Volume 6 Number 1 - Adm.monash.edu.au - Monash University

MONASH UNIVI.RSLTY G·\ZFTTEwomen determine the extent of their political activityeither by their encouragement or by the extent of theiracquiescence in it'?The second study was of women in local government:as there are only forty-two women at present" amongthe 2,500 councillors in Victoria, it was possible to interviewall but one of them (the last was not able to sparetime to see us}. Although the questions asked were notidentical to those of the first study, they were along thesame lines, and a similar form of structured interview wasused. Because local government is typically non-party- and at most semi-party (only the A.LP, endorsescandidates) - particular attention Vias given to thecircumstances of recruitment. If at Federal and Statelevel it is the parties which catch, nurture and supportcandidates, what agencies of recruitment serve non-partylocal government'? To explore this question we askedthe councillors how they came to nominate, and wherethey found their support.Also. in order to provide a basis for comparison. wecarried out a survey of men councillors, using writtenquestionnaires posted to the women's council colleagues.Although we would have liked to duplicate the women'sinterviews with a sample of men councillors, a postalsurvey was chosen for its economy. In an effort toensure a good response rate, we wrote to the respectiveTown Clerks requesting that councillors answer questionnaires,and enclosed a copy for their information.Individual questionnaires (anonymous), each in a selfaddressedenvelope, for easy return, were sent in batchesto the Town Clerks for distribution, while the womencouncillors (all but one of whom we had met) willinglyagreed to encourage their colleagues to fill them in.IDS out of 227 sent us completed forms, a responserate of 46 per cent. From these, we have data about themen's ages, occupations, the voluntary associations theybelong to, their length of residence in the municipality,and their comments in reply to this question: 'Do youthink women have a special part to play in localgovernment'!'This latter type of mail survey supplies basic sociologicaldatu. but the harvest, though useful, is meagre. OnMELBOURNE CHANCELLOR LEAVES BEQUESTTO MONASHA former Chancellor of the University of Melbourne, thelate Sir Charles Lowe. has left a bequest of $1,000 toMonash University.The bequest will be used for a prize in a subjectto be determined by Monash's faculty of Law.SECRETARY-GENERAL TO A.V.C.Dr Hugh W. Springer, Assistant Secretary-General(Education) at the Commonwealth Secretariat inLondon, has been appointed Secretary-General of theAssociation of Commonwealth Universities, to succeedthe retiring Secretary-General, Dr John F. Foster, asfrom 1 October 1970.Dr Springer was educated at Harrison College. Barbados,and Hertford College, Oxford.the other hand, the extended personal interview whichaffords the opportunity for richer exploration intocareer patterns and the personal drives underlying them,also presents its own problems of technique and interpretation.The value of extended interviews for getting at polirices'views and 'style' of politics is very great. One getsthe 'feel' of the participation by hearing the respondent'sown account of it. Moreover, a researcher gleans manyuseful clues about his subject's general approach simplyby listening to how he decribes things, by coming intocontact with his personality, and, most desirably, byseeing him in action.e Documents, speeches. newspaperaccounts, erc., can never give this insight. And the typeof short interview used in the 'mass' surveys (based onmarket research methods) has the limitation for researchon political style and motives of being very brief and,one always fears. of presenting unrepresentative snapshotsof the respondents' political outlooks. Moreover,interviews in these mass surveys are often done by professionalinterviewers and thus the interpreter of thematerial is at the disadvantage of never having comeface to face with his subjects. While such surveys providemuch useful statistical data (e.g., about votinghabits, etc.) they can be of only limited value in assessmentsof motives and style.However, the 'depth' interview approach has itshazards. One which looms for the future will be saturationof the market, for it is the limited number of fulltimeor near full-time political activists to whom thistechnique will be most directed. Our surveys on Victorianpolitical women did not encounter any difficultyof 'overinterviewed' respondents (although there was aminimal overlap between the membership of our twosamples), for this depth interview technique is still notwidely used by Australian political scientists and, moreover,in our project we were dealing in the main withJow-level political figures (and women at that). However.as Australian universities' rapidly flourishingpolitical science and sociology departments continue toincrease the number of those in the 'trade', and as theuse of sociological and psychological techniques spreads,we may find that the limited number of potential'guinea-pigs' among activists at the higher level imposesrestrictions on this type of research. Already there havebeen stories from the United States of congressmen inundatedwith questionnaires, with the result that somesort of restrictions and selection become necessary: asimilar sort of 'rationing out' of politicans and the liketo academic fieldworkers may come to pass in Australia.Another difficulty with this type of research is thatone is probing at a depth and into areas which maymake the active political participant, and especially thepublic figure with a career to consider, reluctant to takepart in such studies. We encountered this to a minorextent with our women: a couple of the respondents inone survey raised objections to publication of thematerial. Moreover, obviously the higher up the politicalladder one goes, the more this problem arises: the toppolitical figures either simply would not submit to thistype of interview, or would maintain a perfectly 'public'face throughout it, or else place severe limitations onthe use of any such material. Thus it is the 'middlelevel'political figure who is most accessible for this typeof research.f And yet it is the tallest poppies whom onewould most like to examine closely and whose politics2

would yield the most interesting data under this technique.This trend towards using extended interviews, psychologicaltechniques and the like, in the study ofpolitical motivations and styles (the way in which aperson acts out his political role) is a manifestation ofthe general pushing-out of the boundaries of politicalscience - for so long tied to historical-legal-institutionalapproaches and studies - into the neighbouring areas ofpsychology, sociology and statistics. The developmenthas been evident throughout the postwar period, withthe blossoming of the 'behaviouralist' school, and itseffect has been felt in most aspects of political science(for example, the switch in emphasis from historicaldescriptivestudies to a model-building statistical approachis nowhere more evident than in recent work in internationalrelations). However, extending the frontiersmakes new demands on researchers. Political scientistshave realized the greater depth of analysis made possibleby using techniques from other disciplines, but many ofus (at least in Australia) have to use these techniqueswithout having had full training in the theoretical conceptsof the disciplines from which they derive (forexample, the spread of the methods of psychology amongnon-psychologists). In our own researches, we soonfound ourselves in the 'grey' area between politicalscience and psychology when we started exploring thewomen's motives and drives towards political activity.The fruitfulness of these studies, however, will extendas political science departments increasingly give theirstudents some bases in allied fields - either by courseswithin their own departments or by cross-teaching withother disciplines. A start has been made in a numberof politics departments (including Monash) along theselines. Although the problems of such a cross-disciplinaryapproach are great, especially with political science.which is less a discipline in itself than a hotchpotch ofbits and pieces of many disciplines. the advantages faroutweigh them. There is a wealth of gold to be foundby investigating what makes people tick politically. thesources of their attitudes, how they pick up their skills,and why they choose to play a political role: but wemust band together and mine the material as a company,rather than stick to our individual tools.EMBASSY'S GIFT OF2,000 BOOKSA gift of approximately 2,000 books has been receivedby the University from the United States Embassy. TheEmbassy's Counsellor for Public Affairs, Mr Charles F.Blackman, acting on behalf of the current United StatesAmbassador, Mr William H. Crook, officially presentedthe gift early in 1969. These books became availableafter the reorganization of the U.S. Information Servicelibrary in Sydney.The Vice-Chancellor, Dr J. A. L. Matheson, acceptedthe books on behalf of the University.lWomen got the right to vote and stand for FederalParliament in 1902; in Victoria they became eligible 10vote for State Parliament in 1908, hut it was not until1923 that the hill 11'as passed making H'omen eligible forseats in it.'.2Federal: Dame Annabelle Rankin; Stute. Mrs JoyceSteele (South Australia).»Durtng 1968, including both those 11'110 II'ere defeatedor resigned and those 11'110 first look their seals in A ueustof tlwt year.40ne limitation 0/1 the nseiulness of politicos' personalaccounts of their activity is that unless it is seen in thecontext of their behaviour in their part}' or connell. ittends unduly to highlight the elements of private motiveand thereby reduce the significance of inter- and intragrouppressures which significantly afjat both opinionsand decisions.'SNote that A Ian Davies' pioneering book in this field;/1 Australia, 'Private Politics', dealt only with. what hecalled 'second drawer' politicos.Dr Matheson examining one of the books with MrRichard Service, Consul-General for Victoria andTasmania, and Mr Charles Blackman, an EmbassyCounsellor tor Public AfjairsPROTEST SYMPOSIUM"The Anatomy of Protest' was the theme for a seriesof public lectures held at Monash during July this year.The Anglican Archbishop of Melbourne, Dr F. Woods,began the series with a lecture about protest and religion.He was followed by Associate Professor H. Mayer, fromthe University of Sydney, who spoke about protest andpolitics; Professor P. Brett of the Law faculty at theUniversity of Melbourne then lectured on 'Protest, theCommunity and the Law'; and Professor A. G. Hammer,University of New South Wales, spoke about 'Protests,Motives and Personalities'.3

NEW CHANCELLOR AND DEPUTY CHANCELLORSir Douglas MenziesDr Gordon LennoxSir Robert BlackwoodSir Michael ChamberlinSir Douglas Menzies was installed as second Chancellorof Monash University at a ceremony on 11 April 1969in the presence of the Visitor, Sir Rohan Delacombe,and a number of other distinguished guests. A gradualionceremony for the faculty of Arts followed the installation.Sir Douglas graduated as Bachelor of Laws from theUniversity of Melbourne and was admitted to the Barin 1930. He has had a distinguished legal career, duringthe course of which he has held official positions on thecommittees of numerous organizations. [0 1957-58 hewas president of the Medico-Legal Society, and in 1958held the position of president of the Victorian Bar. Hewas appointed a Justice of the High Court of Australiain 1958.Sir Douglas is co-author of a book entitled VictorianCompany Law and Practice.Sir Douglas has an outstanding record in public life,where he has held numerous positions including HonoraryArea Commissioner of Toe H between 1948-58,and president of the Heart Foundation of Australia during1954-57 and 1961-62.In the course of his address to the graduands at theceremony, Sir Douglas said:'This is called an occasional address. You know it isyour occasion not mine, and it would be inappropriatewere I not to use part of it to speak particularly tothose who have graduated today. When you look backit probably doesn't seem very long since you came hereas undergraduates, but when you came as undergraduatesand you looked ahead, this day probably seemeda long way in the future. Both are, of course, linked.When you came to Monash University as undergraduatesyou committed yourselves to a life that I will call thestudent life. For a university is essentially a fellowshipof students which embraces the youngest undergraduateand the oldest professor. There is a tie that binds us alltogether. But I would not have you think that becameyou have finished a course and you have ceased to beundergraduates and have become graduates that thestudent life is finished for you. I hope you won't shakethe dust of Monash from off your shoes and I hope youwon't say we have finished with university and we nowstart work. If you do, we have failed in the great partof the task to which this University is dedicated.'DEPUTY CHANCELLORThe recently-appointed Deputy Chancellor of MonashUniversity, Dr Gordon Lennox, is a Melbourne graduatein biochemistry who, apart from a short period at theLondon School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine workingon fungal enzymes, has spent his entire researchcareer with C.S.I.R.O. The first three years were spentwith the Division of Entomology in Canberra where hewas investigating insect physiology and the mode ofaction of insecticides. but since 1940 he has been inMelbourne leading an ever-expanding team of biochemists,biophysicists, physical chemists and organicchemists studying the structure and chemistry of fibrousproteins, especially those in wool, skin, hide and muscle.Dr Lennox became chief of the C.S.I.R.O. Divisionof Protein Chemistry when it was established in 1958and has been chairman of the C.S.I.R.O. Wool ResearchLaboratories group since (heir formation in 1949.Dr Lennox is a fellow of the Royal Australian ChemicalInstitute and of The Textile Institute and has beenpresident of the Australian Biochemical Society. Apartfrom serving Monash he is interested in some otherdevelopments in tertiary education through his roles aschairman of the Schools Board for Pharmacy and BiologicalStudies of the Victoria Institute of Colleges andas a member of the faculty of Textiles of the GordonInstitute of Technology at Geelong.In addition to serving on the Council and numerousUniversity committees, the Deputy Chancellor is particularlyinterested in Monash's future development. Hewould like to see established in the University a newcentre that would provide a means of improving communicationwith, and assistance to, the community outside.Council TributesThe following tributes by the Council were recordedin honour of the retiring Chancellor and Deputy Chancellor.SIR ROBERT Bl.ACK\VOODTo Sir Robert Blackwood, who retired from theChancellorship of the University on 9 December 1968,the University, the State of Victoria and a great numberof individuals owe a debt which is beyond bothassessment and praise.When the Interim Council was established in April1958 Mr Robert Rutherford Blackwood. as he thenwas, was appointed chairman. Immediately he brought5

COMPARATIVE RESEARCH ON THE TEACHER'S ROLEBy B. J. Biddle, Visiting Professor, Faculty of EducationFor the past five years I have been leader of a team ofsocial scientists who were studying what it is like to bea teacher in four (supposedly) English-speaking countries:New Zealand, England, the United States andAustralia. Data for this project were obtained fromLarge and representative samples of teachers in eachcountry and provided information on the hopes, thefears, the conflicts, the activities, and the values andaspirations of teachers in each of these countries. Thisproject has involved social scientists from each of theparticipating countries, for in conducting comparativeresearch it is vital to involve scholars from all settings- not only to facilitate data collection and to chooseimportant issues for research, but also to re-wordquestions so that they are equally meaningful for speakersof each 'local' tongue. In the case of our project,regular meetings of the participants have taken placeevery few months, and all phases of the researchplanning,pre-testing of instruments, data analysis andinterpretation - have been co-operatively engendered.Why is it useful to study the role of the teacher?Three answers may be given to this question, and eachhas played a part in motivating the study. In the firstplace, we have wanted to study the teacher's role becauseteachers playa vital part in education and becausethe procedures and rationale of education differ fromcountry to country. The research literature of educationis full of studies concerning learners and learning, butwith little research concerning teachers and teaching.One of the reasons for this imbalance lies in thecommon belief that teaching is merely a facet of learning,or the counterpart of it, or inferable from it. Yetlittle is actually known today about the actual classroombehaviours of teachers, or about the beliefs, norms, andvalues held by teachers constraining their classroom performances,This lack of information is truly tragicsincepoliticians and educational administrators continuallyindulge in decisions aimed at influencing teacherbehaviour, and teachers (for their part) continuallyworry over the degree to which their professional behaviourmeasures up to the standards they have arbitrarilyaccepted for it.Our second reason for the study concerns teachersthemselves. Although the primary tasks of the schoolsconcern pupil education, unless teachers are recruited,properly trained, and kept adequately motivated therewill be no education. In each of the countries studiedthere is a teacher shortage, Thus, the problems, concerns,beliefs, and professional commitment of teachersare matters of public concern, and to the extent thatthe study throws light on these problems a public servicewill have been performed.Our third reason, however, is the soundest - that ofscientific curiosity. It is well known that most 'findings'in the SOCial sciences have been validated on but limitedpopulations. (In fact, it is conceivable that the bulk ofexperimental social psychology may be merely 'thepsychology of American university sophomores' - anappalling thought.} In the field of role theory, almostnothing is known about the professional roles of personsoccupying similar positions in different societies. Inaddition, comparative research in which strictly comparabledata are collected from several countries isalmost unknown in education. (The I.E.A. study ofmathematics achievement is, of course, a notable exceptionto this generalization.) In the case of teacher role,almost no comparable data have ever been collected frommore than one country.So much for why. How, then, was the project conducted?For all practical purposes we can divide theeffort into two phases. The first phase, a pilot study,was designed for exploration and consisted of an intensiveinterview conducted with relatively small samplesof teachers. One hundred and twenty teachers werecontacted in each country including equal numbers ofmen and women, primary and secondary teachers, andteachers from schools of various sizes. A battery ofthree research instruments was developed and administeredto all respondents, including an interview schedule,a questionnaire, a diary form, and a shorter questionnairethat was filled out by the headmaster of the teacher'sschool. Of these, the most important source of datawas the interview which took approximately 2-2; hoursto complete. These interviews were tape-recorded, andwere later transcribed verbatim.Since it was not possible to use the same personnel toadminister the instruments to respondents in each country,a detailed training programme was designed to besent to all countries for local implementation. Thisprogramme involved a training manual and tape recordingsof sample interviews designed to exemplify all ofthe exigencies likely to occur in the course of interviewing.Research associates at each of the sponsoringuniversities (in Australia, the University of Queensland)were responsible for the training of personnel to be usedin collection of data.Data from phase 1 were then subjected to detailedanalyses, and the results then formed the bases fordiscussions among the associates concerning the secondphase of the project. It is difficult to convey the detailand time involved in these discussions, but regularmeetings were held over more than two years attemptingto code and interpret responses, formulate hypothesesconcerning national differences in teachers' roles, anddesign and pre-test instruments for testing these hypotheseswithin larger and more representative samples ofteachers, Some of the problems we encountered had todo with disparities in educational terminology. Forexample, we found it impossible to establish any reasonabledegree of equivalence between the systems usedfor classifying pupils by grades in the four countries.Instead, teachers were asked to report the age rangesof pupils in their classes. More subtle problems had todo with the implications of words. For instance, instudying career commitment we first attempted to usethe term 'dedicated', Dedication. however, has a ringof fanaticism to British teachers that it does not toAmericans, and so (despite the fact that Americansoccasionally presume 'commitment' to mean incarcerationin an asylum) we decided to ride with the latter term.The second phase of the project was concerned withgathering data from a national sample of teachers ineach of the four countries. In general, this. was. doneby drawing a representative sample of schools, and then7

MONASH UNIVERSITY GAZETTEcontacting the headmasters of those schools and asking spondents' anonymity would be preserved. Each questhemto distribute questionnaires to all of their full-time tionnaire was accompanied by a stamped envelopeteachers. In Australia the sample was drawn for us by addressed to the participating university; consequentlythe Australian Council for Educational Research and was respondents were able to return their questionnairesa random sample of state, independent, and Roman privately so that school officials had no occasion to seeCatholic schools, stratified by state. Approval for the the answers given. Questionnaires carried an identifiesstudywas obtained through personal contact with the tion number telling us which school they came from.Directors of Education in each state capitaL In addition, however, and schools that failed to respond were solirepresentativesof Catholic educational authorities were cited by additional letters and packets of questionnaires.consulted as were those of the Headmasters' and Head­ In general, response rates for the study were high.mistresses' Associations and of the teachers' unions and Of those teachers contacted, in New Zealand 76 perprofessional associations in each state capital. Similar cent returned usable questionnaires to us. In Australiasamples, and endless conlact procedures (!), were car­ the figure was 62 per cent, in England 56 per cent,ried out in the other three countries.while in the United States 54 per cent participated.Each school in the study received a package contain­ Although the meaning of these differences may not being: a short questionnaire for the headmaster, sufficient interpreted unambiguously. it is noteworthy that in thosequestionnaires for each full-time teacher, and a two-page countries with centralized control over education (Newpersonal letter explaining the purposes and rationale for Zealand and Australia) response rates were higher thanthe study and soliciting the co-operation of the head­ in those countries characterized by local control (Englandmaster and teachers. The letter also pointed out that and the United States). Altogether, 12,263 questionnairesparticipation in the study was voluntary and that re- were coded and processed - not including some 12018.11 I.Emphasis by teacher on subject matter of thelesso n1Raw ScoresI04)E(4.Adjusted ScoresNZ(405J-1' /\'A(4.1II10(4.13) lIS(4.16)18.2 IEmphasis by teacher on personal relationships withIend ?mong pupilsUS(3.H7) NZ(3.92)Raw ScoresAdjusted ScoresII.,2 25 3 3.5 4 4.5, , , , , ,1LlHle or no 51igh~ Moderate Strong A. gre~t dealemph!lsis emph!lsi< emphasis emphasis of emphasisA(4.19)NZ(4.00)'

questionnaires which were not usable for one reason oranother. Completed questionnaires were returned tothe participating university in each of the four countries.After being checked they were then forwarded to acentral location for coding and analysis, the latter beingaccomplished using computers.So much for why and how. What, then, was studied,and what have we discovered? Insufficient space isavailable here to provide more than a brief overview ofcoverage. The questionnaire used in phase 2 of thestudy, for example, dealt with personal and professionalbackgrounds of teachers, classroom teaching style, perceptionsof professional role and role conflict for theteacher, norms concerning in- and out-of-school professionalbehaviour, history and attitudes towards professionalinvolvement, questions indicating teacher morale,and values regarding a number of controversial educationmatters such as the use of corporal punishment andeducational grouping.Fig. 1 illustrates national findings for six questionsselected from those dealing with classroom practices.Respondents were asked to indicate how much theyemphasized 'subject matter', 'personal relations'. 'discipline','performance', 'facts', and 'understanding' intheir classroom instruction. National averages (means)for respondents from each country are given in Fig. I.Two sets of figures are presented. Those above the lineconstitute the 'raw' averages from each country. However,in looking over responses to all items, it quicklybecame apparent that respondents from different countriesdiffered in the degree to which they 'emphasized'things. Thus, Americans said they gave 'more emphasis'.followed by Australians, New Zealanders. and Englishmenin that order. In addition to confirming some internationalstereotypes, these effects generated 'response bias',to compensate which, scores from all countries wereweighted to equalize averages. Weighted averages aregiven by scores appearing below each line of the figure.As will be seen in Fig, 1 respondents from all fourcountries tended to answer each of the six questionsdisplayed in similar fashion - that is, all said theytended to emphasize 'understanding', and all gave somewhatless emphasis to 'performance' and even less to'facts'. However, substantial differences abo appearedamong the four countries in terms of emphasis revealedfor these items. Australian teachers, for example, saidthey gave more emphasis to 'subject matter' and 'performance'.and less emphasis to 'personal relations' thandid teachers from the other three countries, suggestinga somewhat traditional classroom. Interestingly, Americanteachers said they gave less emphasis to 'performance','facts', and 'understanding' than teachers fromthe other countries -leaving one to speculate as toexactly why they conducted their classrooms in the firstplace! Other findings may easily be seen in the figure.My appointment to Monash as a visiting staff memberis allowing me time to complete this study - to concludedataanalyses and to write up findings in article and bookform. Some of our findings support, but other challenge,widely-held stereotypes concerning education inthe English-speaking world. However, comparative revsearch of substance is impossible to conduct withoutopportunities for co-operation among academics ofvarious nationalities, and Monash is to be commendedfor its programme of staff visitors that facilitates projectssuch as this study.WORK PROCEEDINGON DIABETESConsiderable interest has been aroused by theannouncement early this year of a new approach to theclinical treatment of diabetes by a team headed byProfessor Joseph Bornstein of the department of Biochemistry.Tn a comment on the results. which were published inthe British Medical Journal, Professor Bornstein saidthey followed upon twenty years' research into mechanismscontrolling the me of glucose and fats in mammaliantissues. He emphasized that no new treatmentexisted. What did now exist was a finding that hadtherapeutic potential.Professor Bornstein added:'Work in this field was begun in 1948, initially inan endeavour to determine the cause of anomalies ininsulin dosage observed in the treatment of diabetes.Initial work proved that a sizeable proportion of diabeticsdid in fact secrete insulin often in amountsgreater than normal but that this was inadequate to theirneeds.'The clear conclusion was that some anti-insulin substancewas operating in such patients, Research was thenProfessor J. Bornstein (left) with Dr F, M. Ngswitched into an endeavour to isolate and characterizethis substance.'At about the same time it was shown by workersin the Argentine and England that the injection ofpituitary growth hormone into animals produced over aperiod of time, first, insulin resistance, then temporarydiabetes, and finally permanent diabetes. Other workersin the U.s.A. noted that prior to the development ofinsulin resistance, there was a sharp fall in the hloodsugar of the injected animals.'My work proceeded in England, the U.S.A. andAustralia on mechanisms related to the growth hormoneinduced resistance, and the first glimmerings arose whenDr C. W. Baird and I were able to show that a certainmethod of extraction of plasma from diabetic patientsyielded a very crude material which opposed the actionof insulin in experimental systems. Then with Dr9

MONASH UNIVERSITY GAZETTEMargaret Sanders, Miss D. Hyde, and Dr F. I. R. Martinwe demonstrated that the presence of this material wasdependent on a functional pituitary gland. Research wasthen switched to the pituitary and we were able todemonstrate that the material was derived from pituitarygrowth hormone and was of small molecular weight.Laboratory studies with partially purified insulin antagonistfrom growth hormone, however, at times producedanomalous results. Statistical studies of these indicatedthat the insulin antagonist was contaminated by a similar-sizedmolecule with diametrically opposed action.These were separated in micro quantities and studiesbegan at Monash into two aspects of the problem.'The first was obviously into methods of preparationand purification and the second into the mechanism ofaction of these fractions.'Although these studies are still proceeding, sufficientdata had been obtained by the beginning of 1968 toindicate clearly that the insulin antagonist operated byspecifically inhibiting three enzymes involved in glucoseuse and fat synthesis and by virtue of these actions indirectlystimulated the use of fat. The other fraction (codenamed ACG) reversed these four actions by competitiveaction on the three enzymes involved.'Study of the model systems thus derived enabled anhypothesis as to the cause of diabetes mellitus in thepresence of insulin to be made.'In order to test this hypothesis, a group of volunteerpatients, all known to be capable of secreting insulin,were injected with ACG and their blood sugar levelsfollowed. In all cases there was a highly significant fallin blood sugar, thus suggesting that the hypothesis wastenable and bringing up the possibility of a new methodof treatment of a condition affecting over 2 per cent ofany high living standard community.'From this point research has to follow two lines.Firstly we will continue to investigate the systems involvedin these actions, to elucidate completely thestructure of the two polypeptides and to synthesize them.'Secondly, an investigation into the possible role ofACG in the treatment of diabetes mellitus has alreadycommenced in association with the Alfred Hospital'sMetabolic Unit headed by Dr H. P. Taft. It must berealized that at this time we do not even know thecorrect dosage of ACG, the time relations of administrationor indeed whether it has any advantages overorthodox methods of treatment.'Such an investigation is necessarily prolonged andits cost on a scale capable of yielding results in areasonable period of time far beyond the resources ofthe University or our hospitals. Thus the scale of theundertaking is beyond our control.'Professor Bornstein concluded by saying he wishedto thank all members of the research group, notablyDr J. Me D. Armstrong, Dr F. M. Ng, Dr H. P. Taft,Dr M. Gould. Professor M. E. Krahl, Mrs L B. Marshalland our graduate scholars, for their contributionsin taking the problem to this point.MONASH STUDENTS SET RECORD IN BLOODDONATIONMonash University students donated 345 pints of bloodduring a four-day visit to the campus by the Red CrossBlood Bank in October 1969. This figure is the highestever reached at the University.Miss Mona Lai, sociology student, shown in the potteryclass conducted by the Fine Arts clubEXTRA-CURRICULAR COURSES PROVIDED BYTHE UNION AND STUDENT CLUBSTn 1969 the University Union and student clubs andsocieties offered courses of extra-curricular tuition insubjects ranging from handcrafts to languages. Over1,000 students and members of staff participated inthese classes, some of which were organized by theUnion staff, and others by student clubs. In many casesprofessional people from outside the University werehired to take classes on the campus.Although most tuition was given on a small classbasis, seventy people received individual tuition in theplaying of musical instruments and singing.Among: the wide range of subjects offered there werecourses in Italian. Esperanto, Hebrew, various forms ofdancing and music, the fine arts and effective speaking.Many of these activities are to be included in theprospectus for a Monash Summer School which has beenarranged by the Union for January and February 1970.FOURTH HALL OF RESIDENCE NAMEDMonash's fourth hall of residence, the building ofwhich will commence early in 1970, has been named'Roberts Hall' after the Australian artist, Tom Roberts(1869-1931), a prominent member of the Heidelbergschool of painting.The decision that the hall would be so named is inkeeping with the plan to name the halls of residence afterdistinguished Australians.A planned fifth residential hall will bear the name'Richardson Hall', after the novelist Henry HandelRichardson (1870-1940), the author of The Fortunes ofRichard Mahony.The three existing halls are named Deakin, Farrer andHowitt Halls.10

PORTRAIT OF THEVICE-CHANCELLORMiss Christine Backhouse and the Vice-Chancellor withhis portraitThe Monash University Parents' Group presented theVice-Chancellor with a portrait of himself at a ceremonyin the Alexander Theatre on Wednesday 24 September.This oil painting, which is the work of anEnglish-born artist, Christine Backhouse, was presentedby the president of the Parents' Group, Mrs Pat Hutson.It is intended to hang the portrait in the RobertBlackwood Hall.DR MATHESON VISITS OVERSEASUNIVERSITIESIn the early part of 1969, from March to June,Dr J. A. L. Matheson made a tour of numerous Americanand Canadian universities. On his return trip hevisited three universities in Britain.There were two major questions which Dr Mathesoninvestigated during his visit, namely, the effects of recentdevelopments, including student activities, on the universities,and also the methods of government, thebudgeting techniques and the effects of year-roundacademic operation in North American universities.The tour was financed by a grant from the CarnegieCorporation of New York.ALEXANDER THEATREDuring 1969 fourteen major productions were held inthe University's Alexander Theatre, as well as numerousone-night performances. Of these productions five wereby Monash groups.The Monash productions were: Alan Seymour's 'OneDay of the Year'; 'Lysistrata'; 'Zoob', a collection offour contemporary plays; Lorca's 'Blood Wedding'; andthe musical 'Kiss Me Kate'. The Melbourne YouthTheatre was the outside group which used the AlexanderTheatre most frequently. It performed three plays->'Macbeth', 'Three Sisters', and Genet's 'The Balcony'­and sponsored the Sydney Company, The Margaret BarrDance Drama Company.MARIST COLLEGEOFFICIALLY OPENEDAt 3 p.m. on Friday 7 November 1969 the Marist College,a residential college for male students of Monash,was officially opened. His Grace, Archbishop J. R.Knox, gave the blessing. The college was officiallyopened by the Minister for Immigration, Mr B. M.Snedden.Marist College, affiliated with Monash University,consists, in the first stage, of two three-storey brick residentialblocks, lined by a covered walk to a single-storeyrefectory building.The designers have produced a plan that combinestraditional university college functions with an enclosedmonastic concept which includes a cloistered quadrangle,'family' grouping of students' bedrooms and tutors' suitesand areas designed to foster organized or impromtudiscussion.Marist College is under the direction of the MaristBrothers, a religious order which has been involved inAustralian education for the past one hundred years.The college owes its origin to the need of the Order toqualify its future teaching members as university graduates.Hence, the Marist Brothers purchased the presentproperty on Normanby Road at a time when Monashwas first projected.The building of a residential college at Monash byMaris! Collegethe Marist Brothers was done primarily in the interestsof their own trainees. However, there will be a balanceof accommodation at the disposal of other studentswishing to benefit from the facilities of the college.Commonwealth and State Governments have consequentlyshared with the Brothers the cost of construction.The present stage caters for a total of ninety students,seventeen tutors and administrative staff. Final capacitywill be two hundred. It is anticipated that about onequarter of the 1970 intake will be Marist trainees. Theiruniversity courses are geared to secondary teaching needsand the range of tutorials offered at first is likely toreflect this bias towards science and arts.GANDHI CENTENARYThe centenary year of Mahatma Gandhi-1969-wascelebrated by members of Monash with a ceremony inthe Religious Centre.The commemoration took the form of readings fromthe Gita, the Bible and the Koran. Professor A. BoyceGibson, formerly professor of Philosophy at the Universityof Melbourne, delivered a short address.11

MONASH UNIVERSITY GAZETTESOME RECENT DEVELOPMENTS IN SCIENCE EDUCATIONBy P. J. Fensham, Professor, Faculty of EducationLate in 1968 the Commonwealth Minister of Educationand Science announced that the Government was preparedto make a substantial contribution towards aninterstate venture to produce a new science curriculumfor the first four years of secondary schooL Over a fiveyearperiod the budget for this project will amount tomore than $1,000,000. This announcement marked theentry of Australia into the ranks of large money-spenderson courses for science education, such as the NuffieldScience Projects in England, and a variety of agencies inthe U.S.A. which have spent large sums in recent yearsdeveloping material for various science courses at alllevels of schooling, from elementary to senior secondary.The Federal Government had, five years earlier, announceda programme of special grants for buildingand equipping science laboratories in all types of schools.Indeed. science education was singled out as havingsuch peculiar priorities that it was a suitable case tojustify the double precedent of Commonwealth entryunilaterally into secondary education and of makingpublic money directly available to non-governmentschooTs.These events in Australia have had their counterpartsin many countries of the world. and the launching ofthe Russian Sputnik in 1957 is a convenient event whichis usually taken as the harbinger of a new era in scienceeducation. However, the technological demands of anationalistic race for space supremacy, while substantial,are only one of many pressures that have produceda ferment in science education that is rapidly spreadingto aU parts of the world. The pressures may be differentdepending on the stage of national development. Inan undeveloped nation there is the need for skilledscientists and technologists to take up particular featuresof the struggle for modernization. But there is equallythe task of making a scientific way of thinking sufficientlyindigenous to the population at large that scientific andtechnological potential for progress can be realized andaccepted.At the other end of the scale. in the more developed,and hence more technologically-dependent nations, thereis a growing need to produce a higher and higher proportionof the work force with a high level of scientificand technical education. In these countries, this proportionis already so large that the need can only be metby including science more and more as part of thegeneral education of the whole population, so that thebase from which specialists can be selected remains aslarge as possible. This follows from the usual assumptionthat science itself is sequential, so that there canonly be 'dropout' for the study of science; no realattempt is made to resume science after they haveabandoned it for years.These aspects of human resource development, whichcall for more and better science education. are inextricablymixed with a growing awareness of the contributionthat science has to offer to education in its moregeneral sense of developing individuals and groups.An illustration of the way that these 'pure' and 'applied'aspects of education become one is the followingcomment: 'Creating in students the ability to cope withnew and unexpected findings is a central objective of theinnovators who have been experimenting with educationalprogrammes in the last fifteen years.'Despite the different reasons for improving and extendingscience education, all countries are experiencingthe same problems of an acute shortage of qualified andcapable science teachers, of an urgent need for newscience curricula with supporting teaching aids andmaterials. and of expanding laboratory facilities andequipment for the teaching of science. Universities haveimportant contributions to make to the solution of theseproblems, especially to the training of teachers and tothe basic research upon which the development of curriculaand instructional materials depends.However, it has only been in the last three yearsin Britain and Australia that the first appointments havebeen made in universities of professors of education withparticular reference to science. It is new universitiesin both countries that have taken this step. The Universityof East Anglia has a chair of chemical educationwithin its school of chemical science. The University ofSurrey has a professor of physics who also holds a chairof science education, and the University of Stirling hasa professor of education who has a biology backgroundand who has introduced special courses for biologyteachers. The two universities in Australia with specialwork in science education are Macquarie and Monash,with a director of teaching (with special reference toscience) at the former, and a chair in science educationat the latter.In all of these cases there is a strong emphasis on thelink between the science departments of the universityand the education departments or faculties. This linkis also strongly evident now in the U.S.A. where scienceeducation departments have existed for a number ofyears, but were. previously, usually rather isolated fromcontacts with practising scientists.Development of New Science CurriculaThe formation of new curricula and the developmentof associated instructional material has been the area ofscience education in which the most striking progress hasbeen made since the Sputnik dateline. These projects.whatever their emphasis, have shared certain commonclements. They have been initiated by distinguishedscientific scholars who have worked side by side withteachers and educational psychologists. They have drawnon all the light that contemporary psychology and relateddisciplines can provide. They have been conductedoutside the educational establishment of statedepartments of education and have usually been associatedwith a university centre, so that the link with workingscientists is maintained. Examples of these are therelations between the Massechusetts Institute of Technologyand the Physical Sciences Study Course (now usedin fifth and sixth forms in Victoria and Queensland),the University of Colorado and the Biological ScienceCurricula Study, Chelsea College. London, and the NuffieldScience Projects, and the U.N.RS.C.O. ChemistryProject and the University of Chulalongkorn, Thailand.In the new look at the place of science in the educationalprogramme of schools, these curricula constantlystress the need to teach the particular science as a12

modern growing: subject, to give pupils a lasting sense ofits nature as a structure of knowledge and to engenderproper attitudes to science and its social significance.There is usually a strong emphasis on the place of experimentaL work in the learning process. The nature ofthis practical experience varies, depending on howstrongly oriented the particular course is towards a'discovery' approach. A typical description of one ofthese secondary level courses is the following N uffieldone:'In the early stages - forms I and 2 - the pupils willbe making acquaintance with phenomena in the physicalPrimary school children observing the phenomenon 0/dissolvingworld. a stage of seeing and doing, without formal notetakingand without expressing the results in formal statements.Then, in forms 3 and 4, there should be a stageof more organized investigation and learning, with intriguingquestions to provoke thinking. Towards the endof the course, in form 5, the part played by theory inmaking a grand scheme of knowledge can be exploredovertly and shown to be a proper part of scientific work.'Where science courses in the past tended to emphasizefacts, and some specific laboratory skills, the new coursesemphasize understanding. Studying a science subject isto become an interesting business of finding out facts,concepts and principles, of doing one's own experiment')and of arguing from one's own thinking, as well aslearning what the teacher says,Some of the most exciting developments of newcourses arc occurring at the primary level of schooling,where science has traditionally been absent. except forthe rather arid equivalents of the nature study familiarto many who have known Victorian education at anystage in the last fifty years. At this primary level it ismuch easier to relate the teaching of science to estabfishedknowledge about the intellectual development ofchildren, and the work of psychologists like Piaget.Bruner, Skinner and Vigotsky has been particularly importantin these courses. However, it is again customaryto find highly-trained scientists side by side with teachersand educational psychologists in the project teams. Theemphasis given to the three elements of a science course- phenomena, concepts and processes - again variesfrom course to course. Greater extremes of emphasisoccur at this level, as these courses are freed (unlikescience at secondary level) from all the pressure to bethe direct groundwork on to which are built the tertiarycourses for scientists and technologists,At one extreme are courses like the Nuffie1d PrimaryScience in England and the Elementary Science Studyin America. which stress the child's involvement withnatural phenomena and which leave concepts and processesimplicit and an unstructured part of the involvement.At the other extreme, the American Associationfor the Advancement of Science Courses stresses thechild's practice with processes and uses the phenomenaonly as vehicles and the concepts as tools. In betweenlie the others such as the new Victorian Primary ScienceCourse, which is closer to the former, and the ScienceCurriculum Improvement Study centred at Berkeleyunder Professor Karplus -- a physicist - stilt stressingphenomena but making concepts very explicit.The Education of Science TeachersTwo substantial reports appeared in Britain in 1968.The committee under Professor Dainton reported on thedrift of students away from science in the upper levelsof secondary school, and its subsequent impact on thenumber of science students at the tertiary level. Amongthe large number of recommendations in the report areseveral related to science teachers and the teaching ofscience. Hard on the heels of the Dainton Report camethe Swann Report, which deals with the flow of personsinto science and technology. The two major areas ofemployment which are not, at the moment, receivinganything like the right proportion of trained scientists andtechnologists are industry and school teaching. Calculationssuggest that somewhere between one-quarter andone-third of the tertiary graduates need to return to thetraining process if a stable situation with quite modesteducational conditions is 10 he maintained. The SwannCommittee regarded the problem of adequate suppliesof qualified science teachers as so acute that they madea number of recommendations about it, including one¥ • .. .. $ ...."'" 11 ..Primary school children being introduced to the processof categorizing by sorting nuts and washers13

MONASH UNlVERSlTY GAZETTEwhich suggests differential salaries and conditions forscience teachers.At the moment, in Australia, there are somewhatconflicting indications about the existence of a drift fromscience. It is certainly not as clear as in Britain, butthere is no doubt that Australia suffers even more acutelythan Britain from a shortage of well-trained scienceteachers, and exhibits an alarming inability to hold asteachers those who do begin a career in the classroom.Several experiments in the further education of scienceteachers have sprung up in England. Some are full-timefor a term, while most are part-time of varying lengths,but none yet approach the thoroughness of the Japaneseprogramme which requires six months full-time refresherstudy every five years for all science teachers.Macquarie and Monash now both offer courses forthe further education of science teachers, but these are,at this stage, optional and touch only a tiny proportionof the teachers. New pre-service courses to train scienceteachers have been slower to emerge, although both thetraditional undergraduate science course and the year ofprofessional teacher training have unsatisfactory features.The new demands on science teachers to make sciencemore attractive, to teach it as part of general educationand to make its nature and social significance explicit,underline the need for changes.At Chelsea College, within the University of London,a new one-year course for science graduates leads to aDiploma of Education. There is a minimurn core offormal lectures and for the rest of the year the studentsand staff work together in small seminar groups, integratingas much as possible the experiences of teachingpractice and the findings of the academic study of education.The association of the Nuffield science curriculumprojects with this unit at Chelsea makes possiblethe easy familiarization of the students with the mostrecent materials and curricula ideas. A similar approachto preparing science graduates for teaching occurs atthe very strong centre for science education of OhioState University. Once again, the integration of teachingexperience with academic findings is stressed and thesignificance of cultural and sociological context forteaching methods in science is a major emphasis. Inboth these courses full advantage is taken of the homogeneousbackground of the students as science graduates.As yet, there appear to be no such courses in Australia,although a radical revision along these lines is plannedfor science graduates at Monash.The training of teachers is only one aspect of theteacher problem; the more major one is the essentiallypolitical problem of retaining them in education as acareer. when they. above all other teachers, have a basictraining which makes them highly marketable persons ina society essentially shorl of technically trained persons.JAPANESE CONSUL-GENERALPRESENTS BOOKSSeventy-two valuable Japanese books were presented toMonash on 24 March by the Japanese Consul-Generalin Melbourne, Mr N. Imajo, on behalf of the JapaneseGovernment.The Acting Vice-Chancellor, Professor K. C. Westfold,formally accepted the gift. The books, which areabout contemporary Japan, were then given to the University'sdepartment of Japanese.MR R. OSBORN APPOINTED AIDE-DE-CAMPTO THE QUEENMr Richard Osborn, a senior administrative officer onthe staff of the Academic Registrar, and secretary tothe faculty of Medicine from 1964 until the recentrotation of faculty secretaries,has been honouredby Her Majesty The Queenin being chosen as anAide - de - Camp to theQueen. The appointmentis for a term of two yearsexpiring in August 1971.Mr Osborn's appointmentstems from the occasionswhen he 'wears anotherhat'-in this instance the'hat' of Commandant ofthe Victoria UniversitySquadron. an office he hasheld for the past ten years,commencing in the daysMr R. Osborn when there was only oneuniversity in Victoria andthis unit was then calledthe Melbourne University Squadron. The office ofCommandant is distinct from that of CommandingOfficer, and the role of the Commandant is primarilyone of liaison between t.he universities and the Air Forcein the interests of the Squadron and its undergraduatemembers, as well as 'showing the flag' at BirthdayLevees and other similar ceremonial occasions.Mr Osborn served as a night bom.ber pilot in theR.A.F. in England throughout the second world war,and was awarded the D.S.O. and D.F.C. in this capacity.He was twice wounded in action, and also spent nearlytwo years as a prisoner of war in Germany. As Commandantof the Victoria University Squadron he holdsthe rank of Wing Commander in the RA.A.F. Reserve,and it is in this capacity that he has now been appointedA.D.C. to the Queen.An A.D.C. is called upon to escort and assist theMonarch as occasions require - with the forthcomingroyal visit in 1970, Mr Osborn anticipates some measureof direct involvement in the tour but as yet no detailshave been notified to him.MEDICAL FACULTY AWARDSSECOND DOCTORATEDr D. M. de Kretser, from the department of Anatomy,has been awarded the degree of Doctor of Medicine.This is the second doctorate in Medicine to be awardedby Monash University and the first in the basic medicalsciences.Dr de Kretser's thesis Studies on the Structure andFunction of the Human Testis is concerned with thestructural bases of male fertility and infertility. Dr deKreiser is a member of an advisory group at the EndocrineClinic of the Royal Women's Hospital and he hasbeen able to provide an electron microscopic assessmentof various forms of therapy used. He is at present onleave at the University of Washington in Seattle wherehe is continuing his studies on the mechanisms of hormonalcontrol of gonadal activity.14

UNIVERSITY CONFERS FIVE HONORARY DEGREESSince publication of the last issue of the Gazette fivefurther honorary degrees have been conferred by theUniversity.Citation delivered by Professor R. R. Andrew on theoccasion of the conferring of the degree of Doctor ofScience honoris causa upon Sir Macfarlane Burnet:] present to you Frank Macfarlane Burnet, KnightBachelor, Member of the Order of Merit, Doctor ofScience, Doctor of Medicine, Doctor of Laws, Fellowof the Royal College of Physicians,Fellow of the RoyalAustralasian College of Physicians,Fellow of the AmericanCollege of Physicians,President of the AustralianAcademy, Fellow of the RoyalSociety, Emeritus Professorof Experimental Medicine atthe University of Melbourne,Nobel Laureate.It is surely appropriate thatthis University should todayconfer a Doctorate of Scienceon this notable scientist whograduated in medicine at theUniversity of Melbourne inSir Macfarlane Burnet1922 and whose research hasbeen crowned by such success,OUf new University and its medical school haveleaned heavily on the University of Melbourne both forstaff and the inspiration of many of its graduates. Fromthe foundation of Monash University, Sir Macfarlane,a dyed-in-the-wool Melbourne man, has been a memberof our faculty of Medicine, and his advice on importantmatters has been sought not infrequently and never withoutadvantage to ourselves, For this we are indeedgrateful.There is probably no contemporary Australian betterknown both here and abroad, nor any who has so welldeserved the many honours he has earned. I shall notattempt to describe his achievements which he haswritten about so objectively in his recent autobiography.And it is impossible in a few words adequately to conveythe essence of such a world figure, or the ultimate valueof his work to science and medicine and thus to thecommunity. But I feel obliged, nonetheless, Sir, inpresenting to you this illustrious man, to try and singleout some characteristic which may exemplify his importanceto all who would work in the broad fields in whichhe has laboured with such remarkable success.While his intellect is clearly of the highest order, itis not so widely known that as an experimenter he hadfew rivals. His colleagues talk of the beauty of hislaboratory technique, the excellence of his planning,and the inevitability of his success. He has published248 scientific papers, 158 reviews and he has writteneight books. It has been a source of wonder to manyfamous overseas workers how he has been able to accomplishsuch a vast and influential output of suchhigh quality. The probable answer lies in his logicalapproach to problems, the virtuosity of his bench work:it has always been done. and been done well and truly,once and for all time. And so he has sailed serenelythrough perilous scientific seas on a journey that onefeels can have no ending. Whatever his own beliefs,or ours, about the ultimate mysteries, I would suggestthat his work has in a sense earned him a form ofimmortality. As the result of his researches and theirfundamental effect on medicine and the biologicalsciences. all who work in these fields (and this includesgraduates of medicine) will have embedded somewherein their thinking or being, a bit of Burnet. and will bethe better for it.He is, indeed, one of our greatest living citizens andscientists.Citation delivered by the Acting Vice-Chancellor.Professor K. C. Westiold, on the occasion of the con­[ering of the degree of Doctor of Laws honoris causaupon Sir Michael Chamberlin:Members and friends of Monash University will beaware of the subtle change that took place in our statusduring 1968. In that year we celebrated the tenth anniversaryof our foundation by an Act of Parliament ofthe sovereign State of Victoria. Those of us who havebeen at Monash since its beginning and are consciousof what has been achieved in this short span - ourstudent population has increased from zero to virtuallythe number attending the University of Melbourne atthe time of our foundation - would regard this year asan epoch marking the end of our first era - a corningof age. To us it seems right that the University shouldat this time recognize in a fitting manner one who hasrendered it outstanding service from the beginning andwho has now laid aside the burdens of office.Michael Chamberlin was a member of the originalInterim Council, formed in 1958 and consisting oftwenty-seven members, chosen to cover the wholespectrum of interests and abilities required to set thisgreat enterprise going. When the first permanent Councilwas established in ] 961 he was appointed by theGovernor-in-Council as one of the two members representingindustrial and commercial interests. Throughoutthe life of the Interim Council he had given to theUniversity the benefit of his long experience in commerceand other fields, and Council recognized his greatcontribution when it elected him as its first DeputyChancellor, a position he continued to occupy until hisretirement last year.At a time when critical attention is being paid to theworking of a university I am glad to have this opportunityto pay tribute to the generous service to MonashUniversity freely undertaken by members of our Council,particularly in its committees. Here the special expertiseof those who have had fruitful experience in theworld outside the University is available to assist theUniversity in its multifarious non-academic functions,without which the essential academic activities would beseriously inhibited. Of these Michael Chamberlin canfairly be sure to have shouldered an ample share.In 1964 his services to the community were recognizedby the award of a Knighthood by Her MajestyThe Queen. Together with the establishment of MonashUniversity on a firm foundation, it must have affordedhim further deep personal satisfaction to see his laboursto found the University'S first affiliated college, MannixIS

MONASH UNIVERSITY GAZETTECollege, brought to fruition with its opening at thebeginning of the 1969 academic year. This satisfactionhas been compounded by the more recent recognitionof his long record of service to the Roman CatholicChurch and to education by His Holiness Pope Paul VIin creating him a Knight Commander of the Order ofPius.Citation delivered hy Proi essor B. W. Holloway onthe occasion oj the canierring of the degree of Doctorof Science honoris causa upon Sir Frederick White:Today we are here to honour an eminent Australianscientist. It is therefore proper on this occasion notonly to record those aspects of his career by which hehas attained his position ofdistinction, but also how wecome to recognize such highability and achievement.In science, Mr Chancellor,we can precisely measure andevaluate many aspects of thephysical and biological world.Yet, by contrast, we have nosuch absolute standards forrecognizing scientific talentand acumen. To overcomethis problem, scientists relyon various collective processesof evaluation by theirpeers, surely always the mostSir Frederick White critical of audiences.It is by these high standardsof assessment that Sir Frederick White emerges as thescientist's scientist - and his achievements are the evidencefor the high value placed on him, not only byhis fellow scientists, bUI also by governments andinstitutions.At the age of thirty-two, he was appointed professorof Physics at Canterbury University College. At thirtyseven,he became chief of the Division of Radiophysics,C.S.tR.O. Four years later, he was appointed to theexecutive committee of that organization, where he hasremained to become chairman of the executive ofC.S.J.R.O.Not only during this period has he actively championedthe expanded role of C.S,tR,O. in Australian and internationalscience, but, through his personal scientificdistinction, he has continued to receive those honourswhich can only be bestowed through the confidence ofhis fellow scientists-Fellow of the Australian Academyof Science, Fellow of the Royal Society. Fellow of theInstitute of Physics, President of the Australian andNew Zealand Association for the Advancement ofScience. An even wider recognition of his service camein 1962 when he was made Knight Commander of theOrder of the British Empire.He has displayed excellence not only as a scientificadministrator, but also as an experimental scientist, forin his early years he was one of Appleton's colleaguesat King's College, London, at the time when this laboratorywas one of the world leaders in experimentalphysics.His life has not been restricted to either the laboratorybench or the office desk. He has travelled extensivelyoverseas to establish those personal contacts withscientists and other notable personalities which are soessential to an isolated country like Australia. His specialrole in the financing of Australian research has broughthim in contact with many trade and industrial researchassociations.He has a special feeling for the outdoor life. Theproximity of Canberra to the trout streams of the SnowyMountains has not escaped his notice and he is an excellentexample of one who is both the compleat anglerand the complete scientist.His outdoor interests and, I feel sure, the continuedsuccess of all his professional activities, have been aidedby his wife, Lady Elizabeth White, herself a person ofconsiderable distinction and achievement and possiblyone of the few Australian housewives who has practisedmountaineering in the Himalayas.Despite all these activities, Sir Frederick has foundtime to help us here at Monash, and he was one of thefirst members of the Council of this University. Hisadvice during the early period of this University hasbeen much valued.Citation delivered by Professor P. L. Waller all theoccasion of the conferring oj the degree of Doctor ofLaws honoris causa upon The Honourable Mr JusticeThomas Weetman Smith:It used to be said that the common law of Englandresided in the breasts of Her Majesty's judges. MrJ ustice Darling once said that to Counsel, who replied,'a very happy residence',which in its turn led thejudge to say, 'that does notjustify what are called exploratoryoperations'. A betterknowledge of legal physiologyand judicial anatomy leads ustoday to conclude that it iswhat is in the minds of thejudges that is of the greatestimportance in the expositionand development of the livinglaw.It is unnecessary here, MrChancellor, to speak at lengthMr Justice Thomas Smith about the modern judges' rolein law-making. It is enoughto state that that role is a leading and vital one in ourlegal system. The Honourable Thomas Weetman Smithhas been one of the Justices of the Supreme Court ofVictoria since 10 February 1950. In almost two decadesof judicial service he has shown himself completelyfitted for the part of judicial law-maker, as a memberof a court whose judgments attract keen attention andreceive generous approval not only in Victoria but alsoin the rest of the common law world.His many judgments, at first instance, on review ofdecisions in magistrates' courts, and as a member of theFull Court hearing appeals from all Victorian courts.have included a very large number which are regardedby all legal scholars (which term is meant to be allembracing)as statements of legal principle and doctrineof the first rank. They are marked by the characteristicsof order and clear expression, and informed always bya concern for justice and true human understanding.He is no aloof spokesman 'from the chill and distantheights', which Cardozo warned his judicial brethren notto occupy, but is conscious of 'the great tides and cur­16

ents which engulf the rest of men'. It was a formerMinister of State, himself a lawyer, who expressed ageneral view of the graduand when he said in Parliament:'There will never be a better lawyer in theSupreme Court than Mr Justice Smith.' In a happydisplay of bi-partisan and bi-cameral unanimity, aMember of the Legistlative Council complemented thattribute by saying: 'He is a great lawyer and this Stateis deeply indebted to him.'It should not be forgotten that Mr Justice Smith, likeevery judge, discharges day-by-day the demanding andoften, I am sure, nerve-racking responsibilty of decidingparticular cases between particular litigants. This isthe business of the judge. He has presided over scoreupon score of cases, civil and criminal, since his elevationto the bench. His work is recorded, then, not only inthe pages of the Victorian Reports, but also in the livesof many thousands of the citizens in this community.It is with this in mind that what has already been saidabout his contributions to the exposition, elucidation anddevelopment of the law in this State takes its full colour.Aware, in all detail, of what the law is, Mr JusticeSmith has made important suggestions for what it oughtto be. He has been a witness before the Statute LawRevision Committee of the Parliament of Victoria, andthere received high commendation for the assistance heprovided. Since April 1962, he has been chairman ofthe Chief Justice's Law Reform Committee, which bringstogether judges, barristers, solicitors and law teachers,to consider specific criticisms of our legal system and togive form, on occasion, to specific proposals for change.It is the only standing law reform committee in thisState and its hands are not left idle. As its chairman,Mr Justice Smith has presided over its meetings in sucha way as to bring the best talents available to the considerationof the questions referred by government, theprofessional bodies or individual legal practitioners.Mr Justice Smith has not confined his contributions tolegal scholarship to those he has made, and continuesto make, in the office of judge. The law, perhaps morethan any other of the great professions, has alwaystaken a corporate interest in, and responsibility for, theeducation and training of those who seek to join it.Today, in this University's law school, now firmly establishedwith its large faculty of full-time teachers of law,there is still maintained a strong connection between theschool and the legal profession; and members of theprofession continue to play a much more than formalrole in the on-going education of law students. In thedays before the second world war, and for some yearsthereafter, a very large part of the formal teaching inlaw in our sister school in the University of Melbournewas provided by independent lecturers in law, appointedLE TRETEAU DE PARIS VISITS MONASHThe Parisian theatrical group, Le Treteau de Paris, madeits third visit to Australia in 1969 and, for the first time,gave performances at Monash earlier this year. Thecompany presented two plays - Moliere's TartufJe andSamuel Beckett's En Attendant Godot.The tour was sponsored in Australia by the AustralianElizabethan Theatre Trust under the auspices ofL'Association Francaise d'Action Artistique of the FrenchGovernment, with the assistance and patronage of theAustralian Council for the Arts.from the ablest of the practising profession. You, MrChancellor, will know something of this yourself. TomSmith was lecturer in the Law of Contract and PersonalProperty in the University of Melbourne from 1933 to1941, and lecturer in the Law of Contract (a change oftitle following a change in syllabus) from 1941 to 1946,when he was compelled by the pressure of professionalduties to resign his post. It can be seen, then, that itwas for no insignificant period that he discharged, withsignal success, the duty of bringing students to an understandingof a most important branch of their legalstudies. For very many of them, now practising lawin Victoria, and, in a number of cases, occupying judicialoffice, their grounding in Contract is forever associatednot just with Anson's classic text but with Tom Smith'sexposition and commentary.And he has not forgotten legal education, or withdrawnfrom real participation in it, in the face of thedemands of his office. In 1962 the Council of LegalEducation determined to institute teaching in law forthose law students unable to gain entry, because of quotarestrictions, to the University of Melbourne's law school.It was Mr Justice Smith who accepted the office ofchairman of the Legal Education Committee of thatcouncil, to which committee was entrusted the responsibilityfor the institution of those courses in law, theirdevelopment and their overall superintendence. In theeight years since that step was taken the graduand hasspent much time and a great deal of effort to makesure that the courses offered were of the same standardsas those set in the universities. He has taken the keenestinterest in the selection of lecturers and tutors, andshown the same interest and concern in the regularprogress of the students. He has had the satisfaction ofseeing students who have successfully completed thecouncil's course, in conjunction with service underArticles of Clerkship, gain admission as barristers andsolicitors of the Supreme Court of Victoria.We in this University know, and today acknowledge,how much counsel and assistance Me Justice Smithhas given to this law school. He accepted an invitationto become a member of the Advisory Committee forthe to-be-established faculty of Law, instituted by theProfessorial Board in 1963; he served on that committeeuntil the faculty of Law came into being on 28September 1965. He became a member of the facultyof Law and of its faculty board, representing the judgesof the Supreme Court of Victoria, when it was formallyestablished. He is a member today.This University honours itself on this day when itbrings Mr Justice Smith into its membership as anhonorary graduate. He is a great judge and a greatjurist who has made splendid contributions to legalscholarship and who, at the same time, has taken amost important part in the planning and developmentof the education of the lawyers of tomorrow.Citation delivered by Dr J. A. L. Matheson on theoccasion of the conferring of the degree of Doctor ofScience honoris causa upon Sir Linder Brown:Speaking as a former Whitworth observer I commendto you another former Whitworth observer for admissionto an honorary degree.Sir Lindor Brown and I have at least three thingsin common - we are both graduates of ManchesterUniversity; we both, as postgraduate students, earned a17

MONASH UNIVERSITY GAZETTEmodest, midnight penny by reading and recording theinstruments in the small meteorological observatory inWhitworth Park: and we have both been known toplay the flute. It could even be that we share other experiences,but I must now stop reminiscing in order to concentrateon Sir Linder's scientific achievements which,as you doubtless know, are very great.Between 1934 and 1949, as a physiologist on the staffof the Medical Research Council, he played a majorpart in demonstrating that communication between onenerve cell and another, or between a nerve and a musclecell, is commonly chemical in nature. The process bywhich an electrical nerve impulse changes to a chemicalone, by liberating molecules of acetylcholine from thenerve endings, was demonstrated by Sir Lindor withoutstanding experimental skill and he thus was able toprovide crucial evidence in support of what was then arevolutionary theory. As I understand it, Mr Chancellor,this means that we all have a series of Eveready drybatteries up and down our arms and legs.Left to right: The Vice-Chancellor, Dr J. A. L. Matheson,the Academic Registrar, Mr J. D. Butchart, Sir LinderBrown, and the Chancellor, Sir Doug/as MenziesIn 1949 he became Jodrell Professor of Physiology atUniversity College, London. where his ability to stimulateresearch and to teach experimental methods led to widespreadrecognition of the scientific activities of his departmentand of the department of Biophysics whichhe helped to form.In 1960 he moved to Oxford as Waynflete Professorof Physiology where he has continued to carry out andto stimulate important work on the chemical agents thatact as transmitters of nervous information. He has alsobeen very active in scientific and university affairs generally,having been biological secretary of the RoyalSociety and one of its vice-presidents for several years,foreign secretary of the Physiological Society. and presidentof the lnternational Union of Physiological Sciences.He was a member of the Franks Committee which inquiredinto the governance of Oxford University and heis doubtless now watching, with the enviable detachmentthat goes with a reasonably safe vantage point, to seewhether any more notice is taken of Franks than of themany reformers who have tried to influence Oxfordover the centuries.Sir Linder, who is now principal of Hertford College,Oxford, is visiting the department of Physiology at thisUniversity as a senior fellow of the Australian Academyof Science and continuing here, in collaboration withour own colleagues, the studie s to which he has devotedhis scientific life.CHILD STUDY CENTREOn 19 January 1968, Elwyn Aisne Morey was killed ina car accident. Whilst her work with children had madeElwyn Morey known very widely during her life, sheleft in the making a centre which will keep her namebefore students and teachers as long as Monash is here.The Elwyn Morey Child Study Centre, in a buildingimmediately to the north of, and linked with, the neweducation building, incorporates a kindergarten, interviewrooms, provision for observing children at play orin highly-structured situations, a psychological laboratory,and opportunities for observation and research inchild health.Since the kindergarten was established in a smallcottage on the campus some three years ago, a smallamount of observation and research has been possible,but the very limited facilities have prevented muchbeing done. Students from Monash Teachers' Collegeand from the Diploma in Education course have beenable to watch kindergarten sessions being conducted.Some students have worked individually with children.A visiting professor of psychology from Harvard hascarried out a research project concerned with the conditionsunder which children commit themselves to aparticular course of action. An elementary schoolteacher from Michigan, on study leave with her husband,has investigated an aspect of the skills which areneeded before children can begin to read. Some standardizedtesting has been done.With the facilities provided in the new building, asystematic programme of observation by Diploma inEducation students will be possible. This should be ofgreat value; most young graduates have had little or nofirst-hand contact with small children. have little notionof children's skills and competence, and little understandingof the continuities in abilities and temperamentto be observed throughout early life and into maturity.If they can see change and continuity integrated, asthey are in developing children, students will be betterequipped to respond to and direct the young peoplewhom they will teach in secondary schools.Interests in cognitive development (the changes inintellectual competence to be observed throughout life),in influences which may interfere with or facilitatelearning (physical abnormalities, loss of schooling, particularly'favourable' circumstances during early years,marked abilities in some areas), verbal and non-verbalcommunication, among children and between childrenand teachers, are some areas in which members of thefaculty plan to develop research programmes in thechild study centre. It is hoped to make it a fittingremembrance of its founder.NEW FUND FOR STUDENTSA Melbourne firm has given Monash University $750to start a fund for students whose courses are endangeredby lack of money.The fund, to be administered by Monash's careersand appointments office. will provide short-term loansfor students who are considered to be desperately inneed of aid.18

PREVENTIVE MEDICINE AND THE COMMUNITYBy Professor B. S. Hetzel, Foundation Professor of Social and Preventive MedicineThe practice of medicine has undergone profoundchanges in the past thirty years. This has been the resultof an explosive increase in knowledge, stemmingfrom applications of physical and biological science tothe problems of the causal mechanisms of disease. Thisexplosive knowledge has led to a rapid increase inspecialities in medicine, built round appropriate technologywhich has resulted in remarkable improvementsin curative medicine. Outstanding amongst theseachievements has been the control of infection, whichhas led to a greatly changed pattern of illness in thecommunity in modern Western societies. We are nowconfronted by a greater dominance of chronic illness- chronic heart, chest, or brain disease, chronic disabilityfollowing injury, and mental illness - in contrastwith thirty or forty years ago when acute illness wasdominant. Social and psychological factors have becomemuch more important in relation to illness, increasingthe complexity and the time required for management.Finally, the greatly increased knowledge means an increasedcost of medical care, which is therefore affectedby economic factors. In the affluent societies medicalcare has reached its most highly-developed state, buteven within these societies it is now recognized that auniform quality of care is not available to all. Increasingattention is being paid, particularly in the U.s.A., to theproblem of 'the delivery of medical care' to underprivilegedminorities in the country. Recent investigationsin Australia indicate that we also have such minorities.The aim of modern medicine is the prevention ofdisease. Clearly our knowledge is insufficient at themoment to be able to prevent the occurence of disease.so that our approach to the present situation is todivide prevention into three major facets:(i) Primary prevention, which is concerned with thecomplete prevention of all manifestations of illnessthishas been achieved so far only in the case of theinfections by preventive inoculations and vaccinations,ranging from diphtheria to poliomyelitis.(ii) Secondary prevention, concerned with the containmentand the efficient treatment of disease basedon early detection and diagnosis.(iii ) Tertiary prevention, which includes rehabilitationand the restoration of the patient as a sociallyproductive and individually satisfied member of the cornmunityfollowing his illness. Such a concept of preventionembraces the whole complicated structure ofmodern medicine.The decision as to how much money is to be spentbetween these three phases of prevention is becomingurgent. The amount of money to be spent on heartand kidney transplants, for example, finally has to bedecided by the community, through its elected representatives.At present the difficult problem of chronicdisease can be best approached through early detection,appropriate treatment and rehabilitation of the patient.This applies, for example, to heart disease, in whichsome definite progress has been made in recent years asa result of community interest and financial supportthrough bodies like the National Heart Foundation.However, less respectable conditions. which are not soclearly defined, such as alcoholism, continue to languishand persist as major economic and social problems, duelargely to community apathy.We are beginning to recognize that the use of the term'disease' has severe limitations when confronted withcurrent patterns of modern medical problems. A trafficaccident causing major disability is not a disease; neitheris much behavioural disorder, ranging from juvenile delinquencyto sexual deviation, appropriately defined as a'disease'. Alcoholism, although it causes physical defectsin the brain, liver or heart. becomes a problem as soonas an apparently healthy man is found to be driving avehicle when he has an elevated blood alcohol level.Such conditions are better described as community healthproblems than as diseases.Social medicine is concerned with such problems, andis the modern name for public health. The newlycreatedchair at Monash is only the third in Australia;the other two chairs in the Universities of Sydney andQueensland have recently metamorphosed from chairsof Public Health, and were concerned originally withthe hazards of infectious disease and its control usingsocial and legislative means. Social medicine is not adiscipline in itself, but makes use of a wide variety ofother disciplines in seeking control at all three levels ofprevention by social means. Varying disciplines, rangingfrom genetics and biochemistry, and more recently thebehavioural sciences, including psychology and sociology,are used. Traditional clinical medicine is primarilyconcerned with the individual patient. Socialmedicine is more concerned with groups, such asmigrants, widows. the elderly, or youth - school children,adolescents or students. However, there is clearlyan over-lap in the management of the individual patientbetween what might be termed the mechanistic aspectand the social aspect. In the case of chronic illness anddisability, the personal and social setting of the patientis all-important in management. These factors includethe occupational and family aspects as well as culturalbackground; for example, the attitude of the employeris most important in rehabilitation.What are the implications of these new concepts ofprevention for medical education? It must be admittedthat medical education has lagged in relating itself tothese recent changes in health problems. This is hardlysurprising when we realize how recent the knowledgeexplosion has been. In general, medical education hasbeen concerned with sound training in biological scienceas a basis for understanding the mechanisms of disease,from which the principles of management follow. Sogreat is the knowledge now available that medicalstudents and their teachers tend to be over-absorbed inthis fascinating aspect.However, it has become apparent that a biologicalscientific training is not adequate by itself as the basis ofany branch of medical practice, concerned as it is withpeople. This is especially true for the doctor of firstcontact, the general practitioner or family doctor. Thefamily doctor is today, in a fragmented society, greatlysought as friend and counsellor for a bewildering varietyof personal and social problems. There is much minorpsychological and social illness for which knowledge ofmolecular biology is largely irrelevant. The economic19

MONASH UNIVERSITY GAZETTEGREAT HALL NAMED IN HONOUR OF SIR ROBERT BLACKWOODThe Minister for Education, Mr L. H. S. Thompson (left) with Sir Robert Blackwood at the ceremonyThe laying of the foundation stone of the Great Hall byThe Honourable L. H. S. Thompson, the VictorianMinister for Education, took place on Monday 24February 1969.In his welcoming address the Chancellor, Sir DouglasPREVENTIVE MEDICIN E-Continuedsignificance of this minor illness is great - so that thereis need for a much better co-ordinated attack on theproblem. Psychological medicine has provided clues butthere is further need for operational studies in betterdefining the sort of help that patients require; rangingfrom that of a friend. who may not be available in theurban environment. to a social worker who providessupport based on the provisions of the welfare state.These helping resources in the community must berationalized so that highly-trained medical manpowercan be used for maximum benefit. It is becoming clearthat the whole community is going to be increasinglyinvolved in the maintenance of health care and the preventionand containment of disease. The doctor of thefuture will be required, as a leader in the community,to advise in this major area. To do this he will haveto know the structure of the community and the helpingresources available much better than he has in thepast. OUf teaching programme at Monash includesconsiderably increased exposure of the student to thecommunity while he is still an undergraduate. This willenable him to sec the setting of medicine in the wholecommunity so that he can learn to work with otherprofessions, both paramedical and non-medical, in orderto meet the total health needs of the community. As itwas put by Dr Millis. president of Western ReserveUniversity, in a recent report on the graduate educationof doctors in the U.S.A.: "Medicine exists to servesociety in common with the other socially useful professions.It must ever be responsive to the needs ofthe society it serves.'Menzies, said: 'Today is a great day in the history ofMonash, although, unfortunately, few can take part in it.This University is a new university, young not only inyears but, we hope, in outlook. But it is a universityin the great tradition - a tradition which we have inheritedfrom England and the Continent. Part of thattradition is that there is an adherence to time-honouredpageantry. More profoundly, part of the tradition is thatunderneath the various disciplines that are here followedthere is an underlying unity. Call it what you willthepursuit of truth. the desire for excellence, the strugglefor perfection - it is. [ believe, one of the noblest manifestationsof the human spirit. And this University isdedicated to the proposition that there is this unity,'Today is important because it sees the foundation ofour Great Hall, and I believe that the Great Hall willbe the centre for this tradition in which we proudlystand.'Sir Douglas announced the University's decision thatthe Hall would bear the name of its first Chancellor,Sir Robert Blackwood.'It is most fitting,' he went on, 'that today we havewith us Sir Robert Blackwood, the father of this Universityand a great builder. The Council has decidedthat the Great Hall of Monash University will be knownas the Robert Blackwood Hall. This we regard as afitting tribute to the first Chancellor of this University.'Mr Thompson, speaking for the Government. expressedappreciation of Sir Robert's contribution as a founderof Monash.He continued: 'I've always strongly believed thatthere should be as high a degree of co-operation as possiblebetween the academic world and the business andindustrial world outside. In Sir Robert Blackwood Wehave a man who has been the successful general managerof one of our largest industrial concerns. A manwho has been professor of mechanical engineering atMelbourne University and a man who knows university(Continued on page 36)20

..THE MONASH ART COLLECTIONBy A. P. McCaughey, Teaching Fellow, Department of EnglishIn May 1961 the first annual grant of $1,000 was setaside for the acquisition of works of art for the University.From the outset the Art Advisory Committee,responsible for purchases, has been composed of membersof the University, including student representation- a system of 'external experts' was rejected. The firstchairman of the committee was the late Professor A. J.Marshall, and through his friendship with a number ofartists, most notably Clifton Pugh, the collection beganwith some impetus. An iron. sculptural mural by Pughon the outside wall of the science lecture theatre, adjoiningthe department of Zoology, serves as a mostappropriate memorial to Professor Marshall's contributionto Monash in this and numerous other directions.In 1962 the size of the collection was substantiallyaugmented when Dunlop Australia Limited presentedthe University with a group of paintings remaining froma Dunlop art competition. Rising prices on the Australianart market in the mid-sixties necessarily keptthe rapid growth of the collection down. Only throughthe generosity of the McCutcheon Bequest did Monashacquire its most important work. the bronze cast of SirJacob Epstein's portrait bust of Samuel Alexander (1859­1938), the distinguished, Australian-born philosopher.Acquired in 1964, it was installed in 1967 in the foyerof the Alexander Theatre.The Union Board, in 1967, greatly increased the rangeof art purchases with an allocation of $500 to be spentby the Art Advisory Committe specifically for worksof art for the Union building. Together with an increaseof $500 in the annual grant for art purchases in 1969,the total sum now available stands at $2,000, allowingfor a substantial expansion of the collection. So muchso that in 1968 Mr John Waterhouse was appointedcurator to exercise closer oversight of the collection andits display. Generous gifts to the University include DrJohn Burnell's collection of etchings and drypoints,among which are a small group of late Rembrandt impressionsand two contemporary Australian paintings, afine late George Bell figure study and a portrait sketchby Dani!a Vassilieff, given by Mr Joseph Brown. Thesegifts have further increased the range and diversity ofthe collection.As no formal purchasing policy has ever been formulated,the character of the collection is naturallycatholic. The changing membership of the Art AdvisoryCommittee has made for an enthusiastic eclecticism. Withthe exception of the Epstein bust, three woodblock printsCharles Blackman: Face Amidst Flowers (371" x .'lit")21

l\IONASH UNIVERSITY GAZETTEby the contemporary Japanese prinunaker, Hideo Hagiwara,and the Burnell collection. contemporary Australianpainting forms the bulk of the collection. Fewclaims would be made for its representative quality,however.The earliest Australian painting in the collection isTom Roberts' portrait of A. W. Howitt, appropriatelyhung in Howitt Hall. Fine portrait as it is. it is fair tosay that it was primarily acquired for its obvious associationswith Monash. Rapidly accelerating prices in themarket for nineteenth century Australian painting makefurther acquisitions in this field unlikely, besides theobvious concern of the appropriateness of purchasingsuch works for general University display.The majority of works date from the inception of theUniversity itself and naturally reflect a strong Melbournebias. Fortunately, at the beginning of the collectionMonash secured paintings by four members of the Melbournefigurative group, the Antipodeans. Clifton Pughis most fully represented with six paintings, includinga painting of 1952 which shows his pre-expressionistmode and relates him, through the mutual influence ofGeorge Bell, to Russell Drysdale's work of the lateforties. David Boyd is finely represented with a largework, Conflict, which formed part of the Antipodean'ssingle exhibition in 1959. The two major works of theAntipodeans in the collection are John Perceval's richand typical painting of 1962, the Artist's Studio, andCharles Blackman's early work, Face Amidst Flowers(circa 1956·7). Both paintings show the artists at importantstages of their development and are good examplesof their major work. Where David Boyd unabashedlyrepresents the mythic pretensions of theAntipodean Manifesto, Blackman and Perceval demonstratehow much of the best in the Antipodean adventurein Australian painting sprang from more conventionalroots in post-impressionism, especially the intimismof Bonnard, and the milder side of German expressionismwith the gnomic drawing and direct paint handling.Sydney painting of the same period, allegedly againstwhich the Antipodean Manifesto was written, is notrepresented as fully in the collection. A small but finewater-colour by Henry Salkauskas and a large, importantrecent painting by Elwyn Lynn, Borderland 1967, dononetheless demonstrate how much the Sydney abstractionof the period develops from a strong, if generalized,sense of the landscape and the physical world. Moreimpersonally realized than the Antipodean's world, tobe sure, but, like them, very much alive and responsiveto the world around them.Although it would greatly enhance the representativenessof the collection if work by the other members ofthe Antipodean group (John Brack, Arthur Boyd andRobert Dickerson) and a larger group of Sydneypainters and sculptors, especially John Olsen, JohnPassmore and Robert Klippel, could be added, presentpurchasing funds simply do not allow for such filling-inof gaps.In one way this limitation has acted beneficially. Ithas compelled successive Art Advisory Committees toseek out works of quality from less familiar and lessfashionable artists. Monash has secured some remarkableworks thereby. An early painting by Don Laycock,Two Heads, with its heroic scale and attitude i" a nicecontrast to the more intimate and more familiar figurativemodes of the Antipodeans, with whom the Laycockis directly contemporary. Edwin Tanner's MoralPhilosophers represents an idiosyncratic artist with acentral work from his oeuvre. Tanner belongs to noschools or movements. Wry, sardonic and satiric, Tanner'sart stands in isolation from his contemporariesand has been unjustly neglected for that reason.A notable recent acquisition, Roger Kemp's The Cross,exemplifies best the policy of seeking out neglected worksand artists. Kemp, one of the pioneers of abstractRoger Kemp: The Cross (71" x 53!")painting in Melbourne, is held in high regard by artists,museums and critics throughout the country. But hisforceful. ecstatic mode of symbolic abstraction hasproved non-domesticable. The Monash painting, oneof the masterpieces of the collection, shows him at hisfiercest and relentless best. After Monash had acquiredthe painting, it was entered for the 1968 Blake Prizefor religious art and won it.No painting better demonstrates the purchasing'policy' if one can call the necessities of financial limit a­tions a policy. Commissioned to buy the best worksof art available for the University within the purchasinggrant, it increasingly means in a rapidly inflating marketthat informed buying must replace earlier, enthusiasticspeculation. Major works by neglected figures can stillbe obtained for a fraction of the price minor works byfashionable figures bring. Rightly or wrongly, the ArtAdvisory Committee has felt that adventurous acquisitions,often well ahead of generally accepted levels oftaste, should play a major part in the up-building of the22

collection. This has meant buying the work of youngerpainters. In this area a notable group of paintings hasbeen acquired over the past two or three years.A group of younger Melbourne painters - PaulPartos, Robert Jacks, Dale Hickey and Robert Hunter- all emerged at much the same time in the middleand late sixties. While differing considerably amongstthemselves, all emerged after the Antipodean wave hadpassed, both in style and ideology, and to some extent allhave sought alternative directions for Australian painting.away from the regionalist ethos. Partos and Jacks werethe earliest to emerge and both are represented withworks from their notable first one-man shows. Althoughboth have since developed into maturer styles, theseearly works. nonetheless, mark the moment of the breakand new turning in Australian painting. The UntitledAbstraction by Dale Hickey (acquired directly by theLaw faculty on the strenuous advice of the Art AdvisoryCommittee) shows a mature style in the new abstraction.Hickey, who occupies a dominant position in the Melbournewing of the new abstraction, has consistentlytried to maintain a residual image even in the mostabstract-seeming paintings. His work focuses, as nobodyelse's has done in Australia, the two forces atwork in sixties art: meeting the demands of the stricttwo-dimensionality of the painted art object and theremarkably resilient survival of the surreal image. TheWhite Painting by Robert Hunter-associated bothwith Jacks and Hickey - completes the Melbournerepresentation of the new abstraction. With its austere,'minimal' format of minute changes in whitish tonesthrough a series of strict geometrical shapes. it representsthe reductivist tendency in recent painting at its mostforthright. To complement this group of Melbournenew abstractionists, Monash recently acquired a majorexample of Michael Johnson. the leading Sydney newabstractionist. Johnson with Sydney Ball, alas unrepresentedin the Monash collection, has sought the fullestexploration of colour in the new abstraction, usingcolour not as a decorative adjunct to composition, but asthe subject of the work itself. As a counterpoint tothis group of new abstractionists, Monash acquiredGeorge Baldessin's Girl in a Striped Dress to showsomething of the later fortunes of Melbourne figurativepainting. Generally the Antipcdeans produced no suecessors.Baldessin, primarily a sculptor and etcher,produces few paintings and the Monash work clearlyshows a movement away from the intimist work ofBlackman to a more impersonal figurative style.It is worth pointing out that the National Gallery ofVictoria owns substantial works by all these youngerartists. In some cases, Monash acquired them beforethe Gallery did. Certainly these recent acquisitions haveestablished the Monash collection as the most forwardlookingof university collections except the Power Galleryof Contemporary Art within the University ofSydney, whose financial resources are quite different andwhose collection is specifically given over to non­Australian work.Although most of the collection consists of movableobjects, and part of the policy is the circulation of theseobjects through the buildings of the University so thatno work becomes associated with a particular place,thus dulling its freshness, these permanent works shouldbe mentioned for their outstanding interest: John Perceval'sceramic mural, Homage to Lawrence Hargrave,in the stairwell of the Hargrave Library, and the stainedglass windows by Les Kossatz in the main chapel of theReligious Centre and the two windows by LeonardFrench in the smaller chapel. The Perceval mural isthe largest ceramic work he has ever carried out andthe Kossatz windows have a buoyancy that accords wellwith the forward-looking policy of the recentacquisitions.Dale Hickey: Untitled Abstraction (68" :>(68")EDUCATION PROFESSOR ON SOUTHAUSTRALIAN COMMITTEE OF INQUIRYIn February 1969 Professor S. S. Dunn, who holds theK. S. Cunningham Chair of Education at Monash, wasappointed to a Committee of Inquiry into Education inSouth Australia. The committee will examine the wholeof the South Australian education system with the purposeof determining the most effective use of the State'sresources.The chairman of the committee is Professor P. H.Karmel, Vice-Chancellor of Flinders University. Othermembers are Justice Roma Mitchell, of the South AustralianSupreme Court; Mr I. S. Hayward, president ofthe S.A. Division of the Australian Institute of Management;Dr W, C. Radford, director of the AustralianCouncil of Educational Research, and Professor Dunn.Professor Dunn, who is particularly interested in thefield of experimental education, is at present taking studyleave in the United States, and has leave of absencefrom the committee until early in 1970.ANIMAL STUDY AT MONASHThe University's Jock Marshall Zoological Reserve,situated on the campus, is the scene of considerablercscercn. Members of the Zoology department have,during 1969, been carrying out work on the Cape BarrenGeese, echidnas, the Parma wallaby. and on otheranimals.23

MONASH UNIVERSITY GAZETTEA JAPANESE LINGUISTIC PROJECT AT MONASHBy J. V. Neustupny, Professor of JapaneseLinguists belong to the category of people who usuallydisappoint their friends. A linguist is rarely the hybridof a phoenix and a parrot who pleases his neighbour bysupplying proof to his belief that the man next door cantalk in twelve-or more-languages. Neither is he theone who can advise on the meaning of Ancora lmparo.On the other hand you may easily find him doingstrange things which he should not be doing: readingsomething that looks like a page from a mathematicalpaper rather than a piece of grammar; writing a bookwith 'language' in its title but without a single examplefrom any language; inspecting graphs and diagrams whichlook like a seismographical recording .I remember that the question as to what a 'modern'linguist does was asked again when the new project ofa comprehensive grammar of Japanese was announced atMonash last year and won an A.R.G.C. grant. Thedegree to which the general public is informed aboutthe modern science of linguistics is hardly very high.People who show no doubt concerning the indispensabilityof complicated experiments, equations, and theoriesfor the production of a single new machine, are likelyto hesitate in accepting the fact that experiments, equations,and theories are equally necessary in order toproduce a good language textbook,Most non-linguists do not realize that since early in thetwentieth century linguistics has developed into a highlyadvanced theoretical discipline. Modern linguistics isoften referred to as 'structural' linguistics. The basicallyindependent parallel growth of the linguistic structuralismduring the first half of the century in Europe andAmerica demonstrates convincingly that something morethan a mere fashion has been involved.The 'structural' character of the new science oflanguage has mainly been manifested in three features.One is the emphasis on synchronic studies. Instead ofconcentrating solely on the history of languages - anapproach typical for pre-structural linguistics - the newdiscipline became interested predominantly in the studyof a given language at a given stage of development.This approach. which represented an important contributionnot only to the linguistic thought but to themethodology of humanities and social sciences IIIgeneral, facilitated a deeper understanding of the functioningof language. It may perhaps be noted here that.in the sixties, linguists often still find it difficult to communicatewith their colleagues in those humanities andsocial science disciplines which have not yet freed themselvesfrom the one-sided historicism of the nineteenthcentury,The second most important 'structural' feature ofmodern linguistics is its selectiveness, a conscious trendto limit its inquiry to a defined set of facts in order tograsp the overall structure, and to exclude everythingelse. The principle of selectiveness has been adduced toits zenith in the discipline of 'phonology' or 'phonemics',The unanalysed 'sound' of the previous period wasdivided. Some of its features - those that weremost important for communication - were accepted asobjects of linguistic consideration; other features wererejected as irrelevant and attributed a subsidiary status.Hence the scope of linguistics for a 'structural' linguistis always narrower than what a non-linguist wouldexpect.The third feature of modern linguistics, strengthenedespecially in the recent period, is its arbitrariness. Astructural linguist is less concerned with a detailedpicture of the actual speech processes than with constructinga system which makes it possible to emit andreceive linguistic messages. In other words, the emphasisis on efficiency of linguistics, not on exact simulation ofthe mechanisms of speech.The highest point of development in structural linguisticshas been achieved in what can most conveniently becalled generative linguistics, best known also outsidelinguistics proper from one of its branches, Chomsky'stransformational grammar. The messianistic flavourgiven to this type of linguistic thought-still fully structural-bysome of its, mainly minor, proponents shouldnot conceal the essential positive contribution of the newcurrent-emphasis on explicitness and the binding of allpartial disciplines into a unified structure.Many features of linguistic thought in recent yearsdemonstrate, however, that the period of structurallinguistics is approaching its end. One consists ofattempts at a new understanding of the problems ofsynchrony, diachrony, the dynamism of the languagesystems, etc. The second current of thought to destroythe exclusive orientation of linguistics toward the studyof grammar is contained in so-called 'sociolinguistics',and perhaps to a still higher degree in the 'ethnographyof communication' (theory of speech) of D. H. Hymes,A third approach, directed against the principle of selectionin phonology and grammar, and against the arbitrarinessof linguistics, requires attention not simply tothe overall general structure but also to its more detailed,sometimes fuzzy or vague features. This approach,recently obtaining wide support, has been most stronglyrepresented by efforts of the New Prague School inlinguistics,The history of modern linguistics thus supplies themost general set of models for any inquiry within contemporarylinguistics and explains the character of theMonash Japanese project. Inclination to the pre-structuralmodel means constructing grammar which is amixture of synchronical and diachronical rules, a descriptionwhich has no recourse to the principle ofselectiveness, and, as such, can hardly arrive at a plausibledegree of systematization. A typical structuralistapproach means omission of details and concentrationon the central system of language. A post-structuralmodel, still unavailable in great detail, may be expectedto combine the strong points of its predecessors ­stress on dynamism of language and on a wide range offacts (from the pre-structural period). and emphasis onsynchrony and system (from structural linguistics).The Monash project, programmed to the increasingrequirements placed on the teaching of Japanese as aforeign language to satisfy a strong need for teachingmaterials especially on an advanced level. tries understandablyto acquire at least some of the post-structuralfeatures. The basic objective is twofold, namely, toproduce­(a) a most comprehensive catalogue of grammatical24

ules based both on published research and partlyon one's own collection of material, and(b) a catalogue of 'question-marks' with regard tofuture development in the field,The immediate usefulness of the first objective is inits potential application to language leaching, of thesecond, in the future development of research. In orderto achieve the two objectives at the present stage ofdevelopment in the area of Japanese linguistics, itappears necessary to refrain from emphasis on systematizationand from subscribing to any particular schoolof linguistics and individual methodological inclinations.Compared with some pompous linguistic projects, fascinatingan inexperienced reader by elegant mathematicalformulae, this programme may seem modest. In practicethis is harder than writing a purely 'structural' grammar.The Monash project will result in the first comprehensivegrammar of the Japanese language ever written. Thefeasibility of a project of this type, however, has beengreatly assisted by the accumulated knowledge ofJapanese grammar published since the middle of the lastcentury. The Japanese language has always been givenconsiderable attention by Western linguists. It wasRussia who first showed modern linguistic interest inher Eastern neighbour. Through the work of E.Polivanov, details of the Japanese language penetratedin the twenties and early thirties into the thought of thePrague School, one of the strongholds of pre-war structurallinguistics, and influenced its phonological theoryto a more than negligible degree, The number of professionallinguists who specialize in the field of Japaneselinguistics in the U.S.S.R. is considerable.The other Western country with a strong tradition inJapanese linguistics is the U.S.A. Books like S. E.Martin's Morphophonemlcs of Standard ColloquialJapanese (1952) remain valuable and basic, even ifcompared with contemporary Japanese work in the field.Not only laymen but also linguists sometimes do notfully realize how complicated and advanced a picture ispresented by Japanese linguistics. Social scientists whoare familiar with the concept of 'dual structure'. i.e.,the dualism of a traditional and modern sector, will notbe surprised to find that the development of linguisticsin Japan has not been free from this characteristicfeature. There is a basically traditional sector of linguisticscalled kokugogaku, and there is the stronglyWesternized modern gengogaku, represented best by thename of the well-known Shiro Hattori. Traditional, ofcourse, does not mean underdeveloped. The Japanesetraditional linguistics exhibits certain features which arevalid contributions to world linguistics. When Westernstructuralists were still thinking of written language as amere reflection of the 'true' spoken language, the traditionalJapanese linguistics clearly put up a case for itsequal rights. It developed an independent theory ofaccent. collected an enormous amount of accentologicalmaterial, and suggested a new analysis of theconcept of word, valid for agglutinative languages, etc.Nevertheless, the pre-structural character of kokugogakuand its concentration on earlier historical stages ofthe Japanese language are undeniable. It should benoted that the opposition of kokugogaku and gengogakn.the Westernized linguistics, has been neutralized afterthe second world war in the work of the famous NationalLanguage Research Institute in Tokyo. This Institute isnot only far ahead of any similar institution in the worldin the field of statistical study of language, but alsohas presented, so far, the best results in the sociology ofthe Japanese language and in the modern treatment ofthe Japanese grammar.The annual output of Japanese linguistics is enormous,As stated above, it belongs partly to the pre-structuralperiod, partly to structural linguistics. There are alsostrong post-structural tendencies. but mainly outside thesphere of grammar, e.g., so-called gengo seikatsu, theJapanese pendant to the 'ethnography of communication'.To survey synthetically the individual findings of thiscomplicated network of knowledge is a task which couldhardly be put on Japanese linguists alone. And this iswhere the Monash project may help.Through the person of F. Minami, the Monash projectsustains strong connections with the work of the NationalResearch Institute in Tokyo. Another former memberof the Institute, one of the best Japanese specialists inthe lexical and graphical system of modern Japanese,Oki Hayashi, now of the Japanese Ministry of Education,visited Monash in August and September this year totake part in the first stage of the project. A number ofother Japanese scholars are expected to take part inthe project later. This, together with forces alreadypresent at Monash, probably represents the greatestconcentration of specialists on Japanese language anywhereexcept in Japan.Besides the conscious attempt to be different fromcurrent 'structural' linguistics, to concentrate on comprehensivenessor even exhaustiveness and disregard superfluousemphasis on systematization, and to cover syntheticallythe maximum width of both material andinterpretations, the Monash project may achieve an outputdistinguished from existing sources in severalrespects.First, there is a clear emphasis on the analysis ofmeaning, This might seem to be a self-evident requirementof any grammar to a non-linguist. Unfortunatelythis is not so. Until quite recently, in one part ofstructural Iinguistics, so-called 'descriptive' linguistics. thestudy of meaning was the victim of the principle ofselection. Not much contribution on the study of meaningmay be expected for any language from nativegrammarians to whom meaning is automatically granted,thanks to their knowledge of the language. Hence, littlehas so far been achieved in this important sphere.Secondly, some aspects of Japanese grammar will becovered for the first time. This is, for instance, true withregard to a detailed analysis of the Japanese system ofwriting. Practically this means that the Japanese characters,of which there are about 3,000 in frequent use, willnot be treated as ultimate components, and methodsusual for the analysis of morphemes - the analogousunits in spoken language-will be applied to them.Thirdly, for the phonological part of the project, i.e..description of the sound system, the phonetic laboratoryestablished at Monash by Professor U. G. E. Hammarstromand representing one of the most advancedphonetic laboratories measured by very strict criteria,may be amply used. On the other hand, valuable statisticalmaterial prepared by the National LanguageResearch Institute in Tokyo will be accessible for thepurpose of the prcject.!IThe project has been kindly supported by the Al1s~tralian Research Grants Committee. The Japanese Ministryof Foreign Affairs has helped with a travel grantwhich has enabled us to bring 10associates from Japan.Monash research25

MONASH UNIVERSITY GAZETTETHE BAKER MEDICAL RESEARCH INSTITUTEBy a Special CorrespondentIn 1966 the Monash University Gazette recorded anaffiliation agreement between the University and theInstitute signed on 23 December 1965. The formal basisfor this affiliation was the provision in the Monash UniversityAct 1958 that one of the objects of the Universityis to provide facilities for University educationthroughout Victoria by the affiliation of existing educationalinstitutions to the University. Affiliation withthe Baker Research Institute was appropriate because,since its foundation, one of the purposes of the Institutehas been to provide Laboratory training for medicalstudents and instruction for graduate students. Since theaffiliation Monash students have used the Institute'sfacilities in their studies for the degrees of H.Med.Sci.,B.Sc. and M.Sc. and for elective studies in M.B., B.S.At the same time mutual help has developed in researchprojects.The Thomas Baker, Alice Baker, and Eleanor ShawMedical Research Institute was established in 1926 bythe late Thomas Baker, his wife, and sister-in-law toprovide laboratory services for Alfred Hospital and toconduct medical research. It is situated in the groundsof the Hospital.By the end of 1948 the Institute's routine serviceshad been transferred to successively developed departmentsof the Hospital, thus freeing facilities to pursuemedical research and some graduate teaching. Earlyin this formative period the founders created a Trustwhich assumed responsibility for most of the maintenanceexpenses and, in 1966~68, for the cost of rebuilding.Although additional laboratories had been added fromtime to time, the continuing expansion of its activitiesand the creation by the Hospital in 1949 of a clinicalresearch unit, functionally joined with the Institute,ultimately necessitated its complete rebuilding and reequippingin 1966-68 to provide adequate space andup-to-date facilities.The $1,600,000 cost of this new building project contrastswith $6,000 for the original building. Similarlythe annual maintenance costs have increased from $6,000in 1926 to $25.000 in 1948, and to approximately$250,000 (including the Clinical Research Unit) in1969. The medical and graduate staff has grown from7 to 25.'Medical research' embraces many things, and overthe years has received varying emphasis. In the earlieryears and arising from the service commitment emphasislay heavily on improving the routine medical servicesof the Hospital. Today, although the service commitmenthas gone, developments sponsored by the Institutecontinue to help establish new service departments inthe Hospital. It may be justly claimed that the clinicalpathology services, the cardiovascular diagnostic service,and the diabetic and metabolic unit of Alfred Hospitalarose from Institute activities.During the first half of the Institute's existence researchfor answers to immediate practical problems was spreadover a wide field. These problems included the introductionof insulin treatment for diabetes to Victoria, thestudy of beef measles as a public health hazard, and thetreatment of detached retina of the eye. During the warproblems associated with chemical warfare becameimportant studies.In latter years this 'applied' aspect of research hasdominated the scene less, but nevertheless has led toconsiderable improvement in the treatment of haemophiliaand to improvements and extensions of cardiovascularsurgery.Today 'pure' research represents the major portionof the Institute activities, and the necessity to mix fieldsof interest the better to study any biological problemis illustrated by the linking at cellular component levelof research into problems of the cardiovascular system(embracing heart, blood vessels and blood), the productionof some forms of cancer by the action ofchemicals, the disturbance of the air passages of the lungsproducing asthma. and the motility of parts of thealimentary canal.The range of these cardiovascular projects is indicatedby the following: the role of calcium ions in cardiacmuscle contraction, the mode of action of drugs whichinfluence cardiac muscle activity, the function of membranesystems of the cardiac muscle cell, the mechanismsthat control the distribution of blood in variousregions of the body, and the nature of the substancecalled kinekard which circulates in the blood and has apowerful influence on the working of all parts of thecardiovascular system.These projects are directed towards a better understandingof the way in which various components of the(Continued on page 30)Equipment for cardiovascular research which is in U5eat the Baker Institute26

CELL BIOLOGY OF CEREALS AND OTHER GRASSESBy Dr T. P. O'Brien, Senior Lecturer, Department of BotanyThe general appearance of the organs of floweringplants (leaves, stems, roots, flowers and seeds) is familiarto all. If one cuts these organs into thin slices (lO-25~thick; Lu = 1/1000 of a millimetre) with a razor bladeand examines them with a microscope, it is easy to seethat all of these organs are composed of cells andextracellular material, the cell walls. That all organisms- plant, animal or microbe - consist of cells and theirproducts was a generality recognized clearly by the biologistsof last century. However, our modern detailedknowledge of cell structure dates only from 1949, theyear in which the electron microscope became a powerfultool in biological research. Prior to that date it hadbeen impossible to cut sections of tissues thinner than1-2"" and such sections were too thick to be penetratedby an electron beam. In 1949 it was found that, aftersuitable processing, tissues could be infiltrated withliquid perspex ('shatter-proof glass') and embedded in itby heating the liquid till it hardened. You have all seenplants and insects encased in perspex as ornaments orpaperweights. Since 1956 the epoxy resins, especiallythe commercial glue Araldite, have superseded perspex inelectron microscopy because the very thin sections (0.05­0.1",) that can be cut from tissues embedded in hardenedAraldite are more stable than sections of perspex whenviewed in the electron microscope.Study of these thin sections (cut with glass or diamondknives on special microtomes) has yielded a rich harvestof information in the past twenty years. Detailed informationhas been obtained about the structure of thesub-cellular bodies (usually called organelles) whoseexistence had been deduced previously by light microscopy.In addition, other components were discoveredwhose existence had been but vaguely conceived. Carefulstudy of isolated and partially purified organelles allowedbiochemists to show that certain of the chemical reactionscarried out by intact cells were confined toparticular organelles.While the process of unravelling the functions of cellorganelles has been exciting in its own right, the resultsobtained forced biologists to recognize that the cell is aunit of both structure and function. Not only are allorgans composed of cells, but the properties of theorgans are due to the properties of their constituent cellsand cell products. Even more important has been therecognition of a second generality, namely, that similarstructures carry out similar functions no matter wherethey are found. Thus, mitochondria (one of the typesof organelle) are the major sites of oxygen utilizationin all cells that contain them, whether the cells comefrom brain or liver, leaf or stem, seaweed, fungus oramoebae. These facts have led to the development of anew field of biological inquiry, the field of cell biology.Cell biologists believe that similarities in cell structureare as important as the differences, and that informationderived about the functions of organelles in one systemmay well apply to the same organelles in quite unrelatedsystems.The great majority of flowering plants pursue a courseof growth and development with which many of usbecome acquainted as small children. Perhaps you canstill remember the fascination with which you firstwatched the daily progress of a germinating seed. Thereemerges from the seed a root and shoot which are bothsensitive to gravity, but respond by growing in oppositedirections. The root is thrust downwards (positive geotropism)while the shoot curves upwards (negativegeotropism). Provided that the shoot is in the light, itundergoes photomorphogenesis, producing leaves andstems that turn green and commence photosynthesis.The shoot commonly branches at its tip, producing newshoots which bear new leaves. The root developslateral roots, but not by tip branching, for the lateralsarise from within the parent root and at a considerabledistance from the growing root apex. The roots absorbwater and salts that are essential for the continuedgrowth of the whole plant, while the shoot manufacturesand exports sugars and vitamins to the roots and to itsown growing parts. The cycle is completed when theshoot bears flowers. These structures contain the sexorgans, the male stamens that produce the pollen, andthe female carpels (or ovaries) that produce the ovules,each with a single egg. Fertilization occurs after pollinationand the fertilized egg develops into an embryo,enclosed and shed within the seed.No family of flowering plants is more important toman than the grasses. The family (the Gramineae) includesthe cereals (wheat, rice, maize, millet, oats,barley, rye and sorghum) which are the grain crops ofthe world. Not only do these crops feed most of theworld's population, but they also provide man with hischief source of sugar from which, with the aid of yeasts,he manufactures the magic two-carbon compound,alcohol. From the animals that graze the pasture grassesof the sub-tropical and temperate regions of the world,man produces much of his diet of protein and most ofthe structural proteins (skin, wool, or their products)which clothe and protect him. However, not all of man'srelationships with the grasses are happy ones. When theygrow in places where they are unwanted, grasses areamong the most tenacious of weeds.In October 1967, the Australian Research GrantsCommittee awarded me a grant of $3,000 to initiate aprogramme of research into three aspects of grasses.This work is being carried out in collaboration with ProfessorM. 1. Canny and Mr P. F. Lumley of the Botanydepartment. In October 1968 thi .. initial grant was supplementedby a large grant of $41,000, which has enabledus to purchase an Hitachi HU llE electron microscope,and to add Dr S. Zee to our group as a professionalofficer. A summary of the three topics that are understudy as problems in cell biology is set out below.(i) The Germination of Wheat: Almost without exception,all seeds contain an embryo (which developsinto the adult plant) and a food reserve, both of whichare enclosed in a protective coat. Grains of cereals areno exception, for they are complex fruits, each containinga single seed. Within the seed lies a highly-developedembryo, consisting of a number of parts (Fig. 1).There is always a shoot apex surrounded by a numberof immature leaves that it has produced; the apex andleaves are enclosed in a special organ found only ingrasses, the coleoptile. This hollow, cylindrical sheathis sensitive to light and gravity and after germination it27

MONASH UNIVERSITY GAZETTEelongates, carrying the enclosed shoot to the soil surfaceand protecting it from abrasion en rome. Once the surfaceis reached, further growth of the coleoptile is inhibitedby the high light intensity, and the young shootbursts through the coleoptile, releasing the young leavesfrom its confines as they elongate and unroll. Theembryo also contains about four young roots whichelongate rapidly after germination. ensuring a continuingsupply of water for the growing plant.Like the other members of the Monocotyledons(which includes lilies, irises, orchids. rushes, sedges andthe extraordinary 'black boys' or 'grass trees' of ourheaths), all grass seeds contain just one cotyledon. Allmembers of the other great group of flowering plants,the Dicotyledons, contain two cotyledons, as the namesuggests. You have all seen (and eaten) cotyledonsin peas, beans and peanuts. Most of the remaining tissueof the grass embryo consists of this single cotyledon, ashield-shaped structure aptly called the scutellum. It isupon this organ that a great deal of our interest andresearch is centred (see Figs. I and 2). Its cells arerich in fats, fat-soluble vitamins, protein and phosphate(and hence the nutritional value of 'wheat germ' whichis rich in scutella}, but contain no starch prior to germination.Along one face the scutellum is in intimatecontact with the endosperm which, except for its outermostlayer, the aleurone layer, consists in the maturegrain of dead cells packed almost to capacity with starchand gluten proteins. It is these proteins that determinethe quality of flour for baking since the embryo is removedduring milling. The cells of the aleurone layer,like those of the scutellum, are rich in non-gluten proteinsand free of starch, and are covered on their outersurface by a thick cuticle which is known to be veryimpermeable, even to sulphuric acid! This layer and(he remnants of the fruit coats, protect the mature grainfrom damage and infection.The reserves of food, stored as starch, protein and fatin the cells of the scutellum and endosperm. are notavailable to support the early growth and developmentof the embryo after germination until they are brokendown into soluble sugars, amino acids and salts andtransported to the growing tissues. The conversion ofthe insoluble reserves to soluble nutrients is accomplishedduring germination by a remarkable series of co-ordinatedevents. Shortly after the dry seed begins to imbibewater, the tissues of the embryo produce and release asoluble and exceedingly powerful hormone. This sub-Fig. 1. Photograph of a halved grain of maize. The embryo lies toward the lower, left-hand shit' and consists of ashoot Iel. root lrl. and scutellum [sc]. The scutellum ahuts the starch-rich endosperm [en] which is enclosed by thealeurone layer [a]. Fig. 2. Loneitudinal section, showing cellular detail of the embryo of a germinating grain ofwheat. The shoot apex [s] is surrounded by a number of young leaves and these are in turn enclosed hy the coleoptile[c], the special organ that guides the shoot to the surface. The lower right-hand corner of the embryo containsa root ["], while the scutellum [rc] makes up most of the rest of the picture.28

stance activates the cells of the aleurone and scutellumwhich produce a number of digestive enzymes. Thealeurone cells, and the cells of the scutellum immediatelyadjacent to the endosperm, secrete these enzymes whichdigest the starch and protein of the endosperm in aprocess similar to that by which food is digested in ourintestines. The soluble products of starch and proteindigestion are absorbed by the cells of the scutellum andexported to the tissues of the developing embryo.When one considers the commercial importance ofthese internal changes in germinating cereal grains, it isdifficult to believe that they have received so little studyand are so poorly understood. For example. starch issynthesized by the scutellar cells after germination, butit is not known whether this starch is synthesized fromthe sugars released during endosperm digestion, or fromthe oxidation of the fat stored in the scutellar cells. Jtis not known how any of the soluble nutrients releasedfrom the endosperm are absorbed by the scutellum, orwhat contribution the protein reserves of the scutellarcells make to this nutrient flow. It is not known howthe living cells of the aleurone and scutellum resist thedigestive action of the enzymes they secrete, nor howthey secrete them. We are studying several of thesequestions for the changes occurring in the aleurone andscutellum during the course of germination have neverbeen studied using modern methods of light and electronmicroscopy.(ii) The Transport System: Movement of solublereserves from germinating grain to developing embryois just one example of the activity of a transport systemthat operates throughout all vascular plants. Whilemovement of substances over short distances (a fewmillimetres) probably occurs by diffusion from cell tocell, long distance transport, which in large trees canamount to many metres, occurs in two specialized tissues.the xylem (wood) and the phloem (bark). In the nonwoodyparts of all flowering plants. the xylem andphloem are joined to one another either as vascularbundles in stems, petioles or leaves Cveins' of leavesare visible vascular bundles), or as the central cylinderof roots. In the woody parts of sterns and foots, thephloem lies outside the xylem, separated from it by alayer of growth. the cambium. which produces newlayers of both of these tissues. The seasonal activity ofthe cambium gives rise to the familiar tree rings. and isresponsible for the thickening of woody stems and roots.Thus, all parts of even the largest trees are interconnectedby a transport system that links the leaves andshoot tips through the vascular bundles of woody ornon-woody stems and roots to the growing root tips inthe soil.The most striking components of the xylem are thetracheary elements (tracheids and vessels). These minutepipes are engineered from the specially thickened cellwalls that were secreted by the living cells. At maturity,the living cells die and their contents dissolve; only thewalls remain. forming the minute pipes of the trachearyelement". Loss of water from the aerial parts of theplant draws water from the soil into these pipes in theroot system. establishing an upward stream of movinewater throughout the plant to replace that lost b;evaporation. This process is called transpiration and theflow of water, the transpiration stream. The living cellsthat line the dead pipes can secrete substances to thisstream or accumulate them from it, and there is goodevidence to suggest that plants transport a good deal ofinorganic and organic matter, including hormones, inthis manner.While some organic matter is moved long distancesin the xylem, by far the bulk of the transport of organicmatter. and especially of sugar, occurs in the phloem.Sugar is synthesized in the green parts of the plant byphotosynthesis and must move over considerable distancesto supply the growth needs of the roots. To date,it is not known how this movement of sugar is achieved,but it is known that it occurs about 40,000 times toofast to be due to simple diffusion! It is widely believedthat the special cells of the phloem, the sieve tubes,cause this accelerated movement of sugar, but all effortsto preserve the structure of these cells in their activestate have met with failure. Sieve tubes have a highinternal pressure (as much as twenty atmospheres) a~dare very sensitive to damage by cutting. Leaves of dicotyledonousplants are very difficult to study becausethe veins form interconnected networks. A cut anywherein the system is likely to damage the whole system. Wehave focused our attention on transport in grass leavesbecause the veins lie parallel to one another, separatedby long narrow islands of green celts. H is our hope todissect out the vascular tissue without damaging it, soFig. 3. Transverse section through part of a grass leaf,showing the epidermis [e] which covers the leaf surface.A vascular bundle, containing both xylem [xl andphloem [p] is aha seen in cross section29

MONASH UNIVERSITY GAZETTEthat it can be studied in its functioning state.(iii) The Epidermis and Cuticle: The aerial parts ofvascular plants are covered by a continuous layer ofcells, the epidermis, whose outer walls are thick andcovered with a cuticle (see Fig. 3). The cuticle is similarin properties to a coat of paint, covering the epidermalcells with a thin waterproof skin that acts as abarrier to water loss or entry. The same layer alsohelps to protect the photosynthetic cells, that lie beneathit, from attack by pathogens. The continuity of theepidermis is interrupted by stomata, pores whose apertureis controlled by the special guard cells that surroundthem (Fig. 4). When the pores are open, carbondioxide and oxygen can exchange from the atmospherewith the gas lining the photosynthetic cells, permittingphotosynthesis. These same pores allow loss of watervapour when they are open, a loss made good by thetranspiration stream. In many plants the cuticle isimpregnated with wax which makes it even more waterproof.You will have noticed this waxy deposit on theleaves of young blue gums or cabbages. It is alsoently unrelated problems. The truth of the matter is thatthe techniques and approaches found useful in one projectwill assist the rate of progress upon the otherprojects, for so many of the technical problems to beovercome in this research programme are common toall cell biology. It is my hope that this approachwill rapidly advance our understanding of man's mostimportant group of crop plants.SPORTS CENTRE PUBLISHESBOOKLETA booklet on the emergency treatment of sportsinjuries has been produced by the committee of theMonash Sports Medicine Centre. It illustrates the valueof the inter-disciplinary approach to sports medicine.The booklet was produced for the Sports Associationby the members of the Sports Medicine Centre in orderto meet a community need.With the aid of a grant of $1,500 from the RothmansNational Sport Foundation to cover the cost of publicationabout 20,000 copies have been printed. These arebeing distributed free throughout the Commonwealth.It is hoped that the booklet will provide simplepractical information for anyone who may be askedto give first aid for sporting injuries, when trainedmedical or first aid people are not present.Mr A. H. Toyne, the secretary of the AustralianSports Medicine Association, said: 'The booklet's mainvalue is that it shows untrained people how to giveexpert first aid.'Fig. 4. Surface view of epidermis of a pea leaf, showingthe wavy outline of the epidermal cells and the pairs ofguard cells (arrow) that line the stomata, the poresthrough which gas exchange takes placepresent as an invisible layer in many unsuspected places.When you polish an apple, it is the wax layer on theapple surface that is responsible for the sheen.The epidermis and cuticle have been very difficult tostudy by electron microscopy because the same propertiesthat make them ideal protective layers render themdifficult to infiltrate with Araldite, or to cut into thinsections. New techniques, introduced in 1967, seem tohave solved these problems and we are now engagedin an intensive study of the epidermis and cuticle duringgrowth and development of grass leaves. Since thislayer is ultimately responsible for minimizing water lossfrom aerial plant parts, it is essential to understand itsstructure and composition and the way it is formed.I believe that the power of the cell biological approachis demonstrated by the fact that one small group ofworkers can hope to contribute usefully to these appar­BAKER INSTITUTE-Continuedsystem work. Others, however, are more closely directedtowards the solution of practical problems; for example,a study of the changes in cardiac muscle when it isdeprived of its blood supply and the time scale of thesechanges. This has direct application both to the techniqueof heart transplantation and to coronary arteryobstruction, for both conditions involve the deprivationof cardiac muscle, in whole or in part, of blood supply.Still other cardiovascular projects, such as the longtermstudy of the appropriate methods of use of variousdrugs which control high blood pressure, have an immediatevalue to patients.The high international reputation gained by theInstitute pays tribute to the contributions of manyworkers, especially to the work of Dr Paul Fantl inconnection with the clotting of blood, and the resultantimprovement in the treatment of haemophilia and excessiveclotting; to the work of Dr Winifred Nayler forher studies in the behaviour of cardiac muscle cells andthe role of calcium and of drugs which react with it,which has established a basis from which workers inother countries have set out, and to the work of thepresent director, Dr Thomas Lowe, on the control ofbody fluids in relation to heart failure, and on the identificationand study of kinekard.30

•RESEARCH INTO ULTRA-HIGH-SPEED MACHININGorTHE FACTS ON THE MONASH CANNONBy G. Arndt, Lecturer, Department of Mechanical EngineeringFor quite some time now rumours have circulatedthrough various sections of the community that notonly is Monash University a collection of militant intellectuals,but that it is even developing its own defencefacilities: that it has built a bunker and has its owncannon! No doubt the revolution will start soon!This article was written in an attempt to refute mostof these rumours and to expose the existence of such afiendish weapon on campus - this is one Tumour thatis in fact true. A gun-driven experimental facility ispresently being developed at this University as part ofa research project in the department of MechanicalEngineering under the supervision of Mr R. H. Brown,senior lecturer, who has recently returned from theU.S.A., where he was on study leave. The project,which was made possible by financial support from theHarold Armstrong Memorial Fund. consists of a studyof the deformation and behaviour of metals when cut ordeformed at extremely high speeds, in excess of 500 feetper second, which corresponds to the lower limit of an'ultra-high' machining speed range. However, beforedelving into particulars, some background informationmay put the project into perspective.BackgroundThe development of supersonic flight, of satellites andspace exploration, and the continuing search for stronger,more reliable engineering materials have resulted in avariety of new high-strength metals such as alloy steels.which have become increasingly difficult to transforminto the required shapes. This inadequacy provided thestimulus for an intense search for new manufacturingprocesses which took place in several machining researchcentres throughout the world after the second worldwar and, particularly, from the early 1950's onward.The results of some of these research efforts areseen today, in manufacturing industry. as the 'modern'machining processes. They are based on machiningprinciples which differ radically from conventional ones.They include the melting or vaporization of metal by anelectric arc or an electron or laser beam, the chemicaland electro-chemical removal of metal under accuratelycontrolled conditions, the erosion of brittle materials bya tool vibrating at ultrasonic frequencies (to which thereader may have been already subjected in the dentist'schair). And they include the deformation of metalsunder the action of extremely high energies, such asmay be obtained during the detonation of an explosivecharge, and at very high speeds. A characteristic of thelatter processes is the change, during manufacture, ofthe mechanical properties of the work material. Theprinciple of high-speed and high-energy deformation, orof either, is used in a family of processes commonly referredto as High-Energy-Rate Forming (HERF), asomewhat misleading term since either the energy or thedeformation rate may be quite low. the other quantityonly being 'high'. This family includes cold forging,explosive fabrication (using high explosives or explosivegas mixtures), electro-hydraulic forming, magnetic pulseforming, and pneumatic-mechanical high velocity forming.In all of these processes the behaviour of metalsat very high strain rates plays an important role, particularlyif theoretical predictions of their behaviourunder such conditions are to be made. However, littleis known at present about materia! properties at veryhigh strain rates, so that a fruitful avenue for researchpresents itself.The high-speed processes mentioned above all involveforming of the workpiece (that is, a shape change withouta volume change), and not removal of a part of theworkpiece by a cutting tool as in metal cutting, whichforms the basis of the major portion of manufacturingprocesses today. However, there is no apparent reasonwhy it should not also be feasible to cut metal at veryhigh speeds, provided a suitable means of performingsuch an operation can be devised. This idea is supportedby pilot studies of ultra-high-speed machiningperfomed by the Lockheed Aircraft Corporation in1960,1 and by Polosatkin et al. in Russia.a Both ofthese groups used small fire-arms to shoot workpiecesof short length past stationary cutting tools. They demonstratedthe feasibility of the experimental method,but provided no definitive understanding of deformationphenomena occuring in metals at very high rates ofstrain.The CannonThis, then, was the basis for the decision in July 1966to develop a test facility at this University which wouldallow such phenomena to be studied in detail. Its aimsare the achievement of impact and cutting speeds of upto 8,000 feet per second (based on considerations of thespeed of propagation of stress waves), of the ability totake continuous cuts over a workpiece length of 8 feet,and the provision of adequate instrumentation andsafety features to enable a thorough study of the ultrahigh-speeddeformation process.The most important item in a test facility of thisnature is the driving means. Amongst various possibilitiesfor accelerating a piece of metal to a speed of 8,000feet per second (approximately eight times the speedof sound in air) magnetic fields and 'accelerating tubes'using either conventional propellants or the so-calledlight gas gun principle were considered. However, costand safety considerations, as well as preliminary discussionswith various authorities from both the ArmedForces and the Defence Standards Laboratories, left nodoubt that the best and most convenient driving meanscould be based on a modified and proven artillerycannon. The thought of installing such a device oncampus was reckoned to induce apprehension in theminds of some. But, happily, the facts of the matter.thoroughly presented and studied, dispelled doubts.Initial negotiations for the acquisition of such a gun,with the Department of the Army and the DefenceStandards Laboratories. went very smoothly. perhaps be­31

MONASH UNIVERSITY GAZI.:1TEcause a test facility of this nature might reveal informationhaving relevance to the science of ballistics.These discussions, during which it was somewhat reassuringto learn that under Victorian law no licence isrequired for firing a cannon since it is not a 'concealable'weapon, eventually resulted in the acquisition of a Q.F.40 mm 'Bofors' anti-aircraft equipment from the Army.the Melbourne Metropolitan Fire Brigade, OakleighShire Council, and of course the Monash Safety Committeewere all parties to the final design. Constructionof the bunker and a control hut annexe was completedin December ]968. The brick-concrete hunker is locatedapproximately 200 feet east of the engineering heavylaboratories, it measures 34' long by 10' wide by 8' 6"high, and has 3-phase power available. Together withFig. J. The callnon in its original stateIn order to investigate what design modifications wouldbe needed to increase the standard muzzle velocity ofapproximately 2,800 feet per second of this gun to thevalue required, a detailed study of the internal ballisticsof the gun was made.a This indicated that projectilespeeds ranging from approximately 1.000 to 8,000 feetper second are attainable theoretically. for projectileweights ranging from 1.5 to 0.21b, with barrel pressuresnot exceeding those found in normal service, providedthat the length of the barrel is approximately doubled,the rifling grooves are removed. and the size of theexplosive chamber is increased.The BunkerThe satisfactory solution to the gun problem raisedthe next questjon: where is it to be put? Alternativessuch as the Army proof range at Compton Vale nearBendigo and the D.S.L. proof range at Maribyrnongwere considered. Visits were made to these ranges aswell as to the Army Ordnance Depot at Bandiana nearWodonga, with the purpose of gaining some notion ofthe operational aspects involved. At Compton Valevarious test firings from an identical gun were witnessed.and information concerning gun noise and projectiledeceleration distances, when shot into sand. was collected.In considering the merits of these alternativelocations on the one hand, and of the Monash campuson the other. little reflection was needed to show thatthe ideal location was on campus, or rather below campus.inside an underground bunker. Cost is therebyminimized and operations are made convenient throughdirect access to the rather sophisticated instrumentationand the elimination of communication problems.A bunker was designed and several times re-designedwith the assistance of the University architect, to satisfyall the authorities who could in any way contribute to,or were by law required to approve, the passage of theplans for such a building. The Department of Mines(Explosives Branch), the Defence Standards Laboratories,the Department for the Army, the Health Department,Fig. 2. The finished productthe remote-control hut it represents a unique test facility,suitable not only for the present purpose, but also forother physical tests in which remote control is desirablefor reasons of safety.Needless to say. many safety features are incorporatedinto the test rig: it is completely isolated from the out-Fig. 3. Inside the bunkerside world during a test shot, and stringent safetymeasures are observed during a firing test."The first test firing, which took place on 13 (for luck?)October this year. went very successfully, and unnoticedby most. It was delayed for a number of technical and32

•PRIZE SHARED BYSTAFF MEMBERA member of the Monash Medical faculty, Dr FrederickHocking, this year shared an international prize awardedto psychiatrists. This prize. which was awarded for thefirst time this year, is the Gutheil-von Domarus Prizesponsored by the American Association for the Advancementof Psycho-Therapy.Dr Hocking's entry was based on a thesis entitledHuman Reactions to Extreme Environment Stress, forwhich he was awarded a Doctorate of Medicine byMonash in 1968. Much of the thesis is devoted totracing the case histories of 312 former inmates of Naziconcentration camps.The prize was shared between Dr Hocking and ProfessorH. Garner, professor of Psychiatry at the Universityof Chicago.ENGINEERING TEACHING INNOVATIONMonash's Mechanical Engineering department has devisedan 'authentic involvement scheme' to improveteaching of final year design. This combats limitedcampus facilities by enabling design students to workfor one term with industrial companies. In 1969several local companies provided current design problemswhich were posed to groups of three students. Forthe six problems chosen, the companies' project engineersled seminars with the class outlining requirements.Student teams were then given responsibility for findinga solution.organizational reasons, such as the intricate machiningof the gun barrel, the manufacture of the recoil takeupstation, the test section, the decelerator, the explosivesmagazine, and of various projectiles, firing controls, etc.Last but not least the provision of the numerous safetydevices, including fences and warning notices, took itsshare of time. With all these obstacles overcome it wassatisfying to note that the gun in its isolation did notobtrude, even with noise, on its peaceful surroundingsduring firing. It should perhaps be stressed that thelength of 8 feet of the projectile track is the only partof the 26 feet of the trajectory that is not fully contained.Flight of the projectile over this partly-exposedlength of 8 feet is itself constrained by guide ways.Minor modifications are as yet required before thecomplete test system is fully operational. By that timetest shots are planned at irregular intervals. and shouldnot exceed three to four per day - hardly enough tostart a revolution!lR. C. Vaughn, Lockheed Aircraft Corporation­Ultra-high-speed machining. A.M.e. Technical Report6IJ·7·635 III. June 1960.2G. D. Poloxatkin, V. D. Kusnetsov and M. P. Kalashnikova- The study of cutting processes at very highspeeds. Fizika MetaLlov i Metallovedenie 10 (3), 425,1960."G, Arndt-A review of internal ballistic theory. Itsapplication to (J high-speed explosive drive. M.A.M.L.Report, No.4, Mal/ash University. Lulv 1968.4G. Arndt - Report on technical and safety aspectsof proposed ultra-high-speed cutting arrangement atMonash. University. Department of Mechanical Engineering,November 1967.MANNIX PLANS FOR225 STUDENTSThe blessing and official opening of Mannix College byHis Grace, Archbishop Knox. took place on Friday 28February 1969. This residential college, for male studentsof Monash. was the first college to be affiliatedwith the University.Situated at the main entrance of the University, inWellington Road. Mannix College will eventually accommodate225 undergraduate and graduate students.The college is named in honour of the late ArchbishopMannix.In the course of his address Archbishop Knox said:'Amongst the students forming the foundation groupthere are some twenty from Asia. This is surely anaspect that would have given much satisfaction to ArchbishopMannix.'He went on to announce that His Holiness, Pope PaulVI, had named Sir Michael Chamberlin (first DeputyChancellor of Monash) a Knight Commander of theOrder of Pius. This honour was conferred in recognitionof the contribution made by Sir Michael to theChurch and to education.The Archbishop also announced that Dr Colin Clarke,presently director of the Agricultural Economics ResearchInstitute at Oxford, had accepted the position ofdirector of an institute which will carry out research onmatters relating to education and population. Thisinstitute, which was instigated as a result of a recentpapal encyclical, will be located near the college.Other speakers at the opening ceremony were: TheVictorian Minister for Education, Mr L. H. S. Thompson,the Federal Minister for the Army, Mr P. R.Lynch, the Provincial of the Dominican Fathers, VeryReverend 1. J. O'Rourke, O.P; and the Chancellor ofMonash University, Sir Douglas Menzies.A I.. JONES RADIOCHEMICAL LABORATORYThe radiochemical laboratory on the first floor of thechemistry building has been named the A. L. JonesRadiochemical Laboratory. after the late Dr AlbertLeonard Jones, a senior lecturer in that department from1964 to July 1968.In his letter recommending that the laboratory benamed in memory of Dr Jones. Professor Swan, thenacting-chairman of the department, wrote:'Dr Jones joined the Chemistry department in 1964and was entirely responsible for the teaching of radiochemistry,for setting up the radiochemical laboratory,and for designing and supervising the practical workdone therein by undergraduates. His personal researchinvolving several graduate students also made extensiveuse of the radiochemical facilities.'Dr Jones was a greatly admired and respected memberof the Chemistry department staff. His suddendeath in England late last year while on study leavewas a great loss to us all and I am supported by all ofmy colleagues when I request that some permanentmemorial be made to him in the Chemistry department.Tn view of his very close association with the radiochemicallaboratory we think it would be fitting if wewere allowed to name this room after him',33

MONASH UNIVERSITY GAZETTETHE SECOND INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON SYSTEM SCIENCEBy Dr A. B. Gardiner, Lecturer, Department of Electrical EngineeringIn January 1969 ten members of the Electrical Engineeringdepartment were invited to attend the Second HawaiiInternational Conference on System Science which isorganized by the department of Electrical Engineeringand the Information Science Program of the Universityof Hawaii, supported by the United States AirForce Office of Scientific Research and the Office ofNaval Research and run in co-operation with varioussections of the Institute of Electrical and ElectronicsEngineers.The scope of the conference is deliberately wide,ranging from the theoretical extremes of InformationTheory to the detailed practicality of Process Control.Monash party which attended the 1969 conference. Fromleft to right: Messrs R. H. Masterman, N. H. C. Marshall,D. J, King, J. R. Coles, 1. A. Wright, Dr A. B.Gardiner (party leader), Messrs G. K. Cambrell andA. V. CameronIt is always hoped that the inter-disciplinary nuxmg atthe conference will be of great benefit to those whoattend.This year ten papers were accepted from Monash.Eight of the authors were able to attend the conference.They were Dr A. B. Gardiner and Mr G. K. Cambrell,lecturers; Mr R. H. Masterman, senior teaching fellow;and research scholars, Messrs A. V. Cameron, J.R. Coles, D. J. King, N. H. C. Marshall and I. A.Wright. Dr K. K. Pang and Mr K. P. Dabke were unableto attend.Monash gave travelling grants to allow us to travelto Sydney and the U.S. Air Force flew us from Sydneyto Honolulu via Christchurch and Pago Pago. The air.craft was a C141 Starlifter jet transport which flies onceweekly from Los Angeles to Perth servicing U.S. installationsincluding Antarctica. This method of travel is notrecommended to sufferers of claustrophobia as thepassenger section has only two windows. The hostessduties were performed by two six-foot master sergeants.Owing to faulty navigational equipment, a scheduledtwenty-four-hour stay in Christchurch lasted four days.This allowed some of the party to see New Zealand'smountain country. An interesting day was spent at theElectrical Engineering department of Canterbury Uni­versity. The timing of the flight meant that we arrivedin Honolulu two days before the conference began, whichallowed us the opportunity of having a good look aroundthe University campus and to have discussions withfaculty members there.The three-day conference was attended by over 300people from a number of countries. Other than U.s.A.and Australia, there were representatives from Canada,Mexico, France, Japan, India and New Zealand.Amongst the notable figures attending were S. S. L.Chang. R S. Busy, R. E. Kalman, B. Kinariwala, A. P.Sage and M. E. van Valkenburg,Over 200 short papers were presented in the threedays in six parallel sessions. Since the papers were shortand the closing date only two months before the conference,a good deal of up-to-date information on currentresearch was presented. This was supplemented bytutorial and discussion sessions, with some of the leadingfigures and by a good deal of personal contact.The social event of the conference was a reception inCourt. Hula dancers danced and Hawaiian guitarsplayed as the sun set over Waikiki Beach.After the conference, there was time to see moreof the Island of Oahu, on which Honolulu is situated,which is a good example of an old tropical volcanicisland. On the nearby island of Hawaii, the volcanoesare still very active. The main industries of the islandare tourism, pineapple farming and supporting the vastmilitary complex which includes Pearl Harbour and sixseparate military airfields.Another group has been invited to attend the thirdconference to be held in January 1970. It is hoped thatthey too will benefit greatly from the trip.Thanks should be given to the University of Hawaiifor inviting us to attend, to Monash University forsupporting us and to the U.S. Air Force who made itpossible for us to attend.DIRECTOR OF SOUTHEAST ASIANSTUDIES INSTITUTE IN SINGAPOREProfessor J. D. Legge of the Monash History departmentleft Australia in May this year to take up theposition of director of the Institute of Southeast AsianStudies in Singapore. He succeeded Professor HarryBenda, an American scholar from Yale University, whohad been director of the Institute since its inception in1968. The position is for twelve months.A graduate from the University of Melbourne and aDoctor of Philosophy from Oxford. Professor Leggehas been with Monash since its foundation in 1961.He is the author of five books and a large number ofarticles. His particular field of interest is modern Indonesianhistory.Before he took up his duties as director in August,Professor Legge spent three months travelling throughoutIndonesia where he did research for a history ofIndonesian nationalism.34

NEW COMPUTEROPERATINGThe University's computer centre has now been using anew Burroughs B5500 computer since the start of May1969. Monash is renting this American-built systemfrom its manufacturers. The rental costs are covered bythe revenue received by the centre for computing andconsulting services carried out for affiliated organizationsand from funds that would otherwise have been spenton manual methods of accounting and data processingon the campus. The computer is the first of its kind tobe brought to Australia.The centre, with a staff of forty has, as well as theBS500, one large and several small computers. It providesfacilities for the teaching of computer-based tech-THIRD ANNUALECONOMICS LECTUREThe third annual Monash Economics Lecture wasdelivered this year by Professor Harry Johnson on Monday8 September. His lecture was entitled 'InternationalMonetary Crises'.Professor Johnson, a distinguished internationaleconomist. holds chairs in two universities -- the LondonSchool of Economics and the University of Chicago.During: September he was Visiting Professor with theEconomics department at Monash.The Monash Economics Lectures are jointly sponsoredby Monash, the Chartered Institute of Secretaries, andthe Stock Exchange of Melbourne.The first lecture in 1967 was given by the late MrHarold Holt. In 1968 the chairman of the Tariff Board,Mr G. A. Rattigan, was the guest speaker.SYMPOSIUM ON SEXUAL BEHAVIOURThe Burroughs Computerniques for Monash students and for use in research workby staff and graduate students. The department whichmakes greatest use of the centre is the Chemistry department,with its work on the theoretical calculations of theelectron structure of the molecule.At present the centre does up to 800 different jobsa day, and by the end of 1970 it is hoped that it willhandle 1.000 per day.Among the other programmes being done in thecentre are:Research on the analysis of electro-cardiograms andother medical data;Analysis of design in engineering;Analysis of language (at present several millionwords are being processed from Indonesian newspapersto produce a basic vocabulary for Indonesianteaching);The computing of surveys in social sciences and thegeo-physical field; andThe recently-developed application of computerprogramming for school timetable planning. Itis intended to test this in some Victorian schoolsnext year.When the computer was first instalIed it was thoughtthat the centre's operating hours would be reduced.However, this did not happen because the number ofjobs the centre was required to do increased.The Monash University Medical Undergraduate Societyand the Public Affairs Committee of the Monash Associationof Students held a public symposium on 'SexualBehaviour Today' on Wednesday 11 June 1969.Speakers at the symposium were: Mrs Beatrice Faustof the University of Melbourne; Dr Denis Pym, chairmanof Sociology at La Trobe University; Mr GavinSinclair, a lecturer in psychology at the University ofNew South Wales; Mr Richard Walsh, editor of themagazine POL, who spoke on literary censorship; MrRex Mortimer, a graduate student at Monash; ReverendTed Noffs, of the Wayside Chapel; Father Don Burnard,chaplain to the pre-Cana Conferences; Dr D. Sawyer,a health education officer from the Burwood Teachers'College; Dr Stan Gold. a psychiatrist at Prince Henry'sHospital; and Mrs Sue Hancock, of the English departmentat Monash.The symposium was chaired by Dr Tony McMichaelof the Monash department of Social and PreventiveMedicine and Mr Stewart Fleming, a Monash medicalstudent.Members of the symposium sought to define currentpatterns of sexual behaviour, and to explain and evaluatethese patterns. It concluded by offering suggestionsfor possible kinds of sex education which could beadopted.CONFERENCE OF SOCIOLOGISTSThe Sociological Association of Australia and NewZealand held its annual conference at Monash on 23·24August this year.The programme for the conference was divided into'medical' and "general' sections. The former section includedpapers on a 'Survey of Attitudes to MentalHealth' by Mrs G. Graves of the Mental Health ResearchInstitute, and 'The Deserted Mother in Victoria' by DrJ. Krupinski, also of the Institute.Among the speakers in the 'general' section were DrH. Mol and Miss D. Phillips of the Australian NationalUniversity. Dr Mol spoke about 'Religion and Class inAustralia', and Miss Phillips about 'Successful Assimilation:Italians in Rural Victoria'.35

MONASH UNIVERSITY GAZETTEECONOMISTS SPEAK ATTRADE CONFERENCEThe International Trade Conference was held this yearat Monash, commencing on 11 September for three days.Thirteen papers were delivered or circulated, severalby internationally-eminent economists, during the courseof the conference.The following economists participated: Dr MaxCorden, Dr H. D. Evans, Professor H. G. Grubel, ProfessorF. H. Gruen, Professor H. G. Johnson, Mr N. F.Laing, Dr P. Lloyd, Professor I. A. McDougall, ProfessorJ. D. Pitchford, Dr R. H. Snape and Dr L. R. Webb.GREAT HALL -Continuedlife backwards. It was a most fortunate choice, I'm sure,to have the appointment of Sir Robert endorsed by theCabinet and by all those associated at that time withthe development of Monash.'I think it most appropriate that the Great Hallshould be given the name of Blackwood Hall becauseit is over the last decade that the giant strides of advancementhave been made, and if there is any difficultperiod for a school or university it is surely the firstdecade of its development.'There have been difficulties, difficulties of finance,difficulties of administration, difficulties of site development,but they have all, I believe, satisfactorily beenovercome.'The Minister emphasized the necessity of such a hallin any educational institution.The activities of a university', he said, 'can becomeso much more varied and diversified with a hall of thisnature, and this is particularly important in the case ofMonash because it is named after a man whose careerwas diversified and who contributed so much to so manydifferent fields.'In his response to Mr Thompson, the Vice-Chancellor,Dr J. A. L. Matheson, spoke of the laying of thefoundation stone as a very moving occasion for membersof Monash. In the course of his address he said:"The original plans of the University, which weredeveloped under Sir Robert Blackwood's chairmanshipof the Interim Council, looked forward right from thevery beginning to what was then described as - andstill is - a forum with a double line of buildings withthe Great Hall at the end of it. And this was, of course,regarded in the early days as being something that wouldtake quite some time to accomplish, and now we areat the point of that accomplishment. In order to bringit about a great many people have been involved. Wehad to raise a considerable sum of money to make itpossible, and an enormous number of people contributedeither with time or with funds or with both to make itpossible.'We believe that when this building is complete itwill be a tremendous asset, not only to the life of thisUniversity, and indeed of the surrounding neighbourhood,but also to the architecture of this city.'Dr Matheson concluded by saying that the BlackwoodHall would be a magnificent addition not only toMonash, but also to the facilities of this part of the city.LAW SCHOOL AWARDSFIRST LL.M.Monash Law school awarded its first degree of Masterof Laws to a woman graduate from the University ofMelbourne, Mrs Ann Lahore.Mrs Lahore, who is alecturer in law with theUniversity's Law faculty,took out her degree at agraduation ceremony onWednesday 11 December1968. In 1970 her husband,Mr James C. Lahore, willalso join the staff as asenior lecturer in law,Since Mrs Lahore gainedher Master of Laws, twofurther Master's degreeshave been awarded by theLaw faculty to Mr AllenB. Afterman and Mr RossMrs A. Lahore A. Sundberg. Both of thesedegrees were conferred atgraduation ceremonieswhich were held at the University early in 1969.In 1968 the faculty of Law completed its first fullprogramme for the combined degrees of BJuris. andLL.B. The first students admitted in 1964 graduated ata ceremony in May 1969.THE FRIENDS OF THE MONASHUNIVERSITY LIBRARYSince the active life of the association began inAugust 1968, the Friends of the University Library haveheld regular meetings to hear talks on subjects of generalinterest to library and book lovers. Dr H. H. R. Lovehas spoken on 'Swift and his Publishers' ~ a lecturewhich was published along with a catalogue of thelibrary's collection of Swift and Swiftiana: Dr D. F.Mackenzie has spoken on the 'History of the CambridgeUniversity Press' and Associate Professor W. Kirsop onthe 'Libraries and Collectors in Europe in 1967'.With the completion of the current library buildingit is hoped to hold exhibitions as well as lectures.The Friends of the Monash University Library haveseveral functions, one of the most important being toadvise the library about books worthy of collection andhow these may be obtained. They aim to provide abridge between the library and the rest of the University,and between the library and the community. Part oftheir intention in providing this bridge is to publicizethe University library's interest in acquiring valuable andimportant books. The association also makes donationsto the library.VISIT TO JAPANAssociate Professor J. H. Smith, of Monash's Physicsdepartment, left for the University of Tokyo in Septemberthis year to spend three months as the out-goingFellow for 1969170 under the Leverhulme Trust FundInterchange Scheme.36

UNIVERSITY STAFFSECOND CHAIR OF POLITICSIn October 1968 Dr Herbert Feith, a reader in thedepartment of Politics at Monash, was appointed to theUniversity's second chair of Politics.Professor Feith graduated with honours in historyand political science from the University of Melbournein 1950. Later he was awarded a Master of Arts degree.He was employed as an English language assistantin the Indonesian Department of Information, Djakarta,from 1951-1953. He returned to that Department in 1954to study Indonesia's 1955 election, and then travelledwidely in Indonesia in mid-1957.From 1957-1960 he studied at Cornell University andobtained a Doctorate of Philosophy in the department ofGovernment. He held the position of Fellow of theRockefeller Foundation from ]958-1960. Then, aftertwo years as a research fellow at the Australian NationalUniversity, he came to Monash in 1962.Professor Feith is the author of several books onIndonesia, including his work, The Decline of ConstitutionalDemocracy in Indonesia, which was published in1962.Currently, Professor Feith, in conjunction with Mr 1.A. C. Mackie, a reader in the departments of Historyand Politics at Monash, is carrying out research into the'Political and administrative dynamics of post-SukarnoIndonesia'.Professor Feith was born in Vienna, emigrating toAustralia in 1939. He is married and has three children.Professor H. FeithCHAIR OF RUSSIANProfessor Z. F. OliveriusDr Zdenek F. OJiverius holds the chair of Russianin the faculty of Arts. He took up the position inDecember 1968. Before he came to Monash, ProfessorOliverius was professor of Russian in the Pedagogicalfaculty of Charles University.For the past eight years he has conducted courses inRussian over the radio in Prague. In 1959 he spentsome time at the Moscow University and MoscowAcademy of Sciences taking a course in Russian. Heis a Doctor of Philosophy and Candidate of Sciencesfrom Charles University, both of which were awardedin 1966.Professor Oliverius's research interests lie in the fieldsof modern Russian phonology, modern Russian morphemicanalysis, the statistical analysis of modernRussian sentence structure, and language laboratories.He has published about fifty books and papers on theRussian language and on methods of teaching Russianto non-Russians. They have been written in Russian,Czech and French.He is married and has one daughter.Professor I. A. McDougallEIGHTH CHAIR OF ECONOMICSProfessor D. E. AllanProfessor Ian Alistair McDougall came from NewZealand to occupy a new chair in the department ofEconomics in January 1969. This appointment increasedthe number of chairs in that department to eightPrior to his appointment at Monash, ProfessorMcDougall was head of the department of Economics atMassey University.In ]957 he graduated M.A. with honours from CanterburyUniversity, New Zealand. Later he was awardeda Doctorate of Philosophy by the Australian NationalUniversity for a thesis, Non-traded Goods and the PureTheory of International Trade. His major interest is inthe field of international economics.He spent 1958 as a Fulbright Scholar at DukeUniversity in the United States, and in 1964 he was aVisiting Fellow at Nuffield College, Oxford.Professor McDougall has written a number of articleson tariffs. In ]967 he was editor of the New ZealandEconomic Papers. Currently, an introductory macroeconomictext written by him is being prepared for publication.He is at present engaged in preparing a texton international trade.Professor McDougall is married and has threechildren.SiR HAYDEN STARKE CHAIR OF LAWMonash's fourth chair of Law, which bears the nameof a distinguished Justice of the High Court, Sir HaydenStarke, is occupied by Professor David Ernest Allan.Professor Allan came to Monash from the University ofTasmania, where he held the position of dean of thefaculty of Law.Born in England, he graduated Bachelor of Arts withfirst-class honours in law at Trinity Hall, Cambridge, in37

MONASH UNIVERSITY GAZETTE1950, and took out his Master of Arts in 1955. Whileat Cambridge he won the Henry Bond Prize for Romanlaw and the Trinity Hall Prize.Frorn 1950-1953 he was a student of the MiddleTemple and \\'8S called to the English Bar in 1953.He was awarded the Blackstone Pupillage Prize (MiddleTemple) in ]9:0;3 and the Harmsworth Scholarship(Middle Temple) in 1953-1956.Professor Allan lectured at technical colleges and theManchester College of Commerce until 1957, when hespent two years at the Law Society School in Blackpoollecturing in Legal System, Criminal Law, Contract andConstitutional Law.In 1959 he came to Australia. Until ]963 he was asenior lecturer in law at the University of Western Australia.He moved from there to take the chair ofCommercial Law at the Victoria University of Wellington,New Zealand, before his appointment at theUniversity of Tasmania.Professor Allan has been a member of a number ofLaw Reform Committees in Australia and New Zealand.His major fields of interest are Commercial Law andContract, Equity, and Legal History. In 1968 he publisheda research project on Contract Law for Asiancountries. He has also published a book and a largenumber of papers. Currently he is carrying out researchon 'Development financing in Asia'.Professor Allan, who is married and has three children,took up his appointment in January 1969.SFCOND CHAIR OF MEDICINEProfessor Barry George Firkin was appointed toMonash's second chair of Medicine, located at AlfredHospital. He took up the position at the start of firstterm this year.Professor Firkin graduated from the University ofSydney as Bachelor of Science (Medicine) with honoursin 1952. Later, in 1954. he was awarded the degrees ofBachelor of Medicine and Bachelor of Surgery withhonours.During the years 1955~57 he was a research fellow atthe Clinical Research Unit, Royal Prince Alfred Hospital.Sydney. From there he went to the University ofWashington as fellow in Medicine with the departmentof Medicine. He returned to the University of Sydney in196 L where he was senior research fellow in the departmentof Medicine until 1963. He held the positionProfessor B. G. FirkinProfessor J. N. Crossleyof director of the Clinical Research Unit at Royal PrinceAlfred Hospital concurrently. He remained in the latterposition until his appointment to Monash.In the years immediately prior to his coming toMonash he was, also, associate professor in Medicineat the University of Sydney and Visiting MedicalSpecialist at the Repatriation General Hospital. Concord.He is a member and fellow of several medical associations,and in ]967 was the Australian Councillor to theInternational Society of Haematology.Professor Firkin's major research interest is in thefield of haematology.SECOND CHAIR OF PURE MATHEt.lATICSMonash appointed Dr John Newsome Crossley tothe second chair of Pure Mathematics; he took up thisposition on 16 May this year. Professor Crossley who,prior to his new appointment, was a lecturer in mathematicallogic and fellow of All Souls College, Oxford,came to Monash for a short while in ]968 as VisitingLecturer.In 1960 Professor Crossley was awarded an honoursdegree in mathematics at Oxford. Later, in 1963, hewas awarded a Doctorate of Philosophy for a thesisentitled Some Problems in Mathematical Logic.He held the position of Merton Tutorial Fellow inMathematics at St. Catherine's College, Oxford, from1963 to 1965.He went to Cornell University in 1966 and to theUniversity of California, Los Angeles, in 1968 as VisitingAssociate Professor.In 1968 the Association of Symbolic Logic appointedhim to their Council.He is currently developing the theory of recursiveequivalence types of algebraic structures.Professor Crossley's wife, Dr Stella Ann Crossley.is also at Monash as lecturer with the department ofPsychology. They have two children.CHAIR OF PSYCHOLOGICAL ~IEDICINEMonash appointed Professor Wallace Ironside to thenew chair of Psychological Medicine, which is situatedat Prince Henry's Hospital. He took up the position on19 May this year.Immediately prior to his appointment at Monash,Professor Ironside had been Foundation Professor ofPsychological Medicine at the University of Otagomedical school since 1962. During this time he wasalso chief of Psychiatric Services for the Otago Hospitalboard. and a member of the Board of Censors of theAustralian and New Zealand College of Psychiatrists.Professor Ironside, who received his medical trainingat the University of Aberdeen, served with the BritishArmy from 1941 to 1946. In late ]943 he was appointedmedical adviser in mountain warfare for the BritishCentral Mediterranean Forces.He was senior lecturer in Psychiatry at the Universityof Leeds from 1949-1952. Then, in 1952, he first wentto Otago as a senior lecturer in Psychiatry.He was awarded a Fulbright Research Scholarship in1959, and was appointed assistant professor in Psychiatryat the University of Rochester, New York, in 1960.Professor Ironside's research interests are in infantbehaviour disorders with their implications for childdevelopment, family structure and dynamics. and theirpossible relationships to later psychiatric illness.He is married and has two daughters.38

Corporation of New York, he visited law schools inAfrica to discuss problems of legal education and universityadministration.Professor Nash's special interests are criminal lawand aspects of commercial law. He has written a book,Paul's Justices of the Peace, and numerous articles forlegal periodicals.Professor Nash, who is married and has a youngfamily, is expected to take up his post at Monash inJuly 1970.Professor W. IronsideProfessor W. H. ScottSFCOND CHAIR OF ANTHROPOLOGY AND SOCIOLOGYProfessor William H. Scott has been appointed to thesecond chair of Anthropology and Sociology in Monash'sfaculty of Arts.At present Professor Scott is professor of Sociologyand chairman of the department of Sociology, Governmentand Administration at the University of Salford.He also holds office as chairman of the InternationalCommittee for Social Research in Industry, and chairmanof the Sociology of Work Committee for theInternational Sociological Association. His main areasof research are industrial sociology, industrial relationsand industrial management. He has written ten booksand published numerous articles and reviews.Professor Scott's teaching experience has been extensiveat undergraduate and graduate levels in both theUniversity of Liverpool, where he was awarded aDoctorate of Philosophy, and the University of Salford.During 1968 he was Visiting Professor at the MassachusettsInstitute of Technology.Professor Scott, who is married and has two children,is expected to take up his Monash post in December.FlFTH CHAIR OF LAWThe number of chairs in Monash's faculty of Law hasincreased to five with the appointment of ProfessorGerard Nash to a new chair in Law. Professor Nashcurrently holds the position of dean of the faculty ofLaw and Foundation Professor of Law at the Universityof Papua and New Guinea.He graduated Bachelor of Laws with honours fromthe University of Melbourne in 1956 and in 1957 hetook up appointment as a lecturer in law at the Universityof Tasmaina, where he was awarded a Master ofLaws degree. He then went into practice as a memberof the Victorian Bar until 1962 when he joined theUniversity of Melbourne as senior lecturer in legalstudies. In 1964 he came to Monash as senior lecturerin Law. He held the office of sub-dean of the Monashfaculty of Law in 1965 and 1966 when he was appointedto his present chair of law at the University of Papuaand New Guinea.Professor Nash is a member of the legal educationcommittee of the World Peace Through Law Center, amember of the Council of the University of Papuaand New Guinea, and has been legal editor of The AustralianAccountant since 1962. Between November 1967and February 1968, under the auspices of the CarnegieCHAIR OF EDUCATIONThe third woman to be appointed to a chair at Monashis Dr Marie D. Neale, who has accepted a position asprofessor in the faculty of Education.Dr Neale, who is currently a senior lecturer in Educationat the University of Sydney and an honoraryclinical psychologist at Royal Alexandra Hospital forChildren, Sydney, will take up her appointment atMonash early in 1970.She graduated Master of Arts with honours at AucklandUniversity in 1945, and at the same time completeda Diploma of Education.In 1946 she went to Britain on a graduate scholarshipat the University of Birmingham where she wasawarded a Diploma of Psychology and then a Doctorateof Philosophy for a thesis entitled: A Factorial Studyof Children's Reading Ability.While in England she held posts as a lecturer at theUniversity of Birmingham, a research fellow at BirminghamUniversity's Institute of Education and as clinicalpsychologist at the Monyhull Hospital, Birmingham.She has held her current posts in Sydney since 1961.Last year she was a Visiting Professor at the Universityof California.Dr Neale's major research interests are in the fields ofexceptional development, children's learning, guidance,communication disorders, patterns of talent and disability,and reading tests. She has published a bookand numerous papers, and has also made a film as partof a research record about the effects of an 'art andmovement' programme upon a group of children.Dr Neale is married and has two children.Professor M. D. NealeProfessor P. MusgraveCHAIR OF EDUCATIONDr Peter Musgrave, at present a senior lecturer inSociology at the University of Aberdeen, has been appointedto a chair of Sociology of Education, in the39

MONASH UNIVERSITY GAZETTEfaculty of Education. This appointment will increasethe number of chairs in the faculty to six.Born in England, Dr Musgrave graduated as Bachelorof Arts with honours at Cambridge in 1949. He tookout his Master of Arts degree in 1954, and completed aPostgraduate Certificate in Education in 1956.After five years as a school teacher in L.ondon, hebecame a lecturer and then senior lecturer in Educationat Homerton College, Cambridge. In 1964 he wasawarded a Doctorate of Philosophy by the Universityof London for a thesis on the British and German ironand steel industries. During 1965 he was head of theEducation department of Bede College, University ofDurham. He has been with the University of Aberdeensince 1966.The main area of Dr Musgrave's personal researchwithin the sociology of education is the relationship betweeneducation and the economy. He is at presentengaged in a project on occupational choice.Dr Musgrave has published, or has had accepted forpublication, six books and about twenty papers.Dr Musgrave, who is married and has two children,will take up his position at the start of 1970.PRINTED BY THE SPECIALTY PRESS LIMITED, BLACKBURN ROAD, NORTH CLAYTON, VIC" 3168