We 'n' Our Society - 6.pdf - School Books Publishers India

2. Revolve round the sun. revolve round the planet.3. Earth is a planet. Moon is a satellite.2. A star and a planet.StarPlanet1. Stars twinkle. Planet do not twinkle.2. Stars have their own light. Planet recieve their light andheat from the sun.3. Stars are millions in number. Planets are eight in number.4. The sun is a star. Our earth is a planet.5. Stars are very big. Planets are comparatively verysmall to stars.3. Asteroids and meteors.AsteroidsMeteors1. Asteroids are small Meteors are brightplanets like solid objects. streaks of light.2. They may be broken These are shooting stars.pieces of a planet.3. Do not disappear. Disappear as gases.4. Constellation and galaxy.GalaxyConstellation1. Countless no of stars make The group of stars form a shape,a galaxy.called constellation.2. Our sun and stars belong to Great Bear or Saptrishi is thea galaxy known as Milky best example of a constellation.Way of Akash Ganga.E. Project / Activity :1. Make a model. Show the Moon revolving round the Earth and theEarth revolving round the Sun.Ans. (Do yourself)2. Draw a diagram showing the Solar system.Ans. (Do yourself)F. Short answer questions :1. What do you mean by Bigbang?Ans. It is believed that the universe came into being as a result of a hugeexplosion, called the Bigbang. This explosion took place billions ofyears ago.2. What is Milky Way?Ans. The Universe has countless number of galaxies. Our sun and starsbelong to a galaxy known as Milky Way or Akash Ganga.3. What does the word constellation mean?Ans. The group of stars form a shape, called constellation. Great Bear orSaptrishi is the best example of a constellation.4. How will you define Solar system?Ans. The family of the Sun is called the Solar system. The sun is the head ofthe Solar system. There are eight planets which go round it.3Horizon Press We 'n' Our Society – 6

7. What are satellites? How many satellites have been discovered sofar in the Solar system?Ans. A natural or artificial body which goes round a planet is known assatellite.There are some natural satellites that go round some plants. The moonis the natural satellite of earth. The Solar system consist of the sun,eight planets, sixty one known moons, asteroids, meteors and comets.8. Why do the planets not twinkle like the stars at night?Ans. The planets do not twinkle like the stars at night because they do nothave their own light. The reflect the light which they recieve from thesun. While stars have their own light, so they twinkle at night.9. Name the planets in order of their distance from the sun.Ans. There are eight planets in the Solar system. In order of their distancefrom the sun, these are :1. Mercury 5. Jupiter2. Venus 6. Saturn3. Earth 7. Uranus4. Mars 8. Neptune10. How does our earth provide ideal conditions for all forms of lifeincluding human beings?Ans. Our Earth is called a unique planet since it has land, water and air. Lifeis possible only where all the three exist. The temperature on the earthis suitable for life. It has only one natural satellite, the moon. So we cansay that our earth provide ideal conditions for all forms of lifeincluding human beings.2. LATITUDES AND LONGITUDESExercisesA. Tick ( 3) the correct answer :1. The Indian Standard Time (IST) is calculated according to :(a) 75º E(b) 82½ºE3(c) 75ºW(d) 82½°W2. The latitudes are drawn from east to :(a) North(b) West3(c) South(d) All of them3. The length of a degree of latitude on the Earth's surface is about :(a) 111 km3 (b) 111 Earth miles(c) 111 metres(d) 111 cm4. The value of Prime Meridian is measured :(a) 0º 3 (b) 90º(c) 75º (d) 100ºB. Write True or False :1. Longitude is called ''meridian' which means midday. True2. Standard time and local time for all countries are same. False5Horizon Press We 'n' Our Society – 6

3. The Standard Meridian of India is 82½º E longitude. True4. The length of Equator is 360º. False5. The Prime Meridian passing through the GreenwichObservatory is considered to be 0º.True6. The Prime Meridian is longer than all other meridians ofthe globe.FalseC. Fill in the blanks :1. The Earth is bulges out at the Equator and flattened at the poles.2. The distance between longitudes decreases towards poles.3. The network of latitudes and longitudes is known as the Earth's grid.4. The Arctic Circle is located in the northern hemisphere.5. The maximum distance between any two meridians is at the 0°.6. The value in degrees of the Prime Meridian is 0º.D. Match the following :1. The Equator cuts the globe (a) 66½ºS fo the Equator2. Torrid zone is also known as (b) 23½ºN3. Tropic of Capricorn lies at (c) into two equal halves4. Antarctic Circle lies at (d) 23½ºS5. Tropic of Cancer lies at (e) Tropical zone6. Arctic Circle lies at (f) 66½ºN of the Equator.E. Project / Activity :1. On an outline map of world, show the following :Tropic of Cancer, Arctic Circle, Standard Meridian, AntarcticCircle.Ans. (Do yourself)2. Find out the Standard time of the following countries withreference to GMT (Noon Time): Japan, China, India, NewZealand, South Africa.Ans. (Do yourself)F. Short answer questions :1. What is Equator?Ans. Equator is the imaginary line on the globe that divides earth intoNorthern and Southern Hemisphere.2. What are Meridians?Ans. The Globe has two set of circles. The circles run from north to southand pass through the North Pole and South Pole. These are called theMeridians.3. What do you mean by Earth's Grid?Ans. The parallels of latitudes and the meridians of longitudes form anetwork. These are called the Earth's Grid or the Geographic Grid.4. What is world time?Ans. The 0º meridian passing through Greenwich is the reference longitudefor International Time. The time according to the longitude of a placeis called local time.5. When was time zone system adopted?Ans. The system of time zone was adopted in 1884. Every country sets its6Horizon Press We 'n' Our Society – 6

time according to the time zone it falls. The Standard time of everyzone is set exact number of hours ahead or behind the GMT.G. Long answer questions :1. What are parallels of latitudes? Write there important featuresalso.Ans. The angular distance from Equator is measured as latitude. These linesrun between 0º and 90º latitudes in either hemisphere of Earth. Theseare called parallel of latitudes. Some important features of latitudesare:1. The Equator is the largest parallel.2. The latitudes are drawn from east to west.3. All latitudes are complete circles expect poles.4. All latitudes have equal distance from each other. The distancebetween two latitudes on the earth's surface is 111 km.5. The latitudes help us to locate places.2. What are heat zones? Write their names and respective positionon the Earth?Ans. All parts of the earth do not receive the same amount of solar energy. Itaffects difference in climate from one place to another. So parallelshelp us to divide the Earth into three heat zones.1.The Torrid Zone – This zone is the hottest part of the earth becauseit experiences the vertical rays of the sun. It lies between the Tropicof Cancer and Tropic of Capricorn.2.The Temperate Zone – The temperate zone are two in number.One in each hemisphere. They lie between 23½º and 66½º latitudes.These zones receive the slanting sun rays. So they are neither verycold nor two hot.3.The Frigid Zone – Beyond the Arctic Circle and Antarctic Circle, itis very cold as these areas receive extreme slanting rays of sun.These are the coldest regions.3. What is meant by local time? Which places on the earth have thesame local time?Ans. The time determined according to the longitude of a place is the localtime of that place. The local time to a place can be adjusted accordingto the mid-day sun. When a place is facing the sun, it is 12 Noon. Allthe places on the same meridian will have the same local time.4. Why does the Torrid zone receive maximum amount of heat?Ans. The word 'Torrid' means 'hot'. This zone is also known as Tropicalzone and lies between the Tropic of Cancer and Tropic of Capricorn. Itexperience the vertical rays of the Sun, at least twice a year. So thiszone is the hottest (Torrid) part of the earth.5. What is the difference between Indian Standard Time andGreenwich Mean Time?Ans. In India 82º 30'E (82½ºE) has been accepted as the standard Meridianfor the whole country. This time is Indian Standard Time (IST). TheIST is ahead of GMT by 5 hours 30 minutes.7Horizon Press We 'n' Our Society – 6

6. What is the importance of 82º30E ' longitude in India?Ans. In India 82º 30'E (82½ºE) has been accepted as the standard Meridianfor the whole country. This time is Indian Standard Time (IST). TheIST is ahead of GMT by 5 hours 30 minutes.7. What is the difference between longitude and latitude?Ans. Longitude Latitude1. A longitude is an imaginary A latitude is an angular fromline drawn joining the two poles. the equator.2. These are called Meridians. These are called parallels.3. Longitudes divide the earth into Latitudes divide the earth intoeastern and western hemisphere. northern and southernhemisphere.8. What is the purpose of having time zone?Ans. The world was divided into 24 time zones in 1884. Each time zone hasa longitudinal extent of 15 degrees or one hour. Every country sets itstime according to the time zone it falls. The standard time of everyzone is set exact number of hours ahead or behind the GMT.9. What is the relationship between longitude and time? Verify itwith examples.Ans. The rotation of the earth gives us the measure of the day. Everymeridian faces the sun once in a day. When the meridian is facing thesun, it is the noon at that place. The places east of a given longitude willhave the sunrise first. For example – Tokyo experiences sunrise beforeLondon and London experiences sunrise before New York.In other words, we can say that the earth rotates through 15 degrees oflongitude in one hour and 1 degree of longitude in 4 minutes.10. Why does a country need Standard Time?Ans. The local time of a place is based on the meridian of that place. Therewould be confusion, if all places on different meridians, follow theirown local time So every country in the world, has its own Centralmeridian. This time is taken as the Standard time for the entire regionor the country.3. ROTATION AND REVOLUTIONOF THE EARTHExercisesA. Tick ( 3) the correct answer :1. The movement of the Earth around the sun is called :(a) Rotation(b) Revolution3(c) Orbit(d) None of them2. The minimum speed of Earth's rotation is at :(a) Equator(b) Poler3(c) Both of them(d) None of themHorizon Press 8We 'n' Our Society – 6

4. Shadows are longer in the morning and evening and shorter atnoon time.Ans. The rays of the Sun fall slanting in the morning and evening. Theycover a large area an the Earth. At noon Sun rays fall vertically andcover a small area, so shadows are longer in the morning and eveningand shorter at noon time.E. Distinguish between :1. Rotation and revolution.RotationRevolution1. Rotation is the daily motion. Revolution is an annual motion.2. The earth rotates on its axis Earth revolves round the sun infrom west to east.an elliptical orbit.3. Causes day and night. Causes change of seasons.2. Solstice and equinox.Ans. Solstice is the date on which the mid-day sun shines over a tropic andthe duration of the day is the longest in that hemisphere.The word 'Equinox' means 'equal night'. An Equinox is the day, whenthe mid-day sun shines vertically overhead at the equator and the nightand day have equal duration.3. Aphelion and perihelion.Ans. When the sun is nearest to the earth, it is called Perihelion. The earthreaches its perihelion on or around 4 January every year.When the earth remains at maximum distance from the sun, it is calledAphelion. The sun reaches its Aphelion on or around 4 July every year.F. Project / Activity :1. Draw diagrams to show the following :(i) Occurence of day and night.(ii) The tilted axis on the Earth.(iii) The Summer Solstice.(iv) The Winter Solstice.Ans. (Do yourself)G. Short answer questions :1. What is the exact time taken by the Earth in one rotation?Ans. The Earth takes about 24 hours to complete one rotation.2. Describe in short the daily motion of Earth.Ans. The spinning of the Earth around its axis is called Rotation. The Earthtakes about 24 hours to complete one rotation. Thus we have day andnight. This rotation is also called daily motion of the Earth.3. Define annual motion of the Earth in few words.Ans. The Earth, while rotating around axis, also revolves around the sun.The movement of the Earth around the sun in a fixed elliptical orbit iscalled Revolution of Annual Motion of the Earth.4. What is meant by 'Equinox'?Ans. The position of the earth during the spring and autumn seasons arecalled Equinox.5. What are the effects of Earth's rotation?Ans. The effects of Earth's rotation are :1. It causes days and night.Horizon Press 10We 'n' Our Society – 6

2. It causes sunrise and sunset.3. It gives us the concept of direction (east, west, north, south).4. It causes tides twice a day.H. Long answer questions :1. What is the importance of the inclination of the Earth's axis?Ans. The axis of the Earth is inclined at 23½º. Due to this inclination, daysand nights do not have equal duration. If the Earth were not inclined onits axis and sunrays were vertical to orbital plane, then all places ofEarth will have day and night of equal duration.2. Describe the two motions of the Earth. State their effects briefly.Ans. The Earth rotates on its axis from west to east causing day and night. Itcauses sunrise and sunset. Rotation gives us the concept of directionand causes tides twice a day.The earth revolves round the Sun in an elliptical orbit taking one yearto complete the revolution. It causes change of seasons. It givesvariation in duration of day and night.3. Explain briefly why February has one day more in the leap year.Ans. The earth takes about 365¼ days to complete one revolution while 365days make one complete year, then 6×4 = 24 hours (one day) are addedto a year after every four years. This additional day is added to themonth of February in that year. Thus February has 29 days and thatyear has 366 days. This year is known as a leap year and the extra dayin the month of february is known as leap day.4. Why do we have different seasons?Ans. We have different seasons due to :1. The rotation of the earth on its axis.2. The revolution of the earth around the sun.3. The inclination of the earth axis in a fixed direction.5. What is the difference between Summer Solstice and WinterSolstice?Ans. Summer Solstice Winter Solstice1. Northern Hemisphere remains It takes place in Southerninclined towards the sun Hemisphere from 23 septemberbetween 21st March and 23 to 21st March. (for 6 months).September.2. The sun shines over the Tropic The sun shines over the Tropicfo Cancer.of Capricorn.3. The longest day and shortest On 22nd December, the daynight occur on 21st June. become the shortest and nightbecomes longest.6. What are the main effects of Earth's rotation?Ans. The effects of Earth's rotation are :1. It causes days and night.2. It causes sunrise and sunset.3. It gives us the concept of direction (east, west, north, south).4. It causes tides twice a day.11Horizon Press We 'n' Our Society – 6

7. Which days of the year are called Equinoxes? How and when doesit happen?Ans. An Equinox is the day, when the midday sun shines verticallyoverhead at the equator and night and the day have equal duration.It occurs on 21st March and 23rd September, when the rays of the sunfall vertically on the Equator. The days and nights become equal theworld over.8. Why are vertical rays of the sun hotter than slanting rays?Ans. When the sun rays fall vertically, they cover a small area. The area thatfaces the sun constantly gains heat. So, it is very hot. While slantingrays cover a large area on the earth. So there is lesser head as comparedto vertical rays.9. What are the effects of the revolution of the Earth?Ans. The effects of the revolution of the Earth are -----1. It gives variation in the duration of day and night.2. It gives variation in the distribution of heat over the surface of theEarth.3. The four seasons (winter, summer, autumn and spring) occur due tothe Earth's revolution.4. GLOBE AND MAPSExercisesA. Tick ( 3) the correct answer :1. The model of the Earth is called :(a) Map(b) Globe3(c) Sketch(d) Plan2. What is the art of map making called?(a) Geology(b) Cartography3(c) Astrology(d) Photography3. Which constellation is also known as "The Great Bear"?(a) Ursa Major3 (b) Orion(c) Both of them(d) None of them4. How many cardinal directions are there on a map?(a) Five(b) Four3(c) Ten(d) One5. A map without scale is called–(a) Plan(b) Sketch3(c) Photo(d) None of themB. Write True or False :1. Aerial maps are needed for planning intercity roads. False2. Rivers are shown on a relief or Physical map. True12Horizon Press We 'n' Our Society – 6

3. Globe is not a part of the map on a flat surface. True4. Sketch help us in having some idea of real distance. True5. South-East is not an intermediate direction. False6. On the map mounted on a wall, east is to the left of the viewer. FalseC. Fill in the blanks :1. Countries and states are shown on political maps.2. The Great Bear constellation is known as the Saptrishi Mandal inIndia.3. A Plan is an accurate diagram of an area.4. Collection of maps is known as Atlas.5. The Pole Star is vertically above the north pole.6. A man-made model of the earth is called a Globe.D. Define the following terms :1. Globe – A globe is a simple and accurate way of representing the earth.2. Direction – The direction is shown on a map with the help of an arrow.It is called the North Line. With the help of it. It becomes easy to findother directions.3. Map – A map is diagram drawn on a flat surface. It is a smallrepresentation of a small area.4. Scale – The ratio between map distance and ground distance is knownas scale.5. Sketch – A sketch is a rough map with outlines, drawn without a scaleand also without the proper use of sings and symbols.6. Cardinal directions – On a map, North is always at the top, and Southis always at the Bottom. East is always to the right and west is alwaysto the left. These four conventional directions are knowns as cardinaldirections.7. Plan – A plan is a large scale map of a very small area showing minutedetails.8. Intermediate directions – The intermediate directions are – North-East (NE), South-East (SE), North-West (NW) and South-West (SW).9. Map distance – Distance means the space between two places. Mapdistance means the scale of map which tells us the relationshipbetween distances on the map and the distances in real life.10. Ptolemy – Ptolemy, an Egyptian invented the science of map making.He was the first, who showed the top of the map with a North line.E. Project / Activity :1. Place a burning candle before a globe. Look at the moving light onthe globe and learn about the day-night phenomenon.Ans. (Do yourself)2. Draw a sketch of your colony and show the important places suchas garden, temple, shops, etc on it.Ans. (Do yourself)F. Short answer questions :1. When was the very first Atlas published?Ans. The very first Atlas was published in 1595.13Horizon Press We 'n' Our Society – 6

2. What are the different types of maps?Ans. There are three types of maps :1. Physical maps – shows physical features of the earth as oceans,mountains, rivers, plains, etc.2. Political maps – show the political boundaries of the countries,states and cities.3. Thematic maps – give us specific informations about railways,roads, air routes, location of industries and mines, etc.3. Write the important steps used in making maps.Ans. Important steps for making maps:1. Survey – A general view of the area and measurement.2. Projection – special method to draw a map.3. Reproduction – Maps are printed in various number.4. What is the use of magnetic compass?Ans. A magnetic compass is used to find the directions. The needle of thiscompass always points towards the north-south direction.5. What do you mean by a sketch?Ans. A sketch is a rough map with outlines, drawn without a scale and alsowithout the proper use of sings and symbols.G. Long answer questions :1. Why do we need a globe or a map?Ans. Our earth is very vast. It is not possible to see the entire earth at thesame time. The map or the globe show the correct size, shape andlocation of the places in relation to each other. It is easy to understandthe concepts of time and distance with a globe or map.2. What are the various components of a map?Ans. The essential components to make a map accurate are :1. Title – It introduces the theme of the map.2. Distance or Scale – helps to calculate and measure the distancebetween two places.3. Direction – Maps have an arrow, which points to north.4. Key or Legend – List of symbols.5. Grid – It contains the parallels of Latitude and Longitude.3. What is a difference between a map and a plan?Ans. A Map is a diagram drawn on a flat surface. It is the representation ofthe earth as a whole or a part of it. Maps are useful to understand thevarious features of the earth easily. The map represent the vast area, soit does not show minor details.A plan is a detailed drawing showing a small area on a large scale. Theplane includes the directions, symbols and distances shown accuratelymore than a map. The plan represents a small area so it shows minordetails.14Horizon Press We 'n' Our Society – 6

4. What are the limitations of a globe? How can a map solve therelimitations?Ans. A globe has following limitations :1. Difficult to carry.2. Limited space on the globe, details cannot be shown properly.3. A globe is a model of earth. It cannot be made for a part of the earth.4. Details of geographic features cannot be shown properly.A map is a representation of earth as a whole or as a part of it. It ismore convenient to carry than a globe. It can depict the features,land forms, mountains, rivers, valleys. Although less accurate thana globe, a map is more useful.5. What are the main cardinal directions on a map? How would youlocate directions on a map?Ans. The directions on the map follow a common convention. North isalways at the Top, South is at the bottom, East is to the right and West isto the left. There are the four cardinal directions on a map.The direction is shown on a map with the help of an arrow. It is calledthe North Line. With the help of it becomes easy to find directions.6. What is the role of symbols in a map?Ans. The map is a small representation of a huge area. We can not depict allfeatures in their actual size and shape. So different colours, signs,symbols are used to present information on the map. There signs makethe map easy to read and keep it clean. The common sings and symbolswhich are universally accepted are called Conventional symbols.7. What is meant by the term 'scale of the map'?Ans. Different maps have different scales. So the term scale of the map tellsus the relationship between distances on the map and the distances inreal life. Thus, the scale is the essential component of any map.8. What is the difference between a sketch and a plan?Ans. Sketch Plan1. Sketch is a rough map with outline. Plan is a detailed drawing.2. Drawn without a scale. Drawn according to scale.3. Without the proper use of sign Includes the proper sign,and symbols.symbols, directions anddistances.9. What are the advantages of a magnetic compass?Ans. The advantages of magnetic compass are :1. Easy to use.2. Quick in function.3. Cheep is cost.4. Easily available in the market.15Horizon Press We 'n' Our Society – 6

E. Distinguish between :1. Sea and ocean.Ans. Seas are smaller than the oceans. Some seas are large lakes surroundedby the land- ex. Caspian Sea. A sea may be connected with an ocean.2. Atmosphere and Hydrosphere.AtmosphereHydrosphere1. Atmosphere is the domain of air. Hydrosphere is the domain ofwater.2. Atmosphere is a mixture of gases, The oceans, seas and otherwater vapour and dust particles.water bodies cover 3/4 of theearth's surface.3. Mountains and hills.Ans. The land masses which elevate above its surroundings are calledmountains. while mountains not so high are called hills.4. Mountains and Plateau.MountainsPlateau1. Very high land. little high land.2. High and pointed peaks. Flat surface.3. Steep sides. shape of a table.4. Can be classified according to No classification is available.their age.5. Plateau and Plain.Ans. The Plateaus are little high land with more or less flat surface. Theyhave the shape of a table.The plains are low lying land surfaces, formed by silt depositesbrought from the mountains by the rivers flowing through them. Theyare very fertile and suitable for crops. So, the plains have densepopulation.F. Short answer questions :1. What is a continent?Ans. The large landmasses which rise above the sea level are calledcontinents. They are surrounded by vast oceans.2. How much area is covered by Asia?Ans. Asia covers nearly 30 per cent of the total land surface of the earth. Itsarea is about 4,44,85,900 sq km.3. Which continent is called the 'White Continent'?Ans. Due to thick ice cover. Antarctica is known as white continent.4. What are hills?Ans. All the mountains are not equal in height. Mountains not so high arecalled hills.5. How many oceans are there on the Earth?Ans. Oceans are very large water bodies. There are four major oceans on theEarth :1. The Pacific Ocean.2. The Atlantic Ocean.3. The Indian Ocean.4. The Arctic Ocean.17Horizon Press We 'n' Our Society – 6

6. What is atmosphere?Ans. The air which surrounds the earth is called the atmosphere.Atmosphere is a mixture of gases, water vapours and dust particles.G. Long answer questions :1. What are known as domains or realms of the earth?Ans. Earth is a unique planet and major domains of the earth whichgenerally help to sustain life are :1. Lithosphere – solid crust of the earth consisting of rocks,landmasses.2. Hydrosphere –represent the liquid domain as oceans, seas andother water bodies.3. Atmosphere – represent the air domain.2. What are the chief constituents of hydrosphere?Ans. Our earth is called the watery planet. About 71% of the earth surface iscovered with water. Water in all its forms on earth is known asHydrosphere. The Chief constituents of hydrosphere are oceans, seas,gulfs, bays and rivers.3. What is the composition of atmosphere?Ans. Atmosphere is a mixture of gases, water vapours and dust particles. Ithas 78% nitrogen, 21% oxygen and 1% other gases as carbon-dioxide,hydrogen and helium, etc. Oxygen is essential for humanbeings and animals and carbon dioxide for the plants. The atmosphereprotects life on earth.4. Why is the earth called the 'blue planet'?Ans. The presence of water in its liquid form is a unique feature of our earth.About 71% of the earth's surface is covered with water. So our earth iscalled watery planet or blue planet. The other planets where water hasbeen spotted, is in frozen form which cannot support life.5. What do you understand by lithosphere?Ans. The lithosphere is the top crust of the earth, on which all thecontinents, countries and ocean basin rest. The lithosphere includes alltypes of landmasses as mountains, plains and plateaus.6. What is biosphere? What is the chief characteristic of biosphere?Ans. The biosphere is the narrow zone of contact between lithosphere,atmosphere and hydrosphere. This place is situated a few kilometresabove and below the earth's surface. The chief characteristic ofbiosphere is that every living being on earth is part of biosphere. Lifein the form of animals, plants and tiny microbes is found here. Theseelements are interdependent on each-other. The survival of humanbeings on earth depends upon the biosphere.7. Name the different layers of atmosphere.Ans. On the basis of composition, density and temperature and otherproperties we can divide the atmosphere into 5 layers.1. Exosphere2. Thermosphere3. Mesosphere4. Stratosphere5. Troposphere18Horizon Press We 'n' Our Society – 6

8. How can we contribute in maintaining the delicate balance ofbiosphere?Ans. Many activities of men have led to the pollution of air, water and land.Pollution is a man-made disturbance, which nature can neither stopnor ratify. So causes of pollution need to be controlled. We can notafford to take liberties with nature's bounties. Therefore, there is aurgent need to maintain the balance of nature through the balance inthe domains of earth.9. Why is Antarctica called the 'Continent of Science'?Ans. Antartica is located around the south pole. 98%of its area is coveredwith ice and remaining area is covered with barren rocks. It provide agreat scope for scientific study of weather. Many countries haveestablished their scientific study nations in Antarctica. So it is calledContinent of Science.10. Name the seven continents and four oceans in order to their size.Ans. There are seven continents and four oceans. In decreasing order ofsize, these are :ContinentOcean1. Asia 1. The Pacific Ocean2. Africa 2. The Atlantic Ocean3. North America 3. The Indian Ocean4. South America 4. The Arctic Ocean5. Antarctica6. Europe7. Australia6. MAJOR LANDFORMS OF THE EARTHExercisesA. Tick (3) the correct answer :1. Which forces originate from within the Earth?(a) Gradational(b) Tectonic(c) Both of them3 (d) None of them2. What do the uplifted blocks are known as?(a) Graben(b) Horsts3(c) Young fold(d) Cordilla3. The Black forest in Germany is the best example of which type ofmountains?(a) Fold mountains (b) Block mountains3(c) Volcanic mountains (d) None of them4. Which plateau is popularly known as 'The Roof of the World'?(a) Plateau of Pamir 3 (b) Plateau of Australia(c) Plateau of Kenya (d) Plateau of Uganda19Horizon Press We 'n' Our Society – 6

4. Fold and block mountains.Fold mountains Block mountains1. Have been made through Formed by the horizontal tensionaluplift and folding of the rock. forces.2. Have conical peaks and round Have flat tops and steep slopes.peaks.3. Two types-old fold and young Two types – Horsts and Graben. infold mountains.India.4. e.g. Alps, Aravallis. e.g. Western Ghats, Salt range inPakistan.F. Give at least two examples for each of the following :1. Fold mountains – Alps in Europe Aravallis in India.2. Block mountains – Black forest in Germany Salt range inPakistan.3. Volcanic mountains – Kilimanjaro in Africa Fujiyama inJapan.4. Continental Plateau – Ranchi in India Pot-war in Pakistan.5. Intermontane Plateau – Columbia in USA Tibet in Asia.6. Alluvial Plains – Indo-Gangetic Plain Nile basin ofEGYPT.G. Project / Activity :On an outline map of the world show the following"1. The Himalayas2. The Alps3. The Andes4. The Rockies5. The Aravallis6. Deccan plateau7. The plateau of Tibet8. Indus plains9. The Great plains of USA10. Siberian plainsAns. (Do yourself)H. Short answer questions :1. What is meant by tectonic forces?Ans. Forces from within the earth, which are responsible for the formationof different landmases, are called Tectonic Forces. Different types ofmountains and hills are made by internal process.2. What are yong fold mountains?Ans. The mountains which have been made through uplift and folding ofrock and having conical peaks as they have not yet been worn out byexternal process are known as yong fold mountains. e.g. Alps inEurope, Rockies in North America and the Himalayas in Asia.3. What are volcanic mountains?Ans. When a Volcano erupts hot gases, rock materials and hot magma isthrown out with great force which, after solidification, build layerupon layer over thousands of years and form tall cone-shapedmountains with high peak are known as volcanic mountains.Horizon Press 21We 'n' Our Society – 6

4. What is a Plateau?Ans. A Plateau is a highland with steep slopes and a large flat surface. So,Plateaus are called tablelands also.5. Give two benefits of plains.Ans. Two benefits of plains are :1. Plains have more fertile soil and longer growing season.2. Plains are highly productive and easy for transportation.I. Long answer questions :1. Name the three major landforms. How are major landforms likemountains formed ?Ans. The three major types of landforms are :Mountain, Plateau, and PlainsA mountain is a natural elevation of the earth's surface. It is a hugelandmass which rises more then 900 m above the mean sea level.Generally hills and mountains are made by folding and uplifting of theearth's curst.2. Classify mountains on the basis of their origin. Explain each type.Ans. On the basis of origin, there are three types of mountains:1. Fold mountains – have been made through uplift and folding ofthe rock, having conical peaks. e.g. Aravallis, Alps.2. Block mountains – formed by the horizontal tensional forces,having flat tops and steep slops. e.g. Black forest in Germany, Saltrange in Pakistan.3. Volcanic mountains – result of volcanic activities on the surfaceof the earth. cone – shaped mountains with high peak.e.g. Fujiyama in Japan.3. Give at least two features of block mountains. Where can you findblock mountains in Europe and in India?Ans. The main features of block mountains are their flat tops and steepslopes. In India Western Ghats has many features of block mountains.4. What are the benefits of mountains?Ans. Mountains are very useful for us. Some of the common benefits of themountains are :1. Help in the condensation of moisture.2. Act as ‘Climatic barrier’ against cold and hot winds.3. Many rivers emerge from the mountains.4. Provide rich pastures and valuable forests. They have rich varietyof flora (plant) and fauna (animal).5. Mountains are reservoirs of water.6. Rich reserves of minerals.5. Why are plains most suitable for settlement?Ans. Plains are ideal sites for human habitation from very early period.They have more fertile soil and longer growing season. The plains arehighly productive and easy for transportation. So plains attract moreconcentration of people.22Horizon Press We 'n' Our Society – 6

6. Why are Alluvial plains generally thickly populated?Ans. Most of the plains are formed by the sediments deposited by rivers.The rivers bring sand, silt and clay from the mountains and depositthem at lower elevations. It is called alluvium. Such formed plains arecalled Alluvial plains. The fertility of soil is therefore renewed yearafter year. So alluvial plains are thickly populated.7.INDIA–LOCATION ANDPOLITICAL DIVISIONSExercisesA. Tick (3) the correct answer :1. The most populous states is :(a) Madhya Pradesh (b) Uttar Pradesh(c) Bihar(d) Rajasthan2. Which of the following mountain peaks is not in India?(a) Godwin Austin(b) Mt Everest(c) Dhaulagiri(d) Nanda Devi3. Which is the longest river of Peninsular India?(a) Brahmaputra(b) Ganga(c) Yamuna(d) Saryu4. The largest state is :(a) Madhya Pradesh (b) Rajasthan(c) Punjab(d) Haryana5. The youngest mountain range of India is :(a) Aravallis(b) Himalayas(c) Both of them(d) None of themB. Answer the following questions in one word :1. Which is the highest peak of Himalaya in India?Ans. Mount Kanchanjunga (8,598 m)2. Which island is known as coral island?Ans. Lakshadweep3. Name the parallel of latitude that passes through the middle ofIndia.Ans. Tropic of Cancer (23½ºN)4. Name the southern most point of India.Ans. Kanyakumari5. What is the official name of India?Ans. Republic of India6. Which is the largest dalta in the world?Ans. Sunderban7. Where does the Indus river originate?Ans. Tibet8. Which of the Ghat is more fertile-Eastern or Western?Ans. Eastern Ghat23Horizon Press We 'n' Our Society – 633333

C. Write True or False :1. India is the seventh largest country in the world. True2. India has Andaman and Nicobar islands in the Arabian sea. False3. The Brahmaputra river originates in Gangotri. False4. The plains of the coastline is called the coastal plains. True5. The area drained by a river is known as basin. TrueD. Fill in the blanks :1. Andaman and Nicobar islands are located in the Bay of Bengal.2. The Brahmaputra river is known as Tsangpo in Tibet.3. Major part of Ganga-Brahmaputra delta lies in Bay of Bengal.4. India has 28 states and 7 Union Territories.5. The southern part of the Eastern Coastal plain is called thecoromandal coast.6. A major part of the Sunderban delta lies in Bay of Bengal.7. The western coastal range lies between the Narmada and the Tapirivers.E. Distinguish between :1. The Himadari and the Shivalik mountain range.HimadariShivalik1. It is called Greater Himalayas. It is called outer Himalaya.2. It has high peaks. It has narrow valleys called Dunse.g. Dehradun.3. Peaks are permanently snow These ranges are made up ofcovered.loose deposits of soft rocks, mudand silt.2. The Western and the Eastern coastal plains.Western plainEastern plain1. Plains are narrow. Eastern plains are broad.2. Do not form delta. fertile deltas.3. Not so populated. Population is dense4. Not a fertile land. Land is fertile.3. The rivers of the Himalayas and the rivers of Deccan plateau.Rivers of HimalayasRivers of Deccan1. Indus Kaveri2. Ganga Godavari3. Brahmaputra Mahanadi4. Jhelum Tapi5. Sutluj Narmada6. Chenab Krishna7. YamunaF. Project / Activity :1. On an outline map of India show the three Himalayan ranges.Ans. (Do yourself)2. On an outline map of India show five geographical divisions ofIndia.Ans. (Do yourself)24Horizon Press We 'n' Our Society – 6

G. Short answer questions :1. What is India's official name?Ans. India's official name is 'Republic of India'.2. Which countries are sharing natural land boundary with India?Ans. India shares natural land boundaries with Pakistan and Afghanistan onthe west, China, Nepal and Bhutan on the north, Bangladesh andMyanmar of the east and Sri lanka on the west.3. What are the five geographical divisions of India?Ans. Five geographical divisions of India are :1. The Great mountain range2. The fertile plains3. The Desert regions4. The Great Peninsular plateau5. The Coastal plains and the group of islands4. What is Trans-Himalayas region?Ans. From Kashmir to Arunachal, the snow covered mountains stand like awall. This region is known as Trans-Himalayas region.5. Where is Sambhar lake?Ans. Sambhar lake is the largest of many salt lakes found in the Rajasthan.6. What do you mean by Islands?Ans. In India, there are two major group of islands :1. Lakshadweep – These islands are in Arabian sea. They arehardened skeletons of tiny sea animals called coral polyps.2. Andaman and Nicobar islands – These islands are in Bay ofBengal. They are bigger in size.H. Long answer questions :1. Name the major physical divisions of India.Ans. Five geographical divisions of India are :1. The Great mountain range2. The fertile plains3. The Desert regions4. The Great Peninsular plateau5. The Coastal plains and the group of islands2. Which are our neighbouring countries? Mark and label thecountries in an outline map of India.Ans. India shares natural land boundaries with Pakistan and Afghanistan onthe west, China, Nepal and Bhutan on the north, Bangladesh andMyanmar of the east and Sri lanka on the west.Students mark and label themselves these countries in on outline mapof India.3. What is the importance of Northern plains of India?Ans. The Northern plains occupy the greater part of northern India. Theseplains are chiefly made of silt and soil brought by the rivers whichoriginate in the mountains. It cover Haryana, UP, MP, Rajasthan, Biharand west Bengal. These plains are formed by three rivers system. TheIndus, Ganga and Brahmaputra, along with their tributaries.25Horizon Press We 'n' Our Society – 6

4. Name the three parallel ranges of Himalaya.Ans. The Himalaya mountain consist of three parallel ranges, which are ----1. The Himadri – Greater Himalaya2. The Himachal – Middle Himalaya3. The Shivalik – Outer Himalaya5. Name the coastal plains of India and their two majorcharacteristics?Ans. The plains on the coastline are called the coastal plains. Western andEastern Ghats lie in the coastal areas.Western Ghat has two coasts- Konkan coast and Malabar coast. WhileEastern Ghat also has two coasts- coromandal coast and Northerncircar.Their major characteristics are their fertile deltas and densepopulation.6. Explain the main features of Peninsular plateaus.Ans. The Peninsular plateaus are old structures composed of igneous andmetamorphic rocks. They are located towards the south of Northernplains. It is roughly triangular in shape. The plateaus has hill ranges onall the three sides. They have rounded tops.7. How is delta formed? Throw some light on Ganga andBrahmaputra delta.Ans. A delta is made by a river at its mouth. It has the shape of letter 'D'inGreek. It is made by the alluvial deposits at mouth of a river.The Ganga and Brahmaputra have created a delta, named Sunderbans,in Bay of Bengal. It is the largest delta in the world. These plains haverich and fertile soil and are densely populated.8.INDIA: CLIMATE, VEGETATIONAND WILDLIFEExercisesA. Tick (3) the correct answer :1. What are the Pre-monsoon winds also called in Kerala?(a) Apple shower(b) Mango shower(c) Grapes shower(d) None of them2. Which place in the world recieves highest rainfall?(a) Kerala(b) Mawsynram(c) Rajasthan(d) None of them3. In which type of forest do the Teak and Sal are found?(a) Thorn forests(b) Tropical Deciduous(c) Tidal forest(d) None of them4. What do the Tidal forests are also known as?(a) The mountain forests (b) The Mangrove(c) Thorn forests(d) None of them26Horizon Press We 'n' Our Society – 63333

5. The Sunderbans of West Bengal is Famous for :(a) Black buck(b) Tiger3(c) Elephant(d) None of themB. Write True or False :1. India is the only country in the world that has both tigersand lions.True2. The Sunderbans cover part of Ganga-Yamuna delta. False3. Thorn forests have small thorny bushes. True4. Forests grow well in areas where there in no rainfall. False5. The world's highest rainfall has been recorded in Cherrapunji. TrueC. Fill in the blanks :1. The annual cycle of seasons in India is dominated by the temperatureand monsoon.2. The important trees in the grassland and thorn forests are babool andkikar.3. Rain forests are found in areas receiving 300 cm rainfall annually.4. Himalayas shields the country against bitter cold winds from thenorth.5. The pre-monsoon showers in Kerala are called Mango shower.6. Monsoon starts retreating from the month of September.7. The Monsoon exerts a moderating influence on the sub-continent.8. The world's highest rainfall is recorded at Mawsynram nearCherrapunji .D. Write short notes on the following :1. Cold weather reasons – The month of December, January andFebruary are the months of winter season. The sun rays do not falldirectly on the land. Due to influence of the sea, there is not muchdifference in day and night temperature.2. Hot weather season – It starts from middle of March till may. It getsvery hot because the sun shines vertically over India. Almost everypart of India experiences hot and dry weather. The hot winds, calledloo, blow in the region.3. Cycle of seasons – The main four seasons in India depend onvariations in temperature and influence of monsoon winds. These fourseasons are- Winter, Summer, Rainy season, Retreating Monsoon.4. Desert vegetation – The desert and semi-desert forests are found inareas where the rainfall is less than 85cm a year. Here the climate ishumid and high temperature. Most of the trees and bushes have deeproots, long thorns and thick barks. Trees like babool, kikar, palms arecommon. This type of vegetation is mostly found in Rajasthan.5. The Tidal forests – There forests are found near the sea coasts. Theseare also called Mangrove forests. These forest can survive in bothfresh and salt water. e.g. Sunderbans. Here the trees provide hard, oilyand durable wood, which is used in construction work and makingboats.6. The dry forests – These are found in dry regions where the rainfall isless than 100cm. The trees are usually small and stunted and thornycalled shrub. e.g. Kikar, babool, cacti, date, palm and Khair.Horizon Press 27We 'n' Our Society – 6

E. Distinguish between :1. Equable climate and extreme climate.Extreme climateEquable climate1. It is found is northern, central found in coastal areas of south.and interior India.2. High temperature in summer Climate remains warm almostand low temperature in winter. through out the year.2. Deciduous forests and tropical evergreen forests.Deciduous forestEvergreen forest1. Annual rainfall between 100 Annual rainfall over 300 cm.and 200 cm.2. Long dry season. Short dry season.3. Not so much dense. Forests are very dense.4. Teak and Sal are the most Important trees are Ebony,valuable trees found here. Roswood, Jamun and Mahogany.3. Seasons of advancing monsoon and retreating monsoon.Advancing monsoon Retreating monsoon1. From June to September. From September end to Octoberbegining.2. Winds are loaded with moisture.Weather becomes oppressivedue to excessive heat, humidity.3. Winds can cause flood and Cyclones hit the coast at thisdrought.time.4. Zoo and wildlife sanctuaries.Ans. A sanctuary is a reserved area for the preservation and development ofendangered species. Here, the animals roam freely in the naturalsurroundings.In the zoo, the animals are kept in the cages.F. Supply the name of the trees under each heading :1. Tropical Evergreen forestsEbonyRosewoodJamunMahogany2. Monsoon forests or Tropical Deciduous forestsTeakSalSandalbamboo3. Desert forestsCactiAcaciaBaboolKikar28Horizon Press We 'n' Our Society – 6

4. The Thorn forestsKikarBaboolCactiDate, Palm5. The Mountain forestsSalOakChestnutsPine6. The Tidal forestsSundariG. Project / Activity :A. Find out the name of at least one animal which is associated withthe following region.1. Sunderbans 2. Gir forests3. Kerala 4. Madhya PradeshAns. (Do yourself)B. Name the states to which the following national parks/wildlifesanctuaries located :1. Corbett 2. Sariska3. Kaziranga 4. Bandipur5. Van Vihar 6. AnamalaiAns. (Do yourself)H. Short answer questions :1. How is climate different from weather?Ans. Weather is day-to-day condition of our atmosphere while climateincludes changes of weather over a long period of time. The commonelement of weather and climate is the temperature.2. What is the common element of weather and climate?Ans. The common element of weather and climate is the temperature.3. What are the types of seasons in India?Ans. The main four seasons in India depend on variations in temperatureand influence of monsoon winds. These four seasons are- Winter,Summer, Rainy season, Retreating Monsoon.4. What are Mangrove forests?Ans. The forests that are found near the sea coasts, in the areas floodes bythe tides of the, are known as Mangrove forests.5. What do you understand by wildlife?Ans. India is very rich in wildlife. Wildlife (animals) is distributed over thecountry according to vegetation. More than 80,000 species ofanimals1,200 species of birds and many types of reptiles are found inIndia. All these belong to wild life.6. What is a Sanctuary?Ans. A Sanctuary is a reserved area for the preservation and development ofendangered species.29Horizon Press We 'n' Our Society – 6

I. Long answer questions :1. How do the Himalaya mountains influence the climate of India?Ans. The Himalayas stands like a crown in the north. The Himalaya rangesdo not permit the cold winds, coming from central Asia, to enter India.It also hinders the rain bearing monsoon winds. Thus, the Himalayasave India from the harsh winters from the north and helps to provideplenty of rainfall.2. Explain with examples how the sea regulates the climate of itsneighbouring regions.Ans. The climate of India is influenced by relief features, location anddistance from the sea. India has equable climate in the coastal areas ofsouth. Due to the influence of the sea, there is not much difference inday and night temperature in winter while at the time of retreatingmonsoon, cyclones hit the coast of Orissa and Bengal.3. State three factors that influence the climate of India.Ans. The three factors that influence the climate of India are :1. Relief features2. Location3. Distance from the sea4. What are the different vegetation region in India?Ans. The natural vegetation of India can be divided into six chief categories :1. Tropical evergreen forests2. Tropical droughts forests or Monsoon forests3. Desert vegetation4. The dry forest or Thorn forest5. The mountain forest6. The Tidal forest5. Describe briefly the 'cycle of seasons' in India.Ans. The main four seasons in India depend on variations in temperatureand influence of monsoon winds. These four seasons are- Winter,Summer, Rainy season, Retreating Monsoon.6. What is the significance of our forest wealth?Ans. The forests play an important role in our economy. We get variousproducts from forests. We used wood as timber or fuel. Other thingsthat we get from forests are– lac, gum, resin, tendu leaves, fodder,cellulose, and medical herbs. Forests also regulate air currents,conserve soil moisture and increase soil fertility.7. Give a brief account of wildlife of India.Ans. India is very rich in wildlife. Wildlife (animals) is distributed over thecountry according to vegetation. More than 80,000 species of animals,1,200 species of birds and many types of reptiles are found in India.The most important among the animals are tigers, elephants,rhinoceros, leopards and the lions found exclusively in the Gir forestof Gujarat.30Horizon Press We 'n' Our Society – 6

8. In which part of India are evergreen forests located?Ans. The evergreen forests are most commonly found along the rainyslopes of the Western Ghats, Wetter parts of Assam, and Meghalaya,parts of west Bengal, Orrisa and Andaman and Nicobar islands.9. What is the significance of national park and wildlife sanctuaries?Ans. A national park of sanctuaries is a reserved area for the preservationand development of endangered species. So, to protect the wildlifetreasure. The central and state government have been established 89national parks, 490 wildlife sanctuaries and 35 zoological parks.10. What is the difference between the Evergreen forests and TropicalDeciduous forests?Ans. Deciduous forest Evergreen forest1. Annual rainfall between 100 Annual rainfall over 300 cm.and 200 cm.2. Long dry season. Short dry season.3. Not so much dense. Forests are very dense.4. Teak and Sal are the most Important trees are Ebony,valuable trees found here. Rosewood, Jamun and Mahogany.31Horizon Press We 'n' Our Society – 6

We 'n' Our Society – 6(Unit – II History)1. WHAT, WHERE, HOW AND WHEN?ExercisesA. Tick (3) the correct answer :1. Which period is also known as stone age?(a) History(b) Pre-history3(c) Geography(d) None of them2. The ancient Egyptians used a system of picture writing called :(a) Hieroglyphics(b) Manuscript3(c) Inscriptions(d) None of them3. Now-a-days Mesopotamia is known as :(a) Modern Iraq 3 (b) Modern Australia(c) Modern America (d) None of them4. What is the study of ancient writing and records is called?(a) Archaeology 3 (b) Palarography(c) Astrology(d) None of them5. What does AD stand for?(a) Before Christ(b) Anno Domini3(c) After Date(d) None of themB. Fill in the blanks :1. History is the chronological account of past times.2. Manu in latin word means by hand.3. Inscriptions were engraved on rocks.4. Pre-history or Stone age is the period for which no written recordsare available.5. The literary sources can be divided into signs and written literature.6. Vedic Sanskrit was the earliest language used to write manuscripts.C. Define the following term :1. Manuscripts – Hand written records of the past, before printing wasinvented, are known as manuscripts.2. Inscriptions – Messages or orders inscribed on a hard surface likemetals, rocks or stones are called inscriptions.3. Archaeological evidences – Some of the material remains of the past,which was buried under the ground, are known as archaeologicalsources. e.g. pottery, tools, jewellery, coins, etc.4. Literary sources – like books, manuscripts in many languages. Thesebooks were written in the form of prose, poems, short stories andepics.5. Scripts – An intelligent form of writting, by using pictures and signs,which gradually developed into a language is known as script.D. Name them :(1) Two Literary sources :(a) Picture(b) SignHorizon Press 32We 'n' Our Society – 6

(2) Two archaeological sources :(a) Monuments(b) Pottery(3) Two kinds of history :(a) Pre-history(b) History(4) Two languages of early literature of Northern India :(a) Sanskrit(b) Dali(5) Two languages of early literature of Southern India :(a) Tamil(b) TelguE. Project / Activity :1. Draw ans sketch a page from any palm leaf manuscript.Ans. (Do yourself)2. Collect the pictures of old pottery, coins, tools and weapons of theEarly people and paste them in your scrapbook.Ans. (Do yourself)F. Short answer questions :1. Who are 'Historians'?Ans. History plays the role of a bridge, which connects the past to thepresent. The people who record history are called 'Historians'.2. What is meant by 'Manuscripts'?Ans. Manuscript is a latin word. Manu means 'by hand' and script means'written'. So, hand written material is known as manuscript.3. What was the earliest language used to write manuscripts?Ans. 'Vedic Sanskrit' was the earliest language used to write manuscripts.4. What is meant by inscriptions?Ans. The written records engraved on copper plates, clay or woodenobjects, large rocks, pillars and walls of temples are called inscriptions.5. What is Numismatics?Ans. The study of coins is called Numismatics.G. Long answer questions :1. What do you mean by the term 'Past'?Ans. 'Past' can be the action or thought we have done a few minutes beforeon long, long back. History is the study of this 'Past'.2. What is the difference between History and Pre-history?Ans. History Pre-history1. It is the period of recorded It is the period for which noevents.no historical records are available.2. History is the chronological No records are available.account of past.3. It is shorter than Pre-history. Pre-history is much longer thanhistory.3. Classify the types of sources of studying history.Ans. The two chief sources of studying history are :1. Literary sources – like books, manuscripts in many languages.These books were written in the form of prose, poems, short storiesand epics.2. Archaeological sources – Some of the material remains of thepast, are buried under the ground, called archaeological sources.e.g. monuments, pottery, tools, inscriptions, jewellery, etc.33Horizon Press We 'n' Our Society – 6

4. Discuss the literary and archaeological sources.Ans. 1. Literary sources – like books, manuscripts in many languages.These books were written in the form of prose, poems, short storiesand epics.2. Archaeological sources – Some of the material, remains of thepast, are buried under the ground, called archaeological sources.e.g. monuments, pottery, tools, inscriptions, jewellery, etc.5. What are inscriptions? How are they helpful in studying the past?Ans. The written records engraved on copper plates, clay or woodenobjects, large rocks, pillars and walls of temples are calledinscriptions.These inscriptions tell us about important dates, specimens of are andthe mutual relationship of different rulers. Sometimes theseinscription provide information about the extent of an empire, likeAshoka the Great.6. Why do we study history?Ans. History is the chronological account of past times. It is not the study ofa single event. It studies the events, their causes and effects. It tells usabout humans their journey from stone age to present era, theirachievements and failures.It also tells us about the rulers and the battles won or lost. We getknowledge about developments in science, art, literature, politics,war, religion and social behaviors. History plays the role of a bridge,which connects the past to the present.2. THE EARLIEST SOCIETIESExercisesA. Tick (3) the correct answer :1. Which is the last period of the Stone Age?(a) Palaeolithic Age (b) Neolithic Age3(c) Mesolithic Age(d) None of them2. Which age was the longest of all ages?(a) Bronze Age(b) Stone Age(c) Paleolithic Age 3 (d) None of them3. Where the Old Stone Age sites have been discovered?(a) Valley of river Sohan 3 (b) Valley of river Indus(c) Valley of river Ganga (d) None of them4. Which place in Madhya Pradesh is famous for pre-historic rockpaintings?(a) Bhopal(b) Bhimbetka3(c) Indore(d) None of them5. During which period, ostriches lived in India?(a) Neolithic period (b) Palaeolithic period3(c) Mesolithic(d) None of them34Horizon Press We 'n' Our Society – 6

B. Write True or False :1. The Chalcolithic Age was the longest of all ages. False2. The thinking brain, helped man to get mastery over hishunting skills.False3. The human beings in the Palaeolithic Age practiced agriculture. False4. Fire had many uses for Early people. True5. The artifacts in the Deccan have been found inMadhya Pradesh and Kerala.False6. Paintings on cave walls and rock shelters were paintedonly in black and white.FalseC. Fill in the blanks :1. Early people were primitive.2. Early people did not know how to grow crops.3. Stone tools of middle Stone Age are called microliths.4. Technique to make sharper tools in known as Pressure Flaking.5. Hunsgi is a Pre-historic site in the Deccan.6. Lighter, sharper and smaller tools are called microliths.7. Hunsgis is a site where thousands of Pre-historic rook paintings havebeen discovered.D. Match the following :1. Stone Age (a) Middle Stone Age2. Palaeolithic Age (b) A Palaeolithic site in AndhraPradesh3. Mesolithic Age (c) Early Stone Age4. Neolithic Age (d) Longest Age5. Hunsgi (e) Tools and weapons6. Rock paintings (f) New Stone Age7. Microlithis (g) Bhimbetka in M.P.E. Define the following terms :1. Palaeolithic period – This is the early stone age. The life in this periodwas spent like other animals. The only difference with animals wasthat the human beings walked on two legs and worked with their handsstone tools were invented in this period.2. Neolithic period – This is the last period of the stone age, also calledthe New Stone Age. Man began to lead a more settled life. The toolsused in this period were much sharper than mesolithic period.3. Flints – The stone used to make weapons and tools was called flint. Itwas a special type of stone that was easy to chip.4. Sites – Sites are the places where the remains of things as tools, pots,etc were used and left behind by the people. These may be found on thesurface of earth, buried under the earth or sometimes even underwater.5. Rock paintings – Early people painted these rocks. It was the way toexpress their feelings. They depict the scenes of everyday life.35Horizon Press We 'n' Our Society – 6

F. Project / Activity :Make a chart showing the difference between the activities of Earlyand Modern people :1. Hunter-food gatherer vs Food producer2. Raw food vs Cooked food3. Caves, Rock Shelters vs Houses.4. Stone tools vs Modern weapons.Ans. (Do yourself)G. Short answer questions :1. Who are called Homo sapiens?Ans. 'Homo' means 'homonid' and 'sapiens' describes the 'thinking brain ofmankind'. The early human like form was called 'Homonid' and theprocessed human form is called 'Homo sapiens'.2. In which period, man used stones in various forms?Ans. The stone age is the longest period in the progress of human beingsbecause during this period the man used stones in various forms suchas tools, weapons, etc.3. What was flint?Ans. The stone used to make weapons and tools was called 'flint'. It was aspecial type of stone that was easy to chip. The flint could also beshaped by striking it against another stone.4. What is pressure flaking technique?Ans. It is the ‘stone tool’ making technique. In this technique, the stone wasplaced on a firm surface as on rock and the other stone sharpened fromone end which was used like a hammer and flackes were removedgradually in layers. This was done until the first stone got the desiredshape.5. What is 'stone-on-stone' technique?Ans. In this technique stone could be shaped into a tool by striking it againstanother stone till the first stone acquired the desired shape.H. Long answer questions :1. Name the periods into which stone age is divided. How were thetools of these periods different from one another?Ans. The stone age is divided into three periods, based on the type andquality of stone tools used by the early man. They are :(A) Palaeolithic Age – This is the early stone age. Human used crudestone tools during this period.(B) Mesolithic Age – The tools made in this period were smaller,sharper and more efficient. These tools are called microliths.Apart from stones, animal bones and horns were also used tomake tools.(C) Neolithic Age– The tools used in this period were much sharperthan the one used before. The people began to polish them. Someof the tools like axes, spears, sickles have wooden handles also.2. Which stone was used to make tools and why was it used?Ans. The stone used to make weapons and tools was called 'flint'. It was aspecial type of stone that was easy to chip. The flint could also beshaped by striking it against another stone.36Horizon Press We 'n' Our Society – 6

3. How did the early humans discover fire?Ans. Fire made a significant contribution to the life of the early man. It isbelieved that two hard stones were rubbed accidently and theyproduced a spark which fell on some dry leaves and caused fire.4. How did the early people make tools?Ans. Stone tools were made properly using two different techniques :1. Stone-on-stone technique – It is the stone tool making technique.In this technique, the stone was placed on a firm surface as on rockand the other stone sharpened from one end which was used like ahammer and flackes were removed gradually in layers. This wasdone until the first stone got the desired shape.2. Pressure flaking technique – In this technique stone could beshaped into a tool by striking it against another stone till the firststone acquired the desired shape.5. Name some places where rock paintings were discovered?Ans. Some places where rock paintings were discovered are :Bhimbetka in Madhya Pradesh (India)Lascausx in FranceAltamira in Spain6. Why have Bhimbetka caves in Madhya Pradesh, been declared asWorld Heritage Sites?Ans. In Bhimbetka caves, paintings depicted scenes of everyday life ofpeople hunting, dancing, religious ceremonies, daily routine ofwomen and children and so on. They had used brown, red and green.All colours were natural, obtained from trees, stones, flowers, etc. Sothese caves have been declared as World Heritage Sites.7. Write a short note on the paintings discovered at Bhimbetka.Ans. Bhimbetka in Madhya Pradesh is famous for prehistoric rockpaintings.Early people perhaps painted these to express thesefeelings. They depict scenes of everyday life of people like hunting,dancing and doing other works and so on. They had used naturalcolours like brown, red and yellow. All colours were obtained fromnatural resources like trees, stones, flowers, etc. Due to the use of thesenatural colours, these caves have been declared as World HeritageSites.3. THE FIRST FARMERS AND HERDERSExercisesA. Tick (3) the correct answer :1. Which activity has changed the life of the Early man?(a) Hunting animals (b) Agriculture3(c) Farming(d) None of them2. Which were the first cereals to grown?(a) Rice and Maize (b) Wheat and Barley3(c) Both of them(d) None of themHorizon Press 37We 'n' Our Society – 6

3. Which was the first animal to be tamed by the Early man?(a) Donkey(b) Dog3(c) Elephant(d) None of them4. Which was the first metal to be discovered by Early man?(a) Iron(b) Copper3(c) Gold(d) Silver5. When did the sedentary life of the Early man begin?(a) Mesolithic age(b) Neolithic age3(c) Both of them(d) None of themB. Write True or False :1. Sheep, goat and dog are known as herd animals. True2. The humans realized the significance of animals duringthe Neolithic age.False3. At Mehrgarh, several burial sites with layeringarrangements have been discovered.True4. The first animal to be tamed was sheep. False5. The quality of pottery improved after the wheel was invented. True6. Daojali Hading is another Neolithic site in thenorth-east of Brahmaputra velley.TrueC. Fill in the blanks :1. The surplus at the time of harvest was stored in stone vessels.2. A social group, following certain customs and practices is called aTribe.3. The invention of wheel helped man to carry heavy loads over longerdistances.4. Mehrgarh was one of the earliest Pre-Neolithic villages.5. In the New Stone Age, man lived in caves.D. Match the following :1. Food gathers (a) Settled life2. Food producers (b) Palaeolithic Age3. Sedentary (c) Huge stones placed at theburial sites.4. Earthen pot (d) Neolithic Age5. Megalithis (e) Storing foodE. Project / Activity :1. Draw and sketch some Neolithic tools.Ans. (Do yourself)2. Make a list of the inventions done in the Neolithic period.Ans. (Do yourself)3. Briefly state the Early people's contribution to human progress.Ans. (Do yourself)F. Short answer questions :1. What is New Stone Age?Ans. After leading a nomadic life for thousands of years, people began tosettle down to live in one place. They started to live a more settled life.This age is known as the New Stone Age.38Horizon Press We 'n' Our Society – 6

2. Which animals were tamed in olden age?Ans. Dog, sheep, goat, horse and donkey were tamed in olden age.3. What is Nomadic life?Ans. The earlier phase of man's life was moving in small groups with herdsof animals, is known as nomadic life.4. Which was first metal to be discovered by early man?Ans. Copper was the first metal to be discovered by early man.5. Who were Tribals?Ans. A social group, living in a traditional society and linked by familyrelations following certain customs and traditions, is called a tribe.The members of these tribes are called ‘tribals’.G. Long answer questions :1. List the inventions of the New Stone Age. How did these inventionshelp the Early man to lead a settled life?Ans. In New Stone Age, many important changes took place in the lives ofpeople. They became ‘food producer’ from ‘food gathers’. From caveshe moved in the houses. He started to lame animals and began tocultivate plants. The discovery of wheel was an important steptowards progress. The wheel made life easier. The people learnt tomake clay pottery and baked them. Discovery of metal gave a stepahead in the life of early people.2. What type of food crops were grown in the Neolithic period?Ans. In this period people grew fabric crop, hamp and cotton. They knewthe way of farming in different seasons. They had the knowledge ofgrowing ripening and harvesting. They cultivated crops according todifferent seasons.3. Who are known as tribes?Ans. The people of neolithic age lived in a simple society. They moved ingroups to protect themselves from wild animals. These groups werecalled 'Tribes'.4. What were the differences between the 'Old Stone Age' and 'NewStone Age'? Write at least five points.Ans. Old Stone Age New Stone Age1. Early man was food gathers. Now, he became food producer.2. He lived in caves. He lived in houses.3. He killed animals for food. He tamed animals for food.4. He lead a nomadic life. He lead a settled life.5. He did not know about wheel. He discovered wheel.5. How was the wheel an important invention?Ans. Invention of wheel was a great land mark. The wheel made life easier.It was used for making pottery and weapons and in carts. The wheelsof early phase were heavy and inconvenient. Gradually, it becamelighter and easy to use.6. How was the invention of metal useful to the early people?Ans. Discovery of metal gave a step ahead in the life of early people. Metaltools and weapons began to built. The axe, Knives, and spears made ofmetal were sharper and easier to handle. Copper was the first metal to39Horizon Press We 'n' Our Society – 6

e discovered. Later copper was mixed with zinc to get bronze.Bronze statues are still very popular.7. What were the religious and other cultural practices, includingburials, during the Neolithic Age?Ans. The people of this age lived in a simple society. They moved in groupsto protect themselves from wild animals. The concept of privateproperty was not in existence. These groups were called tribes. Theyworshipped the natural forces as Sun, Fire, Snake, Bulls and Trees.There people believed in life after death. The people buried the deadwith tools and food, believing that they might need them after death.8. What do you mean by a settled life in Neolithic Age? Write anyfour related features.Ans. Settled life in Neolithic Age means that people began to settle down tolive in one place. Progress began to show. From caves, he moved in thehouses. Now he became 'food produces' from 'food gathers'. He startedto tame animals and began to cultivate plants. The community lifetaught them important lessons in various aspects of life.4. THE FIRST CITIESExercisesA. Tick (3) the correct answer :1. Which Age was a milestone in the development of the humanhistory?(a) Stone Age(b) Chalcolithic Age(c) Modern Age(d) None of them2. On the banks of which river ruins of Mohenjodaro wereunearthed?(a) River Sohan(b) River Indus(c) River Ganga(d) None of them3. Which civilization was twenty times larger than the Egyptcivilization?(a) Harappan civilization 3 (b) Mesopotamian civilization(c) Modern civilization (d) None of them4. The upper part of the cities was known as :(a) Courtyard(b) Citadel(c) Both of them(d) None of them5. The Harappan people used weights and measures which were inthe multiples of:(a) 12 (b) 163(c) 10 (d) 22B. Write True or False :1. The city of Mohenjodaro was older than Harappa. False2. The Great Bath lies on the Citadel. False40Horizon Press We 'n' Our Society – 6333

3. We know about the Indus Valley Civilization from thewritten record left by those people.False4. The pyramids are tombs of kings and queens who ruled Egypt. True5. Businessmen used standard weights and measures. True6. All the sites of the civilization lie in India. False7. The trade was conducted in rupees. FalseC. Fill in the blanks :1. Lothal is situated in Gujarat.2. Harappa and Mohenjodaro were the chief cities of the Harappancivilization.3. The Harappan people had trading relations with the people in Egyptand Persia.4. Surplus grain was stored in the granary.5. The Pashupati seal unearthed in Harappa show the figure of a MaleGod.6. A beads factory has been discovered at Lothal.D. Match the following :1. Lothal (a) Gujarat2. Harappa (b) Sind3. Kalibangan (c) Punjab4. Rupar (d) Rajasthan5. Dockyard (e) Gola Dhoro6. Shell bangles (f) Dholavira7. Sign board (g) LothalE. Write short notes on :1. Lothal – Lothal in Gujarat is the most extensively researched coastalsite. It was divided into citadel and lower town. Important findingsinclude a beads factory, many seals and a brick dockyard. Lothal was aport for over trade, possibly with Mesopotamia.2. The Great Bath – The most impressive structure at Mohenjodaro isthe Great Bath. It is a rectangular structure and resembles a swimmingpool. It had stairs, a drain to remove water and rooms for changingcloths. The Great Bath may be used for bathing on special occasions.3. The Citadel – The citadel was built on raised ground. It had high wallsmad of bricks, which provided protection during floods. This partcontained pubic buildings such as store houses for grains as well asimportant factories, workshops and the religious buildings.4. The decline of Harappan Civilization – It seems that naturaldisasters and man must have combined to cause its completedestruction. There may have been natural disaster such as earthquacks,floods, epidemics or drought.F. Project / Activity :1. Make clay models of the toys belonging to the Harappancivilization.Ans. (Do yourself)2. Collect of draw and colour the pictures related to Harappancivilization.Ans. (Do yourself)Horizon Press 41We 'n' Our Society – 6

3. On an outline map of India, show the extent of Harappancivilization.Ans. (Do yourself)G. Short answer questions:1. What were the name of first cities in Indian subcontinent?Ans. In Indian subcontinent, the first cities that come into being wereHarappa and Mohenjodaro in the valley of river Indus. At present,both the cities are in Pakistan.2. What is Citadel?Ans. The Harappan cities were well planned and usually divided into twoparts, the upper part and lower part. The upper part was called Citadel.This was build on the raised ground.3. What is the Great Bath?Ans. The most impressive structure at Mohenjodaro is the Great Bath. It is arectangular structure and resembles a swimming pool. It had stairs, adrain to remove water and rooms for changing cloths. The Great Bathmay be used for bathing on special occasions.4. What were the main crops grown in the Harappan Age?Ans. The main crops grown in the Harappan Age were wheat, barley, rice,peas, linseed, mustard and sesame provided edible oil. They also grewfruits and vegetables.5. What were the weapons used by the Harappans?Ans. The weapons were made of Copper and Bronze. The Harappans usedaxes, daggers, maces and spears. No traces of Iron has been found inHarappan civilization.H. Long answer questions :1. It is believed that Harappan Civilization was the highly civilized.Give reasons in support of your answer.Ans. Harappan people had achieved a high standard of life style. The rulersand the priests used to live in citadel. The common people wereengaged in farming, herding, trading, etc. They worshipped ShivaPashupati with three heads, Maa Shakti and the natural things such astrees, animals and birds. The dead were buried or cremated. Womenhad equal status as a man had in the society. People loved amusementand entertainment. They enjoyed indoor games as well as outdoorgames. The discovery of Pictographic script shows that literacy waswide spread.2. What is a seal/ What does it tell us?Ans. An engraved piece of metal for stamping is known as seal. They haveanimal figures and picture like signs on them. Most of them are madeof 'Terracotta'.Seals are a valuable source of our information about the Indus valleypeople.3. Name some places where the remains of the Indus valleycivilization have been found.Ans. Harappa, Mohenjodaro, Dholavira, Lothal and Gola Dharo are the42Horizon Press We 'n' Our Society – 6

name of some places when the remains of Indus valley civilizationhave been found. Important findings are signboard, granary, beadsfactory, many seals and a brick dockyard.4. What was a Citadel in the Harappan civilization? Write fewpoints on the craftsmenship of the Harappan people.Ans. The Harappan cities had many special features. They were wellplanned and usually divided into two parts, the upper part and thelower part. The upper part was called Citadel. This was build on theraised ground.The cities were fairly large in size. The streets were broad. Houseswere made on both sides of the street in a planned way. The houses hadflat roofs and many door and windows, often in opposite direction, toensure better ventilation. The drains from houses, flowed into sewers,under the main streets, leading to soak pits. The elaborate drainagesystem was the most striking feature of this culture much ahead of itstime.5. How was Dholavira different from the other Indus cities?Ans. The Harappan cities were usually divided into two parts, whileDholavira was divided into three parts a citadel, a middle and a lowertown.Dholavira is also famous for the signboard. It contains 10 large sizedsings of the Harappan scripts. This is unique because all other samplesof Harappan writing are available on seals.6. What evidence suggest that the Indus cities had begun to decline?Ans. In Mohenjodaro the drains were choked and garbage got piled up onthe streets construction was done with sun baked bricks. People beganto migrate to the northern parts of Punjab, Haryana and Uttar Pradesh.There may have been natural disasters such as earthquakes, floods anddrought.5. THE AGE OF THE VEDASExercisesA. Tick (3) the correct answer :1. Which are the sacred books of the Hindus?(a) The Vedas3 (b) The Bible(c) The Quran(d) The Guru Grantha Sahab2. How many Varnas were there in Vedic society?(a) Five(b) Four(c) Three(d) Six3. Which Varna performed all the religious ceremonies?(a) Vaishyas(b) Brahmins(c) Kshatriyas(d) Shudras3343Horizon Press We 'n' Our Society – 6

4. Which drink was consumed on religious ceremonies?(a) Sura(b) Soma3(c) Cold-drink(d) Milk5. What did many gramas form?(a) Jana(b) Vis3(c) Both of them(d) None of them6. Which animals were considered to be sacred during VedicCivilization?(a) Buffaloes(b) Cows3(c) Goat(d) None of themB. Write True or False :1. The Vedic people had trade relations with other countries. True2. The trading activities were controlled by the Kshatriyas. False3. The Aryans did not know the use of Iron. False4. The cow was considered to be sacred by the Aryans. True5. Agni and Indra are the fire God and the rain God respectively. TrueC. Fill in the blanks :1. Rigveda is the oldest Vedic literature.2. The smallest unit of society was the kula or family.3. The main occupation of Megaliths people were agriculture and metalwork.4. The early Aryans lived in central asia.5. The Shudras did the manual bobs and served the other three classes.6. The chief priest was the religious advisor of the Rajas.D. Project / Activity :1. On an outline map of India, locate the spread of the Vediccivilization.Ans. (Do yourself)2. Find out if the Varna system still exists in India and in which form.Write in your note book.Ans. (Do yourself)3. Learn few 'Suktas' of 'Shlokas' and find out their meaning inEnglish and in your mother tongue.Ans. (Do yourself)E. Short answer questions :1. What are Vedas?Ans. The Vedas are the sacred books of the Hindus. The Vedas are theearliest known source of knowledge. They are four in number.2. What are Suktas?Ans. The Vedas contain hymns is praise of various God and Goddesses.These hymns in Rigveda are called 'Sukta' meaning ‘well said’.3. What was known as Sapta Sindhu?Ans. The Aryans first settled in the area known as 'Sapta Sindhu' – a land ofseven rivers, the Indus and its tributaries.4. What was the education system in Vedic age?Ans. The education system was totally oral as the art of writing wasunknown to them. Boys received education in the Gurukuls. Fees was44Horizon Press We 'n' Our Society – 6

not charged in terms of money while Gurudakshina was given by thestudents?5. What was the Varna System?Ans. The Vedic society was divided into four Varnas :1. Brahmins – The scholars and teachers, who performed all thereligious ceremonies, also had the knowledge of natural herbs.2. Kshatriyas – The rulers and warriors.3. Vaishyas – Agriculturists, craftsmen and the traders.4. Shudras – Perfomed manual jobs. They served the three otherclasses.F. Long answer questions :1. Who were Indo-Aryans? Where did they come from?Ans. The Aryans were a semi-nomadic partoral race, from central Asia,who came to new areas in search of new pastures. Some of themmigrated to Europe. Those who came to India were called Indo-Aryans.2. Name the sources available for Vedic period.Ans. The available sources which tells about the Vedic period are :Vedic literature, pottery, tools, jewellery, plant seeds and animalbones, etc.3. Describe the family system of the Vedic people. What position didthe women enjoy in the Vedic Age?Ans. The Aryans lived in a joint family system which included all the bloodrelations. The family was called 'Kula'. The oldest male memberheaded the family. He is called 'Grihapati'. All the family members hadto accept his decisions.The women had a place of honour in the houses. There presence wasessential in all religious ceremonies. They were educated too. Theyhad a right to choose their partner which is proved by the practice of'Swayamvar'.4. Name the four Vedas. What is the importance of the Vedas?Ans. The word 'Veda' mens Knowledge. The Vedas are four in number :1. The Rigveda – It was recited and heard rather than read. It wasfirst composed and printed only about 200 years back.2. The Samveda – It is concerned with 'Upasana communicationwith God'.3. The Yajurveda – It is generally called the book of 'sacrificialprayers'. It lays down the procedures for various ceremonies andrituals.4. The Atharvaveda – It chiefly deals with special customs,manners, magic and witchcraft, and medical science.It ranks as the oldest book of Indian Medicine.5. List the archaeological finds from Inamgaon. What do they tell usabout the people who lived there?Ans. 134 Mud houses have been excavated at Inamgaon. One man wasfound buried in a large four legged clay jar. A granary was also found.45Horizon Press We 'n' Our Society – 6

The grains were stored in bins and in pits.The objects tell us that :1. The people used Gold and Copper metals as jewellery and tools.2. Bones of various animals as horse, elephants, hare are found here.3. The seeds of wheat, millet, barley, seasame and rice tells is aboutthe crops grown at that time.4. The existance of beeds made of sea shell suggests that the peoplehad trade relations with other regions.6. Write short notes on :– the Vedas, Dasas, Megaliths, Sabha andSamiti.Ans. 1. The Vedas – The Vedas are the sacred books of the Hindus, writtenover 3,000 years ago. The Vedas are one of the earliest literarysources available to us. The Vedas deal with every branch ofknowledge of art and sciences.2. Dasas – Beside the Aryans, there were another group of peoplewho are called Dasas or Dasyus. Most of the Dasys were oftencaptured in war. They followed a different culture and spoke adifferent language. They had to do whatever work was given tothem by their masters. The term 'Dasa' later came to means 'Slave'and the feminine 'Dasi'3. Megaliths – The megaliths means 'big stones'. The megaliths arelike tombs of dead persons, who were burried in ditches, overwhich huge stones were kept. Megaliths were used to mark gravesor burial sites.4. Sabha and Samiti – There were two assemblies called 'Sabha' and'Samiti' These exercised considerable healthy checks on the powerof kings.Sabha – Only the elders of the family and prominent members ofthe state could become the members of the Sabha.Samiti – All citizen could attend the meetings of the samiti andgive suggestions.6. EARLY KINGDOMSExercisesA. Tick (3) the correct answer :1. Several Janapadas combined together and constituted a :(a) Mahajanapada 3 (b) Republic(c) Both on them(d) None of them2. Who built good roads and bridges through out Magadha?(a) Ajatashatru(b) Bimbisara3(c) Both of them(d) None od them3. What was the language of religious ceremonies during Later VedicPeriod?(a) Pali(b) Sanskrit3(c) Hindi(d) Urdu46Horizon Press We 'n' Our Society – 6

4. What was the old capital of Magadha?(a) Patliputra(b) Rajagriha3(c) Lucknow(d) Varanasi5. What was the capital of Lichchavians?(a) Magadha(b) Vaishali3(c) Champa(d) AyodhyaB. Write True or False :1. There are no literary sources of Later Vedic Period. False2. There were Iron mines in Magadha. True3. The Varna system was liked by all. False4. The horse was the symbol of status and power for the Aryans. True5. Most cities in Mahajanapadas were fortified. TrueC. Fill in the blanks :1. Chandragupta established the Maurya Dynasty.2. Sakas and Lichchavis were Republican Mahajanapadas.3. Herders were to pay taxes in the form of animal produce.4. The head of the Republic called himself a Raja.5. In Monarchy, kingship was by hereditary system.6. The king got one-sixth of the total produce in the form of taxes.D. Match the following :1. Bhaga (a) Organisation2. Dasa (b) Minister3. Yajna (c) 1/6 th agricultural produce4. Amatyas (d) Sacrifice5. Sanghas (e) SlaveE. Project / Activity :1. On an outline map of India show the location of the following :(i) Ujjaini(ii) Kaushambi(iii) Vaishali(iv) Kashi2. Is India a Republic or Monarchy? Find out.Ans. (Do yourself)F. Short answer questions :1. What is mean by the hereditary system?Ans. In Vedic period, people were known from their occupations. Onecould take to any profession irrespective to his birth. The son of aBrahmin could choose to became a Vaishya. It is the hereditarysystem. But over a long period of time the Varna system became rigidand the people came to belong to the class, they were born in.2. What was Bhaga?Ans. Agriculture was the main source of revenues. The farmers paid onesixth of the production to the king. This was called 'Bhaga'.3. What were the centres of trade and craft in Later Vedic Period?Ans. Villages that grew in size became towns. Towns were the centre oftrade and Craft. Ayodhya, Ujjayini, Kaushambi, Champa, Vaishali andTamralipti were some of the important town of this period.Horizon Press 47We 'n' Our Society – 6

4. What was the coinage system?Ans. The introduction of coins for sale and purchase is known as coinagesystem. coins were usually made of silver and copper. The early coinswere known as punch marked coins.5. How many types of Mahajanapadas were there?Ans. There were two types of Mahajanapadas Republics and Monarchies.G. Long answer questions :1. What was the difference between a Republic and a Monarchyduring the times of Janapadas and Mahajanapadas?Ans. The differences between a Republic and a Monarchy are as follows :RepublicMonarchy1. Ruled by a group elected by Ruled by the king.common people.2. Decisions were taken by a Decisions were taken by the kingmajority vote.himself3. Election system was in prevail. Hereditary system was prevailing.4. e.g. Sakas and Lichchavis e.g. Magadha, Kosala, Avanti,Vasta.2. Why did the Rajas of Mahajanapadas built forts?Ans. Each Mahajanpada had a capital, which was generally fortified or hadforts. Huge walls of stones and bricks were build around the city. Thiswas perhaps to resist attacks by neighbouring kingdoms. SomeJanapadas near Delhi were- Purana Quila in Delhi, Hastinapur nearMeerut.3. What was the difference between a Janapada and aMahajanapada?Ans. When several smaller or bigger villages emerged, they came to becalled the Janapadas, while several Janapadas combined together andconstituted a Mahajanapada.4. What changes in agriculture helped farmers to produce more?Ans. The two factors for more production were that Iron plough shares hadbeen introduced recently. It was an improvement over the woodenplough and it was easier to turn clayey soil.Secondly, the transplantation of paddy, that is, growing saplingsseparately and then planting them in the fields, became common. Thisled to increase production. Farmers began to produce two crops in ayear.5. Describe the socio-ecomomic conditions in India during theperiod from 6th to 4th century BC.Ans. During this period, the society was divided into four castes. Duringthis period, the caste system gradually grew more rigid. The people oflow caste were considered untouchables who were even lower insocial rank than the shudras.Widow-remarriage was prohibited. The birth of a girl child was notwelcomed. People spoke Pali and prakrit. The other religions besidesHinduism were taking important places were Buddhism and Jainism.Trade by sea was popular during this period.48Horizon Press We 'n' Our Society – 6

6. List the main sources of revenue for the king.Ans. Main sources of revenue were :1. Agriculture was the main source of revenue. The Farmers paid onsixth of the production to the king as ‘Bhaga’.2. Craftsman, blacksmiths, potters paid taxes either in cash or kind.3. There were taxes on buying and selling of goods.4. Hunters and gatherers had to provide forest produce as a tax.5. Herders were to pay taxes in the form of animal produce or animals.7. Describe the political conditions during the Later Vedic Period.Ans. Later Vedic Period marked a definite stage in the political history ofIndia. The Aryans spread out into the Ganga Valley. Big kingdomsdeveloped with well-defined territory and government. Society wasdivided into Janapadas and Mahajanapadas.There were two types of Mahajanapadas-Republic and Monarchies.Some Mahajanapadas were republic which were ruled by a groupelected by the common people. There was no king. While theMonarchical Mahajanapadas were ruled by the king having hereditarysystem.8. Name the four Varnas. What tasks did each perform.Ans. The Varna system was prevalent during the Later Vedic Period. Butnow these Vernas had become hereditary. These four Vernas were :1.Brahmins taught the Vedas and performed religious rituals andsacrifices.2.Kshatriyas were warriors and fought wars.3.Vaishyas did trade and agriculture.Only these three Varnas were allowed to study Vedas and toperform sacrifices.4.Shudras had to do manual work and to serve the three vernas.7.GROWTH OF NEW IDEAS(UPANISHADS, JAINISM AND BUDDHISM)ExercisesA. Tick (3) the correct answer :1. Upnishads are also called as :(a) Kena Upanishad (b) Vedanta3(c) Both on them(d) None of them2. According to upanishads, the whole life span is divided into howmany Ashrams?(a) Five(b) Four3(c) Two(d) Three3. Who was the founder of Buddhism?(a) Vardhman Mahavira (b) Gautam Buddha3(c) Both of them(d) None of them49Horizon Press We 'n' Our Society – 6

4. How many Tirthankars are there in Jainism?(a) Twenty two(b) Twenty four3(c) Twenty(d) Twenty oneB. Write True or False :1. Buddhism and Jainism originated in 300 BC. False2. Buddhist monks helped spread Buddhism in India and abroad. True3. Mahavira believed in God. False4. Buddhism and Jainism were the religions of common people. True5. Nirvana is the highest goal of a Buddhist. TrueC. Fill in the blanks :1. Buddha's original name was Siddhartha.2. The Philosophy of all Upanishads are considered important.3. Lord Mahavira was married to a princess named Yashoda.4. Swetambaras and Digambaras are the two sects of Jainism.5. The peepal tree where Gautam Buddha attained enlightenment issituated at Bodhgaya in Bihar.D. Match the following :1. The Upanishads (a) White clad Jains2. Digambaras (b) Used by Mahavira to preach3. Swetambaras (c) Books of philosophy4. Prakrit (d) Ultimate reality5. Nirvana (e) Without clothesE. Project / Activity :1. On a map of India, locate and identify the birth place of Buddhaand the place where he delivered his first sermon.Ans. (Do yourself)2. Collect information on the life on Mahavira.Ans. (Do yourself)3. Find out the causes of spread of Buddhism in the world in a shorttime.Ans. (Do yourself)F. Short answer questions:1. Write the names of four Ashramas (stages) of life.Ans. The whole life span is divided into four stages :1. Brahmcharya Ashram – period of studentship and discipline.2. Grihastha Ashram – period of house holder.3. Vanaprastha Ashram – period of retreat and lead a life offorest.4. Sanyas Ashram – Period of renunciation.2. Who was the founder of Buddhism?Ans. Gautam Buddha, also known as Siddhartha, was the founder ofBuddhism.50Horizon Press We 'n' Our Society – 6

3. What is the Bodhivriksha?Ans. Buddha got enlightenment or the supreme knowledge under a peepaltree. This peepal tree is, in 'Bodhgaya in Bihar' and known as 'tree ofwisdom' or 'Bodhivriksha'.4. Where was Vardhman Mahavira born?Ans. Vardhman Mahavira was born at kundagrama in Bihar in 540 BC.5. Write the five values of Jainism.Ans. The five values of Jainison are :1. Satya (truth)2. Ahimsa (Non-violence)3. Aprigraha (Non-possessions of property)4. Asteya (Not to receive anything which is not given)5. Brahamcharya (Celebacy)G. Long answer questions :1. Mention any three values that you feel are common to religions.Ans. The three values that we feel common to religions are :SatyaAhimsaConcept of Nirvana or Moksha2. How did Buddha spread his message? Also describe the ways inwhich this message was spread.Ans. Buddha preached in the language of the common people, which was'Prakrit' at that time. As a result his teachings could be easily followedby the people.Places associated with Buddhism are the Sanghas, the Monasteries.Buddhist monks helped to spread Buddhism in India and abroad.3. Why did Buddhism and Jainism Become popular?Ans. Buddhism and Jainism were the religions of common people.Mahavira and Buddha both perached in the language of common manie. Prakrit. As a result their teachings could be easily followed by thepeople. The teachings on Buddha and Mahavira were passed from oneperson to another orally.4. How is Sarnath important to Buddhists?Ans. After attainment of enlightenment Siddhartha went to Banaras andSarnath. He delivered his first sermon at the deer park, Sarnath, nearVaranasi. It is known as 'Dharamachakra Pravartana'.5. What is the essence of philosophy of the Upanishads? Discuss indetail.Ans. The main philosophy of Upanishads lie Upasana (worship) and bhakti(devotion). They throw light on Yoga, meditation, Karma and truthsabout life and death. They tell that the suffering of man is the result ofignorance. Worshipping of one God can help him to attain of Moksha,which frees the At man from the cycle of birth and rebirth.51Horizon Press We 'n' Our Society – 6

8. THE FIRST EMPIRE–THE MAURYASExercisesA. Tick (3) the correct answer :1. Who was the first emperor of India?(a) Bindusara(b) Chandragupta(c) Ashoka3 (d) None of them2. Who was the founder of the Mauryan dynasty?(a) Ashoka(b) Chandragupta3(c) Chanakya(d) Bindusara3. Who had written Arthashastra?(a) Megasthenes(b) Arthashastra3(c) Ashoka(d) None of them4. Who was one of the most famous Mauryan kings?(a) Ashoka3 (b) Bindusara(c) Chanakya(d) None of them5. Most modern Indian script have developed from :(a) Devnagiri script (b) Brahmi script3(c) Both of them(d) None of themB. Write True or False :1. Ashoka's edicts were written in Sanskrit. False2. The Mauryan kings had a mantriparishad to renderadvice to them.True3. Kautilya was the other name of Megasthenes. False4. Chandragupta Maurya was the last emperor of India. False5. The Arthashastra is a great book on polity. True6. Kalinga is modern Bengal. FalseC. Fill in the blanks :1. Indika was written by Megasthenes and Arthashastra by Kautilya.2. The language of the edicts was Prakrit.3. The lion capital at Sarnath has been taken as the National Emblem ofIndia.4. Patliputra was the capital of the Mauryan Empire.5. Edicts of Ashoka are inscribed on rocks and pillars.6. Ashoka sent his son Mahendra and daughter Sanghmitra to SriLanka preach Buddhism.D. Match the following :1. Ashoka (a) Chanakya2. Seleucus (b) 6,400 km long3. Indika (c) The grandson fo Chandragupta4. Kautilya (d) Governor of Greek territories5. Great Wall of China (e) MegasthenesE. Project / Activity :1. Draw a sketch of our National Emblem in your exercise book.Ans. (Do yourself)52Horizon Press We 'n' Our Society – 6

2. On an outline map of India, represent the extent of Ashoka'sempire and label its major cities.Ans. (Do yourself)3. Collect the pictures of Ashoka's Pillars and Edicts and paste themin your scrapbook.Ans. (Do yourself)F. Short answer questions :1. Who was Chandragupta Maurya?Ans. Chandragupt Maurya was the founder of the Mauryan empire.2. Who was the most famous Maurya king?Ans. Ashoka was the most famous Mauryan king and one of the greatestruler ever. Ashoka goverened his kingdom well. He is known as themost kind-hearted king devoted to the welfare of his people.3. Why was Ashoka's kingdom known as on Empire?Ans. Ashoka's kingdom was called as an empire because it covered muchlarger area than any other kingdom in the past.4. Which city was the capital city in Ashoka's Empire?Ans. Patliputra was the capital city in Ashoka's empire. It was the centre oftrade and commerce. The city was full of gardens and enclosures.People were so honest that they did not lock their houses.5. What were the main principles of Ashoka's Dhamma?Ans. The main principals of Ashoka's Dhamma were :1. Peace and harmony.2. Respect for other religions.3. Respect for elders and affection for young people.4. Follow the path of Ahimsa.5. Charity towards the poor.6. To be kind to all, including slaves, animals and servants.G. Long answer questions :1. Who was Megasthenes? What is his contribution to IndianHistory?Ans. Megasthenes was an foreign traveller, who wrote a book named'Indika' at the time of Maurya period. The 'Indika' informs us about thesocial, political and economic conditions of the Mauryas. It throwslight on the administration of Mauryas.2. List the main sources for the study of Mauryan period.Ans. The main sources of information about the Maurya Dynasty are twobooks. 'Indika' by Megas thenes and 'Arthashastra' by kautilya.The other important sources are the rock and pillar edicts. These edictswere engraved on rocks and stone pillars. Inscriptions and coins areanother important sources.3. Who was Chanakya? What was his role in the foundation of theMauryan empire?Ans. Chankya was the Guru or guide of Chandragupta Maurya. He was alsoknown as 'Kautilya' or 'Vishnugupta'. His book 'Arthashastra' gives theknowledge of how to govern an empire. It throws light on theadministration of the Mauryas. He playad an important role in the lifeof Chandragupta and finally he made him an emperor from a simpleboy.53Horizon Press We 'n' Our Society – 6

4. What were the effects of kalinga war on Ashoka?Ans. After Kalinga war, Ashoka became a devout follower of Buddhism.This war proved to be a turning point event in his life. The death,destruction and suffering that he saw in the war made him very sad. Hewas so deeply moved by the futility of fighting a war that he gave uppolicy of war and became a peace loving ruler.5. What was Dhamma? List its main principles.Ans. 'Dhamma' is the Prakrit word for the Sanskrit term Dharma, Whichmeans religious duty. Spreading Dhamma became Ashoka's goal inlife. It was a code of conduct and morals to be followed. The mainprinciples of his teachings are :1. Peace and Harmony.2. Respect for other religions.3. Respect for elders and affection for youngers.4. Follow the path of Ahimsa.5. Charity towards the poor.6. To be kind to all, including slaves, animals and servents.6. What means did Ashoka adopt to spread Dhamma?Ans. Ashoka made several efforts to spread Dhamma or Buddhism all overthe world. He sent a number of missionaries for the propagation ofBuddhism to foreign lands such as Syria, Egypt, Greece and Burma.He sent his son, Mohendra and daughter, Sanghamitra, to Sri Lanka, topreach Buddhism. He also built several Buddhist Monastries andorganised the 'Third Buddhist council at Patliputra in 250 BC'.7. Give the extent of the empire of Chandragupta.Ans. Chandragupta first of all conquered 'Magadha'. A large part ofAfghanistan was won by him. He conquered Baluchistan, Malwa andKathiwar. The Magadha kingdom extended from the 'Bay of Bengal'to the 'Arabian sea' and from 'Hindukush' to 'Narmada'. He madePatliputra his capital. He ruled for 25 years.8. State the significance of Ashoka's edicts.Ans. The edicts are an important source of knowledge about the king's rule.The edicts were engraved on rock and pillars. These were written inBrahmi script. These edicts give us information about administration,religion and general conduct of people.9. LIFE IN VILLAGES AND TOWNSExercisesA. Tick (3) the correct answer :1. During which period, important cities came up?(a) Late Vedic period (b) Mauryan period(c) Both of them(d) None of them354Horizon Press We 'n' Our Society – 6

2. Which town was noted for trade and craft?(a) Agra( b) Mathura3(c) Sravasti(d) None of them3. What were the large land owners known as?(a) Uzhavar(b) Vellalar3(c) Both of them(d) None of them4. What were the landless labourers known as?(a) Dasas(b) Karmakara(c) Both of them3 (d) None of them5. Through which part did India trade with Roman Empire?(a) Arikamedu3 (b) Barygaza(c) Both of them(d) None of themB. Write True or False :1. Agricultural tools were generally made of Iron in theMauryan era.True2. Jatakas stories were composed by the Harappan people. False3. Shrenis were guilds of craftsman. True4. Mathura was a Roman trading settlement in India. False5. Bharuch was the most important Indian port for the Western trade.TrueC. Fill in the blanks :1. Mathura was famous for trade and craft.2. Bharuch was known by its Roman name Barygaza.3. An Aqueduct is a long channel used to carry water of a river.4. Jatakas stories were composed by the Buddhist monks.5. The village headman was known as Grama bhojaka.D. Match the following :1. Large landowners (a) Trade guilds2. Landless labourers (b) Dyeing clothes3. Uraiyur (c) Making sculptures4. Arikamedu (d) Vellalar5. Mathura (e) Kadaisiyar6. Shreni (f) Making beadsE. Project / Activity :1. List the important towns of this period.Ans. (Do yourself)2. In what ways is Mathura described as a city with functions. Listthese functions.Ans. (Do yourself)3. On the map of India locate the towns and ports mentioned in thechapter.Ans. (Do yourself)F. Short answer questions :1. Where were famous centres for manufacturing clothes located?Ans. Varanasi and Madurai were famous centres for manufacturing clothes.2. Who composed Jatakas stories?Ans. Buddhist Monks composed Jatakas stories.55Horizon Press We 'n' Our Society – 6

3. What is the notable example of Mathura Art?Ans. A headless statue of Kanishka is a notable example of Mathura art.4. Where was the second capital of Kushan kings located?Ans. The second capital of kushan kings was Mathura because it was apolitical and administrative centre. It existed in the heart of India.5. What was known as Arrentine ware?Ans. Red glazed pottery was known as 'Arrentine ware'. (Arrantine was thename of a Roman city).G. Long answer questions :1. Mention the factors which led to an increase in agriculture duringthe Mauryan period.Ans. Agricultural production increased due to use of iron tools. Thestronger implements like the axe and ploughshare helped to producemore from land. The Mauryan rulers and Saka rulers also encouragedto make proper arrangements for irrigation. This was done throughcanals, ponds, tanks and wells. Agriculture became the main stay ofeconomy.2. What was the importance of iron tools in agriculture?Ans. The discovery of iron changed the life of people quite differently.Agricultural production increased due to use of iron tools. Thestronger implements like axe helped in clearing forests.Certain regions where the soil was hard, needed deep ploughing. Theiron ploughshare helped to produce more from such type of land.Agriculture became the main stay of economy.3. What were Shrenis? What did they do?Ans. Guilds were called 'Shrenis' at that time. Guilds were formed bycraftsman. Separate guilds were set for different crafts. They gavetraining to craftsmen, bought the raw material from different placesand gave it to the craftsmen for the production and finally distributedthe finished products. They also worked as banks and gave grants tobuild temples and monasteries.4. What were known as ring wells?Ans. In many cities, archaeologists have found rows of pots or ceremicrings arranged one on top of another. These arranged rings wereknown as ring wells. These ring wells were used as toilets or fordumping garbage. These ring wells are usually found in individualhouses.5. How did coins emerge as a means of exchange? What are theancient coins called?Ans. The exchange of goods were done through Barter. But it was not easyto buy or sell through barter system, so, coins began to emerge. Punchmarked coins were used in this period. Use of metal coin gave a bosstto trade. Ancient coins, made from gold or silver, were known as'Ginni'.6. Write short notes on : (a) Importance of crafts (b) Mathura (c)Arikamedu (d) Bharuch1. Importance of crafts – Urbanization gave a new horizon for artsand crafts. Potters, carpenters, blacksmiths, goldsmiths, weavers56Horizon Press We 'n' Our Society – 6

dyers and other craftsmen were found in each village. South wasfamous for bead-making while Varanasi and Madurai werefamous centres for manufacturing cloths. Uraiyur was known forits dyeing.2. Mathura – Mathura is very near to Delhi. It existed in the heart ofIndia. It was the second capital of kushanas as it was a political andadministrative centre. The Mathura school became first to makefaces and figures of Buddha. As there were many temples andmonastries, it was more famous for art and architecture.3. Arikamedu – Arikamedu, near Pondicherry, was a famous coastaltownship like Bharuch, where ships unloaded goods from distantlands. Textile, beads, semi-precious stones and glass-shell bangleswere the major exports from the port.4. Bharuch – Barygaza was an ancient name of Bharuch inSaurashtra (Gujrat). It was on the trade route between kamboj-Dvarvati, since Harappan times. It had trade links with Afganistan,Sri Lanka and south-east Asian countries. The imported goodswere wine, copper, lead, gold and silver coins, tin and clothes,while the goods that were exported from the town were silk,perfume, pepper, ivory, cotton, and plants from the Himalayas.10. THE POST MAURYAN PERIODExercisesA. Tick (3) the correct answer :1. In the Ancient times, what south India was known as?(a) Tamilakam3 (b) Kanadakam(c) Both of them(d) None of them2. Which is an important source of the history of south India?(a) Sangam literature 3 (b) Tamil literature(c) Telgu literature(d) None of them3. What was called as "Black Gold" by the Romans?(a) Chilli powder(b) Pepper3(c) Pure Gold(d) None of them4. Who wrote the Buddhacharita?(a) Patanjali(b) Ashvaghosha3(c) Both of them(d) None of them5. Who were the first to make silk?(a) The Chinese 3 (b) The Europeans(c) The Indian(d) None of them6. Into a how many sects, Buddhism was divided?(a) Three sects(b) Two sects3(c) Four sects(d) Five sectsB. Write True or False :1. The Sakas are also called the Kushanas. False2. Pepper was the most valued product for the Roman empire. True57Horizon Press We 'n' Our Society – 6

3. The Satavahanas rose to power in the north about 30BC. False4. The Kushanas were amongst the best rulers, who controlledthe Silk Route.True5. The great poet who wrote the biography of Buddha wasBanbhatta.False6. The Saka Era was started by the Parthians. FalseC. Fill in the blanks :1. Patanjali was the famous Sanskrit grammarian during the rule ofPandyas.2. Man made the discovery of making silk nearly 2000 years ago.3. Shri Satkarni was the greatest ruler of the Satavahanas dynasty.4. Pandya kingdom was once ruled by a woman.5. Growing demand for silk in the Roman Empire was noticed about twothousand years ago.6. Purushapura was the capital of Kushana.D. Match the following :1. Gautamiputra (a) Mahayana Buddhism2. Xuan Zang (b) Buddhacharita3. Bodhisattvas (c) The most powerfulSatavahana ruler4. Ashvaghosha (d) Cholas, Cheras and Pandyas5. Muvendar (e) Chinese pilgrim6. Lords of Dakshinapatha (f) Satavahana rulersE. Write the names of any two :1. Any two Chinese scholars who came to Indian in search ofBuddhism :a. Fa – Hien b. It – Sing2. Name the two sects into which Buddhism was divided :a. Hinayana b. Mahayana3. Any two rulers who spreaded Buddhism in other countries :a. Ashoka b. Kanishka4. Any two scholars in kanishka's court :a. Ashvaghosha b PatanjaliF. Project / Activity:1. On an outline map of India, locate the three South IndianKingdoms during the Sangam Age.Ans. (Do yourself)2. On the outline map of the world, locate the following :(i) India (ii) China (iii) Afghanistan(iv) Iran (v) Egypt (vi) Sri LankaAns. (Do yourself)G. Short answer questions :1. What was the period of Sangam Age?Ans. South India was known as Tamilakam or the Tamil region in theancient times. It was ruled by Cholas, Cheras and the Pandyas. Thisperiod in the history of 'Tamilakam' is known as Sangam Age. Theperiod of Sangam age is between 500 BC and 300AD.58Horizon Press We 'n' Our Society – 6

2. What was called as 'Black Gold'?Ans. Pepper was the most valued product for the Romans. They called it as'Black Gold'.3. What is 'Mahabhayas'?Ans. Patanjali, on of the greatest grammarians, under kanishka's patronagewrote the book, named 'Mahabhayas'. This book is a great study on theevolution of words, language and grammar.4. What was Silk Route?Ans. The Chinese were the first to make silk. Chinese traders carried silk toother parts of the world on foot, on horses, on camels to trade. The pathfollowed by these traders from China, came to be known as Silk Route.5. Who was Ashvaghosha?Ans. Ashvaghosha, who wrote the Buddhacharita, lived at the court of'Kanishka'. He was a great devotee of Lord Buddha.H. Long answer questions :1. What is the Sangam literature? What does it contain?Ans. About 2,200 years ago, there was a gathering of Tamil poets andscholars under the patronage of Pandyan kings, which flourish in threedifferent periods and at different places. The literature arising out ofthese meetings is known as 'Sangam Literature'.The meetings were held at Madurai and over 2,000 poems werecomposed in Tamil during these assemblies. They described thebattles and adventures of this period.2. Describe the development of Trade and Foreign relations duringthe Cholas, Cheras and Pandyas.Ans. The Cholas took interest in the development of agriculture and trade.Several irrigation works including canals were constructed. TheCholas maintained an efficient and strong navy. Puhar was aprosperous trading port and attraction for foreign traders.The Cheras had commercial relations with Rome and Egypt. Theywere quite liberal in their religious outlook.The Pandyas carried on trade with foreign countries through its port ofKorkai and Kayal. The Kingdom was famous for pearls. It exportedpearls to Rome.3. When was the art of silk making discovered? How was its effect onthe trade during that period?Ans. The Chinese were the first to make silk. The art of silk makingdiscovered nearly 2,000 years ago.Sometimes Chinese rulers sent silk gifts for the rulers of Iran and westAsia and from there, the popularity of silk spread in western countries.Silk seemed to be the most wanted amongst the rich people and rulersof Rome. The traders had to pass through dangerous way to reach theirdestinations.4. How did Kanishka patronize Buddhism?Ans. Kanishka was a great warrior as well as a patron of art and literature.He was deeply influenced by Buddhism. He patronized Buddhistmonks and donated money to build Monasteries.59Horizon Press We 'n' Our Society – 6

Ashvaghosha, who wrote Buddhacharita lived at the court of kingkanishka. The famous Buddhist stories Jatka tales were written duringthis time.Kanishka organised a Buddhist council where scholars met anddiscussed important matters.5. How did Buddhism spread to other lands?Ans. Buddhism was the most widely followed religion. Kanishka organiseda Buddhist council where scholars met and discussed importantmatters.The great poet Ashvaghosa, wrote the biography of Buddha-'Buddhacharita'.Buddhist monasteries played an important role in the promotion ofBuddhism. Nagarjunakonda and Amravati were famous centres of theBuddhist culture.11. NEW EMPIRES AND KINGDOMSExercisesA. Tick (3) the correct answer :1. Whose period was known as the "Golden Age of IndianCulture"?(a) The Guptas3 (b) The Mauryans(c) Both of them(d) None of them2. Who was called as the "Indian Napolean"?(a) Chandragupta(b) Sumundragupta3(c) Both of them(d) None of them3. Who was given the title "Vikramaditya"?(a) Chandragupta I (b) Chandragupta II3(c) Samundragupta (d) None of them4. Whose court was adorned with the celebrated Navaratnas?(a) Samundragupta (b) Chandragupta II3(c) Chandragupta I (d) None of them5. The followers of Shiva were called:(a) Vaishnuism(b) Shaivism3(c) Both of them(d) None of themB. Write True or False :1. Samundragupta led a successful military campaign in south India.True2. Hari Shena composed a Prashasti in praise ofGautamiputra Shri Satakarni.False3. Fa Hien was a Hindu monk. False4. There were twelve rulers in Dakshinapatha. True5. Taxila and Madurai were important trade centresduring the Gupta Era.FalseC. Fill in the blanks :1. Chandragupta II was also famous as Vikrmaditya.2. The Gupta kings loved to be addressed as Maharaja dhiraj.60Horizon Press We 'n' Our Society – 6

3. Fa-Hien visited India during the reign of Chandragupta II.4. The Iron pillar of Allahabad is an excellent example in the field ofmetallurgy.5. Allahabad Pillar was erected by Ashoka.D. Match the following :1. Aryabatta (a) Hunas2. Prayag Prashasti (b) A great Sanskrit poet3. Taxila (c) An astronomer4. Later Guptas (d) Hari Shena5. Samundragupta (e) A lover of music6. Kalidasa (f) An universityE. Write these :1. Name three countries with India had trade relations during theGupta period :(a) Myanmar (b) Java (c) Combodia2. Name any three important books written during the Guptaperiod :(a) Aryabhatti (b) Kadambari (c) Mahabhayas3. Name three eminent scholars of the Gupta period :(a) Kalidasa (b) Aryabhatta (c) Panini4. Name three items that were exproted from India :(a) Silk (b) Pepper (c) CottonF. Project / Activity :1. On the outline map of India, locate the ports through whichimport and export took place.Ans. (Do yourself)2. Collect picture of the monuments of the Gupta period and pastethem in your scrapbook.Ans. (Do yourself)G. Short answer questions :1. Who was the founder of the Gupta Dynasty?Ans. Sri-Gupta, father of Chandragupta I, was the founder of the GuptaDynasty.2. Who was Samundragupta?Ans. Samundragupta was the son of Chandragupta I, was the greatest rulerof the gupta dynasty. He is called as the 'Indian Nepolean' and 'Hero ofa Hundred Battles' because of his military achievements.3. Who was Fa-Hien?Ans. Fa-Hien, the great Chinese traveller scholar and writer also belongedto the reign of Chandragupta II.Fa-Hien describes about that period that. "The people are happy, theftis unknown" gold left on the road could be recovered. Nobody wouldtake it.4. Who were called Shaivism?Ans. The followers of Shiva were Called Shaivism.61Horizon Press We 'n' Our Society – 6

5. What was the important feature of the Gupta Era?Ans. During Gupta Era, India progressed a lot in all spheres of life, so thisperiod was called the Golden Era. The Guptas greatly enriched theculture of India. They gave proper importance to all features of life.H. Long answer questions :1. How did the Gupta dynasty came into prominence?Ans. The Gupta dynasty built a great empire, like the Mauryas, during the4th and 5th century AD. The founder of the Gupta dynasty wasSrigupta, Chandragupta I, Samundragupta and Chandragupta II werethe important rulers of the Gupta empire. In all there were twelveGupta rulers. The Guptas greatly enriched the culture of India and theperiod is described as "Golden Age of Indian Culture".2. What is a Prashasti? How is it a source of history?Ans. Prashasti is a sanskrit word, meaning, in praises of. Court poets oftenwrote accounts in which they listed the achievements of the king andpraised him. Then they engraved these appraisals on the pillars, so thatthe people could read them. The Prayag Prashasti or the AllahabadPillar Inscription is the main source of information aboutSamundargupta's reign.3. Why is the Gupta Age called the 'Golden Era' of ancient India?Ans. The Gupta Era is called the 'Golden Era' of ancient period becauseIndia progressed a lot in all spheres of life. It was the age of prosperityin the field of economy, religion, literature, art and craft. We canunderstand it easily in the words of Fa-Hien. The people are happytheft is unknown, gold left on the road could be recovered. No bodywould take it.4. Describe Samundragupta's genealogy.Ans. Genealogy means an account of the descent of a person, family orgroup from an ancestor. Somundragupta was the third ruler of theGupta dynasty in the life of succession. Gupta dynasty was founded bySrigupta. Chandragupta I was the father of Samundragupta.Samundragupta's son Chandragupta II, inherited a large empire andalso called Chandragupta Vikramaditya (Son of power).5. How was the administration of the Gupta period carried out?Ans. The administration was decentralised. The king ruled with the helpand advice of the council of ministers. Prominent ministers of thecouncil were– Prime-minister, Finance minister, Foreign minister andLaw minister.The empire was divided into Provinces called Bhuktis. Each provincewas divided into district called Vishayas. And each Vishaya wasfurther divided into Mandals, Bhogas and Gramas.The law was divided into two classes– civil and criminal. The life wassafe and crimes were less. The punishments were mild.6. Describe the political, social and economic developments duringthe Gupta Period.Ans. The Gupta Period was called the Golden Era because India progresseda lot in all spheres of life.62Horizon Press We 'n' Our Society – 6

People lived peaceful and secured life. Punishments were mild. Twokinds of law-civil and criminal were in force.The empire was divided into provinces, districts and villages foreffective administration.The Gupta Age was the age of economic prosperity. The roads andwater ways played an important role in the expansion of trade. Canals,wells and dams were made. Various handcrafts and industries wereestablished. India produced fine clothes of cotton, silk and wool.12. THE POST GUPTA PERIODExercisesA. Tick (3) the correct answer :1. Who wrote "Harshacharita"?(a) Kalidasa(b) Banabhatta3(c) Both on them(d) None of them2. Who wrote the book Si-Yu-Ki?(a) Xuan Zang(c) Both of them3 (b) Fa Hien(d) None of them3. What was the principal officer of a province known as?(a) Vishyapati(b) Uparika3(c) Both of them(d) None of them4. Who wrote famous drama "Priyadarshka"?(a) Harshvardhan(c) Both of them3 (b) Banabhatta(d) None of them5. Who established Nalanda University?(a) Kumaragupta(c) Both of them3 (b) Samundragupta(d) None of them6. What was the capital of the Pallavas?(a) Kanchipuram3 (b) Kanauj(c) Kurukshetra(d) None of themB. Write True or False :1. The Chalukyas built the Ratha Temple. False2. In the region ruled by the Pallavas, there were twolocal assemblies – the Ur and the Sabha.True3. Aihole was the capital of the Chalukyas. False4. Ratnavali was written by Harshavardhana. True5. The Cholas defeated the Pallavas. TrueC. Fill in the blanks :1. Harshacharita was written by Banbhatt.2. Xuan-zang visited India during the reign of Harshavardhana.3. Vatapi was the capital of the Chalukyas.4. Chandragupta I took the title of Maharajadhiraj.5. The Nalanda University is in Bihar.6. The land revenue was the main source of income.63Horizon Press We 'n' Our Society – 6

D. Match the following :1. Banabhatta (a) Chief judicial officer2. Nalanda (b) Banabhatta3. Hiuen Tsang (c) Centre of learning4. Harshacharita (d) Author of Kadambari5. Maha-danda-nayaka (e) Chinese pilgrimE. Project / Activity :1. Mark the extend of Harsha's empire on the map of India.Ans. (Do yourself)2. Collect pictures of important historical places relating to theChalukyas and the Pallavas.Ans. (Do yourself)F. Short answer questions :1. What is Harshacharita?Ans. 'Harshacharita' is the biography of Harshavardhana, written inSanskrit by his coart historian, Banabhatta. The book lists the militaryand cultural achievements of Harsha.2. When and where was Nalanda University established?Ans. Nalanda University was established by Kumaragupta in 15th CenturyAD, in Bihar.3. Who was Pulaksin – I?Ans. Pulakin I was regarded as the founder of the Chalukya Dynasty. Itruled in the Karnataka region of the Deccan. He is also said to have laidthe foundation of the fort of vatapi.4. Who was Narsimhavarman?Ans. Narsimhavarman was a great warrior of Pallava dynasty. He was giventhe title of 'Vatapikonda' or the conqueror of Vatapi. He also ledsuccessful expedition to Sri Lanka. The Pallavas built up a strongnovel power under his rule.5. Who was known as Maha-dand-nayaka?Ans. At that period, the government was run with seven components of thestate. Maha-dand-nayaka (or Chief judicial officer) was one of theimportant minister among seven. Most of these posts were hereditary.G. Long answer questions :1. Describe the Indian society during Harsha's rule?Ans. The people in Harsha's time were simple in nature. The food wassimple and vegetarian. The important characterstics of the society wasrigid caste system. There were different castes and sub-castes. Intercastemarriages were prohibited. The people of low castes wereconsidered untouchables and they lived outside the city. The positionof women were not good. The Sati system was in practice, but Purdahsystem was not in vogue.2. Write about Nalanda University during the reign ofHarshavardhana.Ans. Among the Universities Nalanda was the important seat of higherlearning. The subjects taught included grammer, medicine,philosophy, logic, astronomy, Brahmanical and Buddhist literature64Horizon Press We 'n' Our Society – 6

etc. The medium of instruction was Sanskrit. There were about 15,000students and 1,500 teachers in the university. The education was freebut the admission to the university was restricted to the brilliantstudents. Out of ten students who sought admission, only two or threewere selected.3. How were the South Indian Kingdoms administered?Ans. In South Indian kingdoms, the king was the head of administration. Acouncil of ministers assisted him. The government was run with sevencomponents of the state. These were Amatya, Senapati, Yuvraja,Adhyakshya, Purohita and Pradhan. Hari Shena was an importantminister, known as Maha-dand-nayaka. Most of these posts werehereditary.The state government had two local assemblies- the Ur and the Sabha.The Kingdom was divided into suitable units. Agriculture was themain occupation. Much of the revenue came from land.4. How is Harshacharita, a source of history? Who wrote it?Ans. The main source to know about Harsha and the developments duringhis reign is, his biography 'Harshacharita' written in Sanskrit, By hiscourt historian 'Banabhatta'. The book lists the military and culturalachievements of Harsha.5. What is a Prashasti? How is it a source of history?Ans. 'Prashasti' is a Sanskrit word meaning in praise of. Court poets oftenwrote accounts, in which they listed the achievements of the king andpraised him. Then they engraved these appraisals on the pillars, so thatthe people could read them. The Prayag Prashasti or the AllahabadPillar Inscription is the main source of information aboutSamundragupta's reign.6. Who was Hiuen Tsang? What is his significance?Ans. Hiues Tsang was a chinese pilgrim, who visited India during the reignof Harshavardhana. He spent eight years in Harsha's court. He wrote abook 'Si–Yu–Ki' describing about the developments during theseyears.13.LITERATURE (CULTURE AND SCIENCE)ExercisesA. Tick (3) the correct answer :1. Who was the writer of the book "The story of civilization"?(a) Mark Twain(b) Will Durant(c) Both on them(d) None of them2. How many Upanishads do Hindu religion have?(a) 110 (b) 108(c) 105 (d) 1203. Which period was the "Golden Age of Literature"?(a) Mauryan period (b) The Gupta period(c) Both of them(d) None of them65Horizon Press We 'n' Our Society – 6333

4. In which language do Buddhism and Jainism producedLiterature?(a) Hindi(b) Pali and Prakrit3(c) Sanskrit(d) None of them5. The famous Kailasanath temple at Kauchi was built by :(a) The Guptas(b) The Pallavas3(c) Both of them(d) None of themB. Fill in the blanks :1. The Vedas are earliest literary works.2. The Upanishads are 108 in numbers.3. The two great epics are Ramayan and Mahabharat.4. Zero and place value system was invented in India.5. Aryabhatta was the first who said that the Earth revolves round theSun.C. Match the following :1. Charak (a) Administration and Polity2. Sushruta (b) Brihat Samhita3. Kautilya (c) Mound4. Varahmihira (d) Surgery5. Stupa (e) Medicine6. Pradakshina path (f) The place where the image ofthe diety is placed7. Mandapa (g) Circular path around the Stupa8. Garbhgriha (h) A place in temple where peoplecould assembleD. Answer in one word :1. The oldest scripture in the world Vedas2. Author of Lilavathi Bhaskaracharya3. Author of Mudrarakshas Visakhadatta4. Name the book on Medicine Charak samhita5. Name the book on Surgery Sushruta-samhita6. Subject covered in Surya Sindhanta Earth's axis7. Ancient book dealing with art of PoliticaladministrationArthashastraE. Project / Activity :1. Try to find out how Vedic Mathematics is different from ModernMathematics.Ans. (Do yourself)2. If you are given a choice of the places described in this chapter,which would you prefer to visit and why?Ans. (Do yourself)3. Visit a Museum and or an Art gallery.Ans. (Do yourself)F. Short answer questions :1. What are Puranas?Ans. The Puranas are sacred literature. They speak out the traditions,legends, moral codes, religious and philosophical principles andhistory. They are 18 in number.66Horizon Press We 'n' Our Society – 6

2. What are the Epics?Ans. The Epics are the most popular books of the Hindus which give us aninsight into the economic, political, religious and social conditions ofthe people. The two great epics are- Ramayana and Mahabharata.3. What are Murals?Ans. The caves of Ajanta are decorated with beautiful paintings. Thesepaintings are called Murals. These depict events from the life ofBuddha.4. Who was Aryabhatta?Ans. Aryabhatta was the first who said that, the earth revolves round thesun. Aryabhatta gave a number of rules of arithmetic in his book'Aryabhatti'.5. Who was Dhanvantri?Ans. Dhanvantri was a famous general physician of that time.G. Long answer questions :1. Why is literature an important source of history?Ans. The literature were produced at different periods. They speak aboutthe traditions legends, moral codes, religious and philosophicalprinciples and history.The Vedas are the earliest literary works that we have. The Sangamliterateue, Arthshastra. Harshcharita, works of kalidasa and theaccounts of foreign travelles are some other famous works inliterature.2. Why is the Iron-Pillar at Delhi called the 'Rustless Wonder'?Ans. The famous 'Iron Pillar' at Delhi is the proof of India's metallurgicalheritage. It is called rustless wonder because the pillar is still rustlesseven after fifteen hundred years of its existence.3. What features did the temples constructed during this periodhave?Ans. The temples built in the Early Gupta period were small. Later largertemples were built with brick and stone. The Chalukyas built stonetemples of Lord Vishnu and Shiva at Vatapi.The Pallavas built the famous Ratha temple. Most of the templesconstructed during this period had the same features as Garbhagriha,Shikara or Vimana and Mandapa.4. What is the contribution of India to the world in the field ofmathematics?Ans. India contributed a lot in the field of mathematics. Some of itsimportant contribution are :1. Bhaskaracharya gave the first book on Modern MathematicsLilavathi.2. Aryabhatta gave a number of rules of arithmetic in his bookAryabhatti.3. Western Europe borrowed the knowledge of Algebra from Arabs,who acquired this from India.4. The Suryasiddhanta is the monumental work of astronomy.5. Zero and place value system was invented in India.67Horizon Press We 'n' Our Society – 6

6. Invention of Calender making was done in India. Latadevadivided the year into 12 months in his book 'SuryaSindhanta'.Names of the planets of the Solar system were added tothe days to the week.5. Discuss progress witnessed in different fields of science during theancient period.Ans. Science was very advanced in ancient India. The famous astronomerVarahmihira, Ayurvedic scholars Sushtra and charak also belonged toancient India. There contribution are as follows :1. The 'Brihat Samhita' written by Varahmihira is the encyclopaediaof science. They could perdict the eclipses.2. Sushruta describes the cures for about 1,100 diseases includingstone diseases. He gave the knowledge of cosmic surgery.3. Charak describes the cure of epilepsy, leprosy and tuberculosis. Hementions the use of various plants and herbs in medicines.4. Dhanvantri was a famous general physician of that time.6. Write short notes on –(a) Ajanta caves (b) Stupas (c) Mathura (d) Gandhara School ofArts.1. Ajanta caves – The caves of Ajanta are decorated with beautifulpaintings. These paintings are called Murals. They depict eventsfrom the life of the Buddha. Colours used in these paintings aremade of natural objects. That is why these paintings retain theirglow, even after so many centuries.2. Stupas – Stupas are dome shaped structures where relics of theBuddha of Buddhist monks were kept. Early stupas were made ofearthen mounds. They were round and circular. The Great Stupa atSanchi and Dhamek Stupa at Sarnath are the master pieces.3. Mathura – Mathura is very near to Delhi. It exists in the heart ofIndia. it was the second capital of Kushanas as it was a politicaland administrative centre. The Mathura school of are became firstto make faces and figures of Buddha. As there were many templesand monastries, it was more famous for art and architecture.4. Gandhara School of Arts – The Gandhara School of Art gave anew height to the art of that period. It was famous centre ofsculpture. Sculpture were both religious and secular.68Horizon Press We 'n' Our Society – 6

We 'n' Our Society – 6Unit – III Civics1. DIVERSITYExercisesA. Tick ( 3) the correct answer :1. Which is the oldest religion of India?(a) Sikhism(b) Hinduism3(c) Jainism(d) Buddhism2. How many languages have been recognised by our IndianConstitution?(a) 20 languages(b) 22 languages3(c) 18 languages(d) 25 languages3. What is the folk dance form of Maharashtra known as?(a) Bihu(b) Lavani3(c) Garba(d) Bhangra4. What is the classical dance form of Kerala known as?(a) Odissi(b) Kathakali3(c) Manipuri(d) Bharat Natyam5. Who had brought the phrase "Unity in Diversity"?(a) R.N. Tagore(b) Smt. Indira Gandhi(c) Mahatma Gandhi (d) Pt. Jawaharlal Nehru 3B. Write True or False :1. Human beings, by nature, do not need change. False2. Human beings are dependent on each other for different needs.True3. Kerala is known for its spices. True4. Ladakh is a cold desert nestled in the mountains. True5. The earliest form of art is Buddhist art which is basicallybased on the preaching of Lord Buddha.True6. Living in Northern hemisphere is not different fromthe life of Southern hemisphere.FalseC. Fill in the blanks :1. In India, people of different castes, have different culture and customs.2. Ladakh is also called the little Tibet.3. India has a rich tradition of classical music.4. Unity and diversity go hand in hand in India.5. The phrase "Unity in Diversity" was brought by Pt. Nehru in his book.The Diversity of India.D. Project / Activity :1. Find out how many languages are spoken by your classmates.Ans. (Do yourself)2. Write how your food and dress is different from that of yourclassmates.Ans. (Do yourself)69Horizon Press We 'n' Our Society – 6

3. Locate any two states on the map of India and write at least 5differences including historic and geographical differencesbetween them.Ans. (Do yourself)E. Short answer questions :1. What is diversity?Ans. Unity and diversity go hand in hand in India. Diversity is an essentialpart for the progress of society. India is a land of diversities. It hasdiversity in each sphere of life-people, geographical varieties, land,religion, language, etc. It is underlying unity in diversity that makesIndia one unit.2. Which is the oldest religion of India?Ans. Hinduism is the oldest religion of India.3. How many dance forms are there in India?Ans. The dances forms in India can be divided into two categories :1. Classical dance – Kathak, odissi, kuchipudi, Bhart Natyam,Manipuri, etc.2. Folk dance – Bhangra, Bihu, Garba, Lavani, Ghoomar, etc.4. What is 'The Kesar Saga'?Ans. 'The Kesar Saga' is the national epic of Tibetans.5. What is the full form of IPTA?Ans. IPTA stands for :Indian people's Theatre Association.F. Long answer questions :1. What do you understand by diversity? Why is it essential?Ans. Unity and diversity go hand in hand in India. Diversity is an essentialpart for the progress of society. India is a land of diversities. It hasdiversity in each sphere of life-people, geographical varieties, land,religion, language, etc. It is underlying unity in diversity that makesIndia one unit.Diversity is essential for life, to make it lively and interesting. We cansee co-ordination in society because different people are engaged indifferent occupations. Diversity is a fact of life. We observe diversityin every sphere of life. It is a boon for mankind because tremendousprogress was made due to the efforts of different people who haddifferent capabilities.2. What is the need for diversity?Ans. Diversity is essential for life, to make it lively and interesting. We cansee co-ordination in society because different people are engaged indifferent occupations. Diversity is a fact of life. We observe diversityin every sphere of life. It is a boon for mankind because tremendousprogress was made due to the efforts of different people who haddifferent capabilities.3. In which aspects is diversity found in India?Ans. India is a land of diversities. It has diversity in each sphere of lifepeople, geographical variations, land, religion, language, etc.It is popularly said that language in India changes at every sixth miles.70Horizon Press We 'n' Our Society – 6

The total number of languages spoken in India are 1,652, althoughIndian constitution has recognised 22 languages as official languages.Much like religions and languages, there are numerous dance forms.We can recognise people from any part of India by their food anddresses. The food may vary from one place to another because of thephysical and weather conditions of that area. In the same way peoplewear dresses according to their religion and states also.4. Describe the diversity in language and customs among the peopleliving in your neighbourhood?Ans. Diversity is necessary for life. It makes life lively and interesting.Each person has one's own interests and achievements. We can see thisco-ordination in our neighbourhood too, where many people, belongto different religions live their life in amity. They are Hindu, Muslim,Sikh, Chirstian and one or two families from other states too. Werespect their religion and enjoy their customs and festivals, like Holi,Diwali, Gurupurva, Durgapuja, Chatpuja (Bihar), Id and many more.They speak Hindi, english and their regional language which we canunderstand easily. It is our mini India.5. How do you support unity in diversity in India?Ans. Despite prevalent diversity in all aspects of life, there is underlyingunity among the people of India. Unity and diversity go hand in handhere. Diversity has proved a source of strength to its people. It isunderlying unity in diversity that makes India one unit.2. DIVERSITY AND DISCRIMINATIONExercisesA. Tick ( 3) the correct answer :1. Where did Gandhiji face racial discrimination?(a) South America(b) South Africa3(c) North America(d) South Korea2. Who was considered as the father of the Indian Constitution?(a) Pt. Jawaharlal Nehru (b) Dr. Bhim Rao Ambedkar 3(c) Gandhiji(d) R.N. Tagore3. Which part of our Constitution deals with fundamental rights:(a) Part IV(b) Part III3(c) Part I(d) Part II4. How many fundamental rights our Constitution gives us?(a) Seven(b) Six3(c) Four(d) Five5. How many different dialects and languages are spokenin our country?(a) More than 100 (b) More than 2003(c) Less than 100 (d) Less than 20071Horizon Press We 'n' Our Society – 6

B. Write True or False :1. Caste based discrimination denies respect and dignity. True2. Diversity and inequality mean the same thing. False3. The objectives of Constitution are given in its Preamble. True4. Untouchability is illegal. True5. Prejudice do not harm our society. FalseC. Fill in the blanks :1. Discrimination means the unfair treatment of a person or group on thebasis of prejudice.2. Prejudice means to judge other people without reasons.3. People who work like cleaning, picking garbage are considered oflesser value.4. Dr. Bhim Rao Ambedkar fought for the rights of Dalits.5. Social structure of India is based on caste system.D. Match the following :1. A person with prejudice (a) When you belittle people2. Discrimination sets in (b) Explicit sense of disunity3. Secularism (c) Sees things negatively4. Stereotype (d) Fix image of a person5. Prejudice (e) Right to free exercise of religionE. Project / Activity :1. Discuss in class how you can contribute in getting rid of prejudiceand discrimination.Ans. (Do yourself)2. Find out how many of your class students have domestic help whois below 14 years.Ans. (Do yourself)F. Short answer questions :1. What is the basic difference in the city life and the village life?Ans. Life in city is very fast. People have lack of time. They avoid physicalwork and spent a lazy and expensive life. But people in village aresimple and laborious. They have lack of education and do not spendmuch on their needs.2. How many castes are there in India?Ans. Social structure of India is based upon caste system. We have fourcastes in India :1. Brahmin2. Kshatriya3. Vaishya4. Shudra3. What is meant by the word 'Dalit'?Ans. The word 'Dalit' means 'broken'. 'Dalit' is a term that people belongingto so called lower castes used to address themselves. The governmentcalls them Scheduled castes (SC) .4. Who was Dr. Bhim Rao Ambedkar?Ans. Dr. Bhim Rao Ambedkar is known as the best leader of the Dalitcommunity. He was considered the Father of the Indian constitution.72Horizon Press We 'n' Our Society – 6

5. What is our prime duty?Ans. Our prime duty is to remember that there is no place for prejudice anddiscrimination in our life. We should struggle for equality and thegovernment will have to support. We should effort hands in hand toachieve the goal of equality.G. Long answer questions :1. What do you understand by diversity and prejudice? How arethey interrelated?Ans. Diversity can be seen in lifestyle, food, culture, occupation, languageand so on. While prejudice is an unreasonable dislike of a particulargroup based on religion, sex, etc.Diversity has underlying sense of unity while prejudice has explicitsense of disunity. The former should be preferred to the later. We mustremember that there is no place for prejudice in our society. Diversityis an essential part for the progress of society.2. What do you mean by prejudice?Ans. Prejudice is an unreasonable dislike of a particular group of people ofpreference for a group of people over another. Some people are biasedagainst only because they belong to different castes, religions, regionsand have different food habits or speak different languages.3. What is discrimination?Ans. The word 'discrimination' means the practice of treating somebody ora particular group in society less fairly than other. It means treatingother people badly, not allowing them to participate in certainactivities, restricting them to live coaction place or denying them to dothe things, they are entitled to by right and law.4. Define the term 'Stereotype'?Ans. A person having certain typical characteristics is known as stereotype.When people fit into a certain image designed by the society, theycreate a class of these stereotype. We fix a person in to a particularimage on the basis of caste, religion, sex, race or economicbackground into stereotype.5. What causes give rise to prejudice and discrimination?Ans. Prejudice and discrimination can take place because of several reasonswhich are – racial discrimination, illiteracy, religion, language,casteism and untouchability. The practice of discrimination on anyground is an evil. it must not be practiced.6. What are the important Fundamental Rights which ensureequality of all citizens?Ans. The Fundamental Rights are the basic rights. Our constitution gives 6fundamental rights. These are :1. Right to Equality2. Right to Freedom3. Right against Exploitation4. Right to Freedom of Religion5. Cultural and Educational Rights6. Right to Constitutional Remedies73Horizon Press We 'n' Our Society – 6

7. Do you think that it is important for all people to be equal?Ans. Yes, it is important for all people to be equal. We must remember thatthere is no place for prejudice and discrimination in our society.Diversity of the people should be treated equally and they should berespected. We should effort hands in hand to achieve the goal ofequality.3. NEED FOR GOVERNMENTExercisesA. Tick ( 3) the correct answer :1. In which system the President is not responsible for the peoples?(a) Monarchy3 (b) Democracy(c) Dictatorship(d) Diplomacy2. Adolf Hitler was the famous dictator of which country?(a) America(b) Germany3(c) England(d) India3. Modern democracy is also known as:(a) Direct democracy (b) Representative democracy 3(c) Diplomatic democracy (d) Monarchy democracy4. Which was the country to make provision for Adulf Franchise?(a) USA(b) Germany3(c) Japan(d) England5. India adopted the policy of Universal Adult Franchise:(a) Before the Independence(b) After the Independence3(c) In 1830(d) In 1919B. Write True or False :1. In earliest forms governments has allowed onlymen who owned property and educated to vote.True2. Nepal was a democracy. Now it is a Monarchy. False3. In case of a crime or a dispute, people can go to the courts. True4. In India every citizen has equal political rights. True5. Women in Britain got the right to vote in 1914. False6. The members in the legislature are elected by the people. True7. The right to vote should not be given to the illiterate people. FalseC. Fill in the blanks :1. A hereditary ruler has absolute power in a Kingdom.2. Every country need a ruler to rule.3. Two types of democracy are Direct and Representative.4. The Constitution gave powers to the government to make laws.5. Bhutan was ruled by a king but now it is a democracy country.D. Define the following terms :1. Democracy – Democracy means a form of government which iselected by the people, for the people and of the people.74Horizon Press We 'n' Our Society – 6

2. Monarchy – A government headed by a king or queen, who has thepower to make laws and take decisions.3. Dictatorship – A government in which on individual rules the statewithout any accountability to the people for his actions.4. Direct Democracy – In direct democracy, only some categories ofpeople had the right to vote.5. Representative Democracy – In Representative democracy peoplechoose their representatives through elections.6. Legislature – The law making body of a country which takesdecisions based on voting and majority. The legislature is arepresentative body.7. Suffragettes – The suffragettes organised themselves into amovement demanding right for women to vote.E. Project / Activity :1. Make a list of different kinds of public property that you see inyour daily life.Ans. (Do yourself)F. Short answer questions :1. What is the first and foremost duty of a government?Ans. The people of a country belong to diverse religions, political andsocial backgrounds. They have various differences as well. So it is thefirst and foremost duty of a government to ensure integrity and unity ofthe people of the nation.2. Write the types of Indian Government?Ans. The three main type of government are :1. Democratic2. Monarchy3. Dictatorship3. Who was Adolf Hitler?Ans. Adolf Hitler of Germany was the famous dictator in the world.4. What is meant by 'Franchise'?Ans. The word 'Franchise' means 'the right to vote in elections'. And'Universal Adult Franchise' means that only the adult citizens of thecountry who are 18 years of age or above, have the right to vote.5. When was franchise to women granted in India?Ans. In 1951, franchise to women granted in India.G. Long answer questions :1. Why do we need a government?Ans. The government is an important element of the state we need agovernment to take decisions on various matters. The government isneeded for the following purposes :1. To maintain law and order2. To protect the country from foreign attack3. To look after the welfare of its citizens.2. How are citizens engaged in decision making and participation inthe government?Ans. In a democratic country people choose their representatives through75Horizon Press We 'n' Our Society – 6

elections. These representatives constitute the legislature. It is thelegislature that makes laws and takes decisions based on voting andmajority.It the people found that the elected people are not working properlythey elect new representatives in their place in the next election. In thisway citizens participate in the government.3. What do you understand by Universal Adult Franchise? Why it iscalled a sound principle?Ans. 'Universal Adult Franchise' means that only the adult citizens of thecountry, who are 18 years of age of above, have the right to vote. Youwill also have the right to vote, when you grow and become 18 years ofage or above. To get the right to vote, one has to enroll one's name inthe electoral rolls.The principal of 'Universal Adult Franchise' also makes no distinctionbetween the sexes-male or female. Long back in the USA, women didnot have the right to vote. Thought it had a democratic form ofgovernment, but only men had the rights to vote. In the directdemocracy, which prevailed in ancient Greece, only educated peoplewere allowed to vote. Still in other types of democracies, only thepersons who owned property had the right to vote. But under'Universal Adult Franchise' these types of distinctions do not exist.The principal is applied on universal basis. So, it is called a soundprinciple.4. What are the functions of a government?Ans. The government performs a number of functions. It secures the life ofits citizens, provides them opportunities of progress, building ofroads, bridges, railway, supplying electricity, opening schools andhospitals, etc.The government maintain law and order in the state. It manages asystem of justice for the people. People can solve their disputes or forthe offence of a crime can go to a court. Courts are also a part ofgovernment.At the time of crisis or disaster it is the government that mainlyorganises aid and assistance for the affected people.5. What do you know about suffrage movement? Who are known assuffragettes?Ans. The suffragette movement was the movement which advocatedfranchise for women i.e. right for women to vote. The first suffrage forwomen was launched at the time of first war. This made them aware oftheir rights. The movement included acts of defiance protests, selfsacrificeand sometimes violence.6. What are three types of government? Give a brief account ofthem.Ans. The three main type of governments are :1. Democratic – India has a democratic type of government. Peopleelect their represtatives who constitute the legislature. It is agovernment, which is elected by the people, for the people and ofthe people.76Horizon Press We 'n' Our Society – 6

2. Monarchy – In a monarchy, it is the monarch (king or queen) whohas the power to make laws and take decisions. Monarchies wereoften hereditary. The people in a monarchy have no power to go tothe courts to seek justice.3. Dictatorship – It is an another form of government in which anindividual rules the state without any accountability to the peoplefor his actions. The decision of the dictator is imposed on thepeople. He is all in all. His decisions can not be questioned.7. How is a government formed in a democracy and what are theessential featurs of a democratic government?Ans. India is a democratic country. The people here has equal politicalrights irrespective of caste, religion, sex or race. Every citizen hasright to vote and to form a government of his own choice. Peoplechoose their representatives elections. They constitute the legislature.The members are elected for a limited time. It the people found that theelected people are not working properly, they elect newrepresentatives in their place in the next election.Justice and equality are two important featurs of democracy.4. KEY ELEMENTS OF ADEMOCRATIC GOVERNMENTExercisesA. Tick ( 3) the correct answer :1. Which is the main characteristic of democracy?(a) Injustice and inequality (b) Justice and equality 3(c) Touchability(d) Violence2. Which is the largest democracy in the world?(a) England(b) India3(c) America(d) Japan3. General elections are held after every:(a) Six years(b) Five years3(c) Seven years(d) Three years4. What is the term of elected representatives?(a) Eight years(b) Five years3(c) Three years(d) Six years5. What plays an important role in checking the functions anddecisions of the government:(a) Strikes(b) Media3(c) Dharna(d) Political partiesB. Write True or False :1. In a democracy, people make all the decisionsthrough their representatives.True2. The citizens should be aware of the problems oftheir own area only.False77Horizon Press We 'n' Our Society – 6

3. Opening of schools and hospitals are wall are actionsof the government.True4. Inequality between a boy and a girl starts from our own houses.True5. Voting in India is not held by secret ballot. FalseC. Fill in the blanks :1. General elections are held in every five years.2. The right to vote is fundamental to democracy.3. India is the world's largest democracy.4. All humans are born free and have a right to be freedom.5. Untouchability is abolished in India.D. Project / Activity :1. Visit a nearby polling booth and watch the election process.Ans. (Do yourself)2. Take a vow, not let inequality exist in your house.Ans. (Do yourself)E. Short answer questions :1. What do you mean by election?Ans. Election is a system where each voter uses his right to caste vote to thepreferable candidate. In India, we have elections after every five years.2. What is the role of media in government work?Ans. Media also plays an important role to check the functions anddecisions of the government. The newspaper, TV channels andmagazines and other agencies bring forward the unjust and unfairdecisions of the government.3. Who is responsible in maintaining law and order in a country?Ans. It is the first and foremost duty of a government to maintain law andorder in a country.4. What are important principles of democracy?Ans. Justice and Equality are two important principles of democracy.F. Long answer questions :1. How equality and justice are important features of a democracy?Ans. The main characteristic of democracy in impartial justice and equality.These are the two sides of a coin and go hand in hand in democracy. Inthe eyes of the constitution all men and women are equal without anyspecial preference shown to any one. The government can frame lawsagainst untouchability, backwards and tribes, etc whenever it isrequired.2. What can people do if the elected representatives do not work totheir satisfaction?Ans. People give authority to these representatives to take decisions ontheir behalf, keeping in mind the welfare and interest of the people. Ifpeople found that their work is not according to their promises, thepeople can change their representatives in the next elections.Representatives are answerable for their actions. They cannot workaccording to their own will.78Horizon Press We 'n' Our Society – 6

3. What is the role of a citizen in a democracy?Ans. There are many ways for the citizens to exercise control over thegovernment. If they are not satisfied with the work of electedcandidates, they can choose other candidates, or they can criticise thedecisions of the government by doing dharnas, rallies, strikes andother forms of protest.Participation of people in the government is the key principle of ademocracy.4. What measures have been taken by the government to promotewelfare of girls and women?Ans. Women and girls often have to face discrimination in Indian society.Our Constitution has conferred the right of franchise upon everywomen. It has taken many steps to improve the condition of women inthe society and has given special benefits to them. Some states aregiving free education to girls. Now girls have equal share in theproperty of their parents.5. LOCAL GOVERNMENTExercisesA. Tick ( 3) the correct answer :1. What is the local government system at the village level called?(a) Panchayati Raj 3 (b) Tehsil(c) Gram Panchayat (d) Nyaya Panchayat2. Who is the head of the Panchayat?(a) Sarpanch3 (b) Up-Pradhan(c) BDO(d) Patwari3. What is the President of the Gram Panchayat in Bihar :(a) Sarpanch(b) Mukhiya3(c) Lekhpal(d) Chowkidar4. What is the Block Samiti in Uttar Pradesh known :(a) Panchayat Samiti (b) Kshetra Samiti3(c) Gram Samiti(d) Anchalic Parishad5. What is the highest level of the Panchayati Raj system?(a) Zila Parishad3 (b) Block Samiti(c) Lok Sabha(d) Rajya SabhaB. Answer the following in one word :1. What kind of system is the Panchayati Raj?Local government system2. Who is the head of Gram Panchayat? Sarpanch3. At what level does a Zila Parishad funciton? District Level4. Write the full form of BDO. Block Department Officer5. How many members does a Nyaya Panchayat have? Five6. Which samiti works as an essential like between theGram Panchayat and the Zila Parishad?Block Samiti79Horizon Press We 'n' Our Society – 6

C. Write True or False :1. The Panchayati Raj is a two tier system. False2. All registered voters of the village are members of theGram Sabha.True3. State governments give financial support to Panchayats. True4. The institution of Panchayati Raj functioning at villagelevel is Zila Parishad.False5. The BDO is the administrative head of the block. True6. There is no appeal against the decisions of a Nyaya Panchayat. False7. Supervision and implementation of five yearsplans is the responsibility of theZila Parishad.TrueD. Fill in the blanks :1. Members fo Panchayat Samiti are generally elected for a period of fiveyears.2. A Panchayat works at village level.3. 1/3 of the total number of seats in a Gram Panchayat are reserved forwomen.4. The Gram Sabha is presided over by the Pradhan.5. The income of a Block Samiti comes from tax and grants.6. A Zila Parishad functions at the District level.E. Project / Activity :1. Make a chart showing the three tier system of Panchayati Raj.Ans. (Do yourself)2. Visit the Block Development officer with your teacher. Find outhow the various development plans in the block are beingfinanced.Ans. (Do yourself)F. Short answer questions :1. What do you understand by Panchayati Raj?Ans. The local bodies are known as Panchayati Raj system. It enablespeople to run their own local government in rural areas. It consist ofvillage Panchayat, Block Samiti and Zila Parishad.2. What is the literal meaning to the word 'Panchayat'?Ans. The literal meaning of the word 'Panchayat' is a 'Committee' of fivepersons.3. Who is known as the Pradhan or Sarpanch?Ans. the head of the Panchayat is known as the Pradhan or Sarpanch. Themembers of the gram Panchayat usually elects him or her.4. What is Nyaya Panchayat?Ans. The Nyaya Panchayat is the local courts. Its purpose is to settle minordisputes and provide justice quickly. There is one Nyaya Panchayat inmany villages. One Nyaya Panchayat has five members.5. What is Zila Parishad?Ans. Zila Parishad is an important part of the Panchayati Raj system. It isthe body at the district level. It plans for the development of the wholedistrict and works for the social and economic welfare of the people.80Horizon Press We 'n' Our Society – 6

G. Long answer questions :1. What do you understand by Local self-government? What is theimportance of the Panchayati Raj system?Ans. When the people of a certain area assemble to solve the problems oftheir day to day life, is called Local self Government. They know theirproblems better, so the local government can solve the local problemsmore efficiently.The local government system also called 'Panchayati Raj'. It is theirduty to solve the local problems with co-operation.2. How are Gram Sabha and Gram Panchayat related?Ans. Gram Sabha is the general body of the village. Every villager eitherman or woman, who is 18 years or above and who has enrolled hisname in the voters list, is the member of Gram Sabha.The Gram Sabha directly elects the members of Gram Panchayat. TheGram Sabha has the power to review the work done by the GramPanchayat and examine its accounts of expenditure. If it is not satisfiedwith the performance of any member of the Panchayat, it has powersto remove that member by means of a vote of no-confidence.3. Describe briefly the structure of Panchayati Raj system.Ans. The local government system, also called Panchayati Raj, has thethree tier system :1. Gram Panchayat – at the village level2. Block Samiti – at the block level3. Zila Parishad – at the district level4. Why should people pay taxes to Block Samities and ZilaParishads?Ans. People should pay taxes to Block Samitis and Zila Parishads becausethey use this fund for the development of whole Blocks and districtand works for the social and economic welfare of the people. So we getour taxes back in the form of developed district.5. Write the composition and functions of :1. Gram Panchayat – The Gram Sabha directly elected the GramPanchayat. The head of the Panchayat is known as Sarpanch. Thepanchayat perform some compulsory work as construction ofroads, waterways, sanitation, planting of trees and health care, etc.It performs some optional works as holding fairs, cattle show,managements of village market and Haats.2. Block Samiti – Members of the Block Samiti are also elected. Allthe Pradhans and Panches of the village Punchayats of a certainblock elect them. The Samiti supervises the working of the villagePunchayats. It plans development activities, supervises and checksthe budget also.3. Nyaya Panchayat – The Nyaya Panchayat is the local courts thesemembers are elected by the Gram Panchayats. However, a memberof Gram Panchayat cannot be a member of Nyaya Panchayat.It's purpose is to settle minor disputes and provide justice quickly.One Nyaya Panchayat has five members.81Horizon Press We 'n' Our Society – 6

4. Zila Parishad – The members of the Zila Parishad comprise all theBlock Pramukhs of the Block Samities in the district. The ZilaParishad also supervises the implementation of projects under thefive years plans. On the basis of plans prepared by the BlockSamities. The Zila Parishad makes a plan for the whole district.6. Explain the relationship between the state government andPanchayati Raj system?Ans. Local self government assumes greater significance in respect of ruralareas of the country. These work with state government in close cooperationfor the success of Panchayati Raj system.The state government provides grants for Panchayati Raj system. Italso has the power to desolve it, if it found the functions unsatisfactory.The Panchayti Raj system is very important to strengthen democracyin our country. This system should be further strengthened.6. URBAN LOCAL GOVERNMENTExercisesA. Tick ( 3) the correct answer :1. A Nagar Panchayat is set up for a :(a) Smaller Urban area (b) Transitional area3(c) Industrial area(d) Rural area2. What is the term of Nagar Panchayat?(a) Six years(b) Five years3(c) Three years(d) Ten years3. Municipal Corporation is also known as :(a) Municipal Council (b) Maha Nagar Nigam 3(c) Nagar Panchayat (d) Nagar Palika4. Who is the head of the Municipal Corporation?(a) Alderman(b) Mayor3(c) Sarpanch(d) Pradhan5. Chief Executive officer is also called as :(a) Municipal Commissioner3(b) Up-Nagar Ayukta(c) Sahayak Nagar Ayukta(d) MayorB. Write True or False :1. About 25 per cent of the population of India live in cities andtowns.True2. The State government does not give any loan to a Nagar Palika.False3. Teh Health officer is elected by the members of theMunicipal Corporation.False4. Nagar Ayukta is the Municipal Commissioner. True5. Birth certificates are issued by heads of schools under theMunicipal Boards.False82Horizon Press We 'n' Our Society – 6

6. It is the duty of the Mayor to implement the decision of a NagarNigam.True7. The local bodies look after the law and order situation. FalseC. Fill in the blanks :1. The head of a Municipal Corporation is called Mayor.2. The local self government in cities such as Delhi, Mumbai andKolkata is known as Municipal Corporation.3. One of the compulsory functions of the Municipal Committees is toprovide facilities for health.4. An Alderman is elected by Members of Municipal Corporation.5. Municipality keeps a record of birth and death in order to know theexact population of any locality.6. The Mayor prepares development plans for the whole district.D. Match the following :1. Nagar Panchayat (a) Larger cities2. Nagar Nigam (b) Transitional areas3. Nagar Palika (c) Smaller Urban areas4. Alderman (d) Chairperson of Nagar Nigam5. Mayor (e) A senior member of expert of a city6. Nagar Ayukta (f) Administrative head of the NagarPalika7. Chief Executive Officer (g) The Administrative head of theNagar NigamE. Write short notes on :1. The Mayor – The elected head of Municipal Corporation is known asMayor or Mahapaur.2. An Alderman – In Municipality, some seats can be filled by thepersons having speical knowledge or experience of municipaladministration. They are called Alderman.3. Nagar Ayukta – The Municipal Corporation has a chief ExecutiveOfficer. He is called Nagar Ayukta or Municipal Commissioner.4. Chief Executive head – Nagar Ayukta is a chief executive officer,who is appointed by the state government. He acts as a link betweenstate government and municipal corporation.F. Project / Activity :1. Make a list of the taxes paid by your family.Ans. (Do yourself)2. Find, why Pulse Polio is given to small children?Ans. (Do yourself)3. Find out the names of the following governing bodies of your townand state :(i) The Mayor(ii) The Nagar Ayukta or Municipal Commissioner(iii) The Election Commissioner(iv) CommissionerAns. (Do yourself)83Horizon Press We 'n' Our Society – 6

G. Short answer questions :1. What is meant by Nagar Panchayat?Ans. A Nagar Panchayat is set up in an area that is bigger then a village andsmaller than a city. This is called a transitional area. It is the smallestunit of urban population. It is essential for every town to have a NagarPanchayat.2. What is Municipality?Ans. A Municipality is known by several names as Nagar Palika, Municipalcommittee, Municipal Board, etc. It is a local self governing body insmall cities and towns. Municipality is an elected body.3. What do you understand by Municipal Corporation?Ans. It is also called as Maha Nagar Nigam or Maha Nagar Palika. It isconstituted in big cities which are densly populated as Delhi, Kolkata,Chennai, Lucknow, etc. The number of members depends upon thepopulation of the city. Municipal Corporation is an elected body.4. What are the sources of income for Nagar Panchayat?Ans. The chief sources of income of Nagar Panchayat are taxes andfinancial assistance from the state government. It imposes differenttypes of taxes on the people such as sale tax, toll tax, house tax, vehicletax, etc.5. Who is called Nagar Ayukta?Ans. The Municipal Corporation has a Chief Executive officer. He is calledNagar Ayukta or Municipal Commissioner. He is appointed by thestate government.H. Long answer questions :1. What are the functions of a Nagar Panchayat?Ans. A Nagar Panchayat looks after water supply, drainage, constructionand maintenance of roads, lighting of streets, arrangement ofsanitation, health care facilities, schools, dispensaries, hospitals,parks, organisation, and management of fairs, etc. It also keepsvarious records including deaths, births, etc.2. How and why is local self-government in urban areas differentfrom that in rural areas?Ans. The Problems of urban areas are in some respects common and insome other respects different from those of rural areas. The basicreason is that the population of the cities grows more rapidly.Consequently urban local government organisations are formed in adifferent manner. They are constituted according to the size of a townor city.3. How is a Municipal Committee framed? What is its structure?Ans. A number of committees are formed in a Nagar Nigam. Which lookafter the day-to-day functions. These committees are made up of 5 to12 members and are headed by a chairperson. Committees such asEducation Committee and the Public Health Committee play animportant role in the administration of the city.4. What are the functions of a Municipality and a MunicipalCorporation?Ans. Basically the functions of the Municipalities and MunicipalCorporation are the same. Some of their functions are :84Horizon Press We 'n' Our Society – 6

1. Provision of water – dig wells, lay water pipes, construct overheadwater tanks to supply drinking water, network of drainage system.2. Public Hygiene – arrangements for the collection and disposal ofgarbage.3. Public health – built hospitals, dispensaries, arrangements forvaccinations such as cholera, small pox, etc.4. Education – Appoint teachers, open public libraries, museums andecological parks for educational purposes.5. Registering births and deaths – These committees keep a recordof births a deaths and issue certificates for the same.6. Public Conveniences – Construct public urinals and toilets,vegetable markets, food grain markets, etc.7. Roads and street lights – maintain the roads and street lights andrepair them.5. How does the State government supervises a Nagar Nigam?Ans. The State and Central government with the help of Nagar Palika andNagar Nigam function for the welfare of the people. So, the mutual cooperationfor each other is essential. It the government is not satisfiedwith the way local bodies work, they can take actions against them andeven dissolve them.6. What are the advantages of local self-government?Ans. When the people of a certain area assemble to solve the problems oftheir day-to-day life is called 'Local Self-government' They know theirproblems better, so the local government can solve the local problemsmore efficiently and quickly too.7. RURAL ADMINISTRATIONExercisesA. Tick ( 3) the correct answer :1. Who is the highest officer in a district?(a) District Collector 3 (b) Deputy Collector(c) Tehsildar(d) Planning officer2. Who supervises the performance of a Patwari?(a) Lekhpal(b) Tehsildar(c) Kanungo(d) Head constable3. Which is the highest court of law in India?(a) High court(b) Supreme court(c) District court(d) Civil court4. Which court is the highest court among the Civil courts?(a) Court of the District Judge 3 (b) Court of the Civil Judge(c) Court of the Tehsildar (d) Session court5. Who is the highest officer in the Criminal courts?(a) Session Judge3 (b) First class Magistrate(c) Second class Magistrate (d) Tehsildar85Horizon Press We 'n' Our Society – 633

B. Write True or False :1. Superintendent of Police is the highest Police officer inthe district.True2. Patwari is not a government officer. False3. The High Court in Delhi is the highest court of law in India. False4. Relief work is an important duty of the District Collector. True5. The head of health department in the district is the Civil Judge. FalseC. Fill in the blanks :1. The District Officer is an officer of the Indian AdministrativeService.2. Superintendent of Police is the highest Police Officer in the district.3. Patwari maintains the land records in a village.4. The Tehsil is under the charge of a Tehsildar.5. The Judicial administration has two types of courts civil and criminal.D. Write full forms of the following abbreviations :1. DM District Magistrate2. EE Executive Engineer3. SP Superintendent of Police4. PWD Public Work Department5. JE Junior Engineer6. AE Assitant Engineer7. DE Deputy Engineer8. DIOS District Inspector of Schools9. DSP Deputy Superintendent of Police10. CMO Chief Medical officerE. Write their names :1. The highest officer in the District District Officer2. The highest Police officer in a district Superintendent of Police3. The highest officer in Medical departmentin districtChief Medical Officer4. The highest Educational officer indistrictDistrict Inspector of Schools5. The highest judge in the Civil courts District JudgeF. Write short notes on :1. The role of Patwari – Patwari is the most influential person as for asland records and assessment of land revenue is concerned. Patwariissues the copies of land, keeps the records of all disputes, every entryof land sale, gift, inheritance, etc.2. The role of Tehsildar – Tehsildar, a revenue department officer,supervises the performance of a Patwari and also looks into the landdispute matters.3. The New Succession Law – A New succession law came into force on9th September 2005. Now daughters and mother have equal share inthe property as sons have. This law applies to Hindus in all states andUnion Territories of India so as to bring about equality among men andwomen and give them the feeling of security.86Horizon Press We 'n' Our Society – 6

G. Project / Activity :1. Visit a village to understand the works of a Patwari.Ans. (Do yourself)2. Find out, where are these places in your district-DM's office,District hospital, District court and District Jail?Ans. (Do yourself)H. Short answer questions :1. What is the full form of IAS?Ans. Full form of IAS is Indian Administrative Service.2. Who is Patwari?Ans. The role of Patwari – Patwari is the most influential person as for asland records and assessment of land revenue is concerned. Patwariissues the copies of land, keeps the records of all disputes, every entryof land sale, gift, inheritance, etc.3. What is the role of Tehsildar?Ans. The duties of Tehsildar is very complicated. He makes sure that allrecords are up-to-date and the land revenue is collected according tothe rules and the laws in force. The Tehsildar makes provisions for thestudents to get their caste certificates easily.4. What is the name of the highest court of law in India?Ans. Supreme court in Delhi is the highest court of law in India.5. What does the new Hindu law consist of?Ans. The New Succession Law – A New succession law came into fore on9th September 2005. Now daughters and mother have equal share inthe property as sons have. This law applies to Hindus in all states andUnion Territories of India so as to bring about equality among men andwomen and give them the feeling of security.I. Long answer questions :1. Who is a district officer?Ans. The district officer is the highest officer in a district. He is also knownas District Magistrate or District collector. He is an officer of theIndian Administrative Service.2. How does the District Collector maintain law and order in thedistrict?Ans. To maintain law and order in the whole district is the most importantresponsibility of the District Collector. It enables not only the peopleto live and work peacefully but also the other departments to actsmoothly and implement policies and programes for development. Inthis task the District Collector is assisted by the SP, DSP, IP, SHO andConstables.3. State the functions of the village Patwari.Ans. Patwari is the most influential person as far as land records andassessment of land revenue is concerned. The decisions of landdisputes and land revenue depend on his recommendations to a largeextent. Patwari issues the copies of land, keeps the records of all thedisputes, entry of land sale, gift, inheritance, etc. in records. The dutiesperfomed by the Patwari is supervised by Sub-ordinate officers of theRevenue department.87Horizon Press We 'n' Our Society – 6

4. What do you understand by Judicial administration?Ans. Administration of justice is an important part of the governmentfunctions. It is known as Judicial administration. The civil andcriminal cases are decided by the judges under it.5. What is the difference between a Session court and Civil court?Ans. The Judicial administration at the district lavel has two types of courts-Civil and Criminal.1.Civil court – The cases such as dispute in property, rights andmoney look after in the civil courts. The court of District Judge isthe highest court among the Civil court.2.Session court – The criminal cases are decided in session court.The cases of theft, robberies, murder, violence, etc. are heard in thesession court. The court of sessions Judge is the highest court on thecriminal side.8. MAKING A LIVINGExercisesA. Tick ( 3) the correct answer :1. Which labourers live a life a poverty?(a) Landless farmers 3 (b) Small land farmers(c) Large farmers(d) Middle farmers2. The countryside is known as :(a) Towns and cities (b) Villages3(c) State(d) Country3. Who migrate to big cities?(a) The dwellers of villages 3 (b) The dwellers of towns(c) The dwellers of street (d) None of them4. The problems of villages and towns are :(a) Different3 (b) Similar(c) No problems(d) None of themB. Write True or False :1. The main occupation in India is the agriculture. True2. The villages are known as Urban area. False3. Banking is a primary occupation. False4. Modern Technology has given revolutionary changesin the villages.True5. A large part of population in India live in village. TrueC. Fill in the blanks :1. There are more then 5,00,000 villages in India.2. The main occupation in India is the agriculture.3. Towns and cities are known as the Urban area.4. Sugar industry is the secondary occupation.5. Shortage of living place is the major problem for the cities.88Horizon Press We 'n' Our Society – 6

D. Give the category of the following occupations :1. Weaver – Secondary 2. Banker – Tertiary3. Telephone operator – Tertiary 4. Astronaut – Tertiary5. Fisherman – Primary 6. Shopkeeper – TertiaryE. Project / Activity :1. Make a list of at least ten primary occupations.Ans. (Do yourself)2. Discuss, how the problems of villages can be solved.Ans. (Do yourself)F. Short answer questions :1. Mention any two occupations related to agriculture.Ans. Oil mills and sugar industries are two occupations which are related toagriculture.2. In which category does the salaried class fall?Ans. People who earn their livelihood on a regular income are listed in thecategory, known as salaried class. Salaried class belong to Tertiarycategory.3. Name the occupations related to natural products.Ans. Raising or crops, animal grazing, breeding and rearing, fishing,forestry and mining, etc are occupations, which are related to naturalproducts. These are known as primary occupations.4. Which occupations fall in the Secondary occupations?Ans. People who convert the products of Primary occupations intomanufactured goods belong to the Secondary occupation such ascotton, textile, oil mills and sugar industries.5. What are the important occupations in towns and cities?Ans. In towns and cities people are engaged in various types of occupationswhich are Shopkeepers, lawyers, doctors, architects, editors, traders,musicians. a coolie or rickshaw pullers, etc.Some occupations are primarily concerned with services such astransport, communication, education, health, banking, insurance,entertainment, etc.6. What do you understand by Tertiary occupations?Ans. The occupations, which are primarily concerned with services, knownas tertiary occupations. Such as communication, transport, heath,banking, insurance, entertainment, etc.G. Long answer questions :1. What are the three types of occupations in the rural and urbanareas?Ans. The three types of occupations in the rural and urban areas are :1. Primary Occupations – related to Primary resources as raising ofcrops, animal grazing, fishing and forestry etc.2. Secondary Occupations – Convert the primary products intomanufactured good such as cotton, textile, oil mills and sugarindustries etc.3. Tertiary Occupations – Concerned with services such ascommunication, transport, education, health, banking, etc.89Horizon Press We 'n' Our Society – 6

2. What are the problems faced by the villagers?Ans. A large part of population in India live in villages. But there are notmuch opportunities for various employment in the villages. Mostlythe villagers are illiterate and unskilled. Still villages lack modernfacilities of health care, means of transport, education, etc.3. What type of farmers do you find in the villages?Ans. We find three types of farmers in the villages, which are :1. Middle or small farmers – hold a small land holding.2. Landless farmers – are labourers who work on other's farm, landfor their livelihood.3. Large farmers – possess large land holdings. They are rich.4. What occupations do you find most in the cities and towns?Ans. In the cities and towns we find many types of occupations asshopkeepers. lawyers, doctors, editors, traders, etc. Some peoplebelong to salaried class as people work in government and privatesector, banks, Post-offices, insurance, etc. Some people work onweekly wages or daily wages as painters, mason and constructionworkers.5. Describe the important causes of migration of rural people tourban areas.Ans. A large part of population in India live in villages. But there are notmuch opportunities for various employment in the villages.The land resources in the villages or rural area not sufficient to provideemployment. A large number of people go to the nearby towns andcities in the morning for jobs and return in the evening. Due to thisfactor, the population of towns ans cities are growing rapidly. It resultsin artificial increase in population6. What are the factors of the development of the cities and the townsto become larger? What problems, the cities and towns are facing?Ans. The land resources in the villages or the rural area are not sufficient toprovide employment. A large no of people go to the nearby towns andcities in search of jobs. Due to this factor, the population of towns andcities are growing rapidly.More people demand more facilities. The existing services like power,water-supply, transport, etc are not sufficient to meet the growingdemand in the towns and cities. Shortage of living place is one ofmajor problems for the cities.And all these factors are responsible to the development of the citiesand towns to become larger.90Horizon Press We 'n' Our Society – 6