The economic dimensions of interpersonal violence - libdoc.who.int ...

More documents

Recommendations

Info

1. INTRODUCTIONviolence includes child abuse, intimate partner violence and elder abuse.Acquaintance and stranger violence includes stranger rape or sexual assault,youth violence, violence occurring during property crimes and violence ininstitutional settings such as schools, workplaces and nursing homes. Selfdirectedviolence, war, state-sponsored violence and other collective violence arespecifically excluded from these definitions.Borrowing from the 2002 WRVH and a broad survey of the literature, thisdocument classifies subcategories of interpersonal violence, with correspondingdefinitions, as follows:Child abuse and neglect: "All forms of physical and/or emotional illtreatment,sexual abuse, neglect or negligent treatment or commercialor other exploitation, resulting in actual or potential harm to the child'shealth, survival, development or dignity in the context of a relationshipof responsibility, trust or power" (Krug et al., 2002).Intimate partner violence: Behaviour within an intimate relationshipthat causes physical, sexual or psychological harm, including acts ofphysical aggression, sexual coercion, psychological abuse andcontrolling behaviours. The term covers violence by both current andformer spouses and partners. Though women can be violent towardmen in relationships, and violence exists in same-sex partnerships, thelargest burden of intimate partner violence is inflicted by men againsttheir female partners (Krug et al., 2002).Abuse of the elderly: "A single or repeated act, or lack of appropriateaction, occurring within any relationship where there is an expectationof trust which causes harm or distress to an older person, includingphysical, psychological or sexual abuse, and neglect."Sexual violence: "Any sexual act, attempt to obtain a sexual act,unwanted sexual comments or advances, or acts to traffic, or otherwisedirected, against a person's sexuality using coercion, by any personregardless of their relationship to the victim." This definition includesrape, defined as physically forced or otherwise coerced penetration ofthe vulva or anus, using a penis, other body parts or an object (Krug etal., 2002).Workplace violence: Violence committed in a place of employment.Youth violence: Violence committed by or against individuals betweenthe ages of 10 and 29.Other violent crime.Chapter 2 describes in detail what is known about the economic effects of eachof these types of interpersonal violence, with the exception of elder abuse, wherethe effects remain largely undocumented.3
THE ECONOMIC DIMENSIONS OF INTERPERSONAL VIOLENCE1.2 An ecological framework for assessing the economicdimensions of interpersonal violenceTo assess the economic dimensions of interpersonal violence, it is necessary tounderstand the causes and identify the factors that increase the likelihood ofpeople becoming victims and perpetrators of such violence. According to theWRVH no single factor can explain why one individual, community or society ismore or less likely to experience interpersonal violence. Instead, the Reportshowed that interpersonal violence is a complex phenomenon rooted in theinteraction of many factors ranging from the biological to the political. Tocapture this complexity, the WRVH adopted an ecological model that organizesthe risk factors for interpersonal violence into four interacting levels: theindividual level, relationships, community contexts and societal factors(Figure 1).Figure 1Ecological model for understanding interpersonal violenceSocietal Community Relationship IndividualIndividual-level risks include demographic factors such as age, incomeand education; psychological and personality disorders; alcohol andsubstance abuse; and a history of engaging in violent behaviour orexperiencing abuse.At the relationship level, factors such as poor parenting practices andfamily dysfunction, marital conflict around gender roles and resources,and associating with friends who engage in violent or delinquentbehaviour increase the risk for most types of interpersonal violence.The community level refers to the contexts in which social relationshipsoccur such as neighbourhoods, schools, workplaces and otherinstitutions. Poverty, high residential mobility and unemployment,social isolation, the existence of a local drug trade, and weak policiesand programmes within institutions increase the risk of interpersonalviolence.Societal-level risks are broad factors that create a climate in whichinterpersonal violence is encouraged, including economic, social,health and education polices that maintain or increase economic andsocial inequalities; social and cultural norms that support the use ofviolence; the availability of means (such as firearms) and weak criminaljustice systems that leave perpetrators immune to prosecution.4
Page 1 and 2: The economicdimensions ofinterperso
Page 3 and 4: WHO Library Cataloguing-in-Publicat
Page 6 and 7: ContentsAbbreviations..............
Page 8 and 9: AbbreviationsCBACDCCEACUADALYHMOIAD
Page 10 and 11: the costs of interpersonal violence
Page 12: the USA, with lifetime medical trea
Page 15: THE ECONOMIC DIMENSIONS OF INTERPER
Page 19 and 20: THE ECONOMIC DIMENSIONS OF INTERPER
Page 25: THE ECONOMIC DIMENSIONS OF INTERPER
Page 28 and 29: 2. COSTS OF INTERPERSONAL VIOLENCET
Page 30 and 31: 2. COSTS OF INTERPERSONAL VIOLENCEE
Page 32 and 33: 2. COSTS OF INTERPERSONAL VIOLENCEs
Page 34 and 35: 2. COSTS OF INTERPERSONAL VIOLENCEe
Page 36 and 37: 2. COSTS OF INTERPERSONAL VIOLENCEE
Page 38 and 39: 2. COSTS OF INTERPERSONAL VIOLENCEt
Page 40 and 41: 2. COSTS OF INTERPERSONAL VIOLENCEC
Page 42 and 43: 3. ECONOMIC EFFECTS OF INTERVENTION
Page 48 and 49: 4. EFFECTS OF ECONOMIC FACTORS AND
Page 58 and 59: APPENDIX 1Appendix 1Types of cost e
Page 60 and 61: APPENDIX 2National Crime Prevention
Page 62 and 63: REFERENCESReferencesAos S et al. (2
Page 64 and 65: REFERENCESEngstrom K, Diderichsen F
Page 66 and 67:
REFERENCESKorf DJ et al. (1997). Ec
Page 68 and 69:
REFERENCESRudmond WJ, Davey D (2000
Page 70:
World Health OrganizationAvenue App
show all

The economic dimensions of interpersonal violence - libdoc.who.int ...

Create successful ePaper yourself

Delete template?

Save as template?