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$Hardware \in the Loop$

InformationBitsTurboEncoderMapperPilotSymbolsMUXa kTransmitFiltere j(2πl∆fT+ϑ)DecodedBitsTurboDecoderDemapperr ′ kDA PhaseSyncDA FrequencySyncr (i)kReceiveFiltery (i)ln ke −j(2πl∆ˆfT)Fig. 1.System model of proposed approachNote that in case of non-ideal receive filtering r k containsdistortions due to inter-symbol interference and suffers froman SNR loss.Unit energy symbols are assumed, i.e. E s = |a k | 2 =1.Furthermore, n k are the filtered samples of complexvaluedAWGN with independent real and imaginary parts, eachhaving zero-mean and variance N 0 /(2E s ). In addition to thenoise component, a phase offset ϑ and a frequency offset ∆fare introduced by the physical channel and the local oscillators.As the DVB–RCS standard employs short bursts, phase andfrequency offset can assumed to be constant for the durationof one burst.For later use, we define the K-dimensional vector r andthe (n·K)-dimensional vector y as the concatenation of thesymbols r k and y l , respectively.III. DVB–RCS PARAMETERSDVB–RCS disposes two types of traffic bursts, the ATMburst with the length L = 424 and the MPEG2 burstwith L = 1504. As the waterfall region for a turbo coded frameis usually more distinct the longer the frame is, the MPEG2burst is more critical for our problem. Therefore, we limit ourinvestigations on the MPEG2 burst. As DVB–RCS makes useof frequency hopping, bursts are generally neither transmittedin consecutive time-slots nor at the same frequency. Thus,receiver synchronization needs to be performed burst by burst.Since DVB–RCS terminals are supposed to be rather lowcost,the frequency offset can be significant [9]. An offset ofup to 20kHz may occur. Depending on the symbol rate, thismay result in normalized offsets ∆f T s up to 0.32, that cannotbe handled by the receive filter. Therefore, one has to deal witha pre-compensation before matched filtering at the receiver.Earlier investigations in [10] have shown that for DA frequencysynchronization a pre-/mid-/postamble (P-M-P) structurewith a percentage η = K p /K = 0.08 is close tooptimal for the MPEG2 burst. The P-M-P pilot constellationis dimensioned such that pre- and postamble consist of K p /4each. The residual K p /2 pilot symbols are distributed equallybetween pre- and postamble.IV. FREQUENCY SYNCHRONIZATION PRIOR TO MATCHEDFILTERINGAs the received signal before matched filtering suffers fromaliasing, data-aided frequency synchronization is usually performedafter the receive filter. However, when large frequencyoffsets occur due to oscillator inaccuracies, the (no longermatched) receive filter cuts off a significant amount of signalenergy. The SNR degradation versus the frequency offset isillustrated in Fig. 2 for different roll-off factors. The filtergiven in [8] uses the roll-off factor α =0.35. Note that thehigher the roll-off factor is chosen, the less energy is lost dueto a misadjusted receive filter.Loss of Energy [dB]2.521.510.5α =0.2α =0.35 from [8]α =0.400 0.05 0.1 0.15 0.2 0.25 0.3∆f TFig. 2.SNR loss of the receive filter versus ∆f T sIn order to circumvent this SNR degradation, one commonapproach, which is for instance described in [3], uses a bankof N MF filters as shown exemplarily in Fig. 3. The choice ofthe correct pre-correction ˜∆f j , and therefore of the best filter,is usually based on an energy measurement. Hence, the signalfrom the output of this filter is chosen for further processing.However, especially at low SNR the choice of the filteris not forcefully optimal. Even if a correct choice could beguaranteed, the resolution can never be as accurate as in ourapproach and definitely involves an SNR loss.In our approach that is depicted in Fig. 1, we store thereceived signal y (0) before receive filtering. We then filter itwith the root raised cosine filter defined in [8] and obtainthe signal r (0) . As already indicated in the introduction,this receive filter is no longer matched due to the (large)frequency offset of the channel. Therefore, r (0) suffers froman SNR degradation as indicated in Fig. 2. However, accepting
ye −j2π ˜∆f 1 Tle −j2π ˜∆f 2 Tle −j2π ˜∆f NMF −1 Tle −j2π ˜∆f NMF Tlhhhhr [1]r [2]r [NMF −1 ]r [NMF ]Fig. 3. Filter bank approach from [3]Choice of Matched Filterr = r [j]this degradation and performing data-aided (DA) frequencyestimation anyway, yields estimation results for the frequencyoffset that are hardly degraded by the SNR loss (due to therelatively weak slope of the attainable mean squared estimationerror (MSEE) versus the SNR. The respective MSEEs{ } }ε MSE ∆ˆfTs =E{(∆f − ∆ˆf) 2 Ts2 (3)are shown in Tab. I.TABLE IMSEE FOR DA FREQUENCY ESTIMATION BASED ON r (0) ;E b /N 0 =1.2 DB; r =1/3∆f T s =0∆f T s =0.05∆f T s =0.1∆f T s =0.2∆f T s =0.3ε MSE{∆ˆfTs}1.05 · 10 −101.07 · 10 −101.14 · 10 −101.42 · 10 −101.82 · 10 −10Making use of this estimate ∆ˆfT s , the received signal y (0)is corrected, yielding:y (1)l= y (0)l· e −j(2πl∆ˆfT) . (4)The sequence y (1) consisting of the concatenation of all y (1)lis then again processed by the receive filter and, subsequentlysynchronized in frequency and phase. Since the estimationperformance obtained in the first iteration is accurate enoughfor the given offsets, it is sufficient to have one singleiteration between the DA frequency synchronization unit andthe matched filter. Therefore, the i in Fig. 1 is either zero orone.For details concerning the utilized DA frequency estimatorand DA phase estimator, please refer to [10]. It is importantto note that the estimators are efficient in the consideredSNR region, meaning that their mean squared estimation error(almost) coincides with the DA Cramér-Rao Bound for theconsidered pilot constellation.V. SIMULATIONSAs already indicated in Section III, the simulation results inthis paper are presented for the MPEG2 burst with L = 1504.Details concerning the code and the interleaver can be foundin the standard [8]. The modulation is Gray-mapped QPSK.We consider a code rate of r =1/3.Fig. 4 shows the convergence in terms of the frame error rate(FER) versus the number of turbo decoding iterations. Thecurves correspond to different initial frequency offsets ∆f T s .Please note that in Fig. 4(a) the curve with the hexagrammarkers, corresponding to ∆f T s =0.3, is not missing, but isunderneath the curve with the diamond markers (∆f T s =0.2)and that all curves coincide in Fig. 4(b).Fig. 4(a) depicts the results that are obtained when bothsynchronization and detection are performed after receivefiltering the sequence y (0) . As already indicated, these resultsseverely suffer from the SNR degradation due to the fact thatthe filter is no longer matched. As a turbo code is employedfor error protection, this SNR loss has fatal effects on the FERdue to its operating point near the waterfall region.The results shown in Fig. 4(b) are based on the proposedapproach depicted in Fig. 1. The signal y (0) is here filteredand subsequently used for DA frequency synchronization.Afterwards, frequency pre-compensation according to (4) isapplied. Then, y (1) is newly filtered yielding r (1) . Thissequence is then used for DA synchronization (frequency andphase) and afterwards for detection. It is visible, that at thecost of slightly increased complexity (receive filtering and DAfrequency synchronization is performed twice) an enormousperformance gain for large frequency offsets ∆f T s can beobtained, as compared to a system where the detection is basedon r (0) .A FER comparison of our approach against the systemshown in Fig. 3 is not carried out for two reasons. Firstly,as due to the discreteness of trial frequencies ∆˜f in Fig. 3,it is clear that its performance will be degraded as comparedto our approach. Secondly, its complexity is higher (due tomultiple filtering of the signal).Note, that it is possible to further refine the frequency andphase estimate by a turbo synchronization unit, as proposedin [11]. However, investigations in [10] have shown that theperformance gains in terms of the achievable FER are barelyvisible for the MPEG2 burst in the context of DVB–RCS.There, it is demonstrated that the accuracy of a feed-forwardDA frequency and phase synchronization is sufficient.VI. CONCLUSIONThe main issue with large frequency offsets is that thereceive filter is no longer matched and, thus, entails intersymbolinterference and a loss in the SNR. These degradationsmay be fatal for turbo coded systems as they are usuallyoperated at the transition from the waterfall region to the
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