publications (recent, relevant):
1970. Foliar analysis and how it is used, a
Oregon State Univ. Res. Note 52. 8 p.
1970. Effect of three variables on mineral
needles. Forest Sci. 12:441-446.
review. School of Forestry,
concentrations in Douglas-fir

Name: Bruce Lighthart
Title: Assistant Professor
Mailing Address:
8.236
Institute for Freshwater Studies
Western Washington State College, Bellingham, Washington
98225
Born Evanston, Illinois, April 4, 1934
Academic Training:
B.S. 1959 San Diego State College
M.S. 1961 San Diego State College
Ph.D. 1967 University of Washington
Professional Experience:
1959-61 Diagnostic Medical Bacteriologist; Donald N. Sharp Memorial
Community Hospital, San Diego, California
1961 Assistant Instructor in Microbiology, San Diego State College
1961-62 Research Assistant in Marine Microbiology, University of
Washington
1963-64 Laboratory Instructor in Microbiology, Seattle University
1963 Teaching Assistant in Fisheries, Microbiology, University of
Washington
1965 Assistant Microbiologist, University of Washington
1966 Assistant Microbiologist, University of Washington
1968 Research Assistant Professor of Applied Microbiology, University
of Washington
1969 Acting Assistant Professor Applied Microbiology, University of
Washington
1969- Director, Institute for Freshwater Studies and Assistant Professor,
Western Washington State College
Publications (recent, relevant):
1964. (with J. Liston). Design, operation and preliminary test results
of a sea-bed microbial ecosystem. Bacteriological Proc,
1969. (with R. T. Oglesby). Bacteriology of an activated sludge wastewater
treatment plant--a guide to methodology. J. Water Poll. Cont.
Fed. 41(8) part 2. R267-R281.
1969. Marine planktonic and benthic bacteriovorous protozoa at 11
stations in Puget Sound and adjacent Pacific Ocean. J. Fish.
Res. Board Can. 26 299-304.
1971. (with R. J. Buchanan). Indicator phytoplankton communities: a
cluster analysis approach. Limnol. Oceanogr. (in manuscript).

Name. Kuo C. Lu
Title: Principal Microbiologist and Assistant Professor
8.237
Mailing Address: USDA Forest Service, Pacific Northwest Forest and
Range Experiment Station, Forestry Sciences Laboratory,
Corvallis, Oregon 97330
Born: Malaya, December 26, 1915
Academic Training:
B.S. 1937 University of Nanking, China
Ph.D. 1953 Oregon State University
Professional Experience:
1937 Agronomist, National Agricultural Research Bureau, Nanking, China
1939 Instructor in Plant Pathology, University of Nanking, China
1942 Military Service, Chinese Air Force
1947 Graduate Studies, Corvallis, Oregon
1953 Bacteriologist, Oregon Agricultural Experiment Station, Corvallis,
Oregon
1957 Soil Bacteriologist, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York
1960 Plant Pathologist, U.S. Army Biological Warfare Laboratory,
Fort Detrick, Maryland
1960- Principal Microbiologist, USDA Forest Service, Corvallis, Oregon
and Assistant Professor, Oregon State University
Publications (recent, relevant):
1969. (with W. B. Bollen). Douglas-fir bark tannin decomposition in
two forest soils. USDA Forest Service, Pacific Northwest Forest
and Range Exp. Sta. Res. Paper PNW-85. 12 p.
1970. (with W. B. Bollen). Sour sawdust and bark -- its origin; properties,
and effects on plants. USDA Forest Service, Pacific Northwest Forest
and Range Exp. Sta. Res. Paper PHW-108. 13 p.
1970. (with C. Y. Li, J. M. Trappe, and W. B. Bollen). Inhibition of
Poria weirril and Fomes annosus by linoleic acid. Forest Sci.
1 329-330 T

Name: John H. Lyford Jr.
Title: Assistant Professor
Mailing Address: Department of Botany and Plant Pathology
Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon 97331
Born: Chicago, Illinois
Academic Training:
B.A. 1950 Carleton College, Zoology
M.S. 1962 Oregon State University, Biology
Ph.D. 1966 Oregon State University, Botany
Professional Experience:
8.238
1961-63 Graduate Teaching Assistant in Biology, Oregon State University
1963-66 Research Biologist, Oregon State Game Commission
1966- Assistant Professor, Oregon State University
Publications (recent, relevant):
1968. (with H. K. Phinney). Primary productivity and community structure
of an estuarine impoundment. Ecology 49:854-866.

Name: Larry M. Male
Title: Senior Research Associate
8.239
Mailing Address: Center for Quantitative Science
University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98105
Born: Fort Worth, Texas, May 26, 1942
Academic Training:
B.S. 1964 Colorado State University, Fishery Science
M.S. 1966 University of Maine, Zoology
Ph.D. Candidate 1966 - present Cornell University, Biometry
Professional Experience:
1969-70 Statistical Consultant for New York State Project, Department
of Human Ecology, Cornell University
1970- Senior Research Associate, University of Washington
Publications (recent, relevant):
1968. (with N. H. Peck and J. W. Rudan). Handling data for growing
season weather. New York's Food and Life Sci, 1:/2-/3.
1969. (with D. L. Solomon). A counter example, Biometrics Unit"Series
Cornell Univ. Paper No. BU-187.

Name: Paul E. t4aslin
Title: Assistant Professor
Flailing Address: Department of Biological Sciences
Chico State College, Chico, California 95926
Born: April 5, 1943
Academic Training:
B.S. 1965 University of Florida
Ph.D. 1969 University of Florida
Professional Experience:
1969-70 Assistant Professor, University of Florida
1970- Assistant Professor, Chico State College
8.240

Name: Jack R. Matches
Title: Acting Associate Professor
8.241
Mailing Address: College of Fisheries
University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98105
Born: May 20, 1930
Academic Training:
B.S. 1957 Oregon State University
M.S. 1958 Oregon State University
Ph.D. 1963 Iowa State University
Professional Experience:
1955-57 Laboratory Technician, Oregon State University
1957-58 Research Assistant. Oregon State University
1958-63 Research Associate, Iowa State University
1963-65 Senior Microbiologist, University of Washington
1965-68 Research Assistant Professor, University of Washington
1968-69 Research Associate Professor, University of Washington
1969- Acting Associate Professor, University of Washington
Publications (recent, relevant):
1969. (with J. Liston). Effects of salt on the growth of Salmonella.
Bacteriol. Proc., p. 13.
1969. (with R. DiGirolamo and J. Liston). Uptake, elimination, and
effects of irradiation on virus in west coast shellfish. Bacteriol.
Proc., p. 26.
1971 (with J. Liston). Survival of Vibrio parahaemolyticus in fish
homogenate during storage at low temperatures.HFood Sci. (submitted).

Name: C. David Mclntire
Title: Associate Professor
Mailing Address: Department of Botany and Plant Pathology
Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon 97331
Born: St Louis, Missouri, September 20, 1932
Academic Training:
B.B.A. 1954 Southern Methodist University, Marketing
B.S. 1958 Oregon State University, Fisheries
M.S. 1960 Oregon State University, Fisheries
Ph.D. 1964 Oregon State University, Botany
Professional Experience:
1964-69 Assistant Professor, Oregon State University
1969- Associate Professor, Oregon State University
Publications (recent, relevant):
1966. Some factors affecting respiration of periphyton communities
in lotic environments. Ecology 47:918-930.
8.242
1968. Physiological-ecological studies of benthic algae in laboratory
streams. Water Poll. Control Fed. 40:1940-1952.
1968. Structural characteristics of benthic algal communities in
laboratory streams. Ecology 49:520-537.
1969. (with I. Tinsley and R. Lowry). Fatty acids in lotic periphyton:
another measure of community structure. J. Phycology 5:26--32.
1969. (with B. L. Wulff). A laboratory method for the study of marine
benthic diatoms. Limnol. Oceanogr. (accepted for publication).
1970. (with F. L. Rose). Accumulation of dieldrin by benthic algae in
laboratory streams. Hydrobiologia 35:481-493.

Name: David H. Milne
Title: Assistant Professor
Mailing Address: Department of General Science
Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon 97331
Born: Highland Park, Michigan, December 15, 1939
Academic Training:
B.A. 1961 Dartmouth College, Physics
Ph.D. 1967 Purdue University, Entomology
Professional Experience:
1967- Assistant Professor, Oregon State University
Publications (recent, relevant):
8.243

Name: Edwin W. Mogren
Title: Professor and Chairman Forest Science Major
8.244
Mailing Address: Department of Forest and Wood Sciences
Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado 80521
Born:
Academic Training:
B.S. 1947 University of Minnesota, Forestry
M.S. 1948 University of Minnesota, Forest Ecology
Ph.D. 1955 University of Michigan, Forest Ecology
Professional Experience:
1948-61 Instructor to Assistant Professor to Associate Professor,
Colorado State University
1951 Director, Pingree Park Campus
1952-58 Collaborator, Forestry, Rocky Mountain Forest and Range
Experiment Station, Fort Collins
1955-68 Director, Pingree Park Campus
1961- Professor, Colorado State University
1967- Chairman, Forest Science Major Colorado State University
Publications (recent, relevant):
1959. Slope and aspect as indicators of site for ponderosa pine in
the Black Hills. Coll. Forestry and Natural
Resources, Colorado State Univ. Res. Note No. 11.
1960. (with R. H. Allen). Range-mean ratio of basal area as indicator
of Bitterlich sampling intensity in lodgepole pine. Coll. Forestry
and Natural Resources, Colorado State Univ. Res. Note No. 13.
1965. Review, Forest Ecology Spurr. J. Soil and Water Conserv. 20:
1967. Height growth in relation to crown size in juvenile lodgepole
pine. Coll. Forestry and Natural Resources, Colorado State Univ.
Res. Note No. 17.

Name. Donald L. Morgan
Title: Associate Professor
Mailing Address:
Born:
Academic Training:
Institute of Ecology
University of California, Davis, California
B.A. 1953 University of California Los Angeles
M.A. 1957 University of California, Los Angeles
M.S. 1965 Stanford University
Professional Experience:
8.245
1965-67 Specialist in Hydrometeorology, University of California, Davis
1967- Lecturer and Specialist in Hydrometeorology, University of
California, Davis

Name; Duane G. Moore
Title: Soil Scientist and Associate Professor
8.246
Mailing Address: USDA Forest Service, Pacific Northwest Forest and Range
Experiment Station, Forestry Sciences Laboratory,
P.O. Box 887, Corvallis, Oregon 97330
Born: Barron County, Wisconsin, November 18, 1929
Academic Training:
B.S. 1953 University of Wisconsin
M.S. 1955 University of Wisconsin, Soil Science
Ph.D. 1960 University of Wisconsin, Soil Science
Professional Experience:
1959-62 Project Associate, Department of Botany, University of Washington
1962-65 Assistant Professor, University of Hawaii and Assistant Soil
Scientist; Hawaiian Agricultural Experiment Station
1965- Research Soil Scientist, USDA Forest Service., Pacific' Northwest
Forest and Range Experiment Station, Corvallis
1965-- Associate Professor, Oregon State University
Publications (recent, relevant):
1965. (with R. L, Fox., J. M. Wang, D. L. Pluckrett and R. D. F%0.
Sulfur in soils, rainwater, and forage plants of Hawaii. Hawaii
Farm Sc i . 14:9-12.
1966. (with G. C. Gerloff, and J. T. Curtis). Selective adsorption of
mineral elements by native plants of Wisconsin. Plant and Soil
25:393-405.
1968. (with J. F. Franklin, C. T. Dyrness and R. F. Tarrant). Chemical
soil properties under coastal Oregon stands of alder and 'conifers,
p. 157-172. In J. M. Trappe, J. F. Franklin, R. F. Tarrant, and
G. M. Hansen (ed.) Biology of Alder. Proc. Fortieth Ann. Meeting
Northwest Sci. Assoc. Symp. 1967.
1970. Forest fertilization and water quality in the Pacific Northwest.
(Abstr). Amer. Soc. Agron. Abstr. p. 160-161.

Name:
Title:
Mailing Address:
Born:
Academic Training:
Leonard 0. Myrup
Assistant Professor
Institute of Ecology
University of California, Davis, California
B.A. 1956 University of California at Los Angeles
M.A. 1962 University of California at Los Angeles
Ph.D. 1965 University of California at Los Angeles
Professional Experience:
8.247
1964 Research Associate, University of California, Los Angeles
1965 NSF Postdoc. Fellow, Imperial College, London
1966 Assistant Professor, University of California, Los Angeles
1966 Meteorology Research Incorporated, Research Scientist and
Lecturer in Geography, University of California at Riverside
1967- Assistant Professor, University of California, Davis

Name: William P. Nagel
Title: Associate Professor
Mailing Address: Department of Entomology
Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon 97331
Born: Brooklyn, New York, July 7, 1929
Academic Training:
B.S. 1953 Syracuse University, Forestry
M.S. 1957 Syracuse University, Forest Entomology
Ph.D. 1962 Cornell University, Insect Ecology
Professional Experience:
1957-59 Forest Entomologist, U.S. Forest Service, Southeastern USA
1962- Associate Professor, Oregon State University
Publications (recent, relevant):
8.248
1965. (with R. L. Johnsey, and J. A. Rudinsky). The Diptera Medetera
aldrichii McAlpine (Lonchaeidea) associated with the Douglas-fir
beetle in western Oregon and Washington. Can. Entomol. 97:521-527.
1965. (with G. E. Daterman, J. A. Rudinsky). Flight patterns of bark
and timber beetles associated with coniferous forests of western
Oregon. Oregon State Univ. Tech. Bull. 87. 46 p.
1965. (with B. D. Cowan). Predators of the Douglas-fir beetle in
western Oregon. Oregon State Univ. Tech. Bull. 86. 32 p.
1967. (with J. N. McGhehey). Bark beetle mortality in precommercial
herbicide thinnings of western hemlock. Oregon State University
Tech. Paper 2296. J. Econ. Entomol. 60:1572°1574.
1969. (with J. H. McGhehey). The biologies of Pseudohylesinus tsugae
and P. grandis (Coleoptera: Scolytidae) in western 'hemlock. Can.
Entomol. 101:269-279.

Name: Carl H. Nellis
Title: Research Assistant Professor
8.249
Mailing Address: College of Forest Resources
University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98105
Born: Winfield, Kansas, April 1, 1940
Academic Training:
B.S. 1962 University of Idaho
M.S. 1964 University of Montana
Ph.D. 1971 University of Wisconsin (expected)
Professional Experience:
1970- Research Assistant Professor, University of Washington
Publications (recent, relevant):
1969. Sex and age variation in red squirrel skulls from Missoula
County, Montana. Can. Field Natur. 83:324-330.
1969. Productivity of Richardson's ground squirrels near Rochester,
Alberta. Can. Field Natur. 83:246-250.
1969. (with R. L. Ross). Changes in mule deer food habits associated
with herd reduction. J. Wildlife Manage. 33:191-195,

Name.- Earl E. Nelson
Title: Principal Plant Pathologist
Mailing Address: USDA Forest Service, Pacific Northwest Forest and
Range Experiment Station, Forestry Sciences Laboratory,
P.O. Box 887, Corvallis, Oregon 97330
Born: New Richmond, Wisconsin. January 11, 1935
Academic Training:
B.S. 1957 Oregon State University
Ph.D. 1962 Oregon State University
Professional Experience:
1957- Plant Pathologist, USDA Forest Service, Pacific Northwest
Forest and Range Experiment Station, Corvallis, Oregon
Publications:
1968. Survival of Poria weirii in conifer, alder, and mixed conifer
alder stands.USDA Forest Service Pac. Northwest Forest and
Range Exp. Sta. Res. Note PNW-83. 5 p.
1969. Occurrence of fungi antagonistic to Poria weirii in a Douglas fir
forest soil in western Oregon. ForestfSci. -15:49-54.
1970. Effects of nitrogen fertilizer on survival of Poria weirii an
populations of soil fungi and aerobic Actinomycetes. Northwe t
sci. 44:102-106.
8.

Name: Michael Newton
Title: Associate Professor
8.2 51
Mailing Address: Forest Research Laboratory
School of Forestry, Oregon State University,
Oregon 97331
Corva 1is
Born:
Academic Training:
B.S. 1954 University of Vermont, Dairy and Animal Husbandry
B.S. 1959 Oregon State University, Forest Management
M.S. 1960 Oregon State University, Botany
Ph.D. 1964 Oregon State University, Forest Management
Professional Experience:
1962- Instructor, Assistant Professor to Associate Professor,
Oregon State University
Publications (recent, relevant):
1968. (with J. Zavitkovski). Ecological importance of snowbrush,
Ceanothus velutinus, in the Oregon Cascades. Ecology 49:1134-1145.
1968. (with B. A. El Hassan, and J. Zavitkovski). Role of Red
Alder in Western Oregon forest succession. I_n Biology of Alder,
J. M. Trappe and others (ed.). 292 p.

Name: John M. Neuhold
Title: Director, Utah State Ecology Center, Professor
Mailing Address: Department of Wildlife Resources
Utah State University, Logan, Utah
Born: Milwaukee, Wisconsin, May 18, 1928
Academic Training:
B.S. 1952 Utah State University, Wildlife Management
M.S. 1954 Utah State University, Fishery Management
Ph.D. 1959 Utah State University, Fishery Biology
Professional Experience:
8.252
Fishery Aid, U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Logan, Utah
Fishery Biologist, Utah State Department of Fish and Game, Salt Lake City,
Utah
Project Leader, Utah State Department of Fish and Game, Salt Lake City,
Utah
Assistant Federal Aid Coordinator, Utah State Department of Fish and Game,
Salt Lake City, Utah
Research Assistant, Assistant Professor; Associate Professor, Utah State
University
Secretary, Interdepartmental Curriculum in Toxicology Utah State
University
Chairman-elect, Interdepartmental Curriculum in Toxicology Utah Sta e
University
Acting Head, Department of Wildlife Resources; Utah State University
Acting Director, Utah State University Ecology Center
Associate of Water Quality Associates
Director, Utah State University Ecology Center
Publications (recent, relevant):
1967. (with J. Matthews). Water quality effects on fish movement an
distribution. Utah Academy Proc. 44:275-297.
1967. (with T. J. Hassler and W. F. Sigler). Effects of alkyl benzene
sulfonate on rainbow trout. Bur. Sports Fish. and Wildlife Tech
Paper No. 16. 15 p.
1968. Utah's water resources proceedings conference on Utah's environment.
Univ. Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah.
1968. Measurement of stream periphyton on paraffin-coated substrates.
Limnol. Oceanogr. 13:5594562.

Name: Makoto Ogawa
Title: Senior Researcher
Mailing Address: Laboratory of Soil Microbiology, Government Forest
Experiment Station, Ministry of Agriculture and
Forestry, Meguro, Tokyo, Japan
Born: Kyoto, Japan, October 30, 1937
Academic Training:
B.A. 1962 Kyoto University, Japan
M.A. 1964 Kyoto University, Japan
Ph.D. 1970 Kyoto University, Japan
Professional Experience:
8.253
Presently Senior Researcher, Laboratory of Soil Microbiology, Government
Forest Experiment Station (Ministry Agric. and Forestry), Meguro,
Tokyo, Japan.
Publications (recent, relevant).
1964. Nutritional requirements of Tricholoma matsutake. Matsutake 1964.
1965. Microbial ecology of shiro in Tricholoma matsutake and its allied
species. Trans. Mycol. Soc. Japan 7-7l.
1966. The life of matsutake as a component of microbial associations.
Kagaku to Seibutsu 4.
1967. Microflora in pine forests. Bot. Soc. Japan Symp. Proc.
1969. The ecology of Tricholoma matsutake in forest soil. Tsuchi to
Biseibutsu 13.

Name: Sigurd Olsen
Title: Research Assistant Professor
8.254
Mailing Address: College of Fisheries
University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98105
Born:
Academic Training:
No formal University education.
Professional experience:
1925-63 Department of Social Welfare, Copenhagen Municipality, Denmark
1963 Research Instructor, University of Washington
1963-68 Biologist, Laboratory of Radiation Ecology, University of
Washington
1968- Research Assistant Professor, University of Washington
Publications (recent, relevant):
1967. (with D. Chakravarti and P. R. Olson). Water, bottom deposits
and zooplankton of Fern Lake, Washington. Limnol. Oceanogr.
12:392-404.
1969. Method for determination of orthophosphate in water, p. 70-71. In
H. L. Golterman and R. S. Clymo (ed.) Methods for chemical analysis
of fresh waters. IBP handbook No. 8, Blackwell, Oxford.
1970. (with D. G. Chapman). Ecological dynamics of watersheds. Qualitative
analyses of biological energy flow, water, and elemental
cycling. (manuscript).

Name: Paul R. Olson
Title: Fisheries Biologist
8.255
Mailing Address: College of Fisheries
University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98105
Born: Seattle, Washington, September 21, 1927
Academic Training:
B.S. 1950 University of Washington, Fisheries
M.S. 1964 University of Washington
Professional Experience:
1950-53 Research assistant, University of Washington
1953°59 Research associate, University of Washington
1959- Senior Fisheries Biologist, Field site Site Coordinator, Fern
Lake Research, University of Washington
Publications (recent, relevant):
1966. (with S. Olsen). Limnology of Fern Lake Washington, U.S.A.
Verh. int. Ver. Limnol. 16:58-64.
1967. (with S. Olsen and D. Chakravarti). Analyses of water, bottom
deposits, and zooplankton of Fern Lake, Washington. Limnol.
Oceanogr. 12:392-404.
1967. (with S. Olsen). Membrane filtration of freshwater. Nature 214:
1217-1218.
1969. (with Z. Short, R. F. Palumbo, and J. R. Donaldson). The uptake
of 1131 by the biota of Fern Lake, Washington, in a laboratory
and a field experiment. Ecology 50:979-989.

Name: W. Scott Overton
Title; Associate Professor
Mailing Address:
Born: Farmville, Virginia
Academic Training:
Forestry Research Laboratory
School of Forestry, University of Oregon,
Corvallis, Oregon 97331
October 3, 1925
8.256
B.S. 1948 Virginia Polytechnic Institute, Forest and Wildlife
Conservation
M.S. 1950 Virginia Polytechnic Institute Wildlife Management
Ph.D. 1964 North Carolina State University; Statistics
Professional Experience:
1950-58 Biologist, Project Leader, Surveys and Investigations Project,
Florida Game and Fresh Water Fish Commission
1959-63 Assistant Statistician, North Carolina State University
1963-65 Associate Professor, Emory University
1965- Professor, Oregon State University
Publications (recent, relevant):
1968. Statistical considerations of environmental monitoring. Analysis
of Chemicals in the Environment Symp. March 28, 1968.
1969. (with D. E. Davis).
populations.
Estimating the numbers of animals in wildlife
In R. G. Giles (ed.) Wildlife Management Techniques.
The Wildlife Soc., Washington, D. C.

Name: Theodore T. Packard
Title: Research Associate
8.257
Mailing Address: Department of Oceanography
University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98105
Born: Glen Cove, New York, January 24, 1942
Academic Training:
B.S. 1963 Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Life Science
M.S. 1967 University of Washington, Oceanography
Ph.D. 1969 University of Washington, Oceanography
Professional Experience:
1964-69 Teaching and Research Assistant. University of Washington
1969- Research Associate, University of Washington
Publications (recent, relevant):
1968. (with M. L. Healy). Electrochemical standardization of dehydrogenase
assay used in the estimation of respiratory rates. J.
Marine Res. 26:66-74.
1969. (with P. B. Taylor). The relationship between succinate dehydrogenase
activity and oxygen consumption in the Brine shrimp, Artemia
salina. Limnol. Oceanogr. 13.552-555,
1970. (with R. W. Eppley, and J. J. Maclsaac). Nitrate reductase in
Peru Current phytoplankton. Marine Biol. (in press).
1970. (with 0. Holm-Hansen, and L. R. Pomeroy). Efficiency of the
reverse flow filter technique for concentration of particulate
matter. Limnol. Oceanogr. (In press).
1970. (with T. E. Whitledge). Nutrient excretion by anchovies
and zooplankton in Pacific upwelling regions. Invest. Resq.
(In press).

Name: Mario M. Pamatnat
Title: Seiior Research Associate
8.258
Mailing Address: Department of Oceanography
University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98105
Born: Santa Cruz, Phillipines, October 17, 1928
Academic Training:
B.S. 1958 Auburn University
M.S. 1960 Auburn University
Ph.D. 1966 University of Washington
Professional Experience:
1950 Food and Agriculture Organization
1961-63 National Science Foundation, Marine Biology
1963-66 Predoctoral Fellow, University of Washington
1966-67 Research Associate, University of Washington
1968- Senior Research Associate, University of Washington
Publications (recent, relevant):
1968. (with D. Fenton). An instrument for measuring subtidal
benthic metabolism in situ. Limnol. Oceanogr. l3:537"-540.
1969. (with K. Banse). Oxygen consumption by the seabed. II. in situ
measurements to 180 m. depth. Limnol. Oceanogr. 14:250-259.
1971. Oxygen consumption by the seabed. IV. Shipboard and laboratory
experiments. Limnol. Oceanogr. (in press).

Name: Roger B. Parsons
Title: Research Soil Scientist and Associate Professor
Mailing Address:
Department of Soils
Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon 97331
Born: Fort Dodge, Iowa, December 19, 1932
Academic Training;
B.S. 1955 Iowa State University
M.S. 1957 University of Tennessee
Ph.D. 1960 Iowa State University
Professional Experience:
1955-57 Assistant Agronomist, University of Tennessee,,
Soil Survey Party Leader, Loudon County; Tennessee
1957-60 Graduate Teaching Assistant, Iowa State University
1960-61 Research Associate, Iowa State University
1961-62 Research Soil Scientist, Soil Survey Laboratory, Riverside,
California
1962-69 Research Soil Scientist, SCS, Assistant Professor, Oregon
State University
1969° Research Soil Scientist, SCS, Associate Professor, Oregon
State University
Publications (recent, relevant):
1969. (with C. A. Balster). Late Pleistocene stratigraphy, southern
Willamette Valley, Oregon. Northwest Sci. 43.116-129.
1969. Geomorphology of the Lake Oswego Area, Oregon. The Ore Bin
31:187-192.
1970. (with R. C. Herriman). Haploxerolls and Argixerolls developed in
Recent alluvium, Southern Willamette Valley, Oregon. Soil Sci.
109:299-309.
8.259
1970. (with C. A. Calster and A. 0. Ness). Soil development and geomorphic
surfaces, Willamette Valley, Oregon. Soil Sci. Soc. Amer. Proc.
34:485-491.

Name: Dennis R. Paulson
Title: Assistant Professor
8.260
Mailing Address: Department of Zoology
University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98105
Born: Chicago, Illinois, 29 November 1937
Academic Training:
B.S. 1958 University of Miami, Zoology
Ph.D. 1966 University of Miami, Zoology
Professional Experience:
1964-65 Instructor, University of North Carolina
1966 Research Associate, University of North Carolina
1966-69 Research Associate, University of Washington
1969- Assistant Professor, University of Washington
Publications (recent, relevant):
1969. Oviposition in the tropical dragonfly genus Micrathyria. (Odonata,
Libellulidae). Tombo 12:12-16.
1970. A list of the Odonata of Washington, with additions to and deletions
from the state list. Pan-Pacific Entomol. 46:194-198.
1971. Population structure in overwintering larval Odonata in North
Carolina in relation to adult flight season. Ecology 52:96-107.

Name: Gary B. Pitman
Title: Project Leader
Mailing Address: Boyce Thompson Institute for Plant Research
Grass Valley, California 95945
Born: Yreka, California September 2, 1933
Academic Training:
B.S. 1954 University of California, Davis
M.S. 1963 Oregon State University
Ph.D. 1964 Oregon State University
Professional Experience:
8.261
1962-63 USDA Forest Service, Pacific Northwest Forest and Range
Experiment Station, Portland
1963-° Project Leader, Boyce Thompson Institute for Plant Research
Publications (recent, relevant):
1969. Aggregation behavior of Dendroctonus ponderosae (Coleoptera:
Scolytidae) in response to chemical messages. Can. Entomol.
101:143-149.
1969. (with J. P. Vite, G. W. Kinzer and A. F. Fentiman Jr.). Specificity
of population-aggregating phercmones in Dendroctonus. J. Insect
Physiol. 15:363-366.
1970. Field response of Dendroctonus pseudotsugaen (Coleoptera: Scolytidae)
to synthetic frontalin. Ann. Entomol. Soc. Amer. 63:661-664.

Name: Stephen C. Porter
Title: Professor
8.262
Mailing Address: Geological Sciences Quaternary
Research Center, University of Washington, Seattle,
Washington 98105
Born: Santa Barbara, California April 18, 1931,
Academic Training:
B.S. 1955 Yale University
M.S. 1958 Yale University
Ph.D. 1962 Yale University
Professional Experience:
1962-66 Assistant Professor, University of Washington
1966-71 Associate Professor, University of Washington
1971- Professor, University of Washington
Publications (recent, relevant):
1970. Quaternary glacial record in Swat Kohistan, West Pakistan. Geol.
Soc. Amer. Bull. 81:1421-1446.
1970. (with G. H. Denton). Neoglaciation. Sci. Amer. 222:100-110.
1970. Quatenary geologic and climatic history of Swat Kohistan,
Northern West Pakistan. Amer. Phil. Soc. Yearbook, 1969. P. 326-327.
1971. (with R. J. Carson). Problems in interpreting radiocarbon dates
from dead-ice deposits, with an example from the Puget Lowland
of Washington. Quaternary Res. (in press).

Name: William H. R i ckard
Title: Senior Research Scientist
Mailing Address: Battelle-Northwest, Box 999
Richland, Washington 99352
Born: May 15, 1926
Academic Training:
B.S. 1950 University of Colorado
M.S. 1953 University of Colorado
Ph.D. 1957 Washington State University
Professional Experience:
1950-53 Field Assistant, University of Colorado
1953-57 Research Assistant, Washington State University
1957-60 Assistant Professor, New Mexico Highlands
1960-65 Biological Scientist, General Electric Company, Richland,
Washington
1965- Senior Research Scientist: Battelle-Northwest, Richland
Washington
Publications (recent, relevant):
1966. Cesium-137 in litter and understory vegetation. Northwest Sci.
40:25-30.
8.263
1969. Cesium in Cascade Mountain vegetation, p. 556-560. In D. J. Nelson
and F. C. Evans (ed.), Symp. on Radioecology CFSTI, flat. Bur.
Standards, Springfield, Va. (CONF-670503).
1971. Observations on the distribution of fallout radiocesium in the
forest floor of undisturbed conifer stands 1967, 1968 and
1969. J. Forestry (in press).

Name: Hans Riekerk
Title: Senior Scientist
8.264
Mailing Address: College of Forest Resources
University of Washington Seattle, Washington 98105
Born: Ruteng, Indonesia, April 5, 1932
Academic Training:
B.S. 1959 State Agricultural
Forest Management
University, Wageningen, Tropical
M.S. 1961 Auburn University, Forest Mensuration
Ph.D. 1967 University of Washington, Forest Soils
Professional Experience:
1961-65 Research Assistant, University of Washington
1965-67 Research Associate, University of Washington
1967-71 Research Assistant Professor, University of Washington
1971- Senior Scientist, University of Washington
Publications (recent, relevant):
1965. Mineral cycling in a Douglas-fir forest stand. Health Physics 11.
1968. The movement of DDT in forest soil solution. Soil Sci. Soc. Amer.
Proc. 32:595-596.
1971. The mobility of phosphorus, potassium, and calcium in a forest soil.
Soil Sci. Soc. Amer. Proc. 35:

(dame: John P. Riley
Title: Associate Professor
Mailing Address: Utah Water Research Laboratory
Department of Civil Engineering
Utah State University, Logan, Utah 84321
Born: June 27, 1927
Academic Training:
B.A. 1950 University of British Columbia
C.E. 1953 Utah State University
Ph.D. 1967 Utah State University
Professional Experience:
8.265
1951-52 Research fellow, Utah Agricultural Experiment Station, Logan,
Utah
1952-54 Assistant Hydraulic Engineer, B.C. Provincial Government,
Victoria, B.C.
1954-57 Instructor, Department of Agricultural Engineering, Oregon
State University
1957-62 District Engineer, B.C. Provincial Government, Nelson. B.C.
1962-63 Project Engineer, B.C. Provincial Government, Victoria, B.C.
1963-67 Research Assistant, Utah State University
1967- Associate Professor, Utah State University
Publications (recent, relevant):
1970. Hybrid computer simulation of runoff events. Paper presented
at the annual meeting of the Pacific Southwest Interagency
Committee. Tucson, Arizona. !March.
1970. (with L. Hyatt). Computer simulation of the hydrologic--salinity
flow system in an irrigated area. Paper presented at the annual
meeting of the Rocky Mountain Region. Amer. Soc. Agr. Eng. Fort
Collins, Colorado.

Name: Donald E. Rogers
Title: Research Assistant Professor
8.266
Mailing Address: Fisheries Research Institute
University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98105
Born: Los Angeles, California August 27, 1932
Academic Training
B.S. 1958 California State Polytech. College
M.S. 1961 University of Washington
Ph.D. 1967 University of Washington
Professional Experience:
1960°-68 Fishery Biologist, University of Washington
1969- Research Assistant Professor, University of Washington
Publications (recent, relevant):
1965. (with R. L. Burgner and J. Reeves). Observations on resident
fishes in the Tikchik and Wood River Lake Systems. Fish. Res.
Inst., Univ. Wash. Circ. 229. 14 p.
1968. A comparison of the food of Sockeye Salmon fry and Threespine
Sticklebacks in the Wood River Lakes. Univ. Wash. Pub]. Fish.
New Series 3:1-43.
1970. A summary of climatological observations and water temperatures
in the Wood River Lake System. Fish. Res. Inst. Univ. Wash.
Circ. 70-10. 38 p.

Name: Jack Rothacher
Title: Principal Hydrologist and Associate Professor
Mailing Address: USDA Forest Service, Pacific Northwest Range and
Experiment Station, Forestry Sciences Laboratory
P.O. Box 887, Corvallis, Oregon 97330
Born: Illinois
Academic Training:
B.S. 1939 University of Michigan
M.S. 1948 University of California
Professional Experience:
8.267
1941-42 Farm Planner, Soil Conservation Service
1942-52 Forester, Tennessee Valley Authority
1952-57 Forester, USDA Forest Service, R-6, Administration
1957- Project Leader; USDA Forest Service, Pacific Northwest Forest
and Range Experiment Station, Corvallis
1961- Associate Professor, Oregon State University
Publications (recent, relevant):
1965. Net precipitation under a Douglas-fir forest. Forest Sci. 9:423-429.
1965. Streamflow from small watersheds on the western slope of the
Cascade Range of Oregon. Water Resources Res 1:125-134.
1967. (with C. T. Dyrness, and R. L. Fredriksen). Hydrologic and related
characteristics of three small watersheds in the Oregon Cascades.
USDA Forest Service, Pacific Northwest Forest and Range Exp. Sta.
Misc. Publ. 54 p.
1968. (with T. B. Glazebrook). Flood damage in the National Forests
of Region 6. USDA Forest Service Pacific Northwest Forest and
Range Exp. Sta. Res. Paper.
1970. Increases in water yield following clear-cut logging in the
Pacific Northwest. Water Resources Res. 6:652-658.

Name: Julius A. Rudinsky
Title: Professor
Mailing Address: Department of Entomology
Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon 97331
Born: Pukanec, Czechoslovakia, August 10 1917
Academic Training:
8.268
B.S. 1938 Classical Gymnasium, Zniov, Czechoslovakia
M.S. 1944 Slovak Technical University, Bratislava, Czechoslovakia,
Forestry
Ph.D. 1949 Gottingen University, Economics
1953 Ohio State University, Entomology
Professional Experience:
1945-46 Instructor in Wood Anatomy, UNRRA-- University, Munich
1951-53 Research Fellow, Ohio State University
1953-55 Forest Entomologist, Weyerhaeuser Research Center, Centralia
1955-62 Associate Professor, Oregon State University
1962- Professor, Oregon State University
Publications (recent, relevant):
1970. Der physiologische Zustand des Baumes and sein Einfluss auf die
Invasion der Borkenkafer. Proc. Fifth Sci. Conf. Forest Res.
Inst., Zvolen; CSSR, p. 280-287.
1970. (with P. Svihra). Host condition and its susceptibility to bark
beetle infestation. Acta. Inst. Forest. Zvolenensis 2:218-225.
1970. Sequence of Douglas-fir beetle attraction and its ecological
significance. Symp. Population Attractants, Freiburg University,
June 1970..

Name: David R. M. Scott
Title: Professor of Silviculture
8.269
Mailing Address: College of Forest Resources
University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98105
Born: Toronto, Ontario, August 30, 1921
Academic Training:
B.S. 1942 University of Virginia
M.F. 1947 Yale University
Ph.D. 1950 Yale University
Professional Experience:
1950-51 Research Forester, Silviculture, Canada Department of Northern
Affairs and Natural Resources
1951-55 Silviculturalist, Research Division, Ontario Department of
Lands and Forests
1955- Assistant Professor to Professor, University of Washington
1964-68 Associate Dean, University of Washington
Publications (recent, relevant):
1962. The Pacific Northwest Region, p. 503-570, and the Alaska Region,
p. 571-591. In J. W. Barrett (ed.) Regional Silviculture of the
United States. The Ronald Press, New York.
1967. Silviculture in the Douglas-fir region - in prospect. Proc. Soc.
of Amer. Foresters Meeting. 67:93-94.
1968. (with J. D. Hodges). Photosynthesis in seedlings of six conifer
species under natural environmental conditions. Ecology 49:973-981.
1969. (with G. Ritchie and J. N. Woodman). Some aspects of assimilation
and transpiration in forest tree species. Proc. Symp. on Coniferous
Forests of the Northern Rocky Mountains. University of
Montana. (in press).

Name., Demetrios E. Spyridakis
Title: Research Assistant Professor
Mailing Address: Department of Civil Engineering,
University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98105
Born: Heraklion, Greece, December 6, 1931
Academic Training:
8.270
B.S. 1957 Athens Graduate School of Agriculture, Greece Agricultural
Chemistry
M.S. 1959 University of Wisconsin, Soil Chemistry
Ph.D. 1965 University of Wisconsin, Soil Chemistry
Professional Experience:
1963-64 Research Associate, University of Wisconsin
1964-69 Assistant Professor, University of Wisconsin
1970- Research Assistant Professor, University of Washington
Publications (recent, relevant):
1967. (with G. Chesters and S. A. Wilde). Kaolinization of biotite as
a result of coniferous and deciduous seedling growth. Soil Sci.
Soc. Amer. Proc. 31:203-210.
1967. (with S. A. Wilde). Hydroponics as a medium for production of
tree planting stock. Agron. J. 59:275-278-
1971. (with E. M. Bentley and G. F. Lee). Chemical characterization of
marsh discharge waters. (accepted for publication).

Name: Reinhard F. Stettler
Title: Associate Professor
8.271
Mailing Address: College of Forest Resources
University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98105
Born: Steckborn, Switzerland, December 27, 1929
Academic Training:
1955 Diploma, Forestry, Swiss Institute of Technology, Zurich
Ph.D. 1963 University of California, Berkeley, Genetics
Professional Experience:
1956-58 Research Officer, Research Division, B.C. Forest Service,
Victoria, B. C.
1958-59 Research Associate, Swiss Forest Research Institute, Birmensdorf,
Switzerland.
1960-63 Graduate Research Assistant; Department of Genetics, University
of California, Berkeley
1963-68 Assistant Professor, University of Washington
1968- Associate Professor, University of Washington
1969-70 Senior Research Fellow of the Alexander v. Humboldt Foundation
at the Institute of Forest Genetics, Schmalenbeck, Germany.
Publications (recent, relevant):
1969. (with K. S. Bawa, and G. K. Livingston). Experimental induction
of haploid parthenogenesis in forest trees., p. 611-619. In Induced
Mutations in Plants, Int. Atomic Energy Agency, Vienna:
1969. (with W. J. Libby and F. W. Seitz). Forest enetics and forest
tree breeding. Ann. Rev. Genetics. 3:469-494.
1971. (with H. J. Muhs and W. Bergmann). Isozyme variation in
the genus Populus, (Manuscript in preparation).

Name: Quentin J. Stober
Title: Research Assistant Professor
Mailing Address: Fisheries Research Institute
University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98105
Born: Billings, Montana, March 25, 1938
Academic Training:
B.S. 1960 Montana State University
M.S. 1962 Montana State University
Ph.D. 1968 Montana State University
Professional Experience:
8.272
1958-62 Assistant Fishery Biologist; Montana Fish and Game Department,
Great Falls, Montana
1962-65 Aquatic Biologist, FWQA, Southeast Water Laboratory, Athens,
Georgia
1965-68 Graduate Research Assistant, Montana State University
1969- Research Assistant Professor, University of Washington
Publications (recent, relevant)o
1959. Underwater noise spectra, fish sounds and response to low frequencies
of cutthroat trout (Salmo clarki) with reference to orientation
and homing in Yellowstone Lake . Amer. Fish. Soc. Trans. 98-
652-663.
1962. Some limnological effects of Tiber Reservoir on the Marias River,
Montana. Montana Acad. Sci. Proc. 23:111-137.
1970. Biological studies of the Kiket Island Nuclear Power Site. Ann.
Rep. Fish. Res. Inst. Coll. Fish. Univ. Wash. 114 p.
1971. Distribution and age of Margaritifera margaritifera (L.) in a
Madison River mussel bed.

Name: Robert M. Storm
Title: Professor
Mailing Address: Department of Zoology
Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon 97331
Born: July 9, 1918
Academic Training:
B.S. 1939 Northern Illinois State College
M.S. 1941 Oregon State University
Ph.D. 1948 Oregon State University
Professional Experience:
1948- Instructor to Professor, Oregon State University
Publications (recent, relevant):
1969. (with J. G. Wernz). Pre-hatching stages of the tailed frog,
Ascaphus truei. Herpetologica 25:86-93.
8.273
1970. (with J. Briggs). Growth and population structure of the Cascade
frog, Rana cascadae. Herpetologica 26:283x300.
1970. (with D. S. McKenzie). Patterns of habitat selection in the clouded
salamander. Herpetologica 26:450-454.

Name: Mary Ann Strand
Title: Research Assistant
Mailing Address: Department of Entomology
Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon 97130
Born: Portland, Oregon December 31, 1945
Academic Training:
B.A. 1967 Whittier College
Ph.D. (expected June 1971) Oregon State University
Professional Experience:
8.274
1966 Statistical Clerk, USDA Forest Service;
and Range Experiment Station
Pacific Northwest Forest
1967-70 NDEA Fellow, Oregon
State University
1970- Research Assistant, Oregon State University

Name: Richard D. Taber
Title: Professor
8.275
Mailing Address: College of Forest Resources
University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98105
Born: San Francisco, California November 22 ., 1920
Academic Training:
B.S. 1942 University of California, Berkeley, Zoology
M.S. 1949 University of Wisconsin;. Wildlife Ecology
Ph.D. 1951 University of California, Berkeley, Zoology
Professional Experience:
1946-48 Conservation Aide, Wisconsin Conservation Department
1948-55 Research Zoologist, California Forest and Range Experiment Station
1955-56 Acting Assistant Professor, University of California. Berkeley
1956-57 Assistant Professor to Professor and Associate Director, Montana
Forest and Conservation Experiment Station, University of
Montana
1960 American Specialist (Forest-Wildlife Relations), U.S. Department
of State, for West Germany, Poland and Czechoslovakia
1963-64 Fulbright Research Professor, West Pakistan Agricultural University
Lyallpur
1967-68 Professor and Director, Center for Natural Resources, University
of Montana
1968- Professor and Associate Director, Institute of Forest Products,
University of Washington
Publications (recent, relevant):
1966. Wildlife in rural and wild America, p. 20-30. In Wildlife Resources
in a Changing World, A.A.A.S. Symp.
1967. (with A. N. Sheri and M. S. Ahmad). Mammals of the Lyallpur region,
West Pakistan. J. Mammalogy 48:392-407. .
1967. Forestry and wildlife in northern California, p. 168--210. In Man's
Effect on California Watersheds. Rep. from the Institute of Ecology,
Univ. Calif. Davis to Assembly Comm. on Natural Resources, Planning,
and Public Works of the California State Legislature.
1971. Pest situations involving big game, Ch. V11. In R. A. McCabe (ed.)
The Vertebrates That Are Pests: Problems and Centroi, Part of
a series on Principles of Plant and Animal Pest Control. Coat. Res.
Council (in press).

Name: Frieda B. Taub
Title: Research Associate Professor
8.276
Mailing Address: College of Fisheries
University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98105
Born: Newark, New Jersey, October 11, 1934
Academic Training:
B.A. 1955 Rutgers University, Biology
M.A. 1957 Rutgers University, Ecology-Physiology
Ph.D. 1959 Rutgers University, Ecology-Physiology
Professional Experience:
1953-55 Undergraduate Teaching Assistant, Rutgers University
1954.55 Associated with Department of Animal Behavior, American
Museum Natural History
1955-59 Graduate Student, Rutgers University
1959-61 Fisheries Biologist, University of Washington
1961 Research Instructor, University of Washington
1962-65 Research Assistant Professor, University of Washington
1966- Research Associate Professor, University of Washington
Publications (recent, relevant):
1961. The distribution of the red-backed salamander, Plethedon c. cinereus,
within the soil. Ecology 42:681-698.
1963. Some ecological aspects of space biology. Amer. Bio. Teacher
25:412--421.
1968. Gnotobiotic models of freshwater communities. in Seventeenth Int.
Congr. Limnol. (Jerusalem) Proc. August 12-19, 1968.
1969. A biological model of a freshwater community: gnotobiotic ecosyst-'s.
Limnol. Oceanogr. 14:136-142.

Name: Richard E. Thorne
Title: Senior Research Associate
8,277
Mailing Address: Fisheries Research Institute
College of Fisheries, University of Washington, Seattle,
Washington 98105
Born Aberdeen, Washington April 12, 1943
Academic Training:
B.S. 1965 University of Washington, Biological Oceanography
M.S. 1968 University of Washington, Fisheries Oceanography
Ph.D. 1970 University of Washington, Fisheries--,Oceanography
Professional Experience:
1970 Fisheries Biologist IV, Division of Marine Resources,
University of Washington
1970- Senior Research Associate University of '?ashington
Publications (recent, relevant).
1969 Acoustic techniques of fish population estimation with special
reference to echo integration. Fish. Res. Inst., Univ. Wash.
Circ. 69-10. 12 p.
1970. (with J. Woodey). Stock assessment by echo integration and its
application to juvenile Sockeye Salmon in Lake Washington. Fish.
Res. Inst., Univ. Wash. Circ. 70-2. 31 p.
1970. (with R. L. Burgner and A. Isaksson). Seagrant Sockeye
Salmon studies, p. 20. In Research in Fisheries, 1969. Coll.
Fish. Univ. Wash. Contrib. 320.

Name. James M. Trappe
Title. Project Leader, Principal Mycologist and Assoc:ate Professor
8.278
Mailing Address-, USDA Forest Service
Pacific Northwest Forest and Range Experiment Station,
Forestry Sciences Laboratory, P.O. Box 887, Corvallis,
Oregon 97330
Born: Spokane, Washington August 16, 1931
Academic Training:
B.S. 1953 University of Washington
M.F. 1956 New York State University (Syracuse)
Ph.D. 1962 University of Washington
Professional Experience:
1956- Principal Mycologist, USDA Forest Service, Pacific Northwest
Forest and Range Experiment Station, Corvallis
1965- Associate Professor, Oregon State University
Publications (recent, relevant):
1969. Studies on Cenococcum graniforme 1. An efficient method for
isolation from sclerotia. Can. J. Sot. 47:1389 1390.
1969. (with H. D. Thiers). Studies in the genus Gastroboletus. Brittonia
21:244--254.
1969. (with C. Y. Li, K. C. Lu, and W. B. Bollen). Effect of phenolic
and other compounds on growth of Poria weirii in vitro. Microbio_
3:305-311.
1970. (with P. Catalfomo). Ectomycorrhizal fungi: a phytochemical survey.
Northwest Sci. 44:19-24.
1970. (with 0. Miller). A new Chroogomphus with a loculate hymenium and
a revised key to section Floccigomphus. Mycologia 62:831-836.
1971. (with G. Guzman). Notes on some hypogeous fungi of Mexico.
Mycologia. (in press).

Name: Matsuo Tsukada
Title: Associate Professor
8.279
Mailing Address: Department of Botany
University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98105
Born: Nagano, Japan January 4, 1930
Academic Training:
B.S. 1953 Shinshu University, Nagano, Japan
M.S. 1957 Osaka City University, Osaka, Japan
Ph.D. 1961 Osaka City University, Osaka, Japan
Professional Experience:
1961-62 Postdoctoral fellow, the Japan Academy
1961-62 Seessel Fellow, Yale University,
1962-68 Research Associate, Yale University
1966-68 Lecturer (Biology), Yale University
1969- Associate Professor, University of Washington
Publications (recent, relevant):
1970. Paleolimnology of Hall Lake, Washington 11. Population growth of
fossil desmids: species diversity and equitability. Pacific Section
Amer. Soc. Limnol. Oceanogr. (abstract):7.
1971. Population dynamics of fossil desmids in Hall Lake, Washington.
(Submitted to Limnol. Oceanogr.)
1971. The history of Lake Nojiri, Japan. Trans. Conn. Acad. Art. Sci.
53: (in press).

Name: Kenneth J. Turnbull
Title: Associate Professor
Mailing Address: College of Forest Resources
University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98105
Born: Auchenblae, Kincardshire, Scotland April 28, 1927
Academic Training:
1944-45 University of Edinburgh, Engineering
B.S. 1951 University of Edinburgh
M.F. 1958 University of Washington
Ph.D. 1963 University of Washington
Professional Experience;
8.280
1951-52 Forester, Borregaard Co., Norway
1953 Research forester, Inchnacardoch, Scotland
1954-55 Design engineer, Fay, Spoffard, Thorndike, Boston, Massachusetts
1955-56 inventory Forester, Washington State Division of Forestry
1958- Instructor to Associate Professor, University of Washington
Publications (recent, relevant):
1965 (with L. V. Pienaar). A nonlinear mathematical model for analysis
and prediction of growth in non-normal and thinned forest stands.
Advisory Groups of Forest Statisticians of the International Union
of Forest Research Organizations Conference, Stockholm, Sweden.
Paper No. 3.
1967. Analysis of tree increment relative to stand increment trend.
Fourteenth Congr. Int. Union Forestry Res. Organ., Munich. Section 25.
1968. Monte Carlo studies of some regression models. Proc. Soc. Amer.
Foresters Ann. Meeting. Philadelphia, Pa. September 30-October 3, 1968.
1969. (with S. P. Gessel and T. N. Stoate). The growth behavior of
Douglas-fir with nitrogenous fertilizer in Western Washington.
Inst. Forest Products, Coll. Forest Resources Univ. Wash. Contrib.
No. 7.

Name: Fiorenzo C. Ugolini
Title: Associate Professor
Mailing Address: College of Forest Resources,
University of Washington, Seattle,
Washington, 98105
Born: Florence, Italy, January 16, 1929
Academic Training:
B.S. 1957 Rutgers University
Ph.D. 1960 Rutgers University
Professional Experience:
8.281
1957-60 Hutcheson Memorial Forest Research Fellow Rutgers University
1960-61 Post-doctoral fellow Arctic Institute of North
America, Rutgers University
1961-64 Assistant Professor of Soils, Rutgers University
1964-65 Assistant Professor of Soils and Research Associate Ohio
State University
1966- Associate Professor, University of Washington
Publications (recent, relevant):
1968. (with C. C. Grier). Biological weathering in Antarctica. Antarctic
Journal of the United States. 4.156-157.
1968. Soil development and alder invasion in a recently deglaciated
area of Glacier Bay, Alaska, p. 115-148. In J. M. Trappe, J. F.
Franklin, R. F. Tarrant, and G. M. Hansen fed.) Biology of Alder.
Proc. Fortieth Ann. Meeting Northwest Sci. Assoc. Symp.
1968. (with G. Orombelli). Notizie preliminari sulle charatteristiche
pedologiche del depositi glaciali e fluvioglaciali dell' Adda iu
Lombardia" Instituto Lombardo, Accademia di Scienze e Lettere.
102:727-799.
1970. Antarctic ecology, p. 673-692. In Antarctic soils and their
ecology. London and New York, Academic Press.

Name: Paul A. Vohs, Jr.
Title: Associate Professor
Mailing Address: Department of Fisheries and 1ildlife
Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon 97331
Born: Kansas City, Kansas January 19, 1931
Academic Training:
B.S. 1955 Kansas State University, Manhattan
M.S. 1958 Southern Illinois University
Ph.D. 1964 Iowa State University
Professional Experience:
8.282
1955-58 Research Biologist (Illinois Natural History Survey, Illinois
Department of Conservation, and Southern Illinois University-in
cooperation).
1958-60 Research Associate, Southern Illinois University
1960-63 Research Assistant and Pre-doctoral Fellow (NIH), Iowa State
University
1963-64 Instructor Iowa State University
1964-68 Assistant Professor, Iowa State University
1968 Associate Professor, Iowa State University
1968- Associate Professor, Oregon State University
Publications (recent, relevant):
1964. (with E. Cerny and A. 0. Haugen). Naturally occurring agglutinins
for pheasant red blood cells. Proc. Iowa Acad. Sci. 70:205-209.
1964. Wide-row corn as wildlife habitat. Occas. Papers Adams Center
Ecol. Studies 12:1-29.
1966. Blood group factors for analyzing pheasant populations. Wildlife
Manage. 30:745°°753.
1968. (with D. A. Hein). Variation among participants in a count of
calls of cock pheasants. Proc. Iowa Acad. Sci. 74:115-119.
1969. (with L. R. Carr). Genetic and population studies of transfer in
polymorphism in ring-necked pheasants. Condor.

Name: Richard B. Walker
Title: Professor and Chairman of Botany
8.283
Mailing Address: Department of Botany
University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98105
Born. Tennessee, Illinois, October 24, 1916
Academic Training:
B.S. 1938 University of Illinois, Botany
Ph.D. 1948 University of California, Berkeley, Plant Physiology
Professional Experience:
1938-40 Teaching Assistant in Botany, University of California
1948- Successively Instructor to Professor, University
of Washington
1962- Chairman, Department of Botany, University of Washington
1956 Lalor Foundation Faculty Summer Research Fellow
1958-63 Member of four different one-month expeditions to Rongelap
Atoll, Marshall Islands

Name: Richard H. Waring
Title: Associate Professor
Mailing Address: Forest Research Laboratory
Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon 97331
Born: Chicago, Illinois, May 17, 1935
Academic Training:
B.S. 1957 University of Minnesota, Forestry
M.S. 1959 University of Minnesota, Forestry
Ph.D. 1963 University of California, Berkeley, Botany
Professional Experience:
1963-70 Assistant Professor, Oregon State University
1970 Associate Professor, Oregon State University
Publications (recent, relevant):
1969. Forest plants of the Eastern Siskiyous: their environmental
and vegetational distribution. Northwest Sci. 43:1-17.
1970. (with T. Atzet). Selective filtering of light filtering by
coniferous forests and minimum light energy requirements for
regeneration. Can. J. Bot. 48::2163-2167.
8.284
1970. Die Messung des Wasserpotentials mit der Scholander-Methode and
ihre Bedeutung fur die Forstwissenschaft. Forstwiss. Centralblatt
89:195-200.
1971. Matching species to site. P. 54-61. In R. K. Hermann (ed,)
Regeneration of Ponderosa pine. Oregon State Univ., School of
Forestry.

Name: Charles E. Warren
Title: Professor
Mailing Address: Department of Fisheries and Wildlife
Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon 97331
Born: Portland, Oregon, October 26, 1926
Academic Training:
B.S. 1949 Oregon State College, Fish and Game Management
M.S. 1951 Oregon State University, Fisheries
Ph.D. 1961 University of California, Zoology
Professional Experience:
8.285
1953-59 Assistant Professor, Oregon State University
1959-65 Associate Professor, Oregon State University
1965- Professor, Oregon State University
1957- General coordinator, Pacific Cooperative Water Pollution and
Fisheries Research Laboratores
1965-66 Associate Editor, The Journal of Wildlife Management
1960 Member Executive Board, Water Resources Research Institute
1963- Member, University Committee on Pesticides in the Environment
1964- Member, Executive Board, Environmental Health Sciences Center
Publications (recent, relevant):
1965. (with G. E. Davis). Trophic relations of a sculpin in laboratory
stream communities. J. Wildlife Manage. 29:846-871.
1967. (with G. E. Davis). Laboratory studies of the feeding, bio-energetics
and growth of fish, p. 175-214. In S. D. Gerking (ed.) The biological
basis of fresh-water fish production. Blackwell Scientific Publications,
Oxford and Edinburgh 510 p.
1968. (with R. it. Brocksen, G. E. Davis). Competition, food consumption,
and production of sculpins and trout in laboratory stream communities.
J. Wildlife Manage. 32:51-75.
1568. (with G. E. Davis). Estimation of food consumption rates. In W. E.
Ricker (ed.) Methods for assessment of fish production in fresh
waters. Blackwell Scientific Publications, Oxford and Edinburgh
313 p.
1969. (with R. W. Brocksen and G. E. Davis). The analyses of trophic
processes on the basis of density-dependent functions. Symposium
on Marine Food Chains, Aarhus, Denmark. University of California
Press and Oliver and uoyd, London.

Name: Warren L. Webb
Title: Research Assistant
Mailing Address: Forest Research Laboratory
Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon 97331
Born: January 25, 1935
Academic Training:
B.S. 1959 Oregon State University
1964 Oregon State University
M.S. 1967 Oregon State University
Ph.D. 1971 Oregon State University (expected June 1971)
Professional Experience:
8.286
1964 Assistant in Forest Management Research, Oregon State University
1964-65 Research Assistant, Oregon State University
1965-68 Research Forester, USFS, Berkeley, California
1968- Research Assistant, Oregon State University

Name. A. R. Weisbrod
Title: Assistant Professor
8.287
Mailing Address: College of Forest Resources
University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98105
Born: Redmond, Oregon, October 14, 1936
Academic Training:
B.A. 1959 University of Minnesota
M.S. 1965 Cornell University
Ph.D. 1970 Cornell University
Professional Experience:
1966-69 Assistant Curator of Birds, Cornell University Bird Collection
1969-70 Associate Curator of Systematic Collections, Cornell University
1970- Research Biologist, National Park Service and Assistant Professor,
University of Washington
Publications (recent, relevant);
1969. A manual of curatorial instructions and procedures. Cornell Univ.
Mimeo. 82 p.
1970. Food preferences of a handraised blue jay. Wilson Bull.
1970. A response of a red--tailed hawk (Buteo jamacensis) to mobbing
crows. The Kingbird.
1971. Grooming behavior of the Blue Jay, Cyanocitta cristata, The
Living Bird. (in press).

Name: Eugene B. Welch
Title: Associate Professor
Mailing Address: Department of Civil Engineering
University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98105
Born: Litchfield, Illinois December 18, 1932
Academic Training:
B.S. Michigan State University
M.S. Michigan State University
Ph.D. University of Washington
Professional Experience:
8.288
1959-62
1964-67
1967-68
Fisheries Biologist, Pollution Control Biologist Montana
Fish and Game and Board of Health
Aquatic Biologist U.S. Geological Survey
Supervisor, Biology, Water Quality Division Tennessee Valle
Authority
1968-70 Assistant Professor, University of Washington
1970- Associate Professor, University of Washington
Publications (recent, relevant):
1966. (with R. C. Ball). Food consumption and production of pond fish
J. Wildlife Manage. 30: 527-536.
1968. Existing and potential problems of excessive eutrophication in
the Tennessee Valley. Seventh Ann. Sanitary and Water Resources
Engin. Conf., Vanderbilt University, May 30, 1968.
1969. Factors initiating phytoplankton blooms and resulting effects o
dissolved oxygen in an enriched estuary, U.S. Geological Survey
Water Supply Paper, 1873-A. 62 p.
1970. Factors affecting growth of rooted aquatics in a reservoir, Wee
Sci. 18:7-9.
y

Name: Howard C. Whisler
Title: Associate Professor
8.285
Mailing Address: Department of Botany
University of Washington.; Seattle, Washington 98105
Born: California, February 4, 1931
Academic Training:
B.S. 1954 University of California, Berkeley
Ph.D. 1960 University of California, Berkeley
1961 Postdoctoral, Universite de Montpellier
Professional Experience:
1961-63 Assistant Professor, McGill University
1963-68 Assistant Professor, University of Washington
1968- Associate Professor, University of Washington
Publications (recent, relevant):
1968. (with R. Emerson). Cultural studies of Oedogoniomyces and
Harpochytrium, and a proposal to place them in a new order of
aquatic phycomycetes. Archiv fur i likrobiologie 61:195-°221.
1968. (with M. S. Fuller). Preliminary observations on the holdfast of
Amoebidium parasiticum. Mycologia 60:1068--1079.
1970. (with J. Calf). Differentiation of flagellated spores in Thalassomyces.
Archiv fur Mikrobiologie 71:795-803.
1971. (with L. B. Traviand). Ultrastructure of Harpochytrium hedinii.
Mycologia.

Name: Richard R. Whitney
Title: Associate Professor
3.290
Mailing Address: College of Fisheries
University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 93105
Born: Salt Lake City, Utah, June 29, 1927
Academic Training:
B.A. 1949 University of Utah, Zoology, (Honors)
M.S. 1951 University of Utah, Invertebrate Zoology
Ph.D. 1955 Iowa State University, Fishery Biology
Professional Experience:
1954-57 Research Biologist, University of California.; Los Angeles
1951-60 Project Leader, Susquehanna Fishery Study, Chesapeake Biological
Laboratory
1961-67 Fishery Biologist, Chief, BCF Tuna Resources Laboratory, La
Jolla, California.
Research Fellow, Scripps Institute of Oceanography
1967 Acting Assistant Director, BCF Fishery Oceanography Center,
La Jolla, California
1967- Unit Leader, Washington Cooperative Fishery Unit and Associate
Professor, University of Washington
Publications (recent, relevant):
1961. The orangemouth corvina, Cynoscion xanthulus. Jordan and Gilbert.
In The ecology of the Salton Sea, California in relation to the
sportfishery. Calif. Dep. Fish and Game, Fish. Bull. 113:165-183.
1961. The Susquehanna fishery study 1957-1960. Maryland Dep. Res. and
Educ., Contr. No. 169, 43 p.
1969. Inferences on tuna behavior from data in fishermen°s logbooks.
Trans. Amer. Fish. Soc., 98.27
1969. Schooling of fishes relative to available light. Trans. Amer.
Fish. Soc., 98:497-504.

Name: John A. Wiens
Titles Associate Professor
Mailing Address: Department of Zoology
Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon 97331
Born: 1939
Academic Training:
B.S. 1961 University of Oklahoma, Zoology
M.S. 1963 University of Wisconsin, Zoology
Ph.D. 1966 University of Wisconsin, Zoology
Professional Experience:
8.291
1959-61 Research Assistant, University of Oklahoma
1961-66 Teaching Assistant and Museum Curator, University of Wisconsin
1966-69 Assistant Professor, Oregon State University
1969- Associate Professor, Oregon State University
Publications (recent, relevant):
1970. Avian populations and patterns of habitat occupancy at the
Pawnee site, 1968-1969. Grassland Biome, U.S. Int. Biol. Program
Tech. Rep. No. 63. 57 p.
1971. "Egg-dumping" by the Grasshopper Sparrow in a Savannah Sparrow nest.
Auk, 88:185.186.
1971. Ecosystem (review of Van Dyne, The ecosystem concept in natural
resource management). BioScience 21:248.
1971. Avian ecology and distribution in the comprehensive network,
1970. Grassland Biome, U.S. Int. Biol. Program Tech. Rep. No. 77.
49 p.

Name: Boyd C. Wilson
Title: Forest Geneticist
Mailing Address., State of Washington Department of Natural Resources
Rt. 4, Box 490, Olympia,, Washington 98501
Born: Seattle, Washington, August 18, 1932
Academic Training:
B.A. 1958 University of Washington, Forestry
M.S. 1962 University of Washington, Forestry
Professional Experience:
8.292
1958-60 Forester, Industrial Forestry Association Olympia; Washington.
1962 Forester, Manning Seed Company, Roy, Washington.
1963 Research Forester, Bloedel Timberland Development, Inc,
Bainbridge Island, Washington.
1963- Forest Geneticist, State of Washington, Department of Natural
Resources.
Publications (recent, relevant):
1965. (with J. G. Wheat). Growth of three Douglas-fir varieties at
Nisqually, Washington. J. Forestry 63:372.

Name: David D. WWooldridge
Title: Associate Professor
Mailing Address: College of Forest Resources
University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98105
Born: Seattle, Washington, March 12, 1927
Academic Training:
B.S. 1950 University of Washington
Ph.D. 1961 University of Washington
Professional Experience:
1950-52 Forester, Rayonier, Inc., Hoquiam, Washington
1952-53 Photogrammetrist, Carl M. Berry (part-time)
1953-56 Research Forester, Rayonier, Inc.
1956-68 Research Forester, Forest Hydrology Laboratory, USDA Forest
Service
1965-68 Assistant Professor, University of Washington
1968- Associate Professor, University of Washington
1969- Assistant Director, Research, Institute of Forest Products,
University of Washington
Publications (recent, relevant):
1960. Watershed disturbance from tractor and skyline crane logging.
J. Forestry. 58:369-372.
8.293
1964. Effects of parent material and vegetation on properties related
to soil erosion in Central Washington. Soil Science Soc. Am.
Proc. 28.430-432.
1965. Tracing soil particle movement with Fo59. Soil Science, Soc.
Am. Proc.
1967. Water transport in soils and streams.
atmospheric and ecological systems.
Eng.
Transport phenomena in
P 1-20. Amer. Soc. Mech.

Oame . Donald J. t°ootton
Title: Professor
Mailing Address: Department of Biology
Chico State College, Chico, California 95926
Born: Paonia, Colorado, April 13, 1916
Academic Training:
A.B. 1941 Santa Barbara State College, Biological Sciences
U.S. 1943 University of Washington, Zoology
Ph.D. 1949 Stanford University, Marine Ecology
Professional Experience:
8.294
1941-42 Instructor, Santa Barbara State College
1948 (spring) Visiting Instructor, University of Washington
1949-56 Instructor to Assistant Professor, University of California,
Santa Barbara
1956-57 Independent Investigator, Marine Biological Laboratories,
Woodshole, Massachusetts
1957- Assistant Professor to Professor, Chico State College
1964-65 Research Associate, University of Michigan
1966-67 Director, Eagle Lake Field Station, Chico State College
1967-69 Dean, School of Graduate Studies, Chico State College
Publications (recent, relevant).
1965. Digenetic trematodes of Worth America. Monogr., Student Services,
Ann Arbor, Mich. 1-125.
1967. (with E. C. Powell). The identity of Deropegus McCauley and Pratt,
1961 and Parahalipegus, tiootton and Powell, 1964, genera proposed
to receive Halipegus aspina Ingles. 1936. J. Parasitol. 53:576.
1967. (with D. Murrel). Ptyalincola ondatrae, gen. et sp. n. (Trematoda-
Brachylaemidae), a fluke inhabiting the salivary glands of
muskrats. J. Parasitol. 53:739-742.

Name. Richard S. Vydoski
Title.. Assistant Professor
8.295
Mailing Address: College of Fisheries
University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98105
Born: Nanticoke, Pennsylvania, February 3, 1936
Academic Training:
1956-57 Wilkes College
B.S. 1960 Bloomsburg State College
M.S. 1962 Pennsylvania State University
Ph.D. 1965 Pennsylvania State University
Professional Experience:
1960-65 Graduate Teaching Assistant, Pennsylvania State University
1965-66 Fishery Biologist, Bureau of Commercial Fisheries, Oregon
State University
1966-69 Assistant Leader, Oregon Cooperative Fishery Unit, and Assistant
Professor, Oregon State University
1969- Assistant Leader, Washington Cooperative Fishery Unit and
Assistant Professor, University of Washington
Publications:
1961. The occurence of placental scars in mammals. Proc. Penn, Acad.
Sci. 35:197-204
1964. Seasonal changes in the color of starling bills. Auk. 81:542-550.
1966. Maturation and fecundity of brook trout from infertile streams. J.
Fish. Res. Board Can. 23:623-649.
1968. An improved girthometer for studies of gill net selectivity. Prog.
Fish-Culturist, 30:62-64.
1969. Occurence of the spotfin surfperch in Oregon Waters. Calif. Fish
and Game 55:335.

Name: C. T. Youngberg
Title: Professor
Mailing Address: Department of Soils
Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon 97331
Born: Seattle, Washington, March 25, 1917
Academic Training:
B.S. 1941 Wheaton College, Botany
M.S. 1947 University of Michigan, Forestry
Ph.D. 1951 University of Wisconsin, Soils
Professional Experience:
8.296
1946-47 Teaching Assistant in Botany, University of Michigan
1949-50 (summer) instructor in Forestry, University of Michigan
1947-51 Research Assistant in Soils, University of Wisconsin
1951°-52 Forest Soils Specialist, Weyerhaeuser Timber Company
1952-57 Associate Professor, Oregon State College
1958-64 Professor, Oregon State University
1964-65 Sabbatical leave at Harvard Forest, Petersham, Massachusetts
1965- Professor, Oregon State University
Publications (recent, relevant):
1966. Forest floors in Douglas-fir forest: 1. Dry weight and chemical
properties. SSSA Proc. 30:406-409.
1966. (with A. G. Wollum and C. M. Gilmour). Characterization of a
Streptomyces sp. isolated from root nodules of Ceanothus velutinus
Dougl. SSA Proc. 30:463-467.
1967. (with S. R. Webster and A. G. Wollum). Fixation of nitrogen by
bitterbrush. Purshia tridentata (Pursh) D.C. Nature 216 (No. 5113):
392--393.
1971. (with W. G. Dahms). Soil-vegetation indices for lodgepole pine
productivity on pumice soils in central Oregon. J. Forestry
(in press).

Name: Bratislav Zak
Title: Principal Plant Pathologist and Professor
8.297
Mailing Address: USDA Forest Service, Pacific Northwest Forest and
Range Experiment Station, Forestry Sciences Laboratory
P.O. Box 887, Corvallis, Oregon 97330
Born: Washington, D. C. February 3, 1919
Academic Training:
B.S. 1941 Pennsylvania State College
H.F. 1949 Duke University
Ph.D. 1954 Duke University
Professional Experience:
1946--53 Plant Pathologist, Bureau of Plant Industry (USDA)
1953-62 Plant Pathologist, USDA Forest Service, Southeastern Forest
Experiment Station, Athens, Georgia
1962- Plant Pathologist, USDA Forest Service. Pacific Northwest Forest
and Range. Experiment Station, Corvallis
1962- Professor, Oregon State University
Publications (recent, relevant).
1965. Effect of pH on mycorrhizal formation of slash pine in aseptic
culture. Forest Sci. 11:66-75.
1965. Aphids feeding on Douglas-fir mycorrhizae. Forest Sci. 11:410-411.
1967. A nematode (Meloidodera sp) on Douglas-fir mycorrhizae. Plant Dis.
___
Rep. 51.264. - -
1969. Characterization and classification of mycorrhizae of Douglas-fir.
I. Pseudotsuga menziesii + Poria Bot..47:1833-18140. terrestris (blue and orange
staining forms). Can. J.
1971. Characterization and classification of mycorrhizae of Douglas-fir. 11.
Pseudotsuga menziesii + Rhizopogon vinicolor. Can. J. Bot. (in press).

Name: Donald B. Zobel
Title: Assistant Professor
Mailing Address: Department of Botany
Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon 97331
Born: Salinas, California, July 17, 1942
Academic Training:
B.S. 1964 North Carolina State University, Forestry
M.S. 1966 Duke University, Botany
Ph.D. 1968 Duke University, Botany
Professional Experience:
1968- Assistant Professor, Oregon State University
Publications (recent, relevant).
8.298
1969. Factors affecting the distribution of Pinus pungens, an Appalachian
endemic. Ecol. Monogr. 39:303-333.

8.7'Addendum (additional proposal abstract)
TITLE: Photosynthesis of Douglas-Fir in the Intermountain Region
OBJECTIVES:
1. To relate net photosynthetic rates of Douglas-fir to plant water
status and relevant environmental parameters
2. To determine how net photosynthetic rates vary throughout the year
3. To provide basic data for the construction of primary productivity
models of Douglas-fir forests in the Coniferous Biome
APPROACH:
8.299
Net photosynthesis and transpiration will be simultaneously measured along
with relevant microenvironmental parameters such as solar irradiation,
leaf and air temperatures, plant water stress, and ambient vapor pressure.
These measurements will be conducted both in the field on naturally
occurring trees and in the laboratory using potted seedlings and detached
branches. Field determinations of gas exchange activity will be conducted
at least twice during the growing season and at several times during the
year in the laboratory. These measurements will correspond to the various
phenological stages of these trees.
Two climatized micro gas-exchange chambers(Siemens Corp.) with complete temperature,
humidity, and air movement control will be used for these field
and laboratory measurements of photosynthesis and transpiration. Adjustable
chamber stands have already been constructed for gas exchange measurements
in the field but would need modification for use on trees. Carbon dioxide
concentrations will be measured by infrared gas analysis (Beckman Co.) and
water vapor concentrations by lithium chloride sensors (Siemens Corp.).
These temperatures will be measured by fine-wire thermocouples and radiation
thermometry (Barnes Co.). Plant water status will be measured with the
Scholander pressure bomb method. Gas exchange measurements will be based
on leaf area, leaf volume, and dry weight. Correlative microenvironmental
measurements will be taken as per recommendations of the
Terrestrial Producers Committee. Gas exchange and microenvironmental data
will be recorded on Siemens multipoint recorders with direct interfacing
to an analog-digital converter for direct output in perforated paper
tape. These data will then be reduced, synthesized, and converted to magnetic
tape or data cards at the Utah State University campus for subsequent
transferal to the Coniferous Biome office in Seattle.
Nearly all of the instrumentation for these field and laboratory measurements
are already in our possession and have been used extensively for Desert
Biome projects.
PERSONNEL:
Principal Investigator:
Martyn M. Caldwell, Ecology Center, Utah State University