Untitled - DOH

Policies HandbookonClimate Change and Health2012

Policy Handbook onClimate Change and Health2012© Department of Health & World Health Organization 2012The preparation and publication of this document was made possible through theassistance of the Millennium Development Goal Funds (MDG-F) 1656 Climate ChangeProject.This document is published by the Department of Health and the World HealthOrganization (WHO) for general distribution.All rights reserved. Subject to the acknowledgement of DOH and WHO, the PolicyHandbook may be freely abstracted, reproduced or translated in part or in whole for noncommercialpurposes only. If the entire work or substantial portions will be translated orreproduced, permission should be requested from the Climate Change Unit of EOHO –NCDPC, Department of Health, San Lazaro Compound, Rizal Avenue corner Tayuman,Sta. Cruz, Manila.The Department of Health (DOH) and the World Health Organization (WHO) does notwarrant that the information contained in this publication is complete and correct andshall not be liable for any damage incurred as a result of its use.Printed in the Philippines.iiii

MESSAGESACKNOWLEDGMENTCOMPILATION OF POLICIESTable of ContentsTable of Contents1 Republic Act No. 9729: CLIMATE CHANGE ACT OF 2009 12CCC Administrative Order No. 2010-01 : IMPLEMENTING RULES ANDREGULATIONS OF CLIMATE CHANGE ACT OF 2009133 NATIONAL FRAMEWORK STRATEGY ON CLIMATE CHANGE 2010-22 27456Department Circular: ADAPTATION OF CLIMATE CHANGE FRAMEWORKFOR HEALTHPHILIPPINE STRATEGY ON CLIMATE CHANGE ADAPTATION FORTHE HEALTH SECTORDOH Department Personnel Order No. 2010 – 2977: CREATION OF ATECHNICAL COMMITTEE FOR CLIMATE CHANGE AND HEALTH43477 EXECUTIVE ORDER NO. 26, S. 2011: NATIONAL GREENING PROGRAM89DOH ADMINISTRATIVE ORDER NO. 005 S. 2012: NATIONAL POLICYON CLIMATE CHANGE ADAPTATION FOR HEALTH SECTORDOH Department Personnel Order No. 2011 – 2458: CREATION OF ACLIMATE CHANGE UNIT10 KYOTO PROTOCOL11121361 st WORLD HEALTH ASSEMBLY RESOLUTION ON CLIMATE CHANGEAND HEALTHWESTERN PACIFIC REGION RESOLUTION TO PROTECT HUMANHEALTH FROM EFFECTS OF CLIMATE CHANGEREGIONAL FRAMEWORK FOR ACTION TO PROTECT HUMAN HEALTHFROM EFFECTS OF CLIMATE CHANGE IN THE ASIA-PACIFIC REGIONANNEX:Health Sector Strategy on Climate Change Adaptationiii

Republic of the PhilippinesDepartment of HealthOFFICE Republic OF of THE the SECRETARYPhilippinesBuilding 1, San Lazaro Compound, Rizal AvenueDepartment of HealthSta. Cruz, Manila, PhilippinesOFFICE OF THE SECRETARYTel. Nos. (632) 711-9502, 711-9703; Fax No. 743-1829Building 1, San Lazaro Compound, Rizal AvenueSta. Cruz, Manila, PhilippinesTel. Nos. (632) 711-9502, 711-9703; Fax No. 743-1829MessageMessageWarmest greetings and appreciation to the Climate Change and Health TechnicalWorking Group and the Project Technical Management Team on its effort to come upwith the Policy Handbook on Climate Change and Health.The DOH Policy Handbook on Climate Change and Health is an apt and timelyresponse to the recent MDG directions on the need for programs responsive to the effectsof climate change. This manual is a compilation of policies that have been developed toprovide the necessary legal mandate in implementing Climate Change Adaptation for theHealth Sector.We hope through this policy manual, program managers and health serviceproviders in all levels of the health care delivery system will be supported by partneragencies and other concerned stakeholders particularly the local chief executives ininstituting appropriate public health infrastructures and services.As we aim to achieve our goal of “Kalusugang Pangkalahatan” or UniversalHealth Care, I acknowledge the collaborative efforts of WHO, NEDA, DOH TechnicalWorking Group on Climate Change and Health, and the National Center for DiseasePrevention and Control - Climate Change Unit for the conscientious work in formulatinghealth sector policies on climate change.Mabuhay!ENRIQUE T. ONA, MD, FPCS, FACSSecretary of Healthiv

MessageMessageThe ultimate impact of climate change is a toll on our most precious resource – humanlives and human health.The changing climate will inevitably affect the basic requirements for maintaining health:clean air and water, sufficient food and adequate shelter.Climate change brings new challenges to the control of infectious diseases. Many of themajor killers are highly climate sensitive as regards temperature and rainfall, includingcholera and the diarrhoeal diseases, as well as diseases including Malaria, Dengue andother infections carried by vectors. Facts are, climate change threatens to slow, halt orreverse the progress that the global public health community is now making against manyof these diseases.The responsibility in protecting the well-being falls on the health sector. Now is the timeto invest in health protection, and adopting life-saving policies that will increaseresilience to climate change.The Philippine government recognized the impact of climate change, especially onhealth. Several policies have been formulated as a means for controlling human activitiesthat emit greenhouse gases and in protecting the population against the threat of climatechange to health.The World Health Organization commend the Department of Health in coming up with a“Policy Handbook” – a relevant compilation of policies on climate change and health.Undoubtedly, this Handbook will serve as a useful reference tool for stakeholders as wellas decision-makers at national and local levels to guide them in determining the approachand directions on climate change adaptation for the health sector. It would likewise helpidentify strategies and actions to protect the human health, particularly of the mostvulnerable groups.Indeed, the time for action is now. By taking action on climate change, you are protectinghuman health.Dr. Soe Nyunt-Uv WHO Representative to the Philippinesv

AcknowledgementAcknowledgementThis Manual is a collaborative effort of the Department of Health and the WorldHealth Organization – Philippine Country Office.We therefore wish to acknowledge the contributions of the men and women fromsaid institutions.The Department of Health:Office of the Secretary; Environmental and Occupational Health Office (EOHO),Infectious Disease Office (IDO), Degenerative Disease Office (DDO), FamilyHealth Office (FHO) of the National Center for Disease Prevention and Control(NCDPC); Health Human Resource Development Bureau (HHRDB); HealthPolicy Development and Planning Bureau (HPDPB); Health EmergencyManagement Services (HEMS); Bureau of International Health Cooperation(BIHC); Bureau of Health Facilities and Services (BHFS); Bureau of LocalHealth Development (BLHD); National Center for Health Facility Development(NCHFD); National Epidemiology Center (NEC); National Center for HealthPromotion (NCHP); National Center for Pharmaceutical Access andManagement (NCPAM); Bureau Quarantine and International HealthSurveillance (BOQ); Food And Drug Administration (FDA); InformationManagement Service (IMS); Philippine Health Insurance Corporation (PHIC);Commission on Population (POPCOM); Research Institute for Tropical Medicine(RITM); National Nutrition Council (NNC); all Center for Health Development(CHD’S);Local Government Units:Provincial Health Offices (PHO’s); City Health Offices (CHO’s); MunicipalHealth Offices (MHO’s).With Special gratitude to the DOH Climate Change and Health TechnicalWorking Group and the Project Technical Management Team: Dr. John JuliardGo – WHO; Engr. Bonifacio Magtibay – WHO; Dr. Cecile Magturo – DOH andCynthia Jane P. Dimaano – WHO.vivi

REPUBLIC ACT NO. 9729CLIMATE CHANGE ACTOF 2009

Republic Act 9729: Climate Change Act of 2009Policy HandbookS. No. 2583H. No. 5982Republic of the PhilippinesCongress of the PhilippinesMetro ManilaFourteenth CongressThird Regular SessionBegun and held in Metro Manila, on Monday, the twenty-seventhday of July, two thousand nine.[ REPUBLIC ACT NO. 9729]AN ACT MAINSTREAMING CLIMATE CHANGE INTOGOVERNMENT POLICY FORMULATIONS,ESTABLISHING THE FRAMEWORK STRATEGY ANDPROGRAM ON CLIMATE CHANGE, CREATING FORTHIS PURPOSE THE CLIMATE CHANGECOMMISSION, AND FOR OTHER PURPOSESBe it enacted by the Senate and House of Representatives of thePhilippines in Congress assembled:SECTION 1. Title – This Act shall be known as the “Climate Change Act of2009”.33

Republic Act 9729: Climate Change Act of 2009Policy HandbookSEC. 2. Declaration of Policy. – It is the policy of the State to afford full protection and theadvancement of the right of the people to a healthful ecology in accord with the rhythm and harmony of nature.In this light, the State has adopted the Philippine Agenda 21 framework which espouses sustainabledevelopment, to fulfill human needs while maintaining the quality of the natural environment for current andfuture generations.Towards this end, the State adopts the principle of protecting the climate system for the benefit ofhumankind, on the basis of climate justice or common but differentiated responsibilities and the PrecautionaryPrinciple to guide decision-making in climate risk management. As a party to the United Nations FrameworkConvention on Climate Change, the State adopts the ultimate objective of the Convention which is thestabilization of greenhouse gas concentrations in the atmosphere at a level that would prevent dangerousanthropogenic interference with the climate system which should be achieved within a time frame sufficient toallow ecosystems to adapt naturally to climate change, to ensure that food production is not threatened and toenable economic development to proceed in a sustainable manner. As a party to the Hyogo Framework forAction, the State likewise adopts the strategic goals in order to build national and local resilience to climatechange-related disasters.Recognizing the vulnerability of the Philippine archipelago and its local communities, particularlythe poor, women, and children, to potential dangerous consequences of climate change such as rising seas,changing landscapes, increasing frequency and/or severity of droughts, fires, floods and storms, climate-relatedillnesses and diseases, damage to ecosystems, biodiversity loss that affect the country’s environment, culture,and economy, the State shall cooperate with the global community in the resolution of climate change issues,including disaster risk reduction. It shall be the policy of the State to enjoin the participation of national andlocal governments, businesses, nongovernment organizations, local communities and the public to prevent andreduce the adverse impacts of climate change and, at the same time, maximize the benefits of climate change. Itshall also be the policy of the State to incorporate a gender-sensitive, pro-children and pro-poor perspective inall climate change and renewable energy efforts, plans and programs. In view thereof, the State shallstrengthen, integrate, consolidate and institutionalize government initiatives to achieve coordination in theimplementation of plans and programs to address climate change in the context of sustainable development.Further recognizing that climate change and disaster risk reduction are closely interrelated andeffective disaster risk reduction will enhance climate change adaptive capacity, the State shall integrate disasterrisk reduction into climate change programs and initiatives.Cognizant of the need to ensure that national and sub-national government policies, plans, programsand projects are founded upon sound environmental considerations and the principle of sustainabledevelopment, it is hereby declared the policy of the State to systematically integrate the concept of climatechange in various phases of policy formation, development plans, poverty reduction strategies and otherdevelopment tools and techniques by all agencies and instrumentalities of the government.SEC. 3. Definition of Terms. – For purposes of this Act, the following shall have the correspondingmeanings:(a) “Adaptation” refers to the adjustment in natural or human systems in response to actualor expected climatic stimuli or their effects, which moderates harm or exploits beneficial opportunities.(b) “Adaptive capacity” refers to the ability of ecological, social or economic systems toadjust to climate change including climate variability and extremes, to moderate or offset potential damages andto take advantage of associated opportunities with changes in climate or to cope with the consequences thereof.(c)human beings.“Anthropogenic causes” refer to causes resulting from human activities or produced by(d) “Climate Change” refers to a change in climate that can be identified by changes in themean and/or variability of its properties and that persists for an extended period typically decades or longer,whether due to natural variability or as a result of human activity.(e) “Climate Variability” refers to the variations in the average state and in other statistics ofthe climate on all temporal and spatial scales beyond that of individual weather events.44

Republic Act 9729: Climate Change Act of 2009Policy Handbook(f) “Climate Risk” refers to the product of climate and related hazards working over thevulnerability of human and natural ecosystems.(g) “Disaster” refers to a serious disruption of the functioning of a community or a societyinvolving widespread human, material, economic or environmental losses and impacts which exceed the abilityof the affected community or society to cope using its own resources.(h) “Disaster risk reduction” refers to the concept and practice of reducing disaster risksthrough systematic efforts to analyze and manage the casual factors of disasters, including through reducedexposure to hazards, lessened vulnerability of people and property, wise management of land and theenvironment, and improved preparedness for adverse events.(i) “Gender Mainstreaming” refers to the strategy for making women’s as well as men’sconcerns and experiences an integral dimension of the design, implementation, monitoring, and evaluation ofpolicies and programs in all political, economic, and societal spheres so that women and men benefit equallyand inequality is not perpetuated. It is the process of assessing the implications for women and men of anyplanned action, including legislation, policies, or programs in all areas and at all levels.(j) “Global Warming” refers to the increase in the average temperature of the Earth’s nearsurfaceair and oceans that is associated with the increased concentration of greenhouse gases in theatmosphere.(k) “Greenhouse effect” refers to the process by which the absorption of infrared radiation bythe atmosphere warms the Earth.(l) “Greenhouse gases (GHG)” refers to the constituents of the atmosphere that contribute tothe greenhouse effect including, but not limited to, carbon dioxide, methane, nitrous oxide, hydrofluorocarbons,perfluorocarbons and sulfur hexafluoride.(m) “Mainstreaming” refers to the integration of policies and measures that address climatechange into development planning and sectoral decision-making.(n) “Mitigation” in the context of climate change, refers to human intervention to addressanthropogenic emissions by sources and removals by sinks of all GHG, including ozone-depleting substancesand their substitutes.(o) “Mitigation potential” shall refer to the scale of GHG reduction that could be made,relative to emission baselines, for a given level of carbon price (expressed in cost per unit of carbon dioxideequivalent emissions avoided or reduced).(p) “Sea level rise” refers to an increase in sea level which may be influenced by factors likeglobal warming through expansion of sea water as the oceans warms and melting ice over land and local factorssuch as land subsidence.(q) “Vulnerability” refers to the degree to which a system is susceptible to, or unable to copewith, adverse effects of climate change, including climate variability and extremes. Vulnerability is a functionof the character, magnitude, and rate of climate change and variation to which a system is exposed, itssensitivity, and its adaptive capacity.SEC. 4. Creation of the Climate Change Commission. – There is hereby established a ClimateChange Commission, hereinafter referred to as the Commission.The Commission shall be an independent and autonomous body and shall have the same status asthat of a national government agency. It shall be attached to the Office of the President.The Commission shall be the sole policy-making body of the government which shall be tasked tocoordinate, monitor and evaluate the programs and action plans of the government relating to climate changepursuant to the provisions of this Act.The Commission shall be organized within sixty (60) days from the effectivity of this Act.55

Republic Act 9729: Climate Change Act of 2009Policy HandbookSEC. 5. Composition of the Commission. – The Commission shall be composed of the President ofthe Republic of the Philippines who shall serve as the Chairperson, and three (3) Commissioners to beappointed by the President, one of whom shall serve as the Vice Chairperson of the Commission.The Commission shall have an advisory board composed of the following:(a)(b)(c)(d)(e)(f)(g)(h)(i)(j)(k)(l)(m)(n)(o)(p)(q)(r)(s)(t)(u)(v)(w)Secretary of the Department of Agriculture;Secretary of the Department of Energy;Secretary of the Department of Environment and Natural Resources;Secretary of the Department of Education;Secretary of the Department of Foreign Affairs;Secretary of the Department of Health;Secretary of the Department of the Interior and Local Government;Secretary of the Department of National Defense, in his capacity as Chair of NationalDisaster Coordinating Council;Secretary of the Department of Public Works and Highways;Secretary of the Department of Science and Technology;Secretary of the Department of Social Welfare and Development;Secretary of the Department of Trade and Industry;Secretary of the Department of Transportation and Communications;Director-General of the National Economic and Development Authority, in his capacityas Chair of the Philippine Council for Sustainable Development;Director-General of the National Security Council;Chairperson of the Nationals Commission on the Role of Filipino Women;President of the League of Provinces;President of the League of Cities;President of the League of Municipalities;President of the Liga ng mga Barangay;Representative of the academe;Representative from the business sector; andRepresentative from nongovernmental organizations.At least one (1) of the sectoral representatives shall come from the disaster risk reductioncommunity.The representatives shall be appointed by the President from a list of nominees submitted by theirrespective groups. They shall serve for a term of six (6) years without reappointment unless their representationis withdrawn by the sector they represent. Appointment to any vacancy shall be only for the unexpired term ofthe predecessor.Only the ex officio members of the advisory board shall appoint a qualified representative who shallhold a rank of no less than an Undersecretary.66

Republic Act 9729: Climate Change Act of 2009Policy HandbookSEC. 6. Meetings of the Commission – The Commission shall meet once every three (3) months, oras often as may be deemed necessary by the Chairperson. The Chairperson may likewise call upon othergovernment agencies for the proper implementation of the Act.SEC. 7. Qualifications, Tenure, Compensation of Commissioners. – The Commissioners must neFilipino citizens, resident of the Philippines, at least thirty (30) years of age at the time of appointment, with atleast ten (10) years of experience on climate change and of proven honesty and integrity. The Commissionersshall be experts in climate change by virtue of their educational background, training and experience: Provided,That at least one (1) Commissioner shall be female: Provided, further, That in no case shall the Commissionerscome from the same sector: Provided, finally, That in no case shall any of the Commissioners appointrepresentatives to act on their behalf.The Commissioners shall hold office for a period of six (6) years, and may be subjected toreappointment: Provided, That no person shall serve for more than two (2) consecutive terms: Provided, further,That in case of vacancy, the new appointee shall fully meet the qualifications of a Commissioner and shall holdoffice for the unexpired portion of the term only: Provided, finally, That in no case shall a Commissioner bedesignated in a temporary or acting capacity.The Vice Chairperson and the Commissioners shall have the rank and privileges of a DepartmentSecretary and Undersecretary, respectively. They shall be entitled to corresponding compensation and otheremoluments and shall be subject to the same disqualifications.SEC. 8. Climate Change Office. – There is hereby created a Climate Change Office that shall assistthe Commission. It shall be headed by a Vice Chairperson of the Commission who shall act as the ExecutiveDirector of the Office. The Commission shall have the authority to determine the number of staff and createcorresponding positions necessary to civil services laws, rules and regulations. The officers and employees ofthe Commission shall be appointed by the Executive Director.SEC. 9. Powers and Functions of the Commission. – The Commission shall have the followingpowers and functions:(a)(b)(c)(d)(e)(f)(g)(h)(i)(j)Ensure the mainstreaming of climate change, in synergy with disaster risk reduction, intothe national sectoral and local development plans and programs;Coordinate and synchronize climate change programs of national government agencies;Formulate a Framework Strategy on Climate Change to serve as the basis for a programfor climate change planning, research and development, extension, and monitoring ofactivities on climate change;Exercise policy on coordination to ensure the attainment of goals set in the frameworkstrategy and program on climate change;Recommend legislation, policies, strategies, programs on and appropriations for climatechange adaptation and mitigation and other related activities;Recommend key development investments in climate-sensitive sectors such as waterresources, agriculture, forestry, coastal and marine resources, health, and infrastructure toensure the achievement of national sustainable development goals;Create an enabling environment for the design of relevant and appropriate risk-sharingand risk-transfer instruments;Create an enabling environment that shall promote broader multi-stakeholderparticipation and integrate climate change mitigation and adaptation;Formulate strategies on mitigating HGH and other anthropogenic causes of climatechange;Coordinate and establish a close partnership with the National Disaster CoordinatingCouncil in order to increase efficiency and effectiveness in reducing the people’svulnerability to climate-related disasters;77

Republic Act 9729: Climate Change Act of 2009Policy Handbook(k)(l)(m)(n)(o)(p)In coordination with the Department of Foreign affairs, represent the Philippines in theclimate change negotiations;Formulate and update guidelines for determining vulnerability to climate change impactsand adaptation assessment and facilitate the provision of technical assistance for theirimplementation and monitoring;Coordinate with local government units (LGUs) and private entities to addressvulnerability to climate change impacts of regions, provinces, cities and municipalities;Facilitate capacity building for local adaptation planning, implementation and monitoringof climate change initiatives in vulnerable communities and areas;Promote and provide technical and financial support to local research and developmentprograms and projects in vulnerable communities and areas; andOversee the dissemination of information on climate change, local vulnerabilities andrisks, relevant laws and protocols and adaptation and mitigation measures.SEC. 10. Panel of Technical Experts. – The Commission shall constitute a national panel oftechnical experts consisting of practitioners in discipline that are related to climate change, including disasterrisk reduction.The Panel shall provide technical advice to the Commission in climate science, technologies, andbest practices for risk assessment and enhancement of adaptive capacity of vulnerable human settlements topotential impacts of climate change.The Commission shall set the qualifications and compensation for the technical experts. It shallprovide resources for the operation and activities of the Panel.SEC. 11. Framework Strategy and Program on Climate Change – The Commission shall, within six(6) months from the effectivity of this Act, formulate a Framework Strategy on Climate Change. TheFramework shall serve as the basis for a program for climate change planning, research and development,extension, and monitoring of activities to protect vulnerable communities from the adverse effects of climatechange.The Framework shall be formulated based on climate change vulnerabilities, specific adaptationneeds, and mitigation potential, and in accordance with the international agreements.The Framework shall be reviewed every three (3) years, or as may be deemed necessary.SEC. 12. Components of the Framework Strategy and Program on Climate Change. – TheFramework shall include, but not limited to, the following components:(a)(b)(c)(d)(e)(f)(g)(h)(i)(j)National priorities;Impact, vulnerability and adaptation assessments;Policy formulation;Compliance with international commitments;Research and development;Database development and management;Academic programs, capability building and mainstreaming;Advocacy and information dissemination;Monitoring and evaluation; andGender mainstreaming.88

Republic Act 9729: Climate Change Act of 2009Policy HandbookSEC. 13. National Climate Change Action Plan. – The Commission shall formulate a NationalClimate change Action Plan in accordance with the Framework within one (1) year after the formulation of thelatter.The National Climate Change Actin Plan shall include, but not limited to, the following components:(a)(b)(c)(d)(e)(f)Assessment of the national impacts of climate change;Identification of the most vulnerable communities/areas, including ecosystems to theimpacts of climate change, variability and extremes;The identification of differential impacts of climate change on men, women and children;The assessment and management of risk and vulnerability;The identification of GHG mitigation potentials; andThe identification of options, prioritization of appropriate adaptation measures for jointprojects of national and local governments.SEC. 14. Local Climate Change Action Plan. – The LGUs shall be the frontline agencies in theformulation, planning and implementation of climate change action plans in their respective areas, consistentwith the provisions of the Local Government Code, the Framework, and the National Climate Change ActionPlan.Barangays shall be directly involved with municipal and city governments in prioritizing climatechange issues and in identifying and implementing best practices and other solutions. Municipal and citygovernments shall consider climate change adaptation, as one of their regular functions. Provincialgovernments shall provide technical assistance, enforcement and information management in support ofmunicipal and city climate change action plans. Inter-local government unit collaboration shall be maximizedin the conduct of climate-related activities.LGUs shall regularly update their respective action plans to reflect changing social, economic, andenvironmental conditions and emerging issues. The LGUs shall furnish the Commission with copies of theiraction plans and all subsequent amendments, modifications and revisions thereof, within one (1) month fromtheir adoption. The LGUs shall mobilize and allocate necessary personnel, resources and logistics to effectivelyimplement their respective action plans.The local chief executive shall appoint the person responsible for the formulation andimplementation of the local action plan.It shall be responsibility of the national government to extend technical and financial assistance toLGUs for the accomplishment of their Local Climate Change Action Plans.The LGU is hereby expressly authorized to appropriate and use the amount from its InternalRevenue Allotment necessary to implement said local plan effectively, any provision in the Local GovernmentCode to the contrary notwithstanding.SEC. 15. Role of Government Agencies. – To ensure the effective implementation of the frameworkstrategy and program on climate change, concerned agencies shall perform the following functions:(a)(b)The Department of Education (DepED) shall integrate climate change into the primary andsecondary education curricula and/or subjects, such as, but not limited to, science, biology,sibika, history, including textbooks, primers and other educational materials, basic climatechange principles and concepts;The Department of Interior and Local Government (DILG) and Local Government Academyshall facilitate the development and provision of a Training program for LGUs in climatechange. The training program shall include socioeconomic, geophysical, policy and othercontent necessary to address the prevailing and forecasted conditions and risks of particularLGUs. It shall likewise focus on women and children, especially in the rural areas, since theyare the most vulnerable;99

Republic Act 9729: Climate Change Act of 2009Policy Handbookof LGUs.(c)(d)(e)(f)The Department of Environment and Natural Resources (DENR) shall oversee theestablishment and maintenance of a climate change information management system andnetwork, including on climate change risks, activities and investments, in collaboration withother concerned national government agencies, institutions and LGUs;The Department of Foreign Affairs (DFA) shall review international agreements related toclimate change and make the necessary recommendation for ratification and compliance by thegovernment in matters pertaining thereto;The Philippine Information Agency (PIA) shall disseminate information on climate change,local vulnerabilities and risk, relevant laws and protocols and adaptation and mitigationmeasures; andGovernment financial institutions, shall, any provision in their respective charters to thecontrary withstanding, provide preferential financial packages for climate change-relatedprojects. In consultation with the Bangko Sentral ng Pilipinas (BSP), they shall, within thirty(30) days from the effectivity of this Act, issue and promulgate the implementing guidelinestherefor.The Commission shall evaluate, recommend the approval of loans and monitor the use of said fundsSEC. 16. Coordination with Various Sectors. – In the development and implementation of theNational Climate Change Action Plan, and the local action plans, the Commission shall coordinate with thenongovernment organizations (NGOs), civic organizations, academe, people’s organizations, the private andcorporate sectors and other concerned stakeholder groups.SEC. 17. Authority to Receive Donations and/or Grants – The Commission is hereby authorized toaccept grants, contributions, donations, endowments, bequests, or gifts in cash, or in kind from local and foreignsources in support of the development and implementation of climate change programs and plans: Provided,That in case of donations from foreign governments, acceptance thereof shall be subject to prior clearance andapproval of the President of the Philippines upon recommendation of the Secretary of Foreign Affairs:Provided, further, That such donations shall not be used to fund personal services expenditures and otheroperating expenses of the Commission.The proceeds shall be used to finance:(a)(b)(c)(d)Research, development, demonstration and promotion of technologies;Conduct of assessment of vulnerabilities to climate change impacts, resource inventory, andadaptation capability building;Advocacy, networking and communications activities in the conduct of information campaign;andConduct of such other activities reasonably necessary to carry out the objectives of this Act, asmay be defines by the Commission.SEC. 18. Funding Allocation for Climate Change. – All relevant government agencies and LGUsshall allocate from their annual appropriations adequate funds for the formulation, development andimplementation, including training, capacity building and direct intervention, of their respective climate changeprograms and plans. It shall also include public awareness campaigns on the effects of climate change andenergy-saving solutions to mitigate these effects, and initiatives, through educational and training programs andmicro-credit schemes, especially for women in rural areas. In subsequent budget proposals, the concernedoffices and units shall appropriated funds for program/project development and implementation includingcontinuing training and education in climate change.SEC. 19. Joint Congressional Oversight Committee. – There is hereby created a Joint CongressionalOversight Committee to monitor the implementation of this Act. The Oversight Committee shall be composedof five (5) Senators and fire (5) Representatives to be appointed by the Senate President and the Speaker of theHouse of Representatives, respectively. The Oversight Committee shall be co-chaired by a Senator and aRepresentative to be designated by the Senator and a Representative to be designated by the Senate President1010

Republic Act 9729: Climate Change Act of 2009Policy Handbookand the Speaker of the House of Representatives, respectively. Its funding requirement shall be charged againstthe appropriations of Congress.SEC. 20. Annual Report. – The Commission shall submit to the President and to both House ofCongress, not later than March 30 of every year following the effectivity of this Act, or upon the request of theCongressional Oversight Committee, a report giving a detailed account of the status of the implementation ofthis Act, a progress report on the implementations of the National Climate Change Action Plan and recommendlegislation, where applicable and necessary. LGUs shall submit annual progress reports on the implementationof their respective local action plan to the Commission within the first quarter of the following year.SEC. 21. Appropriations. – The sum of Fifty million pesos (Php 50,000,000.00) is herebyappropriated as initial operating fund in addition to the unutilized fund of the Presidential Task Force onClimate Change and the Office of the Presidential Adviser on Global Warming and Climate Change. The sumshall be sourced from the President’s contingency fund.Thereafter, the amount necessary to effectively carry out the provisions of this Act shall be includedin the annual General Appropriations Act.SEC. 22. Implementing Rules and Regulations. – Within ninety (90) days after the approval of thisAct, the Commission shall, upon consultation with the government agencies, LGUs, private sector, NGOs andcivil society, promulgate the implementing rules and regulations of this Act: Provided, That failure to issuerules and regulations shall not in any manner affect the executor nature of the Provisions of this Act.SEC. 23. Transitory Provisions. – Upon the organization of the Commission, the Presidential TaskForce on Climate Change created under Administrative Order No. 171 and the Inter-Agency Committee onClimate Change created by virtue of Administrative Order No. 220, shall be abolished: Provided, That theirpowers and functions shall be absorbed by the Commission: Provided, further, That the officers and employeesthereof shall continue in a holdover capacity until such time as the new officers and employees of theCommission shall have been duly appointed pursuant to the provisions of this Act. All qualified regular orpermanent employees who may be transferred to the Commission shall not suffer any loss in seniority or rank ordecrease in emoluments. Any employee who cannot be absorbed by the Commission shall be entitled to aseparation pay under existing retirement laws.SEC. 24. Separability Clause. – If for any reason any section or provision of this Act is declared asunconstitutional or invalid, the other sections or provisions hereof shall not be affected thereby.SEC. 25. Repealing Clause. – All laws, ordinances, rules and regulations, and other issuances orparts thereof which are inconsistent with tis Act are hereby repealed or modified accordingly.1111

Republic Act 9729: Climate Change Act of 2009Policy HandbookSEC. 26. Effectivity. – This Act shall take effect fifteen (15) days after the completion of itspublication in the Official Gazette or in ate least two (2) national newspapers of general circ ulation.Approved,1212

Policy HandbookCCC ADMINISTRATIVEORDER NO. 2010 – 01:IMPLEMENTING RULESAND REGULATIONS OFCLIMATE CHANGE ACTOF 200913

Policy HandbookCCC AO 2010-01: Implementing Rules and RegulationsMALACAÑAN PALACEMANILAAdministrative OrderNo. 2010 – 01January 20, 2010Climate Change CommissionSUBJECT: IMPLEMENTING RULES AND REGULATIONSOF REPUBLIC ACT 9729Pursuant to the provisions of Section 22 of Republic Act 9729, otherwise known as the“Climate Change Act of 2009,” the Climate Change Commission hereby adopts andpromulgates the following rules and regulations:PART IGENERAL PROVISIONSRULE IPRELIMINARY PROVISIONSSection 1. Title. – These rules shall be known and cited as the “Implementing Rules and Regulations(IRR) of the “Climate Change Act of 2009”.RULE IIDECLARATION OF POLICYSEC. 1. Declaration of Policy. – It is the policy of the State to afford full protection and theadvancement of the right of the people to a healthful ecology in accord with the rhythm and harmonyof nature. In this light, the State has adopted the Philippine Agenda 21 framework which espousessustainable development, to fulfill human needs while maintaining the quality of the naturalenvironment for current and future generations.Towards this end, the State adopts the principle of protecting the climate system for the benefit ofhumankind, on the basis of climate justice or common but differentiated responsibilities and thePrecautionary Principle to guide decision-making in climate risk management. As a party to theUnited Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change, the State adopts the ultimate objective ofthe Convention which is the stabilization of greenhouse gas concentrations in the atmosphere at alevel that would prevent dangerous anthropogenic interference with the climate system which shouldbe achieved within a time frame sufficient to allow ecosystems to adapt naturally to climate change, toensure that food production is not threatened and to enable economic development to proceed in asustainable manner. As a party to the Hyogo Framework for Action, the State likewise adopts thestrategic goals in order to build national and local resilience to climate change-related disasters.Recognizing the vulnerability of the Philippine archipelago and its local communities, particularly thepoor, women, and children, to potential dangerous consequences of climate change such as risingseas, changing landscapes, increasing frequency and/or severity of droughts, fires, floods andstorms, climate-related illnesses and diseases, damage to ecosystems, biodiversity loss that affectthe country’s environment, culture, and economy, the State shall cooperate with the global communityin the resolution of climate change issues, including disaster risk reduction.1515

Policy HandbookCCC AO 2010-01: Implementing Rules and Regulationspolicies and programs in all political, economic, and societal spheres so that women and men benefitequally and inequality is not perpetuated. It is the process of assessing the implications for womenand men of any planned action, including legislation, policies, or programs in all areas and at alllevels;(j) “Global Warming” refers to the increase in the average temperature of the Earth’s near-surface airand oceans that is associated with the increased concentration of greenhouse gases in theatmosphere;(k) “Greenhouse effect” refers to the process by which the absorption of infrared radiation by theatmosphere warms the Earth;(l) “Greenhouse gases (GHG)” refers to constituents of the atmosphere that contribute to thegreenhouse effect including, but not limited to, carbon dioxide, methane, nitrous oxide,hydrofluorocarbons, perfluorocarbons and sulfur hexafluoride;(m) “Mainstreaming” refers to the integration of policies and measures that address climate changeinto development planning and sectoral decision-making;(n) “Mitigation” in the context of climate change, refers to human intervention to addressanthropogenic emissions by sources and removals by sinks of all GHG, including ozone- depletingsubstances and their substitutes;(o) “Mitigation potential” shall refer to the scale of GHG reductions that could be made, relative toemission baselines, for a given level of carbon price (expressed in cost per unit of carbon dioxideequivalent emissions avoided or reduced);(p) “Policy oversight” shall mean that the Commission shall have the authority to issue rules andregulations governing, but not limited to, environmental pollution, clean air act implementation, solidwaste management, greenhouse gases, ozone depleting substances, chemical control orders,conservation, land classification, forestry policies and operational plans, mine exploration andproduction sharing with government as well as financial and technical assistance arrangements, oilexploration and agreements, energy conservation subjects, and may amend, revise, reverse, revokeor modify existing rules, regulations and issuance which are contrary to or inconsistent with theclimate change policies provided for under Republic Act 9729.(q) “Sea level rise” refers to an increase in sea level which may be influenced by factors like globalwarming, through expansion of sea water as the oceans warm and melting of ice over land, and localfactors such as land subsidence; and(r) “Vulnerability” refers to the degree to which a system is susceptible to, or unable to cope with, theadverse effects of climate change, including climate variability and extremes. Vulnerability is afunction of the character, magnitude, and rate of climate change and variation to which a system isexposed, its sensitivity, and its adaptive capacity.PART IITHE CLIMATE CHANGE COMMISSIONRULE IVCREATION, COMPOSITION AND QUALIFICATIONS OF COMMISSIONERSSEC. 1. Creation of the Climate Change Commission. – There is hereby established a ClimateChange Commission, hereinafter referred to as the Commission.The Commission shall be an independent and autonomous body and shall have the same status asthat of a national government agency. It shall be attached to the Office of the President.1717

CCC AO 2010-01: Implementing Rules and RegulationsPolicy HandbookThe Commission shall be the sole policy-making body of the government which shall be tasked tocoordinate, monitor and evaluate the programs and action plans of the government relating to climatechange pursuant to the provisions of the Act. Pursuant to Section 6 of the Climate Act, it may callupon relevant government agencies to implement and pursue the various provisions of the ClimateAct and the programs adopted by the Commission.The Commission shall be organized based on the organizational structure and framework approvedby the President as recommended by the Secretary of Budget and Management.SEC. 2. Composition of the Commission. – The Commission shall be composed of the Presidentof the Republic of the Philippines who shall serve as the Chairperson, and three (3) Commissionersto be appointed by the President, one of whom shall serve as the Vice Chairperson of theCommission.The Commission shall have an Advisory Board composed of the following:(a) Secretary of the Department of Agriculture (DA);(b) Secretary of the Department of Energy (DOE);(c)Secretary of the Department of Environment and Natural Resources (DENR);(d) Secretary of the Department of Education (DepEd);(e) Secretary of the Department of Foreign Affairs (DFA);(f)Secretary of the Department of Health (DOH);(g) Secretary of the Department of the Interior and Local Government (DILG);(h) Secretary of the Department of National Defense (DND), in his capacity as Chair of theNational Disaster Coordinating Council (NDCC);(i)(j)(k)(l)Secretary of the Department of Public Works and Highways (DPWH);Secretary of the Department of Science and Technology (DOST);Secretary of the Department of Social Welfare and Development (DSWD);Secretary of the Department of Trade and Industry (DTI);(m) Secretary of the Department of Transportation and Communications (DOTC);(n) Director-General of the National Economic and Development Authority (NEDA), in hiscapacity as Chair of the Philippine Council for Sustainable Development (PCSD);(o) Director-General of the National Security Council (NSC);(p) Chairperson of the National Commission on the Role of Filipino Women (NCRFW);(q)(r)(s)(t)(u)President of the League of Provinces of the Philippines (LPP);President of the League of Cities of the Philippines (LCP);President of the League of Municipalities of the Philippines (LMP);President of the Liga ng mga Barangay;One (1) Representative from the academe;1818

Policy HandbookCCC AO 2010-01: Implementing Rules and Regulations(v)One (1) Representative from the business sector; and(w) One (1) Representative from nongovernmental organizations.At least one (1) of the sectoral representatives shall come from the disaster risk reduction community.The representatives shall be appointed by the President from a list of nominees submitted by theirrespective groups to the Commission. They shall serve for a term of six (6) years withoutreappointment unless their representation is withdrawn by the sector they represent. The withdrawalof the appointment of the sectoral representative shall be submitted in writing to the Commissionfor the validation and approval, if appropriately validated, of majority of the AdvisoryBoard. Appointment to any vacancy shall be only for the unexpired term of thepredecessor.Only the ex-officio members of the advisory board shall appoint a qualified representativewho shall hold a rank of no less than an Undersecretary.SEC. 3. Meetings of the Commission. – The Commission shall meet once every three(3) months, or as often as may be deemed necessary by the Chairperson.SEC. 4. Agency Assistance. – The Chairperson, or in his/her absence, the Vice-Chairperson/Executive Director may likewise call upon other government agencies andtheir concerned officials for the effective implementation of the provisions of the Act.All concerned government offices and officials shall likewise assist the Commission andprovide resources to undertake/utilize strategic approaches and measures to prevent orreduce greenhouse gas emissions in the Philippines, including fuel efficiency, energyconservation, use of renewable energy, waste management, among others.All concerned government offices and officials shall assist the Commission and provideresources to undertake/utilize strategic approaches and measures for climate changeadaptation in the, but not limited to, most vulnerable sectors/areas like water, agriculture,coastal areas, as well as on the terrestrial and marine ecosystems, among others.Capacity building, continuing and innovative research and development, and technologytransfer on climate change adaptation, at both the national and local levels, should bepromoted.SEC. 5. Qualifications, Tenure and Compensation of Commissioners. – TheCommissioners must be Filipino citizens and residents of the Philippines, at least thirty(30) years of age at the time of appointment, with at least ten (10) years of experience onclimate change issues and of proven probity, honesty and integrity. The Commissionersshall be experts in climate change by virtue of their educational background, training andexperience: Provided, That at least one (1) Commissioner shall be female: Provided,further, That in no case shall the Commissioners come from the same sector: Provided,finally, That in no case shall any of the Commissioners appoint representatives to act ontheir behalf.The Commissioners shall hold office for a period of six (6) years and may be reappointedfor another term: Provided, That no person shall serve for more than two (2) consecutiveterms: Provided, further, That in case of a vacancy, the new appointee shall fully meet thequalifications of a Commissioner and shall hold office for the unexpired portion of the termonly:Provided, finally, That in no case shall a Commissioner be designated in a temporary or actingcapacity.1919

CCC AO 2010-01: Implementing Rules and RegulationsPolicy HandbookThe Vice Chairperson and the Commissioners shall have the rank and privileges of a DepartmentSecretary and Undersecretary, respectively. They shall be entitled to corresponding compensationbenefits and other emoluments provided for under existing civil service rules and shall be subject tothe same disqualifications.SEC. 6: Role of the Commissioner. – The Vice-Chair as Executive Director of the Commission mayassign roles and functions to a Commissioner appropriate with his/her skills and capacities.RULE VCLIMATE CHANGE OFFICESEC. 1. Climate Change Office. – The Climate Change Office created by the Climate Act to assistthe Commission shall be headed by the Vice Chairperson of the Commission who shall act as theExecutive Director of the Office. The Commission shall have the authority to determine the number ofstaff and create corresponding positions necessary to facilitate the proper implementation of the Act,subject to civil service laws, rules and regulations.The DBM shall carry out the approved offices, items and positions for the Commission including thenational panel of technical experts to be hired by the Commission as provided for under Section 10 ofthe Climate Act.Sec. 2. Appointment to the Climate Change Office. – The officers and employees of the ClimateChange Office shall be appointed by the Vice Chairperson. The Executive Director shall inaccordance with civil service, DBM, COA and government procurement rules and regulations, act ashead of the Climate Change Office. He shall exercise administrative control and supervision over allthe offices under it including the authority to discipline officers and employees thereunder.RULE VIPOWERS AND FUNCTIONS OF THE COMMISSIONSEC . 1. Powers and Functions of the Commission. – The Commission shall have the followingpowers and functions:(a) Ensure the mainstreaming of climate change, in synergy with disaster risk reduction andrisk management, into the national, sectoral and local development plans and programs;(b) Coordinate and synchronize climate change programs of national government agencies;(c)(d)Formulate and develop a Framework Strategy on Climate Change upon consultation withgovernment agencies, LGUs, private sector, NGOs and civil society, and consolidate andinstitutionalize government initiatives to serve as the basis for a program for climate changeplanning, research and development, extension, and monitoring of activities, programs andprojects on climate change;Exercise policy coordination to ensure the attainment of goals set in the frameworkstrategy and program on climate change;(e) Recommend legislation, policies, strategies, programs on and appropriations for climatechange adaptation and mitigation and other related activities;(f)Recommend key development investments in climate- sensitive sectors such as waterresources, agriculture, forestry, coastal and marine resources, health, and infrastructure toensure the achievement of national sustainable development goals;(g) Create an enabling environment for the design of relevant and appropriate risk-sharing andrisk-transfer instruments;(h) Create an enabling environment that shall promote broader multi-stakeholder participation,through a massive and comprehensive public information and awareness campaign2020

Policy HandbookCCC AO 2010-01: Implementing Rules and Regulations(i)(j)(k)(l)nationwide to educate the public on the climate change situation and its adverse effects,and integrate climate change mitigation and adaptation;Formulate and undertake strategies on mitigating GHG and other anthropogenic causes ofclimate change, including fuel efficiency, energy conservation, use of renewable energy,and waste management, among others;Coordinate and establish a close partnership with the NDCC in order to increase efficiencyand effectiveness in reducing the people’s vulnerability to climate-related disasters;In coordination with the DFA, represent the Philippines in the climate change negotiations;Formulate and update guidelines for determining vulnerability to climate change impactsand adaptation assessments and facilitate the provision of technical assistance for theirimplementation and monitoring;(m) Coordinate with local government units (LGUs) and private entities to address vulnerabilityto climate change impacts of regions, provinces, cities and municipalities;(n)(o)Facilitate capacity building for local adaptation planning, implementation and monitoring ofclimate change initiatives in vulnerable communities and areas;Promote and provide technical and financial support to local research and developmentprograms and projects in vulnerable communities and areas; and(p) Oversee the dissemination of information on climate change, local vulnerabilities and risks,relevant laws and protocols and adaptation and mitigation measures.(q)Perform such other function as may be directed by the President.SEC. 2. Powers related to Policy Review and EvaluationThe Commission shall coordinate with local government units (LGUs) and private entities to addressvulnerability to climate change impacts of regions, provinces, cities and municipalities. It shall alsoencourage business, public and private sector compliance with existing environment, forestry, mining,energy, clean air, solid waste and land use laws, rules and regulations.Pursuant to the Climate Act and Administrative Order 171, the Commission shall conduct rapidassessment on the impact of climate change to the Philippine setting, especially on the mostvulnerable sectors/areas, like water, agriculture, coastal areas, as well as on the terrestrial andmarine ecosystems, among others. For this purpose, it shall gather and analyze data from variousgovernment agencies and other institutions to ensure that the policies developed and adopted by theCommission, including the National Framework Strategy on Climate Change, is complied with. TheCommission may call on government agencies and private institutions to collect and acquire accurateinformation needed for policy directions on climate change.Sec. 3. International Negotiations. – The negotiating positions of the Philippines shall be developedthrough a multi-stakeholder and inter-agency process conducted by the Commission, which shallhave the ultimate responsibility of adopting the official positions.The DFA shall continue to be the official liaison with the UNFCCC Secretariat, and with otherinternational negotiations on climate change.The Vice-Chair shall, unless the Chair attend the high-level meetings, be the Head of Delegation andChief Negotiator. The Vice-Chair, may appoint Lead Negotiators for climate change who will assistthe Vice-Chair, and in the latter’s absence or inability to attend, designate one of them to representhim.Sec. 4. Policy Oversight. – Pursuant to all the foregoing mandate of the Climate Act, the ClimateChange Commission under the Office of the President shall have policy oversight over the variousoffices affecting climate change, through the concerned member departments of the Advisory Board.2121

CCC AO 2010-01: Implementing Rules and RegulationsPolicy HandbookRULE VIITECHNICAL EXPERTSSEC. 1. Panel of Technical Experts. – The Commission shall constitute a national panel of technicalexperts consisting of practitioners in disciplines that are related to climate change, including disasterrisk reduction.The Panel shall provide technical advice to the Commission in climate science, technologies, andbest practices for risk assessment and management, and the enhancement of adaptive capacity ofvulnerable human settlements to potential impacts of climate change.The Commission shall set the qualifications and compensation for the technical experts. It shallprovide resources for the operations and activities of the Panel. The technical experts shall be hiredby the Vice Chairperson, subject to the qualification and compensation set by law.The Commission may also seek scientific and technical advise and assistance from university andscience groups that will address an area of its concern.PART IIIFRAMEWORK STRATEGY AND PROGRAM ON CLIMATE CHANGERULE VIIICLIMATE CHANGE FRAMEWORK AND PROGRAMSEC. 1. Framework Strategy and Program on Climate Change. – The Commission shall, within six(6) months from the effectivity of the Act, formulate a Framework Strategy on Climate Change uponconsultation with concerned government agencies, LGUs, private sector, NGOs and civil society. TheFramework shall serve as the basis for a program for climate change planning, research anddevelopment, extension, and monitoring of activities, programs and projects to protect vulnerablecommunities from the adverse effects of climate change.The Framework shall be formulated based on climate change vulnerabilities, bio-physical profilingand characterization, as socio-economic impact assessments, specific adaptation needs andmitigation potential, and in accordance with international agreements to which the Philippines is aParty. The Framework shall be reviewed every three (3) years, or as may be deemed necessary, inconsultation with government agencies, LGUs, private sector, NGOs and civil society.After the framework has been enacted, the Implementing Rules and Regulations/ Climate ChangeOffice can be reviewed in consultation with government agencies, LGUs, private sector, NGOs andcivil society, to align it with the framework strategy.SEC. 2. Components of the Framework Strategy and Program on Climate Change. – TheFramework shall include, but not be limited to, the following components:(a) National priorities;(b)(c)Impact, vulnerability and adaptation assessments;Policy formulation;(d) Compliance with international commitments;(e)(f)(g)Research and development;Database development and management;Academic programs, capability building and mainstreaming;(h) Advocacy and information dissemination;2222

Policy HandbookCCC AO 2010-01: Implementing Rules and Regulations(i)(j)Monitoring and evaluation; andGender mainstreaming.SEC. 3. National Climate Change Action Plan. – The Commission shall formulate a NationalClimate Change Action Plan upon consultation with concerned government agencies, LGUs, privatesector, NGOs and civil society in accordance with the Framework within one (1) year after theformulation of the latter. The National Climate Change Action Plan shall include, but not be limited to,the following components:(a) Assessment of the national impact of climate change;(b) The identification of the most vulnerable communities/areas, including ecosystems to theimpacts of climate change, variability and extremes;(c)The identification of differential impacts of climate change on men, women and children;(d) The assessment and management of risk and vulnerability;(e) The identification of GHG mitigation potentials; and(f)The identification of options, prioritization of appropriate adaptation measures for jointprojects of national and local governments.SEC. 4. Local Climate Change Action Plan. – The LGUs shall be the frontline agencies in theformulation, planning and implementation of climate change action plans in their respective areas,consistent with the provisions of the Local Government Code, the Framework, and the NationalClimate Change Action Plan. Barangays shall be directly involved with municipal and citygovernments in prioritizing climate change issues and in identifying and implementing best practicesand other solutions. Municipal and city governments shall consider climate change adaptation as oneof their regular functions. Provincial governments shall provide technical assistance, enforcement andinformation management in support of municipal and city climate change action plans. Inter-localgovernment unit collaboration shall be maximized in the conduct of climate- related activities. Nongovernmentand People’s organizations as well as representatives from vulnerable sectors shall alsobe consulted.LGUs shall regularly update their respective action plans to reflect changing social, economic, andenvironmental conditions and emerging issues. The LGUs shall furnish the Commission with copiesof their action plans and all subsequent amendments, modifications and revisions thereof, within one(1) month from their adoption. The LGUs shall mobilize and allocate necessary personnel, resourcesand logistics to effectively implement their respective action plans.The local chief executive shall appoint the person responsible for the formulation and implementationof the local action plan, preferably with training and knowledge on climate change or related subjects.It shall be the responsibility of the national government to extend technical and financial assistance toLGUs for the accomplishment of their Local Climate Change Action Plans.The LGU is hereby expressly authorized to appropriate and use the amount from its Internal RevenueAllotment necessary to implement said local plan effectively, any provision in the Local GovernmentCode to the contrary notwithstanding.SEC. 5. Role of Government Agencies. – To ensure the effective implementation of the frameworkstrategy and program on climate change, concerned agencies shall perform the following functions:(a) The Department of Education (DepED) shall integrate climate change into the primary andsecondary education curricula and/or subjects, such as, but not limited to, science, biology,sibika, history, including textbooks, primers and other educational materials, basic climatechange principles and concepts;(b) The Department of the Interior and Local Government (DILG) and Local GovernmentAcademy shall facilitate the development and provision of a training program for LGUs in2323

CCC AO 2010-01: Implementing Rules and RegulationsPolicy Handbook(c)climate change and initiate related activities. The training program shall includesocioeconomic, geophysical, policy, and other contents necessary to address the prevailingand forecasted conditions and risks of particular LGUs. It shall likewise focus on womenand children, especially in the rural areas, since they are the most vulnerable;The Department of Environment and Natural Resources (DENR) shall oversee theestablishment and maintenance of a climate change information management system andnetwork, including on climate change risks, activities and investments, in collaboration withother concerned national government agencies, institutions and LGUs;(d) The Department of Foreign Affairs (DFA) shall review international agreements related toclimate change and make the necessary recommendation for ratification and complianceby the government on matters pertaining thereto;(e)(f)The Philippine Information Agency (PIA) shall disseminate information on climate change,local vulnerabilities and risk, relevant laws and protocols and adaptation and mitigationmeasures; andGovernment financial institutions (GFIs), shall, any provision in their respective charters tothe contrary notwithstanding, provide preferential financial packages for climate changerelatedprojects. In consultation with the Bangko Sentral ng Pilipinas (BSP), they shall,within thirty (30) days from the effectivity of the Act, issue and promulgate the implementingguidelines therefore.The Commission shall evaluate and recommend the approval of loans and monitor the use by LGUsof the said loans.RULE IXCOORDINATION WITH OTHER AGENCIESSEC. 1. Coordination with Various Sectors. – In the formulation of the Framework Strategy and thedevelopment and implementation of the National Climate Change Action Plan, and the local actionplans, the Commission shall coordinate with the nongovernment organizations (NGOs), civicorganizations, academe, people’s organizations, the private and corporate sectors and otherconcerned stakeholder groups.RULE XCLIMATE CHANGE GRANTS AND DONATIONSSEC. 1. Authority to Receive Donations and/or Grants. – The Commission is hereby authorized toaccept grants, contributions, donations, endowments, bequests, or gifts in cash or in kind, from localand foreign sources in support of the development and implementation of climate change programsand plans: Provided, That in case of donations from foreign governments, acceptance thereof shallbe subject to prior clearance and approval of the President of the Philippines, upon recommendationof the Secretary of Foreign Affairs: Provided, further, That such donations shall not be used to fundpersonal services expenditures and other operating expenses of the Commission.The proceeds shall be used to finance:(a) Research, development, demonstration and promotion of technologies;(b) Conduct of assessment of vulnerabilities to climate change impacts, resource inventory,and adaptation capability building;(c)Advocacy, networking and communication activities in the conduct of informationcampaign; and(d) Conduct of such other activities reasonably necessary to carry out the objectives of this Act,as may be defined by the Commission.2424

Policy HandbookCCC AO 2010-01: Implementing Rules and RegulationsSEC. 2. Funding Allocation for Climate Change. – All relevant government agencies and LGUsshall allocate from their annual appropriations adequate funds for the formulation, development andimplementation, including training, capacity building and direct intervention, of their respective climatechange programs and plans. It shall also include public awareness campaigns on the effects ofclimate change and energy-saving solutions to mitigate these effects, and initiatives, througheducational and training programs and micro-credit schemes, especially for women in rural areas. Insubsequent budget proposals, the concerned offices and units shall appropriate funds forprogram/project development and implementation including continuing training and education inclimate change.PART IVFINAL PROVISIONSRULE XIANNUAL REPORT AND OTHER PROVISIONSSEC. 1. Annual Report. – The Commission shall submit to the President and to both Houses ofCongress, not later than March 30 of every year following the effectivity of this Act, or upon therequest of the Congressional Oversight Committee, a report giving a detailed account of the status ofthe implementation of this Act, a progress report on the implementation of the National ClimateChange Action Plan and recommend legislation, where applicable and necessary. LGUs shall submitannual progress reports on the implementation of their respective local action plan to the Commissionwithin the first quarter of the following year.SEC. 2. Separability Clause. – If for any reason any section or provision of this Act is declared asunconstitutional or invalid, the other sections or provisions hereof shall not be affected thereby.SEC. 3. Repealing Clause. – All laws, ordinances, rules and regulations, and other issuances orparts thereof which are inconsistent with this Implementing Rules and Regulations are herebyrepealed or modified accordingly.SEC. 4. Effectivity. – This Implementing Rules and Regulations shall take effect immediately.2525

NATIONAL FRAMEWORKSTRATEGY ONCLIMATE CHANGE2010 - 2012

Policy HandbookNational Framework Strategy on Climate Change 2010-2022PREFACEClimate Change is the most serious and most pervasive threat facing humanity today. TheIntergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), the highest scientific body responsible forevaluating the risk of climate change, affirmed in its Fourth Assessment Report that the “warming ofthe earth’s climate system is unequivocal” and that this warming is attributed to the dramatic rise inhuman-induced greenhouse gas emissions since the mid 20th-century.The Philippines, an archipelagic nation of over 90 million people, now faces threats from more intensetropical cyclones, drastic changes in rainfall patterns, sea level rise, and increasing temperatures. Allthese factors contribute to serious impacts on our natural ecosystems—on our river basins, coastaland marine systems, and their biodiversity—then cascading to impacts on our food security, waterresources, human health, public infrastructure, energy, and human settlements.Indeed it is unequivocal that climate change will have serious implications on the country’s efforts toaddress poverty and realize sustainable development for current and future generations—ultimatelymaking climate change an issue of intergenerational equity.The National Framework Strategy on Climate Change is committed towards ensuring andstrengthening the adaptation of our natural ecosystems and human communities to climate change.In the process, the Framework aspires to chart a cleaner development path for the Philippines,highlighting the mutually beneficial relationship between climate change mitigation and adaptation. Asa matter of principle, the Framework aggressively highlights the critical aspect of adaptation meant tobe translated to all levels of governance alongside coordinating national efforts towards integratedecosystem-based management which shall ultimately render sectors climate-resilient.As the world stands at the threshold of an important juncture in the history of the planet and theinternational community grapples for a lasting global solution to the climate crisis, the threats tohumans and nature have become unprecedented.The international community stands at a point where even the most aggressive and immediateactions to mitigate climate change will not stop the impacts at least for the next half of this century.While deep cuts in greenhouse gas emissions may buy time for human and natural systems to adaptin the decades ahead, human and natural systems have begun to reel from the unfolding impacts.The aim of this national process is to build a roadmap that will serve as the basis for a nationalprogram on climate change and establish an agenda upon which the Philippines would pursue adynamic process of determining actions through the National Climate Change Action Plan process.1. LEGAL MANDATE1.1 “The State shall protect and advance the right of the people to a balanced and healthful ecologyin accord with the rhythm and harmony of nature.” – Section 16, Article II, The PhilippineConstitution1.2 “The Congress shall give the highest priority to the enactment of measures that protect andenhance the right of the people to human dignity…” – Section 1, Article XIII, The PhilippineConstitution1.3 “It is the policy of the State to afford full protection and the advancement of the right of the peopleto a healthful ecology… to fulfill human needs while maintaining the quality of the naturalenvironment for current and future generations.” – Section 2, Republic Act 9729 (The ClimateChange Act of 2009)2. GUIDING PRINCIPLESThe State adopts the following Guiding Principles in formulating the National Framework Strategy onClimate Change, referred to as the Framework:2.1 The Framework envisions a climate risk-resilient Philippines with healthy, safe, prosperous andself-reliant communities, and thriving and productive ecosystems.2.2 The goal is to build the adaptive capacity of communities and increase the resilience of naturalecosystems to climate change, and optimize mitigation opportunities towards sustainabledevelopment.2929

National Framework Strategy on Climate Change Policy 2010-2022 Handbook2.3 The Philippines, as a State Party to the United Nations Framework Convention on ClimateChange (UNFCCC), is committed to its core principle of common but differentiatedresponsibilities and respective capabilities.2.4 The precautionary principle guides the State’s climate change framework and shall takeprecautionary measures to anticipate, prevent or minimize the causes of climate change and itsadverse effects. Where there are threats of serious or irreversible damage, lack of full scientificcertainty should not be used as a reason for postponing such measures.2.5 The Framework is risk-based, and strategies/activities shall be formulated, with decisions madebased on the causes, magnitude and impacts of risks.2.6 Climate change knowledge is science-based, and shall draw from scientific contributions and bestpractices from communities taking into considerations local circumstances.2.7 The national priorities, and therefore, the pillars, of the National Framework Strategy on ClimateChange shall be adaptation and mitigation, with an emphasis on adaptation as the anchorstrategy. Whenever applicable, mitigation actions shall also be pursued as a function ofadaptation.2.8 Adaptation measures shall be based on equity, in accordance with common but differentiatedresponsibility; special attention must be given to ensure equal and equitable protection of thepoor, women, children and other vulnerable and disadvantaged sectors.2.9 Even with inadequate scientific information, anticipatory adaptation measures should beundertaken to prevent or minimize the causes and potential impacts of climate change, whenevernecessary.2.10 The Framework adopts the Philippine Agenda 21 for Sustainable Development, to fulfill humanneeds while maintaining the quality of the natural environment for current and future generations.2.11 The principle of complementation shall be observed to ensure that climate change initiatives byone sector do not restrict the adaptation of other sectors.2.12 The Framework recognizes the roles of agencies and their respective mandates as provided bylaw. The Framework also recognizes the principle of subsidiarity and the role of localgovernments as front-liners in addressing climate change.2.13 The Framework recognizes the value of forming multi-stakeholder participation and partnershipsin climate change initiatives, including with civil society, private sector and local governments, andespecially with indigenous peoples and other marginalized groups most vulnerable to climatechange impacts.2.14 Policy and incentive mechanisms to facilitate private sector participation in addressingadaptation and mitigation objectives shall be promoted and supported.3. FRAMEWORK CONTEXT3.1 This Framework takes into consideration and complies with the commitments of the Philippines inmultilateral environmental treaties, specifically the United Nations Framework Convention onClimate Change (UNFCCC).3.2 Addressing adaptation needs, capitalizing on mitigation potential and complying with UNFCCCobligations require systematic analysis, strategic planning and determined implementation.Section 11 of Republic Act No. 9729 mandates the Climate Change Commission (CCC) toformulate the Framework Strategy and Program on Climate Change six (6) months from theeffectivity of the Law. This Framework was developed based on the country’s climate changevulnerabilities, adaptation needs and mitigation potential, all in accordance with internationalagreements.13.3 The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), in its Fourth Assessment Report (AR4),concluded that anthropogenic warming over the last three decades has affected many physicaland biological systems all over the world. As a result, the resilience of many ecosystems is likelyto be breached this century. As mean global temperatures rise and climate change impactsintensify, the Philippines will encounter serious stresses in food production, health, and economicsecurity.________________________1 Refers to the obligations of the Philippines under the UNFCCC and other related internationalagreements3030

National Framework Strategy on Climate Change Policy 2010-2022 HandbookFigure 1: Projected Changes in Annual Mean Temperature for 2020 and 2050,relative to the Baseline 1971-2000 by Region (PAGASA, 2010)Changes in Annual Mean RainfallThe PRECIS simulation exercise projects a change in annual precipitation from -0.5 to 17.4 % in2020 and -2.4 to 16.4 % in 2050. Increases in rainfall are particularly evident in most areas of Luzonand Visayas, while Mindanao is projected to undergo a drying trend. Average annual rainfall increaseover most parts of Luzon and the Visayas is expected to be 2 to 17 % by 2020 and 1 to 16 % by2050. In contrast, there is a general reduction in regional annual average rainfall in Mindanao (~ 0.5to 11 % by 2020; 2 to 11% in 2050)Figure 2: Projected Changes in Annual Mean Rainfall for 2020 and 2050, relativeto the Baseline 1971-2000 by Region (PAGASA, 2010)Sea level RiseSea level rise will increase the risk of flooding and storm damage. Projected impacts of 1 meter sealevel rise in many areas of the country show vast portions being inundated, affecting coastalsettlements and livelihood.According to estimates of the National Mapping and Resource Information Authority (NAMRIA), a onemeter sea level rise can translate to an estimated land loss of 129,114 ha.5. IMPACTS AND VULNERABILITIES5.1 Bio-Physical VulnerabilitiesFor purposes of the Framework and its corollary action plan, what are considered of primaryrelevance are the natural meteorological or meteorologically-influenced hazards faced by the3232

National Framework Strategy on Climate Change Policy 2010-2022 HandbookPhilippines, which stand to be aggravated by climate change. Other physical vulnerabilities that areconsidered as underlying drivers of risks are likewise taken into consideration in assessing thecountry’s indicative vulnerabilities. These are primarily the state of ecosystems such as the status offorest cover, the quality and extent of coastal resources, the overall state of biodiversity, the level ofenvironmental pollution, etc., which are determinants of the extent of impacts from climate changeand the magnitude of adaptation capacity that need to be put in place.Meteorologically-Influenced and Related Natural HazardsFigure 3: Map of landslides and flood prone areasFigure 3 depicts the indicative landslide and flood prone areas of the Philippines that stand to befurther impacted adversely by increased precipitation or rainfall brought about by climate change. Thetop 10 flood-prone and landslide-prone areas are also indicated. Overlaid with the climate scenariosfor 2020 and 2050, the result would give the “first layer” of indicative physical vulnerability. It can beseen that a major portion of the country are susceptible to landslides as well as flooding.3333

National Framework Strategy on Climate Change Policy 2010-2022 Handbook5. 2 Underlying Risk Drivers5.2.1 Ecosystems DegradationTwo of the key underlying risk drivers of climate change are the loss of forest cover anddegradation of coastal and marine resources.YEAR Areas(Million Has) % of Land Area1920 19 63%1934 171968 161969 10 33%1976 91983 71990 61997 5 17%2004 7 24%Source: Philippine Biodiversity Assessment DENR and UNEAs updated by FM/NAMRIAFigure 4: Area of forest cover, 1920-2004Of the 27.5 million hectares in the late 1500s, the country’s forest lands currently stand at 7.2 millionhectares or only 24.27 %t of the country’s total land area. This has been attributed to the combined illeffects of indiscriminate logging, inadequate forest protection, incoherent policies, expansion ofupland agriculture, fires, pests and diseases, and unplanned land conversion. Of the currentremaining forests, only 0.8 million hectares of primary forests remain. This is alarming as theseremaining pristine areas are the repository of the country’s gene pool. The Philippines is one of the 17mega-diverse countries in the world with more than 65% of the species found nowhere else. Its beinga critical hotspot with more than 800 of its plant and animal species threatened with extinction is ofgreat concern because the Philippines is also globally important in terms of biodiversity-dependentadaptation.The Philippines’ diverse coastal zone comprise a variety of tropical ecosystems, including sandybeaches, rocky headlands, sand dunes, coral reefs, mangroves, sea-grass beds, wetlands, estuaries,and lagoons. Unfortunately, Over 80 percent of original mangroves in the country have been cleared,increasing sediment outflow onto reefs (Chou, 1998). Mangrove areas continue to be cleared andconverted to fish ponds, a change that allows more sediment to reach reefs (DENR, 2001). Domesticand industrial wastes discharged into the sea further aggravate the vulnerabilities of the coastalecosystems. The Philippine coral reefs, the second largest in Southeast Asia, are estimated to coveran area of 26,000 square kilometers and hold 2,177 species of fish. Much of these are significantlycritical to the survival of the coastal poor. Fisheries account for about 4% of the country’s GNP. Thefisheries sector employs an estimated million people—26% in aquaculture operations, 6% incommercial fishing and 68% in marine and freshwater municipal fishing.5.2.2 AgriculturalAgriculture represents 1/5 of the total economy (18 % of GDP) and generates 1/3 of the country’stotal employment and provides food and livelihood to our people as follows:• Rice, 16.82 million mt;• Fish, 4.97 million mt,3434

National Framework Strategy on Climate Change Policy 2010-2022 Handbook• Corn, 6.93 million mt,• Other food and industrial crops, 57.75 million mt, and• Livestock & Poultry, 4.04 thousands mtClimate change in the country triggered the rise in temperature and the increases in variability andpattern of rainfall and super typhoon events, as well. The climate change and variability combinedtheir weather modifying impacts with El Nino, which occurs in almost every two years and resultedinto more complex and unpredictable changes in patterns and intensity of temperatures and extremerainfall events close to their tipping points. The country has been traditionally exposed to the manyhazards and risks from typhoons and droughts even before the on-set of climate change. Theoutstanding threat of climate change, however, is the undefined shifting of rainfall patterns and risingtemperatures. Without proper scientific guidance, this creates confusion to many farmers in terms ofwhen to plant and what to plant. Moreover, the concentration of climate-vulnerable dams andirrigation in Luzon, which is the location of 60 percent of national irrigated rice production, willdefinitely weaken the overall resiliency of the country’s national food security and self- sufficiency toclimate change, including the increasing problems on water allocation and prioritization for watersupply for irrigation, domestic water and energy.5.2.3 BiodiversityThe existing human-induced threats to biodiversity are compounded by the adverse impacts ofclimate change on terrestrial and aquatic flora and fauna communities. Even slight increases intemperature would affect the survival of plants and animals with narrow tolerance range fortemperature and those which are presently living at the upper limit of their tolerance level. Mostvulnerable are those species that have difficulties in migrating as a form of survival. A substantialincrease in temperature in the range of 30°C to 40°C may possibly cause the migration of plant andanimal species with narrower temperature tolerance to other more suitable areas as their form ofadaptation. Such temperature level rise may also disrupt species interactions like plants andpollinators relationship that may affect the survival of plant species. Further increase in temperatureto 50°C or 60°C may cause a number of animals and plant species to die out and become extinctwhile critical habitats may be lost.5.2.4 InfrastructureInfrastructure facilities are threatened by climate change as they are directly exposed to oftentimesprolonged and frequent rainfall, strong winds, and higher waves; temperature variations - that canlead to accelerated structural fatigue and materials failure for example in power transmissionstructures, and road pavements; and places greater demands on the construction and operation andmaintenance of flood control and drainage structures, seawalls and port structures; and publicbuildings such as schools, and health care facilities. The impacts could be severe in areas whereinfrastructures are not designed to fully cope with the effects of climate change. Thus, these impactshave potential implications for where we locate and how we build our new infrastructures, as well asmake existing infrastructure robust or resilient to the effects of climate change.5.2.5 EnergyEnergy technologies, particularly on power generation from renewable sources, rely greatly on theclimate for its resource. With projected changes in precipitation, humidity, wind speed and cloudiness,energy technologies will be affected, resulting in changes in the quantity and timing of the renewableresource, in its operational performance and energy production. Changes in the mean potential andaltered variance of a renewable resource will result in the changes in the resource, with climatechange seemingly enhancing seasonal differences. In general, the relationship between therenewable resource potential and the driving climate variables such as precipitation and wind speedwill dictate the extent of changes.5.2.6 Population, Health and DemographyPopulation growing exponentially and migrating into areas where they should not be contribute to theoverall vulnerability of the country to additional external threats like climate change. The latestnational population count by the National Statistics Office (NSO) placed the Philippine population at88,574,614 persons as of August 2007.Of the total population, 62.7% live in urban areas (2005) with an urban annual growth rate of 3.45%,much higher than the annual population growth rate of 2.28%. Since 1995, there has been moremigration towards urban areas with increasing population numbers. Urban growth rates peaked in thelate 1980s to early 1990s. From 2000 onwards, there has been a negative growth rate in rural areas.These trends have contributed to the increasing deteriorating conditions in the urban centers andupland areas where migrants have tended to drift to.3535

National Framework Strategy on Climate Change Policy 2010-2022 HandbookAge distribution and economic status also influence level of vulnerability of people which, in turn,determine the overall level of vulnerability of the country. More young and older people in thepopulation would be critical in disaster situations. Poverty limits the concerned population’s capacityto bounce back immediately in the face of disasters or to shift rapidly to new adaptation modes thatrequire financial resources to materialize.Rural poverty incidence was estimated at 41.5% in 2006, accounting for about 75% of total poverty inthe country. It is also a driver of rural-to-urban migration. Rural poor in lowland agricultural areas havealso been migrating upwards to forest lands for better agricultural opportunities. This has furthercontributed to the precarious situation of the forests in the country’s watersheds.The health sector also stands to bear the brunt of climate change, brought about mainly by thecountry’s high vulnerability to climate change-related hazards. As diseases, disabilities and deathsare consequences of these hazards, the health sector is usually left to handle the management andrehabilitation of victims. Among the most likely impacts of climate change on the health sector includeincreases in endemic morbidity and mortality due to diarrheal disease, exacerbation of the abundanceand/or toxicity of cholera due to increases in coastal water temperature, and an expansion of thenatural habitats of vector-borne and water-borne diseases.6. PHILIPPINE CLIMATE CHANGE FRAMEWORKThe State hereby promotes the following Vision and Goal for Climate Change, the achievement ofwhich is operationalized in the succeeding Framework diagram:Vision“A climate risk-resilient Philippines with healthy, safe, prosperous and self-reliant communities, andthriving and productive ecosystems.”Goal“To build the adaptive capacity of communities and increase the resilience of natural ecosystems toclimate change, and optimize mitigation opportunities towards sustainable development.”National Framework Strategyon Climate ChangeCLIMATE PROCESS DRIVERS• Energy• Transport• Land Use Change & Forestry• Agriculture• WasteCLIMATE CHANGE• Increasing temperatures• Changing rainfall patterns• Sea level rise• Extreme weather eventsVISION:A climate risk-resilient Philippines with healthy,safe, prosperous and self-reliant communities,and thriving and productive ecosystems.SUSTAINABLEDEVELOPMENTTo build the adaptive capacity ofcommunities and increase theresilience of natural ecosystemsto climate change, and optimizemitigation opportunities towardssustainable development.SOCIETYECONOMYENVIRONMENTIMPACTS ANDVULNERABILITIES• Ecosystems (River basins,Coastal & Marine Biodiversity)• Food Security• Water Resources• Human Health• Infrastructure• Energy• Human SecurityMITIGATION• Energy Efficiency & Conservation• Sustainable Infrastructure• Renewable Energy• Environmentally Sustainable Transport• National REDD + Strategy• Water ManagementADAPTATION• Enhance Vulnerability and Adaptation Assessments• Integrated Ecosystems-Based Management• Climate Responsive Agriculture• Water Governance and Management• Climate Responsive Health Sector• Disaster Risk ReductionCapacity Knowledge IEC and Gender Research and DevelopmentDevelopment Management Advocacy Mainstreaming Technology TransferCROSS-CUTTING STRATEGIESMulti-StakeholderPolicy, Planning andPartnerships Financing Valuation MainstreamingMEANS OF IMPLEMENTATIONFigure 5: Climate Change FrameworkThe national framework is formulated within the context of the country’s sustainable developmentgoals and governance/institutional factors that affect the country’s ability to respond to climate3636

National Framework Strategy on Climate Change Policy 2010-2022 Handbookchange. The changing climate conditions will have a myriad of impacts and underscore thevulnerabilities in all sectors of society and the economy. Adaptation will require resources and thecooperation of all sectors. Addressing climate change, therefore, moves beyond the environmentalchallenges and will have to be closely linked with economic targets and social sustainability.This Framework Strategy provides a basis for the national program on climate change. It identifiesKey Result Areas to be pursued in key climate-sensitive sectors in addressing the adverse effects ofclimate change both under adaptation and mitigation. The framework is based on the fundamentalprinciples of sustainable development and treats mitigation as a function of adaptation, cognizant ofthe vulnerability of key sectors that include energy.Increasing temperatures, changing rainfall patterns, sea level rise, and extreme weather events formthe backdrop upon which the Philippines endeavors to pursue its development goals. Such factorsaffect key sectors such as ecosystems, food, water, human health, infrastructure, energy, and humansociety. The ability of the country to address such impacts and vulnerabilities of these sectors affectthe facility by which sustainable development is pursued. Sustainable development, on the otherhand, greatly impinges on the capacity of the country to adapt to the impacts and addressvulnerabilities to climate change.In order to achieve the key result areas, it is important to ensure that cross-cutting strategies arelikewise given attention. As means of implementation, the framework puts forward multi-stakeholderpartnerships, financing, valuation, and policy planning and mainstreaming.The following diagram illustrates a more specific aspect of the Climate Change Framework, takinginto account how climate change impacts and vulnerabilities shall be addressed by adaptation,mitigation and cross-cutting strategies and supported by the means of implementation—which wouldeventually lead to achievement of the National Goal.CLIMATE CHANGE IMPACTS ANDVULNERABILITIESEcosystems Energy Food WaterCapacityDevelopmentKnowledgeManagementIEC andAdvocacyResearch andDevelopment/TechnologyTransferGenderM i t iCROSS-CUTTINGADAPTATIONEnhance Vulnerability andAdaptation AssessmentsIntegrated Ecosystems-BasedManagementClimate-Responsive AgricultureWater Governance &ManagementClimate Responsive HealthGOALMITIGATIONEnergy Efficiency &ConservationSustainable InfrastructureRenewable EnergyEnvironmentally SustainableTransportNational REDD + StrategyTo build the adaptive capacity ofcommunities and increase the resilience ofnatural ecosystems to climate change, andoptimize mitigation opportunities towardsMultiStakeholderPartnershipFinancingValuationPolicy, PlanningandMainstreamingMEANS OFIMPLEMENTATIONFigure 6: Operational Diagram7. SYNERGY OF ADAPTATION AND MITIGATIONThe increasing concentration of GHGs in the atmosphere has started to and will continue to influencechanges in the global climate system in the coming decades. The Fourth Assessment Report (AR4)of the IPCC and the international imperatives drawn in the Bali Conference in 2007 establish theurgency of adaptation especially for developing and vulnerable countries like the Philippines. ThisFramework recognizes the mutually beneficial relationship between climate change mitigation andadaptation, particularly in the context of Philippine development. Cognizant of the impacts of achanging climate on sectors that are also sources of GHG emissions, which include energy,3737

National Framework Strategy on Climate Change Policy 2010-2022 Handbooktransport, agriculture, and industry, this framework endeavors to integrate mitigation with adaptationand take into account the circumstanceMitigation strategies in the Philippine development context offer opportunities for enhancingdevelopment and boosting the adaptation capacity of communities. In the same vein, adaptation is asmuch a development concern as mitigation. With the context of global-scale shifts in the climatesystem, development can only succeed if mitigation strategies such as energy efficiency andconservation, renewable energy development, environmentally-sustainable transport, sustainableinfrastructure, and Reduction of Emissions from Deforestation and Forest Degradation (REDD+) areundertaken in the context of adaptation. The development of a framework that integrates adaptationwithin the development process is deemed to ensure sustainability and success (WRI, 2007).An integrated approach builds on mitigation measures as a part of adaptation in order to providenecessary mechanisms to respond to the realities of climate change and contribute to attaining thetwin objectives of the UNFCCC and create an enabling policy environment for strengthening thecountry’s pursuit of sustainable development and the fulfillment of its Millennium Development Goals(MDG) targets.8. THE MITIGATION PILLARThe principal objective of the UNFCCC is the stabilization of GHG concentrations in the atmosphereat a level that prevents dangerous anthropogenic interference of the global climate system. Mitigationas a response plays a key role in pursuing the UNFCCC objective, particularly in the context ofhistorical emissions of industrialized countries. Achieving this objective would involve limiting orreducing anthropogenic GHG emissions by sources and preserving or, as appropriate, enhancingsinks and reservoirs of GHGs. However, the complexity of prevention and mitigation stems from thefact that the atmosphere is part of the global commons and as such, no single country, region, oreconomic sector can, reverse the trend of increasing GHG emissions by itself.Like most developing countries, the Philippines’ contribution to the total global GHG emissions isinsignificant compared to the rest of the world. Nonetheless, the Philippines embarks on a mitigationstrategy to contribute to the global effort to reduce emissions, pursuing cost-effective measures toreduce GHG emissions, including increased energy efficiency and conservation, development andincreased utilization of appropriate low carbon and renewable energy technologies, and reducingemissions from deforestation and forest degradation. The strategy shall take the form of nationallyappropriatemitigation actions, which reflects the recognition of the key role that developing countriesplay in ensuring that the global community can achieve the long-term objectives of mitigation, takinginto account the rising emissions growth rates of developing countries including the Philippines. Suchan approach to mitigation, anchored on the pursuit of sustainable development, gives the country theopportunity to leapfrog into the future and avoid harmful emissions as the economy grows.It is important to understand the mitigation potential of the Philippines although greenhouse gasmitigation will not be the primary driver of the country’s mitigation strategies as enshrined in thisFramework and the subsequent Action Plan. This potential should be transformed strategically intomitigation options that will offer the most co-benefits to fuel sustainable developments.The Philippines 2000 Greenhouse Gas (GHG) InventoryThe Philippine’s mitigation potential canbe gleaned from the GHG inventory,which is summarized in the followingfigure and table:3838

National Framework Strategy on Climate Change Policy 2010-2022 HandbookFigure 7: Overall 2000 GHG Emissions per SectorThis is the second GHG inventory conducted by the Philippines, to be contained in its SecondNational Communication (SNC) on Climate Change for submission to the UNFCCC Secretariat. Thisinventory and the first one have been adjusted in view of new information on the LUCF. Based on theinventory conducted for the different sectors, the Philippines emitted 21,767 Gg of GHG in the year2000, net of sequestered carbon by LUCF Comparing the 1994 Initial National Communication (INC)and the 2000 GHG Inventory for the SNC, a decrease of 78% in GHG emissions for the Philippineshas been registered, notably due to the adjustment in the amount of emissions sequestered by theLUCF sector.Total emissions from non-LUCF sectors amounted to 126,879 Gg CO2e as seen in the above figureand table. The energy sector still contributed the highest at 69,667.24 Gg CO2e or 55% of the total.This was followed closely by the Agriculture sector with 37,003 Gg or 29% of the total. Emissionsfrom industrial processes was registered at 8,610 Gg or 7% of the total, while the waste sectorreleased 11,599 Gg or 9% of the total GHG emissions for 2000.These total can be further adjusted based on sectoral refinements of estimations. These then can betranslated into possible mitigation measures, which should emphasize the co-benefits of pollutionprevention, energy security and improving the stability & productivity of ecosystems containing thecountry’s sinks like its forests. The translation into specific mitigation measures in the various sectorscan guide mitigation opportunities that can be pursued in the context of incrementality under theConvention and its Kyoto Protocol processes.Key Result Areas (KRAs) for MitigationLong-term Objective: Facilitate the transition towards low greenhouse gas emissions for sustainabledevelopment.To achieve this long-term objective, the following KRAs, from which the national, sectoral and localaction plans shall be drawn, are adopted. A list of strategic priorities is provided under each KRA toserve as initial guide for action planning:8.1 Energy Efficiency and ConservationThe energy sector is considered as one of the most vulnerable sectors that need to adapt to changingdemand and supply conditions resulting from climate change. One major challenge for energy is theadaptability of infrastructure such as power plants, refineries, depots, power transmission anddistribution systems, and fuel distribution systems to cope with these changing climatic conditions.Most energy infrastructure are located along coastal areas, where the direct impacts of sea level riseand coastal storm surges will be felt.Objective: Develop and enhance clean energy sources, uses and other efficiency measures towardsa low carbon economy in the energy sector.3939

National Framework Strategy on Climate Change Policy 2010-2022 HandbookStrategic Prioritiesa. Enhance energy efficiency and conservation, and put in place long-term reliable power supplythrough reinforcement of energy infrastructure, diversification of energy sources and researchand development (R&D) in new technologies.b. Maintain a competitive energy investment climate.c. Reduce GHG emissions from the energy sector, particularly those that contribute or forecast tocontribute the most, through increased use of alternative fuels and other energy conservationprograms.8.2 Renewable EnergyWhile the country is promoting the use and development of renewable and alternative energysources, the Philippines still relies heavily on thermal electric power generation, particularly gas-fired,oil-fired and coal-fired power plants. Thermoelectric generation is water-intensive. If changing climaticconditions alter historical patterns of precipitation and runoff, they may complicate operations ofexisting thermoelectric power plants.About 56 percent of the country’s energy demand is met by indigenous resources including coal,natural gas, hydropower and traditional biomass energy. The Philippines is one of a few countries inthe world where renewable energy (sourced from geothermal and hydropower plants) accounts forthe largest share (43 percent) of total primary energy supply. The Philippine government targets todouble its current renewable energy capacity from 4,500 MW to 9,000 MW in the next 20 years.Objective: Realize the full potential of the country’s renewable energy capacity so as to furthercontribute to energy security and promote low-carbon growth in the energy sectorStrategic Prioritya. Intensify the development and utilization of renewable and environment-friendly alternativeenergy resources/technologies.8.3 Environmentally Sustainable TransportThe transport sector’s contribution to GHG emissions has increased significantly both in absolute andrelative terms since 1990. Based on the current growth rates in motorization of about 6 percent, andthe projected increase in urban population by 35 million by 2030 4 , emission contributions from roadtransport, estimated at 24 MtCO2e in 2007, are projected to increase to 37 and 87 MtCO2e by 2015and 2030 respectively under a business as usual (BAU) scenario. This would result in a rapidenlargement of the country’s carbon footprint, further exacerbating pollution in urban areas.A low-carbon path in the transport sector is thus essential. This Framework promotes models toimprove the transport sector’s efficiency and modal shifts as compressed natural gas (CNG) andliquefied petroleum gas (LPG) becomes the primary fuel of the public transport, and support theexpansion/shift to more efficient mass transport systems such as metro rail transit (MRT), light railtransit (LRT) and bus rapid transit (BRT).Objective: Improve the efficiency of the transport sector through increased uptake of alternative fuelsand expansion of mass transport systemsStrategic Prioritiesa. Promote models to improve the transport sector’s efficiency and modal shiftsb. Convert of public utility vehicles to LPG and renewable energy sources, and the expansionof/shift to more efficient mass transport systems.c. Integrate climate change to the formulation of energy and transport policies, e.g., formulation of anational Environmentally Sustainable Transport (EST) strategy.________________________4Source: Population Division of the Department of Economic and Social Affairs of the United Nations Secretariat, World PopulationProspects: The 2006 Revision and World Urbanization Prospects: The 2007 Revision, http://esa.un.org/unup.8.4 Sustainable Infrastructure4040

National Framework Strategy on Climate Change Policy 2010-2022 HandbookThe Philippines’ residential and commercial sectors - human settlements – are major producers ofGHG. They consume 50% of primary electric energy: 27% is consumed by households, while 23% isconsumed by the business sector. Of all structures built for various human activities, high-risebuildings consume most (72%) of electric supply and 17% of fresh water.Moreover, buildings contribute 33% of the carbon dioxide emission of human settlements. Makingthese buildings energy- and water-efficient would, therefore, be critical component mitigation. The fullimplementation of a standard for green buildings would minimize the release of GHGs by as much as2,400,000 tons a year.Objective: Reduce carbon footprint through energy-efficient design and materials for publicinfrastructure and settlementsStrategic Prioritiesa. Institutionalize guidelines for the construction of innovative climate-resilient and energy-efficienthuman settlements.b. Promote green infrastructure practices through climate-smart technologies, climate proofingprocesses and construction of energy-efficient buildings.c. Install energy-efficiency and climate-proofing mechanisms for public infrastructure, culturalfacilities, and socio-economic infrastructure (including telecommunications facilities) throughappropriate standards and inventory mechanisms.d. Develop energy-efficient and climate-resilient human settlements through government andprivate sector housing programs, and public awareness campaigns.8.5 National REDD+ StrategyThe Philippines’ Second National Communication to the UNFCCC highlights the potential of thecountry’s forestry sector to serve as a “carbon sink,” effectively mitigating the country’s overallgreenhouse gas emissions via the absorption of carbon dioxide by the sector. However, anassessment of the country’s forestry sector reveals several gaps in governance, extension services,research and development, capacity building, and financing, among others.A National REDD+ Strategy does not only leverage the country’s participation in a prospectiveinternational REDD+ mechanism, but also boosts domestic efforts towards the reduction of emissionsfrom deforestation and forest degradation and the enhancement of forest carbon stocks in thecountry. It can also create an opportunity to strengthen the forestry sector’s capacity to adapt againstthe impacts of climate change by enhancing ecosystem services and establishing safeguards towardsthe realization of multiple environmental and social benefits.Objective: Reduce emissions from deforestation and forest degradation through the sustainablemanagement of forests and the protection and enhancement of carbon stocks in watersheds, forestsand other terrestrial ecosystemsStrategic Prioritiesa. Review, harmonize, and where necessary formulate, enabling policies towards enhancing theforestry sector’s ability to reduce emissions from deforestation and forest degradation andenhance forest carbon stocks, in the process, identifying and ensuring social and environmentalsafeguards are observed in the implementation of REDD+.b. Strengthen governance mechanisms in REDD+ coordination and implementation by establishingappropriate institutional arrangements with which to meaningfully engage stakeholders andensure equitable benefit sharing with local government units and communities.c. Promote a watershed approach towards REDD+ planning, implementation, and enforcement,pursuing options to improve the protection and sustainable management of forests, and theenhancement of forest carbon stocks and biodiversity.d. Collaboratively establish a broad science-based REDD+ research and development (R&D)agenda which, among others, identifies relevant national baselines, the drivers of deforestationand degradation in the country, and the social, policy, and carbon-cycle aspects of REDD+ inthe Philippines.e. Establish and implement a subnational REDD+ measurement, reporting, and verification (MRV)system, scaling up to a national-level system commensurate with the improvement of capacitiesand resources.4141

National Framework Strategy on Climate Change Policy 2010-2022 Handbookf. Formulate and implement a national REDD+ communication plan and capacity building programwith which to facilitate engagement, dialogues, and training for stakeholders towards REDD+development.g. Explore and capitalize on opportunities for financing REDD+, establishing long-term financialsustainability and resilience by seeking multiple funding sources, establishing contingencies andinvesting in self-sustaining local-level programs.8.6 Waste ManagementAcknowledging that unmanaged waste aggravates the emission of methane, a greenhouse gas 20times more lethal than carbon dioxide, it is imperative that the Philippines paves a way towards themore effective implementation of waste management laws of the Philippines.Objective: Full implementation of proper waste managementStrategic Prioritiesa. Enhanced implementation of the Ecological Solid Waste Management Actb. Promotion of best practices in waste management, involving all categories of wastec. Strengthen the advocacy of proper waste management as a tool towards better communicatingand mobilizing the public to address climate change9. THE ADAPTATION PILLARAdaptation refers to the adjustment in natural or human systems in response to actual or expectedclimatic stimuli or their effects, which moderates harm or exploits beneficial opportunities. The DelhiDeclaration on Climate Change and Sustainable Development highlights the importance of adaptationas “high priority for all countries.” With the Philippines’ geophysical and socio-economiccharacteristics, more emphasis is given on adaptation to risks associated with current climatevariability and extremes.4242

National Framework Strategy on Climate Change Policy 2010-2022 HandbookKey Result Areas (KRAs) for AdaptationLong-term Objective: To build the adaptive capacity of communities and increasing the resilience ofnatural ecosystems to climate change.To achieve this long-term objective, the following KRAs, from which the national, sectoral and localaction plans shall be drawn, are adopted. A list of strategic priorities is provided under each KRA toserve as initial guide for action planning:9.1 Enhanced Vulnerability and Adaptation AssessmentsThe development of a science-based approach to climate change adaptation requires theestablishment of a comprehensive knowledge system which has, as its components, the rigorouscollection, warehousing, and publishing of country-specific data towards the generation of methods,tools and assessments for better decision-making. Vulnerability assessment is the process ofidentifying, quantifying, and prioritizing (or ranking) the vulnerabilities in a system. It means assessingthe threats from potential hazards to the population and to existing infrastructure.Vulnerability and adaptation assessments need to be generated to serve as the country’s scientificbasis towards quantifying and prioritizing climate-related vulnerabilities and refining adaptationstrategies in both national and local settings. As a matter of principle, such assessments shall beiterative as they will be subject to constant methodological and data enhancement.Objective: Enhance the availability and quality of vulnerability and adaptation assessments to serveas the country’s scientific basis for formulating appropriate climate change adaptation strategies.Strategic Prioritiesa. Ensure the formulation of effective and efficient vulnerability, impact and adaptation assessmenttools that are relevant to target sectors and implementers.b. Improve mechanisms for addressing gaps and limitations of existing assessment andvulnerability approaches, in relation to the needs and objectives of climate change plans.c. Increase access to climate change adaptation knowledge products and support services for thepurpose of guaranteeing that the needs of the marginalized and vulnerable sectors areaddressed.9.2 Integrated Ecosystem-based ManagementAddressing the country’s multiple vulnerabilities to climate change requires an integrated ecosystembasedmanagement approach which not only acknowledges the interrelationships across thecountry’s ecosystems, but also strengthens the integrity of decision-making processes towards theformulation of comprehensive adaptation strategies from ridge-to-reef.Integrated Ecosystem-based Management in the Philippines shall be achieved through, but notlimited to, the following approaches and systems:9.2.1 River Basin ManagementObjective: Manage watershed ecosystems and multi-polar environments through the River BasinManagement (RBM) approach.Strategic Prioritiesa. Rehabilitate and develop watershed resources through resource use improvement andgovernance improvement.b. Enhance vulnerability and adaptation assessments.c. Enhance ecosystem services to control droughts, floods and landslides.d. Institute a comprehensive river basin management governance strategy.e. Establish appropriate and participatory institutional arrangements with local government units,private sector, and civil society organizations.f. Reduce climate change risks and vulnerability of watershed ecosystems and biodiversitythrough ecosystem-based management approaches, conservation efforts, and sustainable ENRbasedeconomic endeavors such as ecotourism.9.2.2 Coastal and Marine SystemsObjective: Build up and improve the resilience of coastal and marine ecosystems and communities,including tourism industries, to climate change.Strategic Prioritiesa. Establish marine reserve networks through active participation of local communities to serve assources of marine propagules to replenish biodiversity in shallow water habitats.b. Determine optimal clustering and locations of marine reserves according to “source and sink”.4343

National Framework Strategy on Climate Change Policy 2010-2022 Handbookc. Prioritize protection/management of mangroves, estuaries, sea grasses, coral reefs andbeaches as a management unit to derive maximum benefits from synergistic interactions ofthese five ecosystems that result in enhanced marine productivity.d. Strengthen sustainable, multi-sectoral and community-based coastal resource managementmechanisms and ecotourism endeavors.e. Manage and expand the sink potential of marine ecosystems such as coral reefs andmangroves. (Mitigation)9.2.3 BiodiversityObjective: Mainstream biodiversity adaptation strategies to climate change in policies, plans andprograms of national and local government agencies.Strategic Prioritiesa. Establish national baselines, standards and indicators for monitoring progress in implementingbiodiversity conservation programs.b. Strengthen vertical and horizontal coordination among government agencies, civil societygroups, academe and other organizations in implementing biodiversity conservation andadaptation strategies to climate change.c. Protect vulnerable ecosystems and highly threatened species from climate change impacts;d. Develop institutional capacities in biodiversity conservation and climate change adaptation at thenational, regional and local levels.e. Establish scientific basis for measuring the impacts of climate change scenarios on ecosystemand species diversity.f. Mobilize sustainable funding support to climate change adaptation programs9.3 Water Governance and ManagementThe success of the country’s adaptation efforts are seriously dependent on how the country’s waterresources are governed and managed. Therefore, appropriate mechanisms must be establishedtowards protecting and enhancing the integrity of our water resources towards environmental flowsfor biodiversity, agriculture, energy, and consumption of settlements and industries.Objective: Reduce water sector vulnerability to climate change through participative watergovernance, resource management and sectoral policy reform.Strategic Prioritiesa. Reduce climate change vulnerability of water resources through improved water governance andresource management mechanisms.b. Mainstream climate change adaptation in water resources policies and development planningc. Promote water sector reforms that will address the weak and fragmented institutional andregulatory frameworkd. Study, design, and implement innovative financing and incentive systems to stimulate watersector climate change adaptation investments and encourage community participation in waterresource managemente. Climate-proof water-related infrastructures such as dams and impoundments for domestic watersupply, irrigation, and energy generation.f. Test and adopt “low-cost, no regrets” water sector climate change adaptation technologiesg. Enhance institutional and community capacity for Integrated Water Resources Management(IWRM)h. Establish science-based water resources information, climate projections, climate changeimpacts on major water resources and infrastructure, and adaptation technologies at scalesrelevant to communities, decision makers and water resources managers.9.4 Climate-Responsive AgricultureThe sensitivity of the country’s agricultural sector to the impacts of climate change cannot beoverstated. The increasing frequency and intensity of extreme weather events affecting the countrycontinue to devastate and threaten the country’s food and water resources. Addressing thesevulnerabilities in both the short and long-term requires building the resilience of our food productionsystems through the mainstreaming of sustainable agriculture and aquaculture and relateddevelopments in the sector.Objective: Protect and enhance ecosystems and ecosystem services to secure food and waterresources and livelihood opportunities.Strategic Priorities4444

National Framework Strategy on Climate Change Policy 2010-2022 Handbooka. Reduce climate change risks and vulnerability of natural ecosystems and biodiversity throughecosystem-based management approaches, conservation efforts, and sustainable ENR-basedeconomic endeavors such as ecotourism.b. Increase the resilience of agriculture communities through the development of climate changesensitivetechnologies, establishment of climate-proof agricultural infrastructure and climateresponsivefood production systems, and provision of support services to the most vulnerablecommunities.c. Improve climate change resilience of fisheries through the restoration of fishing grounds, stocksand habitats and investment in sustainable and climate change-responsive fishing technologiesand products.d. Expand investments in aquaculture and in other food production areas.e. Strengthen the crop insurance system as an important risk sharing mechanism to implementweather-based insurance system.f. Strengthen sustainable, multi-sectoral and community-based resource managementmechanisms.9.5 Climate-Responsive Health SectorThe global climate is now changing faster than at any point in human civilization, and one of its mainimpacts on human health is increasing morbidity and mortality rates especially due to vector-bornediseases. Climate change profoundly impacts communicable index diseases as its vectors adapt,resulting in greater vulnerability of the marginalized sectors. The health sector must formulate properclimate-sensitive interventions in ensuring a healthy citizenry, and a disease-resilient community.Objective: Manage health risks brought about by climate change.Strategic Prioritiesa. Assessment of the vulnerability of the health sector to climate change.b. Improvement of climate-sensitivity and increase in responsiveness of public health systems andservice delivery mechanisms to climate change.c. Establishment of mechanisms to identify, monitor and control diseases brought about by climatechange; and improve surveillance and emergency response to communicable diseases,especially climate-sensitive water-borne and vector diseases.9.6 Climate-Proofing InfrastructureThe impacts could be severe in areas where infrastructures are not designed to fully cope with theeffects of climate change. Thus, these impacts have potential implications for where we locate andhow we build our new infrastructures, as well as make existing infrastructure robust or resilient to theeffects of climate change.Infrastructure in the country has not kept pace with the requirements of a growing economy, and theincrease in population and urbanization. The Philippines has not provided infrastructure that issufficient in quantity and quality to meet global economic challenges as well as poverty reductiongoals under such international commitments as the Millennium Development Goals (Llanto, 2007).This will be further exacerbated by climate change and the need for urgent adaptation actions isincreasing by the day.Objective: Render the infrastructure sector resilient to the escalating impacts of climate changeStrategic Priorities:a. Establish baseline data and benchmarks for climate change as basis for adaptation actions inthe infrastructure sectorb. Collaborate and integrate climate change adaptation plans for infrastructure with otherstakeholders.c. Rationalize climate change adaptation in infrastructure policy, planning and programming.9.7 Disaster Risk ReductionIn the overall effort of combating the effects of climate change, disaster risk reduction (DRR) shall bethe first line of defense. Thus, beyond normal relief operations, the Framework Strategy shall expandand upgrade the country’s capacity to address and anticipate disasters such as typhoons, floods, andlandslides. This would bring a renewed focus on science-based early warning systems and capacitybuildingfor local government units and organizations for disaster preparedness and riskmanagement. This would also entail vulnerability assessment of communities as well as prioritizeddisaster planning and management for areas in the typhoon-path and flood-prone areas.Objective: Reduce disaster risks from climate change-induced natural hazards.4545

National Framework Strategy on Climate Change Policy 2010-2022 HandbookStrategic Prioritiesa. Adoption of a responsive policy framework to serve as an enabling environment for reducinglosses from natural disasters, including climate change-related risks.b. Use of the best available and practicable tools and technologies from the social and naturalsciences as decision aids and support systems to stakeholders in preventing, reducing andmanaging disaster risks.c. Enhancement of institutional and technical capacity to facilitate the paradigm shift from disasterresponse to disaster preparedness and mitigation.d. Enhancement of national monitoring, forecasting and hazard warning systems; and improveeffectiveness of early warning systems available to communities.e. Mainstreaming of climate and disaster risk-based planning in national and local developmentand land use planning thru the application of disaster risk assessment and by further supportingcapacity development, including the preparation/ gathering and dissemination of appropriatedata and maps necessary for national. Regional, provincial and city/municipal planning.10. CROSS-CUTTING STRATEGIESSeveral cross-cutting areas are identified by the Framework as crucial to the achievement of theNational Goal: Capacity Development, Knowledge Management, Information, Education andCommunication (IEC), Research and Development (R&D), and Technology Transfer. The succeedingsections outline the priority strategies that would be undertaken under these critical areas of concern.10.1 Capacity DevelopmentCapacity development objectives in the area of policy formulation, organizational development andsystems improvement shall be pursued for national government agencies, local government units andstakeholder groups. At the individual level, specialized capacity (training) needs in the areas ofadaptation and mitigation have to be addressed to enable the full, effective and sustainedimplementation of the Framework and Action Plan. Overall, these strategies are aimed atstrengthening the capacity of local, regional and national institutions and individual stakeholders forundertaking climate change initiatives.Strategic Prioritiesa. Review and develop policy instruments at all levels of government to facilitate theimplementation of the National Framework Strategy on Climate Change.b. Enhance the capacity to plan, prepare, implement, monitor and report on climate changeactions, including the integration of such actions into relevant national strategies and plans;c. Enhance systematic observation, research and knowledge management, which includesstrengthening and using data for systematic observation, early warning, national and regionaldownscaling and modelling, disaster preparedness, vulnerability assessment and other climateservices.d. Strengthen climate change communication, education, training and public awareness at alllevels, including at the local and community levels, taking into account gender issues;e. Encourage and strengthen participatory and integrated approaches taking climate changeconsiderations into account to the extent feasible in relevant social, economic and environmentalpolicies and actions.f. Enhance systems and procedures to strengthen institutional arrangements in addressing climatechange mitigation and adaptation.g. Develop appropriate assessment tools such as carrying capacity assessment incorporating anappropriate environmental valuation methodology to inform decision-making, policydevelopment, research and development (R&D), payment and incentive mechanisms, and otherclimate change-related endeavors.10.2 Knowledge Management and Information, Education and Communication (IEC)Under knowledge management, mechanisms and protocols shall be installed for a well-coordinatedclimate change information and data management and reporting system. The informationmanagement system includes distillation and dissemination of country experiences and lessons inaddressing climate change adaptation and mitigation, including assessments/evaluations. Thisknowledge management mechanism shall then feed into the development of communicationmaterials and the introduction of innovative tools and approaches for increasing public awareness onClimate Change.Strategic Prioritiesa. Educate the public and private sectors to secure broad public awareness, support andcooperation in disaster risk-reduction, mitigation and adaptation programs.4646

National Framework Strategy on Climate Change Policy 2010-2022 Handbookb. Mainstream climate change into all levels of formal education.c. Provide socio-economic and cross-sectoral climate change impacts and vulnerabilityassessment and decision-making tools at all levels of development.d. Maximize utility of forecasts, research, and climate change knowledge through a nationwidebehavior change communication (BCC) and IEC campaigns.e. Establish a functioning network of government and non-government specialist institutions andprofessionals to provide the country with necessary tools, observations and information indealing with climate change.10.3 Research and Development (R&D) and Technology TransferCurrently, three of the five sectoral councils of the Department of Science and Technology (DOST)have formal statements of varying depth and scope concerning climate change – related to Researchand Development as well as Technology Transfer. It is observed that some activities cut acrosssectors and could benefit from the participation of multiple disciplines to ensure success from basicresearch to development to application. This seeks the rationalization and enhancement of theexisting sectoral R&D and Science & Technology agenda to ensure mainstreaming of the country’sclimate change requirements.Strategic PriorityDevelop and implement a national, comprehensive, multi-sectoral climate change research anddevelopment (R&D) and science and technology (S&T) agenda based on the initial inputs of researchand science agencies and institutions.11. MEANS OF IMPLEMENTATIONThe following Strategies in the areas of governance, coordination, financing, valuation andpartnerships are adopted to facilitate the implementation of the Framework. Other mechanisms thatmay be appropriately identified during the formulation of the Action Plan shall be included.11.1 Establish appropriate management and institutional arrangements and coordinationmechanisms for climate change at the national, sub-national and local levels.11.2 Maximize government financing instruments at the national and local levels as source offunds for the National Framework Strategy.11.3 Install policy and incentive mechanisms to facilitate and leverage private sectorinvestments in climate change.11.4 Provide and access scaled-up, new and additional financial resources to support therequirements of the National Framework, including sectoral and local financingrequirements.11.5 Development of appropriate assessment tools such as carrying capacity assessmentincorporating an appropriate environmental valuation methodology to inform decisionmaking,policy development, research and development (R&D), payment and incentivemechanisms, and other climate change-related endeavors.11.6 Establish partnerships among national and local government agencies, business,professional and other private groups, community-based organizations, academic andscientific organizations, and civil society organizations.12. MONITORING AND EVALUATION OF THE FRAMEWORKThe Climate Change Commission, in coordination with concerned agencies and stakeholder groups,shall install a monitoring and evaluation (M&E) system to track the implementation progress of theprovisions of this Framework and the resulting National Climate Change Action Plan and LocalClimate Change Action Plans.As per Rule VIII, Sec.1 of the Implementing Rules and Regulations of the Climate Change Act of2009, review the provisions of this Framework every three (3) years using a participatory evaluationprocess.13. TRANSITORY PROVISIONThe National Framework Strategy on Climate Change is a dynamic and living document that shallcontinue to evolve as new challenges and opportunities emerge and as the level of consensuscontinues to develop among stakeholders in all sectors of Philippine society. All stakeholder groupsshall pursue more concrete strategies and actions and work towards enhancing the Framework, asnational government agencies and local government units continue to refine the processes, asFilipinos endeavor to deepen and enrich their understanding of the consequences of climate change,and as the nation matures in its understanding of the interdependence of individuals, groups,cultures, and ecosystems to pave the way for new modes of collaboration—all in a concerted national4747

National Framework Strategy on Climate Change Policy 2010-2022 Handbookeffort to realize the Vision of “a climate risk-resilient Philippines with healthy, safe, prosperousand self-reliant communities, and thriving and productive ecosystems.”Approved and signed during the Commission Meetingon April 28, 2010 at Puerto Princesa City, Palawan4848

Policy HandbookDepartment Circular:ADAPTATION FORCLIMATE CHANGE FRAMEWORKFOR HEALTHNote:Please refer to page 47 for the attachment of this Department Circular entitled,“Philippine Strategy on Climate Change Adaptation for Health Sector”49

Policy HandbookRepublic of the PhilippinesDepartment of HealthOFFICE OF THE SECRETARYDEPARTMENT CIRCULARNo. 2010 – 0187June 3, 2010TO : ALL UNDERSECRETARIES, ASSISTANT SECRETARIES,BUREAUS / SERVICE DIRECTORS, CENTERS FOR HEALTHDEVELOPMENT, SERVICES AND SPECIALTY HOSPITALS,CHIEF OF MEDICAL CENTERS AND HOSPITALS,PROGRAM MANAGERS AND ATTACHED AGENCIESSUBJECT : ADAPTATION OF CLIMATE CHANGE FRAMEWORK FORHEALTHPursuant to the implementation of the National Framework Strategy on Climate Change2010 – 2022, the Department of Health in collaboration with partner agencies developed the HeathSector Strategy for Climate Change Adaptation. Accordingly, Department of Health is committedto:1. Develop and implement national action plans for health sector adaptation and mitigation toclimate change,2. Systematically integrate the concept of climate change and health linkage into policyrelevantinstruments,3. Strengthen public health systems and disaster preparedness and response activities,particularly surveillance and monitoring systems,4. Provide early warning systems to reduce the current and projected burden of climatesensitivediseases. Hence, access to national and regional climate forecasting information,including climate change projections should be facilitated.5. Implement adaptation measures specific to local health determinants and outcome concerns,and facilitate community-based resource management.6. Support the active participation of the health sector in National Communications to the UNFramework Convention on Climate Change and encourage inclusion of health issues innegotiation process.To facilitate the attainment of our commitments and lead cross-sectoral partnerships foreffective climate change adaptation and mitigation actions, the Department of Health is tasked toimplement these initiatives. As such, all DOH offices and attached agencies are enjoined tocoordinate with the EOHO-NCDPC in the implementation of this directive. An AdministrativeOrder is being developed to support these commitments.For your information and appropriate action.Attachment: Philippine Strategy on Climate Change Adaptation4551

PHILIPPINE STRATEGY ONCLIMATE CHANGEADAPTATION FOR THEHEALTH SECTOR

Policy HandbookPhilippine Strategy on Climate Change Adaptation: Health SectorRepublic of the PhilippinesDepartment of HealthOFFICE OF THE SECRETARYMESSAGEPHILIPPINE STRATEGY ON CLIMATE CHANGE ADAPTATION STRATEGYFOR HEALTHHuman civilization faces a daunting challenge in the issue of climate change. Indeed thishas taken the center stage among many global issues. For its effects cut across a widevariety of human concerns – environmental sustainability, poverty, development, health,maybe even the survival of humankind itself.There have been ongoing debates on the issue of whether climate change is real or not,and whether we should do anything about it. What is undeniable however is the imprintof human influence on nature, often in a detrimental manner. As we have negativelyinterfered with the natural systems, sometimes irreversibly, so must we step inimmediately to repair the consequences of our actions.In order to reduce the impact of climate change on health, the Department of Health andother sectors are encouraged to work together to put human health at the heart of climatechange policy. Not many know that climate change can have a potentially devastatingimpact on health, as the changing temperatures and climactic conditions can brew into ahostile environment where disease and death will reign.It is therefore my privilege to endorse this document, as it provides a foundation wherewe can advocate for measures that can mitigate the health impact of human – inducedclimate change. It is my hope that the policies that will spring forth from the PhilippineStrategy on Climate Change Adaptation will guide the country to healthy and progressivefuture, where good governance, responsible citizenship and sustainable developmentprevail.551

Philippine Strategy on Climate Change Adaptation: Policy Health Handbook SectorExecutive SummaryHealth is considered central to the survival of populations when we talk about climate changeimpacts. It is affected by other sectors as much as it conversely mediates them. It has both direct andindirect effects. The direct effects have more stable measures but are not that dominant. The indirecteffects have harder metrics and are more dominant. Having cross mediatory effects and having moreindirect effects with harder metrics makes climate change health impacts more complex, as for themost part, the relationships may predominantly be non-linear.Internationally, climate change and health has been in the forefront of WHO, and UNFCCCdiscussions. It has figured prominently in the Intergovernmental panel on climate change (IPCC)fourth assessment report (AR4). This report was accomplished by a large group of multi-countryscientists who have recently won a Nobel peace prize for it. In the Philippines, formal investigations inclimate change and health impacts started about a decade ago with a health section reported in thefirst national communications that was submitted to the UNFCCC that came out in 1999. It has beenassigned a more focused investigation in three areas in the second national communications comingout this 2010. As it is in its infancy, awareness to correlation of the health effects of climate changehave been slow in coming.Our country has not been spared. In the recent months ending 2009, we have seen storms comingone after the other, albeit seemingly increasing in frequency, that have caused disease leading todeath and destruction to a significant part of our population. Floods from the typhoon have bothdirect effects – drowning and indirect effects- Leptospirosis from the urine of rats that have enteredthe broken skin of people who have had to wade and swim through the floodwaters.We are not strangers to extremes of climate events and natural disasters. This is so because thecountry is a pathway – both for typhoons and earthquakes, as it lies also in the pacific rim of fire. TheIPCC has noted the correlation of climate change to an increase in the frequency of these extremeclimate events. The extreme climate events have translated to favoring disease pathways andincreases in disease incidence, which have in turn affected human health.Population health has been affected significantly with each passing disaster. For the most partthough, there has not been a conscious correlation of the health impacts that diseases bringsecondary to climate change in the country. What is now becoming evident, after continuedinformation, education and communication (IEC), is an apparent awareness at the initial success ofcorrelating the increase in disease incidence that the change in the climate brings.Health campaigns should continue to keep up the awareness and translate the IEC to a behaviorchange communication (BCC), hopefully effecting the needed behavior modification to act on thisphenomenon. This however will be weak unless it is backed by medical evidence- based andscientifically grounded proof. This in turn can only be achieved as we continue in-depth research intoclimate change and health impacts correlation.Impacts of health on climate change should consider the epidemiologic triad of disease occurrence inhealth (environment-agent-reservoir) as a major pathway for disease causation. 1 This will then helphighlight the alternative pathway of environment causing disease. That is to say those alterations toenvironment – to climate will in turn affect the epidemiologic triad. Of parallel importance are theeffects of the burden of climate change (disease sensitive) health outcomes.It will be important then to start the identification and study of these diseases which may be altered bythe environment. We will call them ‘climate sensitive’ diseases as they are those which lifecycles areenhanced by the changes in weather and climate parameters which in turn can mediate an increaseor decrease in infirmity.This paper aims to look at several aspects of health and climate change. It will scan the situationalstate of the health sector vis a vis climate change. It will discuss the initiatives prevailing and identifygaps and issues that have come out of these. It will likewise try to report how the sector plans toaddress the issues arising from the phenomenon with the concomitant strategies for adaptation. It willlikewise report on the institutional arrangements that are coming to fore as much as the sustainabilitymeasures to move the initiative.1 Paraso GV. Health Poster – UNDP-EMB Second national communications climate change and health 200956 2

Philippine Strategy on Climate Change Adaptation: Policy Health Handbook SectorAcronymsACCBio - Adaptation to Climate Change and Conservation of Biodiversity in the Philippines ProjectADB - Asian Development BankAO - administrative orderAR4 - Fourth Assessment Report of the IPCCBCC - Behavioral change communicationsBLHD - Bureau of local health developmentCC - Climate changeCCA - Climate change adaptationDENR - Department of Environment and Natural Resources.DOH - Department of HealthDOST - Department of Science and TechnologyDRR - disaster risk reductionEMB - Environmental Management BureauESR - epidemiological surveillance and responseField Implementation and Coordination Teams (FICT)FIMO - Field implementation management operationsGIDA - geographically isolated and disadvantages areasGTZ (GmbH) - Deutsche Gesellschaft fur Technische ZusammenarbeitHIV-AIDs - Human Immunodeficiency Virus - Auto immune deficiency syndromeHSRA - Health Sector Reform AgendaIACCC - Inter-Agency Committee on Climate ChangeICD 10 - International Classification of DiseasesILHZ - Inter local health zoneIPCC - Intergovernmental panel on climate changeIRA - Internal revenue allotmentJICA-CESM - Japan International Cooperation Agency – Center for Environmental Studies and managementLGU - Local Government unitMMDA - Metro Manila Development AuthorityNCCA+2 - National Climate Change Adaptation +2 yearsNCDPC - National Center for Disease Prevention and ControlNHIP - National Health Insurance ProgramNOH - National Objectives for HealthPhilhealth - Philippine Health Insurance CorporationPIPH - province-wide investment plan for healthPOPCOM - Commission on PopulationPPP - Public-Private PartnershipsPSDTAT - Policy, Standards Development, and Technical Assistance TeamsR&D - research and developmentSNC - Second national communicationsUNDP - United Nations Development ProgramUNFCCC - United Nations Framework Climate Change CommissionWATSAN - Water and sanitationWB - World BankWHO - World Health Organization1. Introduction and Background to the SectorThe impacts of climate change on human health have far reaching consequences for our survival.Moving from awareness to action is necessary as the complexity of the process does not provide alinear cause and effect equation on population but rather a geometric increase in those affected.Climate change knows no country boundaries and thus will affect those that are more vulnerable -health wise. It will significantly contribute to the global burden of disease and may wipe out any healthgains that development may afford.Climate change affects more those who are further vulnerable to its effects. Human health becomes avery sensitive indicator for this vulnerability. In the human development index (HDI), health figures asa major indicator for measurement of the quality of life of populations. As it is, the Philippines is a thirdworld categorized country according to its economic status. This also becomes an indirect measure ofits poverty and corresponding inadequate health status.On top of the health vulnerability is the increasing frequency of extremes of climate events which visitthe country. The IPCC scientists in its Fourth Assessment report (AR4) has concluded the evidencethat puts to bear on climate change which effect an increase in the frequency and severity of extreme57 1

Philippine Strategy on Climate Change Adaptation: Policy Health Handbook Sectorclimate events. This is seen to mediate the effects of the climate on the diseases which in turn affectthe populations. It will be important then to measure the vulnerability of populations as to health andits potential effects from the changes in climate. An assessment then will be in order to establish theresponses in order that they can adapt and cope to these changes.Eight of the 10 leading causes of morbidity in the Philippines are infectious in nature. Among themare pneumonia, diarrhea, bronchitis, influenza, tuberculosis, malaria, chicken pox and measles. 2Pneumonia and tuberculosis still are in the top 10 causes of mortality in the Philippines. Mosquitobornediseases, such as malaria, dengue and filariasis, are ever present danger in endemic areas.Although malaria is no longer a leading cause of death, it has remained among the leading causes ofmorbidity in the country, especially in rural areas. The surge in dengue cases occurring in cyclicaloutbreaks every three to five years remains a threat to public health. Efforts to eliminate filariasis arehindered by the limited resources for the annual mass treatment in endemic areas. 3The National Objectives for Health (NOH 2005-2010) does not specifically mention climate change asan area of concern; it rather looks at the health effects from a focused approach. It looks atenvironmental degradation with air carrying pollutants and particulates and its effects on the health ofpopulations 4 ; and disasters from a perspective of affectation of health due to loss of limb and life. 5 Sothat its response and corresponding budget allocation is carved in programs (focused in part toclusters of diseases - infectious and non-infectious) that have more specific thrusts. Public healthspending while it has been given priority still lacks the appropriations needed to fully respond to thesediseases. While WHO recommends around 5% of GDP, we have spent around 1.49% of GDP forpublic health (private - 1.4% + public - 1.49% total =2.88%) in 1990 6 and (Php 136 billion) 2.9% ofGDP in 2003 7 .The Department of Health has started looking at climate change and health impacts quite recently,around a decade or so when there a section on climate change impacts appeared in the first nationalcommunications. 8 Here initial trends and associations where established between the notifiablediseases and climate parameters which were arrayed against it. As it is, the initiative is in its infantstages so that program and process integration will take time as advocacy for investigating the healthimpacts continues.2. Sector Profile (Situationer)The improvement of public health is the major thrust of DOH and environmental health effects are anessential part of it. Health outcomes from climate sensitive diseases are a new field where the DOHhas not as yet made in-depth strides in. For the most part we look at diseases from a biologicalperspective. That is to say that disease cause and effect are investigated from the disease causingagent (usually bacterial or viral) its effect on the host. Programs and policies then are made aroundthis premise for diagnosis and treatment. We should broaden our consideration to shift the paradigmto an epidemiologic triad of environment-host-reservoir of disease occurrence when we think ofimpacts of climate change on human health as the relationship of these three will show the dynamicsof disease transmission. Covering this section though we will have to tackle related aspects that willhelp us understand the situation prevailing.2.1 The epidemiologic disease occurrence triadThis gives us the window then for considering that another dimension to the disease transmissioncycle exists; the effect of the environment on the life cycles of these disease agents which mayattenuate, thus detrimentally affect population health or conversely have a detrimental effect on theagent and decrease disease incidence. This we can call climate sensitivity of diseases. Disease2 Field Health Survey Information System (FHSIS) 2002. Department of Health.3 National Objectives for Health 2005-2010, Reducing Burden of Disease, Chapter 4, p.132. Available fromhttp://www2.doh.gov.ph/noh2007/NOHWeb32/NOHperSubj/Chap4/PreventionCCD.pdf4 National Objectives for Health 2005-2010, Reducing Burden of Disease, Chapter 4, p.254. Available fromhttp://www2.doh.gov.ph/noh2007/NOHWeb32/NOHperSubj/Chap4/EnvironmentalHR.pdf5 National Objectives for Health 2005-2010, Reducing Burden of Disease, Chapter 4, p. 249. Available fromhttp://www2.doh.gov.ph/noh2007/NOHWeb32/NOHperSubj/Chap4/EnvironmentalHR.pdf6 Atlas country page Philippines. Health. Available from http://ucatlas.ucsc.edu/country/165/health#7 Philippine National health accounts 2003.8Flavier J., Paraso G, Baylon, M, section on health: 1 st national communications, climate change and health,UNFCCC -DENR/EMB,1999.58 2

Philippine Strategy on Climate Change Adaptation: Policy Health Handbook Sectorpathways will have to consider how the agents react to the dynamics of weather parameters(extremes of weather – humidity, precipitation, rainfall) for the short time – everyday/weekly/monthlywhich becomes the climate –when we talk about weather for the long term – at least severaldecades. 9These bring us to the realm of environmental health in consideration of how attenuation of diseaseoutcomes is enhanced by these climate parameters. That is to say that the environment is affected bychanges in the climate which in turn reflects on the lifecycle affectation of disease agents which mayincrease or decrease disease incidence and therefore the chances of infirmity in the humanpopulation. We will call this climate sensitivity of diseases.2.2 Vulnerability and adaptationWe know that when we talk about climate change we will have to consider the vulnerabilities that arepresent in systems and countries. The more underprivileged a country or population is, the more it willbe vulnerable. Poverty then figures high in the scheme of measuring vulnerabilities. It has both adirect and indirect effect on health. The direct effects of poverty will lead to marginalized access tofood and clothing and shelter essential to health while the indirect effects of poverty will bemarginalized access to health services by virtue of these populations not having the means –financialto go seek services or not have the corresponding health seeking behavior.Philippine health vulnerabilities can consider the following: technological inadequacy for diagnosisand treatment, inadequate health facilities and structures (not climate proof), changing patterns ofdisease where we are now shifting to have the double burden of disease – where primary healthdiseases of TB, Measles and the still abound while we enter the lifestyle diseases of cardiac,hypertension and cancers abound brought about by so called ‘less healthy food and lifestyle’ wherestress ranks high as causes. With the Philippines considered as a developing country, its publichealth systems are already challenged where the infectious disease era is still rife. We are nowentering the era of increasing development where pollution of our natural systems takes its toll onhuman population. Put on top of these experiencing extremes of climate events. This will make itmore vulnerable to the impacts and coping becomes a heavier burden. The capacity to cope thenbecomes a measure of the short term response that a community comes up with. It is the immediatesolution that spells its survival. 10The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), in its Second Assessment Report, definesvulnerability as "the extent to which climate change may damage or harm a system." It adds thatvulnerability "depends not only on a system's sensitivity, but also on its ability to adapt to new climaticconditions".Identification of the vulnerabilities is the first step; a second step will be having and developing thecapacity to cope which then becomes the immediate adaptation mechanism that a country does todisease vulnerability. In the Philippines, the health sector coping capacity has been to a large extent afunction of each of the local government units’ availability of resources. The devolution of healthservices has been in place for more than a decade now and this has led to differences in healthresponses depending on the level of participation and political will of local chief executives and healthmanagers. Local health systems have been coping in their own way oblivious to or unaware ofclimate change impacts. Local governments will need to recognize this new aspect of beingvulnerable to climate change as that which adds on to the present burden of disease in a locality.The Fourth Assessment Report (AR4) of the IPCC released in Apr 2007 notes that “even the moststringent mitigation efforts cannot avoid the impacts of climate change in the next decades whichmakes adaptation essential”. 11 Adaptation options become the way to go if we are to work in ourenvironment that has resources that are limited. The burden of disease will happen with or withoutclimate change. In the latter part of this paper, the health sector adaptation options are identified.2.3 Non-health determinantsIt will be prudent to highlight that climate change is also mediated by non-health causes. Theseinclude disasters, social economic causes (poverty), geographical presentation where we arearchipelagic and we have what we call geographically isolated and disadvantages areas (GIDA)which are island groups with human populations that have little to nil health services access.9 Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change 10 th anniversary brochure, p.4, Dec 2004 available fromhttp://www.ipcc.ch/pdf/10th-anniversary/anniversary-brochure.pdf10 Health Sector report, Second National communications (SNC), UNDP-EMB-PRRM, September 200911 Fourth Assessment report AR4. Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), UNFCCC, 2007.59 1

Philippine Strategy on Climate Change Adaptation: Policy Health Handbook SectorIn relation to this are the sectors and the potential causes that may come from them; forestry: forestfires and damage to life and limb; energy: air and noise pollution; agriculture: drought causingdecrease harvest and malnutrition to name a few.2.4 Devolution and the PIPHHealth devolution plays a central role in the coping and adaptive mechanism in local governmentunits. Local chief executives and health managers now have the say in how health programs will berunning. It will then depend on the openness to look at health from a climate change perspective tomobilize resources and commitment from them. The recently developed province-wide investmentplan for health (PIPH) has become a venue for objective focusing on health activities that have beenidentified for funding. From this also will stem the local projections and scenarios. While climatechange has a global and regional impact, its local effects will be unique to the population and theprevailing environment in the locality. That is to say that climate change has specific local effects thatvary across provinces and will then need differing health responses.60 2

Philippine Strategy on Climate Change Adaptation: Policy Health Handbook Sector2.5 Population increaseThe Philippines is also among the world's fastest urbanizing countries, and overcrowded citiespresent their own challenges. 47 percent of the population lives in urban areas, compared with 31percent in Thailand and 16 percent in Cambodia; the country has more than 200 urban areas thathave populations of more than 50,000, notes the country's Commission on Population (POPCOM). ByWorld Bank estimates, these urban centers could expand to some 600 by 2020, largely because highlevels of rural poverty are pushing people into the cities. 12The latest national census 2009 projects the country at 96 million, growing at a natural increase 2.2%;we are expected to be 115,500,000 m and 145,700,000m respectively for 2025 and 2050 (projected).This will then make us spread thinner our resources which will increase our vulnerabilities to climatechange. As more people seek health services, the lesser we will be able to cope if population is notmanaged prudently.3. Current Sector InitiativesIn May 1991, the Philippines created the Inter-Agency Committee on Climate Change (IACCC) underthe Environmental Management Bureau of the Department of Environment and Natural Resources(DENR). It was a concrete manifestation of the Philippines’ attempt to promptly address the issue ofclimate change. In 1992, the Philippines became a signatory to the 1992 United Nations FrameworkConvention on Climate Change. Here it expressed together with other countries its belief in theprinciples of sustainable development and environmental preservation based, upholding equity and inconsideration of the distinctive capabilities of the participating countries.Climate change and health saw its first appearance about a decade ago when the First nationalCommunications had a section dedicated to the health impacts of climate change. That portionshowed initial diseases and climate parameters correlation. 13 The 2005-2010 national objectives forhealth do not have climate change in its pages. It rather has a programmatic approach to health anddivides this into communicable and non-communicable segments of disease. It looks atenvironmental degradation with air carrying pollutants and particulates and its effects on the health ofpopulations; 14 and disasters from a perspective of affectation of health due to loss of limb and life. 15We know that natural calamities like typhoons, floods, volcanic eruptions and earthquakes are othermajor environmental hazards that are common in the Philippines.These hazards are more difficult to control and mitigate. Although environmental disasters happennaturally, man-made environmental degradation cannot be discounted as a major culprit in someinstances. Because diseases, disabilities and deaths are dire consequences of these hazards, thehealth sector is usually left to handle the management and rehabilitation of victims. 16 Climate changeresponses then become secondary, as the primary public health response is disease syndromespecific. Diagnosis and treatment protocols are focused and usually may not consider the triadicparadigm of environment-host-agent. The current sector initiatives will then center on these.In a more recent move towards rationalization of climate change response, the government hasapproved the Republic Act 9729, also called the climate change act of 2009 which seeks to prioritizeresponses to this phenomenon which will help stem the tide against sustainable development. TheAct will install a commission with the President at the helm as chair, to oversee coordinativemechanisms as well as solutions to adapt to the foreseen climate change impacts on the differentsectors. It will craft the national framework strategy and program for climate change.DOH responses to climate change were more focused on those that were more immediate andneeded priority: disaster response secondary to extreme events – floods, landslides and earthquakes,12 Yvette Collymore. Rapid population growth, crowded cities present challenges in the Philippines. PopulationReferences Bureau, 2003. Avaialble fromhttp://www.prb.org/Articles/2003/RapidPopulationGrowthCrowdedCitiesPresentChallengesinthePhilippines.aspx13 Philippines First national communications for climate change. Health, Chapter 3, p.15. Available fromhttp://unfccc.int/resource/docs/natc/phinc1.pdf14 National Objectives for Health 2005-2010, Reducing Burden of Disease, Chapter 4, p.254. Available fromhttp://www2.doh.gov.ph/noh2007/NOHWeb32/NOHperSubj/Chap4/EnvironmentalHR.pdf15 National Objectives for Health 2005-2010, Reducing Burden of Disease, Chapter 4, p. 249. Available fromhttp://www2.doh.gov.ph/noh2007/NOHWeb32/NOHperSubj/Chap4/EnvironmentalHR.pdf16 Ibid.61 1

Philippine Strategy on Climate Change Adaptation: Policy Health Handbook Sectorwith the Philippines being in the typhoon belt. The formation of the health emergency medical service(HEMS) in the DOH directly under the office of the Secretary was one response. They werecoordinating with the national disaster coordinating council (NDCC) as an attached agency. Otherresponses were disease specific programs/projects – malaria, dengue, filaria, schistosomiasis,among others where they were endemic and prioritized. The DOH Environmental health unit/officemonitoring pollutants with air pollution, where the Clean Air Act was pushed in coordination with theDepartment of Energy (DOE), Department of Environment and natural resources (DENR), and MetroManila Development Authority (MMDA); so for the most part responses were not directly climaterelated but rather those prioritized and part of the primary/pubic health care response, with or withoutclimate change. Of note also are the DOH interdepartmental actions and activities to decrease thecarbon footprint in the offices: on solid waste management and that of energy conservation with theputting off of air conditioners and lights during the lunch break.Other projects which are on-going or were undertaken with the DOH and its attached agencies were:WHO-MDG-F (Spanish assisted 2008-10) disease surveillance system for climate related diseasesfor metro manila and other provinces; 17 the ADB funded (2006-08) project on strengtheningepidemiological surveillance and response (ESR) system for communicable diseases. 18 Indirectlyrelated to climate change, it follows diseases (hopefully tagging also possible climate sensitivediseases), with the establishment of a comprehensive system for investigation, case management,and mitigation of communicable disease control; the JICA-CESM study (2008-09) for climate changeand policy in the Philippines; the UNFCCC-UNDP-EMB (2007-2009) funded Second nationalcommunications (SNC) for climate change with a section on health; and the present GTZ (2008-11)Adaptation to Climate Change and Conservation of Biodiversity in the Philippines (ACCBio) Projectwith health policy formulation support.The DOH together with the Department of Science and Technology (DOST) is continuing its researchagenda and paper presentations on the different aspects of health and climate change impacts in itsannual call for paper presentations4. Key Issues and GapsIntegral to a program is identifying issues and gaps which will give us an assessment of the presentstate of the art in the practice of climate change and health. In a preceding publication of ACCBio forhealth sector strategies in climate change adaptation 19 several issues and gaps were identified in thehealth sector for climate change and health. Highlighted among them: lack of a sectoral CCadaptation framework (this portion has been responded to by the DOH that came up with aframework last September 2009), Roles and functions clarification – where it was seen that thereare no national to local coordination mechanisms, with the DOH itself not having yet a in placeconcrete interdepartmental role and function mechanism outside of the HEMS disaster responseframe, considered just one aspect of the whole climate change response.The need for integrated systems and mechanisms – akin to the former, this would look at possibleprivate-public partnerships for CC adaptation responses as much as look at data gatheringmechanisms for integrated disease surveillance systems (PIDSR) as a platform for long term datagathering to add on to robust evidence based historic data which will form the baselines forprojections. This would also look into the readiness of health facilities to respond to climate changeand look at their corresponding resilience in the continuing extremes of events. Included also in thisvein are the studies that are needed to build up the evidence of climate parameters affecting certaindiseases.These were further discussed in a related presentation at the ACCBio led national conference forclimate change last October 2009 by NCDPC DOH head, Dr. Yolanda Oliveros (the ACCBio technical17 World Health Organization- Millennium Development Goals-financing project (Spanish grant) 2008-1118 Strengthening Epidemiological Surveillance and Response for Communicable Diseases in Indonesia,Malaysia, and the Philippines. Available from http://www.adb.org/Documents/TACRs/REG/39068-REG-TCR.pdf19 Paraso, GV. Health sector strategies for climate change adaptation, ACCBio project, GTZed, November 2009.62 2

Philippine Strategy on Climate Change Adaptation: Policy Health Handbook Sectorworking group for health spearheaded by the DOH) highlighted the following issues and gaps whichwas gathered from meetings of the TWG and the DOH 20 workshop last September 2009.In the just concluded UNDP-EMB 2 nd National communications (SNC) for climate change, there werethree categories of gaps which were identified as needs in the health sector. These are in thetechnical, financial and capabilities categories. 21 The technical category lists the need for theestablishment of a national health assessment which will look at the vulnerabilities at the countrywidelevel as well as a mirror at the local level in consideration of the geographic and cross sectoraffectations of socio-economics, energy, and agriculture, among others. It likewise lists the gap ofhaving the same assessment look at the burden of climate sensitive health outcomes which will giveus a viewpoint and a means of measuring and identifying our response mechanisms. It will also benoted that the gap for continuous research and development in the health sector as climate changeimpacts it should go on and become more in-depth as to identification of systems of analysis.The financial category states the need to identify mechanisms for integrating the programs into theDOH so that institutional sustainability will be achieved. The recent province-wide investment plan forhealth (PIPH) is a very good window for advocating for climate change and health activities as well asprivate-public partnerships platforms for these. The possibility of funding from outside sources is alsoincluded here where health initiatives can be pump primed in order to create piloting strategies andactivities which can be based from the national framework. International donor funding can likewisehelp establish the needed health baselines that can be inputs to the future IPCC reports as well asregional climate (tropical countries which experience the same band of climate) and healthcorrelations studies.In the capacity building category it will be good to highlight the need for human resourcedevelopment of personnel knowledgeable in climate change and health. While it will be good to getspecialists (disease surveillance personnel and experts) to be part of this group, it will beadvantageous to have a generalist who can understand the different disciplines (cross sectors) andincorporate how each might mediate the health continuum.Additional Issues and gapsIn addition to the identified issues and gaps from local literature and forums, there are still severalwhich can be considered here. For the technical capability there is a need for correlation studies ofzoonotic diseases which may have the potential to form part of the climate sensitive diseases. It willbe noted that quite a number of animal diseases have started to cross species in the immediate past.To name a few – avian flu H5N1 22 which came from birds; the H1N1 swine flu virus which came fromprimarily from pigs; Auto immune deficiency syndrome (HIV-AIDs) which has been reported frommonkeys.It is also noted that biodiversity and climate change health impacts should be considered as anotherarea for correlation study where species (the lack of them or the proliferation of certain others) willhave an effect on the health of human populations. We should look at terrestrial as well as marinespecies which are part of the ecosystem balance which may affect human health with the effect ofclimate change. This will be included in the indirect effects of climate change and will have a longerchain of investigation in the environment-host-agent triad chain of disease occurrence.This should be considered then in the ACCBio understanding of having exposure units. Even as welook at the adaptation strategies, the species population will have an effect on the exposure unit asecologic systems will have to adjust, albeit at times stressing it so as to maintain the balance. But weknow that this homeostasis may not hold up as continuing stress of human induced climate changewill sustain the increase in the exposure units.It is also then in this frame that we should see the complexity of health and climate change impacts atthe beginning as it has a lot of indirect effects on other sectors and systems. While we can identifyinitial gaps and issues, discussions and eventual solutions of this first layer of gaps will expose asecond layer – correlations with the other sectors, which become more dynamic and would require anew set of technologies and possibly different analysis systems.In the communications section behavioral change communications for building community resilienceis another gap that is being suggested to be filled. This will include the development of behavioral20 DOH Climate change Policy and framework setting workshop, Island Cove, Cavite, September 2009.21 Health Sector report, Second National communications (SNC), UNDP-EMB-PRRM, September 2009.22 http://www.cdc.gov/flu/avian/gen-info/facts.htm63 1

Philippine Strategy on Climate Change Adaptation: Policy Health Handbook Sectorchange communications plans which should be community based and community developed with thetechnical assistance of communications experts. It should take into consideration health-riskcommunications strategies in light of climate change effects. It should also take into consideration thecultural aspect of indigenous groups as they react to health messages.This brings us to this other gap – responding to the needs and cultural aspects of climate change andhealth. Indigenous people by virtue of their life circumstances are usually in the marginalized sector ofsociety, as much as they are in the hazardous parts of communities-mountain or coastal areas wherethe vulnerabilities of climate change exhibits. These vulnerabilities are heightened when thesepeople, often lacking in resources find it hard to adapt and cope to the infrastructure as well as healthsituations brought about by climate change especially on health. Considerations of indigenousknowledge and practices may impact on modern science which may affect their fundamental way ofcoping to existing health conditions let alone adapting to this phenomenon.The issue of community resilience should also be considered in order that we will be able to reducevulnerabilities. Modules and profiles should be developed of our different communities. Increasingsocial capital and the strengthening of these through social support networks should be endeavoredso that norms can be developed towards increasing an environment for appropriate adaptiveresponses. In relation to this then would be that of another identified gap – looking at post disastersurveillance of health and diseases. This area is usually overlooked as communities go into therecovery phase if a disaster has struck them. It is at this point where and when they are mostvulnerable as resources, both human and financial may not be able to cope with the immediate healthimpacts. It is suggested that modules should be designed to address this so that resiliency canincrease.We should also consider that as the national objectives for health does not have specific climatechange policy; there is likewise no direct climate change and health legislation at the moment.Whatever legislation for health there is are more of the focused and programmatic type definingdiagnosis and treatment protocols specific to the disease coverage. These are considered the policygaps that are inherent to climate change and health, notwithstanding the policy coherence which thenwill not be present at this time as there is little or no consideration of the relationship between climatechange and health impacts.5. Strategic Objectives and Adaptation Strategies for the SectorCognizant of the significance of addressing the health effects of climate change, the Department ofHealth (DOH) through the National Center for Disease Prevention and Control (NCDPC) developed aframework of action 23 that would contextualize the issue in the health system, assess factors thatshape program implementation and come up with appropriate strategies that will define the overallprogram direction. It would also help the agency recognize its participation and commitment to saidinternational and national agreements. 24In identifiying its strategic objectives, the climate change and health initiative utilized the health sectorreform implementation platform, as the DOH formed its National framework of action.Anchored on public health structure strengthening, it looked at the following expressed objectives:• Identification of vulnerabilities and assessment of theseo Focus on climate change health effects and its state• Identification of present health program responses (projects and programs)• Identification of health adaptation mechanismso Policy cover and governanceo Institutional arrangements – interdepartmentalo Capability and service deliveryo Financing initiatives and regulation• Align with national and international agreements (as signatory) on health and climate changeExpressed in support to Health Sector Reform Agenda (HSRA) implementation, the NationalFramework of Action on CC aims to:a) Have better health outcomes from more responsive health systems, in consideration of climatechange impacts on health (Service Delivery)b) To institute (public) health adaptation mechanisms towards climate change (Governance)23 DOH climate change strategic planning workshop, Island Cove, Cavite. September11, 2009.24 Health Sector report, UNFCCC-UNDP-EMB Second national communications.64 2

Philippine Strategy on Climate Change Adaptation: Policy Health Handbook Sectorc) To establish more equitable (focused on poor and marginalized) healthcare financing as support(Financing)d) To strengthen health regulatory mechanism to link CC & Human Health Initiatives (Regulation)The possible actions from the four implementation platform consisted of the following:Service delivery:• Health service delivery programs (as disaster response)• Management of diseases as an aftermath of disasters/secondary to climate change (climatesensitive diseases initially)• Health prevention and promotion (BCC and Climate change and health impactscommunications)• Health R&D (Climate and health impact studies i.e., disease transmission dynamics)Financing:• Health program financing addressing the needs of the poor (in consideration of climate changediseases and responses)• Mobilizing resources at the national and local levels (partnerships funding)Regulation:• Policies (regional and local ordinances)• Standards• Institutional arrangementsGovernance:• Local health systems improvement• Public-Private Partnerships (PPP)• Improving national capacities (managerial, professional health service provision, advocate, ICT)• Establishing monitoring and evaluation (include surveillance systems)As the national framework for Climate change action is established it would also be commendable tofollow this up with specific sector adaptation strategies which will give flesh to the framework as wellas direction for the sector in terms of activities.Adaptation can be anticipatory (actions taken in advance of climate change) or responsive and canencompass both spontaneous responses to climate variability and change by affected individuals andplanned responses by governments or other institutions. 25Earlier on, DOH identified in their framework setting exercise some adaptation mechanisms:• Identify health adaptation mechanismso Policy cover and governanceo Institutional arrangements (inter-departmental)o Capability and service deliveryo Financing initiatives and regulationWe have established that the Philippines are a vulnerable country as regard climate change impactsand extreme events. And as this is so, adaptation strategies for health should be framed at thenational and local level, given that the devolution of health services has become a responsibility oflocal government units. Weather parameters then will play a role as specific affected geographicalareas will have variations.Adaptation strategies are clustered according to the following areas:1. Climate Change and Health Development2. Policy and Systems Development3. Program/Systems Integration4. Financing CC5. Partnerships BuildingSuggested adaptation strategies include (per F1 pillar, then by cluster):25 Smit et al. 2001. Adaptation to climate change in the context of sustainable development and equity. In:Climate Change 2001: Impacts, Adaptation and Vulnerability in An Approach for Assessing Human HealthVulnerability and Public Health Interventions to Adapt to Climate Change. Ebi et al. Environmental HealthPerspectives, volume 114, number 12 December 2006. Available fromhttp://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pubmed&pubmedid=1718528765 1

Philippine Strategy on Climate Change Adaptation: Policy Health Handbook SectorPillar 1: GovernanceProgram/Systems IntegrationPartnerships Building• Establishment of cross sector activities andcoordinative mechanisms (forestry, water,energy, agriculture) for integratedadaptation responses• Policy cover formulation for governanceplansand activities to proceed.• Integrating CC in the monitoring andevaluation systemsPillar 2: RegulationClimate Change and HealthDevelopment• National and localassessment on determinationof climate change and healthvulnerabilities and impacts,consider the parallel stateand quality of biodiversity• Addressing the need foradditional regulatoryparameters to ensure safetyof infrastructure and qualityof health goods and servicesPillar 3: Service DeliveryPolicy and Systems DevelopmentPolicy and SystemsDevelopment• In the area of capacities: training healthpersonnel and acquisition of equipment foradaptation• Developing behavioral change communicationon CC and health• Identification of the current distribution andburden of climate-sensitive healthdeterminants and outcomes• Addressing the need for additional researchesand studiesPillar 4: FinancingFinancing Climate Change• Mainstreaming indigenousknowledge in consideration ofadaptation mechanisms forhealth• Review of CC Act vis-à-visrelated legislation (i.e., CleanAir Act, Solid Waste Mgt.,etc.)• Development of specific strategies forcommunity participation to improveresilience in anticipation of projected impacts• Forging of private-public partnerships forclimate change and health activities• Establishment of cross sector activities andcoordinative mechanisms (forestry, water,energy, agriculture) for integrated adaptationresponsesProgram/Systems IntegrationProgram/Systems Integration• Institutionalizing DRR andCCA into health regulatorysystem development andpolicies• Integrating CC in the monitoring andevaluation systems• Integration of infectious disease programs withenvironmental health program (WATSAN)• Establishment of integrated diseasesurveillance systems – with emphasis onclimate-sensitive diseases• Ensuring appropriate financing mechanism for CC adaptation that is measurable, reliable andsustainable• Inclusion of CC programs and initiatives in the development of Provincial/City Investment Plansfor Health• Sector wide approach (pooling of resources)• Strengthening PHILHEALTH benefit package to address CC related diseases66 2

Philippine Strategy on Climate Change Adaptation: Policy Health Handbook Sector6. Institutional ArrangementsThe department of health through the National Centers for Disease Prevention and Control (NCDPC)has assigned the environmental health unit as the focal office for climate change initiatives. Anotherunit, the health and emergency management service, responds to the health effects in disasters,which takes on quite an amount of work. Their duties remain separate, but there are potentialoverlaps. Other departments respond operationally in a programmatic manner - the NationalEpidemiology Center, and the projects that go with it may not highlight climate change as of themoment, however, it points towards the direction of institutionalizing an integrated diseasesurveillance response system that is in effect an adaptation response. Interdepartmental awarenessand coordination is yet to be heightened, in consideration of climate change and health.In the recent national framework setting workshop for climate change and health, the followinginstitutional arrangements were drafted. This is to be validated in follow up workshops this February2010.1. Executive committee, chaired by the Secretary of Health – shall provide overall program policydirections. It also at this level where coordination with inter-agency health and environmentplanning, as well as with relevant DOH-attached agencies take place prior to program planning,management, and implementation.This section will provide the overall direction for health and climate change in recognition of theforthcoming climate change commission and will act as its executor for health interventions foradaptation and/or mitigation2. Policy, Standards Development, and Technical Assistance Teams (PSDTAT) – shall becomposed of pertinent DOH offices and bureaus:26 Health Policy Development and PlanningBureau, Bureau of International Health Cooperation, Bureau of Quarantine IHS, National Centerfor Health Promotion, and National Epidemiology Center.These teams will be the technical assistance backstop at the national level. They will be thesources of policy, protocols on treatment and diagnosis, communications planning for climatechange and health and the database repository of diseases3. Field Implementation and Coordination Teams (FICT) – shall be composed of FIMO and BLHD,which shall provide technical assistance, and over-all coordination of regional and localimplementation and monitoring.This team will be the operations team at the national DOH level. They will see to it that localhealth development proceeds with the climate change framework in mind and coordinate thisaccordingly. They will likewise lead in the monitoring of health activities related to climate changeat the regional level and report this to the national staff4. The National Center for Disease Prevention and Control through the environmental healthservices shall lead the effort and Program Management and Operations Center while the HealthEmergency Management Staff shall serve as the specific disaster response unit integral to theclimate change response. Specifically, their partnership shall lead the following:a. Internal (DOH) and external (other relevant agencies) communications linkageThis function makes the NCDPC the linkage from the public to the private sector and frompublic to public (with other government agencies externally for communicationsb. Program planning: strategy, protocols/ guidelines development, capacity building, budgeting,monitoring; as well policy recommendations and technical proposals (in consultation with thePSDTAT and FICT)They will be in charge of and lead in planning the climate change initiative as it evolves tolater potentially an integrative program of the department. Policy recommendations willemanate from them as input to administrative orders and memorandum circulars and otherpolicy coversc. Operational and impact researches, database maintenance, and otherdocumentary/documentation requirementsWhile the NEC has a separate data storage function, the NCDPC will be the databasemaintenance oversight lead. Operational researches will be identified by the office as well asimpact researches to determine the different aspects of climate change and health impacts. Itwill also recommend the multi-disciplinary studies which will bring to light cross sector26 Identified during CC strategy workshop67 1

Philippine Strategy on Climate Change Adaptation: Policy Health Handbook Sectormediating effects. They will then have to coordinate with the other government agencies towhich the other sectors are lodged i.e. DA for agriculture and forestry.d. Internal (DOH) program integrationThey will be in charge of the process for integration of climate change efforts and projectsand programs into the different programs of the department. They will set up the processesby which the integration will be such that a program will consider the climate change andhealth impact in its diagnosis and treatment protocols as well as advocacy activitiese. Sectoral integration and partnerships building (internal and external, public and private)They will be the integrator of sectors and will be the lead in partnerships for climate changeand health. They will seek those partnerships and build on the core competence of thepartners with the end of the public good of the public health achieved when we respond to theclimate change and its impacts on health.5. Regional Implementation and Coordination Teams – Per DOH AO No. 3, s2008, the RICTsrefer to the teams responsible for the technical supervision and coordination of health reformimplementation of Fourmula One activities 27 in the F1 convergence sites. These teams arecomposed of the Heads of CHDs, Regional Offices of PHIC, POPCOM, National NutritionCouncil, and other related agencies and stakeholders at the regional level.This team coordinates with the respective provincial health offices where regional responsesare needed and technical assistance provision becomes identified. They will coordinateregional responses to disasters and may be able to mobilize inter regional health responseteams (coming from the different provinces comprising the region).6. Local Implementation and Coordination Teams – Per DOH AO No. 3, s2008, LICTs arecomposed of the Provincial Governor, the Provincial Health Officer, SangguniangPanglalawigan Chairman of Committee on Health, Chair/Vice-Chair of the ILHZ, andProvincial Health Team Leader. These teams shall lead LGU strategy adoption and actualprogram implementation.In response to the devolution of health services to the local government units, thiscoordinative team becomes the national/regional health link to the local government devolvedhealth personnel.At completion of this work, there would have been mechanisms for interdepartmentalinstitutional arrangements in the DOH as this project moves forward to work closely with thehealth technical working group identify adaptation mechanisms nationally and locally. This isso as it will require the needed arrangements to come up with the appropriate adaptationresponses in the sector.7. Financing and SustainabilityIn the recent NCCA+2 conference held last Oct 2009 in Manila, Gov. Joey Salceda of Albay said thatthere is still no model for a financing mechanism for adaptation as it is a new field. 28 Gov. Salcedaadded that CCA practice is both a local and national concern where officials rely on domesticresources earmarked and limited calamity funds to finance adaptation and mostly for response,reconstruction and hardly for risk reduction.The United Nations estimates of the costs to adapt to climate change range from $40 to $170 billionper year, but new research indicates costs could be two or three times greater than these figures. Todate, resources spent have been tiny and proposals for additional finance are all well below the likelycosts. 29 International agencies though have proposed the possibility of vulnerability reduction creditsas well as purchasing credits from emission reductions in developing countries – these are all marketbased financing mechanisms which while available have to be studied in-country as possiblefinancing mechanisms for climate change.In yet another initiative, Senator Loren Legarda proposed a ”novel” way to fund the country’s climatechange adaptation and reconstruction initiatives in the Copenhagen summit in view of the fact thathalf of the country’s annual budget, pegged at P1.5 trillion for 2010, is allocated for foreign-debtservicing. “I am proposing for our creditors, including the World Bank and the United States, to27 Assumed to adopt CC strategy/activities28 NCCA+2 to push for a model for financing CCA. Available from http://balita.ph/2009/10/26/ncca-2-to-pushfor-a-model-for-financing-climate-change-adaptation-salceda/.Accessed November 15, 2009.29 Climate Mitigation Works, Climate adaptation finance. Avaialble from http://www.climatemitigation.com/?gclid=CLTx3sPSzp8CFQ0upAodVGjWzw,Accessed Nov 10, 2009.68 2

Philippine Strategy on Climate Change Adaptation: Policy Health Handbook Sectorconsider a Debt for Climate Change Adaptation Swap, in which portions of our payments for ourforeign debts will be used by us instead for reconstruction and climate adaptation measures.” 30 Whilethese proposals have to be considered, we will have to study the mechanisms for theiroperationalization.We know that regional and international banks such as Asian Development Bank (ADB) 31 , WorldBank (WB) and the like have financing instruments which are now being used globally as much asregionally and locally to respond to climate change adaptation or mitigation. Climate change activitiesthen should be developed for the adaptation mechanisms to be funded.We should consider financing at two levels – that for the potentially affected and for the program. Inthe earlier section financing was seen as a gap in previous forums and publications. While it is so,mechanisms for this have yet to be explored. This section then concerns financing the beneficiary –those who will be affected by the health impacts. It has been suggested that the possibility of havingclimate sensitive diseases as part of International Classification of Diseases (ICD 10) be studied andrecommended to be part of the coverage by the national health insurance program (NHIP); as it isMalaria and Tuberculosis are already covered by the program. Another financing mechanism wouldbe the continuous funding of preventive health measures that will increase the resilience and herdimmunity of human populations. Vaccination and cold chain maintenance should be completed.Coverage of children and adults to achieve this herd immunity should be achieved.The national government has allotted a certain budget for facilities infrastructure maintenance anddevelopment which comes from both the national (DOH central) and the Local Government unit(LGU) through their Internal revenue allotments (IRA). In the past local government officials heldsway as to how these funds would be used, and most times they would be spent for other things atthe expense of health. However a new process has enhanced the health budget allocationenhancement. This is through the PIPH earlier mentioned where a focused province wide investmentfor health identifies health needs that need to be funded by the LGU. This can now become anorganized window for discussing and financing climate change and health activities.Financing continuing and new training of human resource for climate change expertise can bethrough this window of PIPH. Infrastructure financing also goes through here. What would beessential is how we will be able to come up with the criteria for climate resiliency of healthinfrastructures in light of repeated and increasing severity of extreme climate events visiting thecountry.In connection with this is the financing the management information system for climate change andhealth. International or local funding sources should finance the expansion of the ongoing PhilippineIntegrated Disease surveillance response (PIDSR) and set up a robust database of diseasesurveillance and climate correlation parameters. This other aspect ofConclusions and RecommendationsClimate change will factor greatly in health inequalities. A developing country such as the Philippineswill be one of the hardest hit when the health impacts of climate change takes its toll. Whateverstrides we have had in accomplishing our millennium development goals will be overtaken if we donot act on the negative health impacts of climate change. We are starting to learn from the science.As we slowly understand this, it will be to our favor if we build the capacities and mechanisms tomake our information systems robust help us make intelligent decisions and actions for adapting.While policies are important to lay down the foundation of our work, it is the political will which willgive meaning to it. As we are a community that is coping with the double burden of disease, we arebeset with this phenomenon of climate change which will stress our resources more to the brink. Weshould then learn to prioritize in consideration of another added set of factors. Looking at theepidemiologic triad would be a good paradigm shift that should be coupled with behavioral change so30 Legarda to push at UN debt-for-climate adaptation swap. Available fromhttp://balita.ph/2009/11/09/legarda-to-push-at-un-debt-for-climate-adaptation-swap/. Accessed Nov 15,2009.31 Financing Climate Change Mitigation and Adaptation Role of Regional Financing Arrangements .Availablefrom http://www.adb.org/Documents/Papers/ADB-Working-Paper-Series/ADB-WP04-Financing-Climate-Change-Mitigation.pdf. Accessed November 20, 2009.69 1

Philippine Strategy on Climate Change Adaptation: Policy Health Handbook Sectorthat perspectives are given a broader dimension. The multiplicity and complexity of factors will entailmultiple disciplines acting together to understand the phenomenon that is climate change and health.We do not have disease thresholds for it, so the time to act is now as the tipping point might bebreached anytime.8. AcknowledgementThe Department of Health would like to acknowledge the support provided by the ACC Bio Project of theDeutsche Gesellschaft für Technische Zusammenarbeit (GTZ) GmbH in the development of this document andthe National Framework of Action.9. Bibliography• Atlas country page Philippines. Health.• Available from http://ucatlas.ucsc.edu/country/165/health#• Accessed October 12, 2009.• Avian Influenza. Available from http://www.cdc.gov/flu/avian/gen-info/facts.htm. AccessedNovember 5, 2009.• Climate Mitigation Works, Climate adaptation finance. Avaialble from http://www.climatemitigation.com/?gclid=CLTx3sPSzp8CFQ0upAodVGjWzw,Accessed November 10, 2009.• DOH Climate change Policy and framework setting workshop, Island Cove, Cavite, September2009.• Field Health Survey Information System (FHSIS) 2002. Department of Health.Financing Climate Change Mitigation and Adaptation Role of Regional Financing Arrangements.Available from http://www.adb.org/Documents/Papers/ADB-Working-Paper-Series/ADB-WP04-Financing-Climate-Change-Mitigation.pdf.• Accessed November 20, 2009.• Flavier J., Paraso G, Baylon, M, section on health: 1 st national communications, climate changeand health, UNFCCC -DENR/EMB,1999.• Fourth Assessment report AR4. Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), UNFCCC,2007.• Health Sector report, Second National communications (SNC), UNDP-EMB-PRRM, September2009.• Intergovermental Panel on Climate Change 10 th anniversary brochure, p.4, Dec 2004 availablefrom http://www.ipcc.ch/pdf/10th-anniversary/anniversary-brochure.pdf. Accessed October 21,2009.• Legarda to push at UN debt-for-climate adaptation swap. Available fromhttp://balita.ph/2009/11/09/legarda-to-push-at-un-debt-for-climate-adaptation-swap/. Accessed Nov15, 2009.• National Objectives for Health 2005-2010, Reducing Burden of Disease, Chapter 4, p.132.Available from• National Objectives for Health 2005-2010, Reducing Burden of Disease, Chapter 4, p.254.Available from• http://www2.doh.gov.ph/noh2007/NOHWeb32/NOHperSubj/Chap4/EnvironmentalHR.pdf.Accessed October 10, 2009.• National Objectives for Health 2005-2010, Reducing Burden of Disease, Chapter 4, p. 249.Available from• http://www2.doh.gov.ph/noh2007/NOHWeb32/NOHperSubj/Chap4/EnvironmentalHR.pdf.Accessed October 10, 2009.• NCCA+2 to push for a model for financing CCA. Available from http://balita.ph/2009/10/26/ncca-2-to-push-for-a-model-for-financing-climate-change-adaptation-salceda/. Accessed November 15,2009.• Paraso, GV. Health Poster – UNDP-EMB Second national communications climate change andhealth 2009.• Paraso,GV. Health sector strategies for climate change adaptation, ACCBio project, GTZed,November 2009.• Philippine National health accounts 2003.• Philippines First national communications for climate change. Health, Chapter 3, p.15. Availablefrom http://unfccc.int/resource/docs/natc/phinc1.pdf. Accessed October 1, 2009.• Smit et al. 2001. Adaptation to climate change in the context of sustainable development andequity. In: Climate Change 2001: Impacts, Adaptation and Vulnerability in An Approach for70 2

Philippine Strategy on Climate Change Adaptation: Policy Health Handbook SectorAssessing Human Health Vulnerability and Public Health Interventions to Adapt to ClimateChange. Ebi et al. Environmental Health Perspectives, volume 114, number 12 December 2006.Available from• http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pubmed&pubmedid=17185287.Accessed November 11, 2009.• Strengthening Epidemiological Surveillance and Response for Communicable Diseases inIndonesia, Malaysia, and the Philippines. Available fromhttp://www.adb.org/Documents/TACRs/REG/39068-REG-TCR.pdf.Accessed November 2, 2009.• World Health Organization- Millennium Development Goals-financing project (Spanish grant) 2008-11• Yvette Collymore. Rapid population growth, crowded cities present challenges in the Philippines.Population References Bureau, 2003. Avaialble fromhttp://www.prb.org/Articles/2003/RapidPopulationGrowthCrowdedCitiesPresentChallengesinthePhilippines.aspx.AccessedOctober 5, 2009.ANNEXESDOH NATIONAL FRAMEWORK FOR CLIMATE CHANGE AND HEALTHNational Framework for ActionProtecting the Health of Filipinosfrom the Effects of Climate ChangeExpressed in Support to Health Sector Reform Agenda Implementationa) To have better health outcomes from more responsive health systems (in consideration ofclimate change impacts on health) – Service delivery.b) To institute (public) health adaptation mechanisms towards climate change – Governancec) To establish more equitable (focused for pro-poor and marginalized) healthcare financing assupport – Financingd) To institutionalize a health (departmental and inter-departmental) coordinating mechanismto link CC&HIntegrated CC and Healthsystems development- Financing (inclusion in socialhealth insurance); ensuringprogram resources for the poor- DOH policy and guidelinesreview/assessment anddevelopment- Review facility and minimumbasic services package standards- Integration with existingprograms, projects, and services(drugs/logistics planning anddistribution)- Health promotion and advocacy(IEC, quadrimedia, orientations)- Monitoring and evaluation(surveillance, indicators for policydevelopment/ enhancement- Research anddevelopment on CC&H(operations, geographicalresearch, impact studies,health modelling)Partnerships building- Multi-stakeholder initiativesand projects (with otherGAs, with private sectorand civil society – agri,envi, shelter, etc.)- GOP and donor fundingresource mobilization,outsourcing- Public-private partnershipsfor Health and CC at thenational level- Operational local PPP onHealth and CC throughILHZ and LHBs71 1Adaptation:Identification/Improvement ofhealth technologies- Health and climate changetools development- Health InformationSystems- Local-level adaptation(LGU planning, policydevelopment andimplementation, PIPH,CIPH, MIPH)- Setting of competencystandards requirements- Capacity development(DOH and CHDs)

Philippine Strategy on Climate Change Adaptation: Policy Health Handbook SectorSTRENGTHENING PARTNERSHIPSGoal Prerequisite Activities TimelineReview and evaluate existing partnershipswith other sectors / civil society / academe:- Identify partners’ structures andfunctions- Identify partners’ thrust that contributetowards the CCA- Identify strengths and weaknesses ofDOH and partners- Identify areas for partnershipcoordination and communicationConduct regular multi-sectoral meetings,for a and other activities to strengthenexisting multi-sectoral links and processed(i.e. inter-agency committee forMulti-stakeholder initiatives andprojects with other NGAs, NGOswith private sector / civil society,other sectors – agriculture,environment, water, fisheries,local and foreign TA providers,etc.GOP and donor funding resourcemobilization outsourcingPublic-Private Partnership forHealth and CC at the Nationallevelenvironmental health; Inter-local healthzone; and inter-local health board;technical partners for climate science, e.g.DOST)Review existing MOAs/MOUs with partnersCreate an instrument that willoperationalize partnership specific to CC(i.e. MOU, MOA)Establish performance monitoringmechanism/s for partners (i.e. scorecard)Conduct of inventory of all CCinitiatives/projectsIdentify CC health needs, activity, potentialdonor partners.Conduct matching needs and fundingDevelop mechanism for proposalsReview and evaluate existing partnerships:- Identify partners’ structures andfunctions- Identify partners’ thrust that contributetowards the CCA- Identify strengths and weaknesses ofDOH and partners- Identify areas for partnershipcoordination and communicationActive participation and coordination withclimate change commission, NAPC,industry partners (e.g. ECOP), workers’organizations, professional organizations,private health sectors and academe.Conduct consultative meetings with TAprovidersConduct cost-benefit analysis for C andhealth outcomes at the local levelDevelop and disseminateadvocacy/communication messages thatwould highlight CC and health impactsthrough orientations and seminars.Conduct regular multi-sectoral meetings,for a and other activities to strengthenexisting multi-sectoral links and processes(i.e. inter-agency committee forenvironmental health; inter-local healthzone; and inter-local health board;technical partners for climate science, e.g.DOST)3 months (continuingactivity)5 years (continuingactivity)1 month1 month1 month3 months1 month1 month1 month3 months5 years (continuingactivity)5 years (continuingactivity)2 months3 months(continuingactivity)5 years(continuingactivity)173

Philippine Strategy on Climate Change Adaptation: Policy Health Handbook SectorGoal Prerequisite Activities TimelineOperational local PPP onhealth and CC throughILHZ and LHBsAssists in the creation and development of localpolicies for the operationalization of CC and healthactivities.2 monthsConduct consultations and fora for partnershipbuilding and strengthening, policy/ordinancecreation and information awareness for CC andhealth.Establish monitoring mechanism/s for partners5 years (continuingactivity)Sustainability of1 monthpartnershipAwards and recognition for best practices 5 years (continuingactivity)MAINSTREAMING: IDENTIFICATION/IMPROVEMENT OF HEALTH TECHNOLOGIESGoal Prerequisite Activities TimelineCC & Health tools 1. Review existing health facility assessment tools • End of June 2011development (climate in the context of CC:proof, climate compliant) • Structural• Non-structural• Functionality (Ability to continue services orprovide/respond aid outside the hospital) • End of June 20112. Review safe hospitals program (Hospital safefrom disasters) manual in the context of CC • End of June 20113. Development CC Monitoring and Evaluation toolHealth Information Review/Revisit Inventory• End of 2011Systems (HIS)• HIS CCReview /Revisit Inventory• End of 2011• Background/Baseline rates of allegedDisease/ Syndrome related to CC• Agreement of CC Program and offices • End of 2010-2011handling HIS concerned on what Disease/Syndrome to include• Data analysis • End of 2011• Development necessary HIS on CC (indices • End of 2011and Variables)Local-level adaptation/ Plan• 2010 to 2016Mainstreaming (LGU • Review existing plans relative to CCplanning, policy • Integration of CC thru:development and • Advocacyimplementation, PIPH, • IECCIPH, MIPH)Policies/Ordinances• 2010 to 2016• Creation and passage of ordinances relatedto CCCC adaptation and activities based on ordinances • 2010 to 2016and polices• Strengthen advocacy• Strengthen implementation of existing laws(e.g. CAA, etc.)Setting of competency Review existing materials that include competency • End of 2011standard requirements standard requirements on CC (facility & personnel)Identify/Develop Competency and Standard • End of 2011Requirement (CSR) on CCAssessment of competencies of HR complement • End of 2011Identify gaps and problem on competencies on CC • End of 2011of HR complementPlan/Develop intervention • End of 2011Capacity development Training module and handbook on Climate Change • End of March 2011(DOH and CHDs, LGUs, Health Effectsdisaster preparedness, Training of Public health workers on CC health • End of 2011 -risk management and effects, two pilot areas (MM and Albay)onwardsreduction)Roll out training to all Health facilitiesDraft TOR for implementation of training • Implementation lastmonth of 2 nd quarterCapability development of HR complement • 2011 to 2016274

Philippine Strategy on Climate Change Adaptation: Policy Health Handbook SectorINSTITUTIONAL ARRANGEMENT MATRIXInter-Agency HealthPlanningSecretary of HealthRelevant AttachedAgenciesInter-Agency ENRPlanningPolicy, Standards Developmentand Technical AssistanceTeamsHPDPBBIHCHHRDBBQIHSNCHPNECNCPDC-EOHO andHEMSField Implementation andCoordination TeamsFIMOBLHDRegionalImplementation andCoordination TeamsLocal Implementationand CoordinationTeams75 1

Policy HandbookDOH DEPARTMENTPERSONNEL ORDER NO.2010 -2977:CREATION OF ATECHNICAL COMMITTEEFOR CLIMATE CHANGEAND HEALTH77

Policy HandbookCreation of a Technical Committee for Climate Change and HealthRepublic of the PhilippinesDepartment of HealthOFFICE OF THE SECRETARYJuly 1, 2010DEPARTMENT PERSONNEL ORDERNo. 2010-2977SUBJECT: Creation of a Technical Committee for Climate Change and HealthIn response to the National Framework Strategy on Climate Change 2010-2022, the health sectorneeds to formulate climate-sensitive interventions. Accordingly, the Philippines Strategy on Climate ChangeAdaptation was developed. To operationalize the implementation of the strategy, a Technical Working Groupon Climate Change and Health is hereby created.A. COMPOSITIONChairperson :Dr. Eduardo C. JanairoDirector IV, NCDPCCo-Chair : Dr. Jaime Y. LagahidDirector III, NCDPCB. MEMBERS:NameOffice1. Dr. Rodolfo Albornoz EOHO-NCDPC2. Engr. Joselito Riego de Dios EOHO-NCDPC3. Dr. Cecile Magturo EOHO-NCDPC4. Engr. Elmer Benedictos EOHO-NCDPC5. Dr. Mario Baquilod IDO-NCDPC6. Dr. Lyndon Lee Suy IDO-NCDPC7. Dr. Ernie Vera DDO-NCDPC8. Dr. Juanita Basilio FHO-NCDPC9. Dr. Marlowe Niñal NEC10. Dr. Vito Roque Jr. NEC11. Dr. Ronald Law HEMS12. Dr. Melecio Dy NCHFD13. Dir. Juanita Fandiño HHRDB14. Dr. Erlinda Domingo FIMO15. Dr. Erlinda Guerero BLHD16. Mr. Anthony Roda NCHP17. Dr. Rosario Clarissa Vergeire HPDPB18. Ms. Majhaila Torno RITM19. Dr. John Juliard Go WHO20. Engr. Bonifacio Magtibay WHO21. Dr. Fely Marilyn Lorenzo UP-NIH9179

Creation of a Technical Committee for Climate Change Policy Handbook Health22. Ms. Gina Aljecera NEDA23. Dr. Helen Mendoza Philippine Network on Climate Change24. Dr. Glen Paraso Acc-Bio, GTZSecretariat:1. Ms. Trinidad Damasco EOHO-NCDPC2. Ms. Angelica Magdalan EOHO-NCDPC3. One (1) Technical Support Staff WHOFunctions:1. Review, revise and update the Health Sector for Climate Change Adaptation.2. Formulate policies, develop guidelines and identify strategies and activities for mainstreamingclimate change and health in the Philippine Health System.3. Develop the climate change program for health.4. Provide mechanism for networking with other government and non-government organizations,local government units, support groups and civic organizations.5. Provide technical assistance on the development and implementation of a sustainable climatechange strategy for the health sector.6. Conduct periodic monitoring and evaluation of Climate Change and Health plans and projects.7. The TWG shall meet regularly every two (2) months.Under this order, transportation expenses and per diems of TWG members shall be charged to theirrespective offices. Meals/Snacks, accommodation, honorarium for resource speaker and other incidentalexpenses incurred during the TWG activities shall be charged against the funds of the Environmental andOccupational Health Programs, subject to the usual accounting and auditing rules and regulations.9280

Policy HandbookEXECUTIVE ORDERNUMBER 26, S. 2011:NATIONALGREENINGPROGRAM81

Executive Order No. 26, S. 2011: National GreeningPolicyProgramHandbookRepublic of the PhilippinesDepartment of HealthOFFICE OF THE SECRETARYMay 16, 2011DEPARTMENT CIRCULARNo.FOR:SUBJECT:ALL UNDERSECRETARIES, ASSISTANT SECRETARIES; DIRCTORS OF BUREAUS,CENTERS FOR HEALTH DEVELOPMENT, SERVICES AND SPECIALTY HOSPITALS;CHIEF OF MEDICAL CENTERS & HOSPITALS, PRESIDENT OF TE PHIL. HEALTHINSURANCE CORPORATION AND EXECUTIVE DIRECTORS OF PHIL. NATIONALAIDS COUNCIL, THE PHIL. INSTITUTE OF TRADITIONAL AND ALTERNATIVEHEALTH CARE, NATIONAL NUTRITION COUNCIL, POPULATION COMMISSION,LOCAL WATER UTILITIES ADMINISTRATION AND OTHER CONCERNED.Executive Order No. 26 from the Office of the President declaring the Implementation of a“National Greening Program” dated February 24, 2011Executive Order No. 26, otherwise known as the “National Greening Program” issued by the Office ofthe President in February 24, 2011 mandates a harmonized initiative among the government and private sectornationwide to implement tree planting.In support to the program, the DOH has come up with its own theme “Magtanim para sa Kalusugan(Plant for Health)” for this initiative. All officials of the Department of Health directed to plant 10 tree eachyear for a span of 6 years, from 2011 – 2016. Planting areas will be coordinated with the respective ClimateChange Point Person selected in each office. It is suggested that tree planting can take place every 5 th day ofJune and thereafter coinciding with the World Environment Day. Likewise recommended incentive for everyemployee who will pursue planting tress is to have an offset of one-day leave in a year. Guidelines for thispurpose will follow in a separate issuance.At the regional level, the CHD’s and Hospital Directors shall support the provincial / city / municipallevels compliance with the National Greening Program through the enhancement of herbal backyard gardensand tree planting in their respective health facilities and make use of every available space for this program.Likewise, respective Head of Office shall ensure that the National Greening Program is maintained andsustained all year round. Herbal and tree produce from this project shall be owned by the Health Facility,however, it can be shared to the community.Attached for your ready reference and guidance is a copy of the Executive Order No. 26 from theOffice of the President entitled “National Greening Program” dated February 24, 2011.For your compliance.By Authority of the Secretary Health:9583(original signed )GERARDO V. BAYUGO, MD, MPH, CESO IIIOIC – Undersecretary of HealthPolicy, Standards Development and Regulationand Health Sector Financing Clusters

Executive Order No. 26, S. 2011: National Greening Policy Program HandbookMALACAÑAN PALACEMANILABY THE PRESIDENT OF THE PHILIPPINESEXECUTIVE ORDER NO. 26WHEREAS, poverty reduction, resource conservation and protection, productivityenhancement, climate change mitigation and adaptation, are among the priority programs of thegovernment;WHEREAS, there is a need to consolidate and harmonize all greening efforts such asUpland Development Program, Luntiang Pilipinas and similar initiatives of the government, civilsociety and private sector under a National Greening Program;WHEREAS, the Department of Environment and Natural Resources (DENR) is the primaryagency responsible for the conservation, management, development and proper use of the country’senvironmental and natural resources;WHEREAS, the Department of Agriculture (DA) is the lead agency to boost farmers’income and reduce poverty in the rural sector;WHEREAS, the Department of Agrarian Reform (DAR) is the lead agency in theimplementation of agrarian reform and sustainable rural development programs;WHEREAS, the DA, DENR, DAR pursuant to Joint Memorandum Circular No. 1 series2010 have adopted a Convergence Initiative to integrate and strengthen development frameworkbetween and among national government, local government agencies and other stakeholders,wherein complementary human, physical and financial resources are efficiently and effectivelydeployed;WHEREAS, Executive Order No. 23 series 2011 has mandated the DA-DAR-DENRConvergence Initiative to develop a National Greening Program in cooperation with the Department ofEducation (DepEd), Commission on Higher Education (CHED), Department of Social Welfare andDevelopment (DSWD), Department of Budget and Management (DBM), private sector and otherconcerned agencies and institutions.NOW, THEREFORE, I, BENIGNO S. AQUINO III, President of the Philippines, by virtue ofthe powers vested in me by law, do hereby order and declare the implementation of a NationalGreening Program (NGP) as a government priority.Section 1. Declaration of Policy. It is the policy of the State to pursue sustainabledevelopment for poverty reduction, food security, biodiversity conservation, and climate changemitigation and adaptation.Section 2. Coverage. The National Greening Program shall plant some 1.5 Billion treescovering about 1.5 Million hectares for a period of six (6) years from 2011 to 2016, in the followinglands of the public domain:2.1 Forestlands2.2 Mangrove and protected areas2.3 Ancestral domains2.4 Civil and military reservations2.5 Urban areas under the greening plan of the LGUs2.6 Inactive and abandoned mine sites; and2.7 Other suitable landsAll other greening efforts of the private sector and civil society shall be harmonized underthe NGP.Section 3. Strategies. In order to ensure the successful implementation of the NGP, thefollowing strategies shall be adopted:9684

Executive Order No. 26, S. 2011: National Greening Policy Program Handbook3.1 Social Mobilization3.1.1 All students, identified by the DepEd and CHED and all government employees shallbe individually required to plant a minimum of ten (10) seedlings per year in areasdetermined by the Convergence Initiative. Private sectors and civil society groups shalllikewise be encouraged to participate in the NGP.3.1.2 With appropriate assistance from the government and the private sector, the Peoples’Organizations (POs) shall be given the primary responsibility of maintaining and protectingthe established plantations.3.2 Harmonization of Initiatives3.2.1 All tree planting initiatives such as the Upland Development Program, LuntiangPilipinas and similar activities of the government, private sector, LGUs and the civil societyshall be harmonized under the NGP.3.2.2 All government institutions, especially DA, DAR, DENR, CHED and DepEd shallproduce appropriate quality seedlings annually for the NGP. Technical assistance shall beprovided by DA, DENR, and DAR under the Convergence Initiative.3.3 Provision of Incentives3.3.1 All proceeds from agroforestry plantations, duly accounted by the DENR, shall accrueto the NGP beneficiary communities to address food security and poverty reduction.3.3.2 NGP beneficiary communities shall be considered priority in the Conditional CashTransfer (CCT) Program.3.3.3 Appropriate incentives shall be developed by the Convergence Initiative to encouragerainforestation, particularly in the protected area.3.4 Monitoring and Management of Database3.4.1 The DA, DAR, DENR, shall develop a centralized database and provide regularmonitoring and timely report on the progress of the NGP.3.4.2 The Convergence Initiative shall engage the private sector, civil society and academein the monitoring and evaluation of the NGP.Section 4. Oversight Committee and Lead Agency. The members of the SteeringCommittee under the DA-DAR-DENR Convergence Initiative shall constitute the NGP OversightCommittee, to be chaired by the DENR. The DENR shall be the lead agency for the NGP.Section 5. Partner Agencies/Stakeholders. The NGP shall be implemented inpartnership with the following agencies/stakeholders, whose responsibilities shall include but notlimited to the following:5.1 DA-DAR-DENR5.1.1 Nursery establishment and seedling production5.1.2 Site identification and site preparation5.1.3 Social mobilization5.1.4 Tree planting5.1.5 Monitoring and evaluation5.1.6 Technical support and extension services5.1.7 Provision of certified seeds of agronomic crops5.1.8 Provision of access roads and trails to planting site5.1.9 Provision of post harvest and processing facilities5.1.10 Technical assistance in product development and marketing5.2 Department of Education (DepEd)/Commission on Higher Education (CHED)5.2.1 Student mobilization9785

Executive Order No. 26, S. 2011: National Greening Policy Program Handbook5.2.2 Nursery establishment, seedling production and tree planting5.2.3 Information, Education and Communication5.2.4 Provision of extension services5.2.5 Monitoring and evaluation5.3 Department of Social Welfare and Development (DSWD)5.3.1 Provision of Conditional Cash Transfer to NGP beneficiaries5.3.2 Social mobilization5.4 Department of Budget and Management (DBM)5.4.1 Allocation of funds for all activities of the NGP5.5 Department of Interior and Local Government (DILG)5.5.1 Provision of transportation, security and fire protection amenities5.5.2 Information, Education and Communication5.6 Local Government Units (LGUs)5.6.1 Establishment of nurseries and production of planting materials5.6.2 Development of greening plan for urban and suburban areas5.6.3 Lead the establishment of communal tree farms for firewood and other domesticuses5.6.4 Construction of access roads and trails to the planting sites5.6.5 Provision of medical support5.6.6 Technical assistance and extension of services5.7 Department of Health (DOH)5.7.1 Provision of transportation and medical support5.8 Department of Public Works and Highways (DPWH)5.8.1 Provision of transportation in the hauling of seedlings and volunteer planters5.8.2 Assistance in the construction of access roads and trails to the planting sites5.9 Department of Transportation and Communications (DOTC)5.9.1 Provision of transport for participants5.9.2 Provision of communication facilities5.10 Department of National Defense (DND)5.10.1 Nursery establishment and seedling production5.10.2 Site preparation5.10.3 Provision of transportation support5.10.4 Provision of security5.11 Department of Science and Technology (DOST)5.11.1 Development and transfer of appropriate technologies5.11.2 Information, Education and Communication5.12 Department of Justice (DOJ)5.12.1 Nursery establishment and production of planting materials5.12.2 Provision of transportation5.13 National Commission on Indigenous Peoples (NCIP)5.13.1 Mobilization of participation of indigenous peoples5.13.2 Identification of sites for NGP inside ancestral domains5.13.3 Supervision of forest protection activities inside ancestral domains9886

Executive Order No. 26, S. 2011: National Greening Policy Program Handbook5.14 Technical Education and Skills Development Authority (TESDA)5.14.1 Technical assistance in products development5.15 Philippine Amusement and Gaming Corporation (PAGCOR)5.15.1 Provision of funds for seedling production and other related activities of theNGP5.16 All other government agencies, instrumentalities, including government-owned andcontrolled corporations (GOCCs), state universities and colleges (SUCs), shall providefull support and assistance to the NGP.Section 6. Implementing Guidelines. All participating agencies/ institutions, within fifteen(15) days from the date of this Executive Order, shall issue their respective guidelines to implementthe NGP, copy furnished the NGP Oversight Committee.Section 7. Funding Mechanisms. Funds needed for the implementation of the NGP forthe current year shall be provided by the DBM and funding for the succeeding years shall beincorporated in the regular appropriation of participating agencies.Section 8. Separability Clause. Any portion or provision of this Executive Order thatmaybe declared unconstitutional shall not have the effect of nullifying other provisions hereof, as longas such remaining portions can still subsist and can be given effect in their entirety.Section 9. Repealing Clause. All rules and regulations and other issuances or partsthereof, which are inconsistent with this Executive Order, are hereby repealed or modifiedaccordingly.Section 10. Effectivity. This Executive Order shall take effect immediately upon itspublication in a newspaper of general circulation.DONE in the City of Manila, this 24th day of February, in the year of our Lord, TwoThousand and Eleven.By the President:(Sgd.) PAQUITO N. OCHOA, JR.Executive Secretary(Sgd.) BENIGNO S. AQUINO III9987

Policy HandbookDOH ADMINISTRATIVEORDER NO. 005 S. 2012:NATIONAL POLICY ONCLIMATE CHANGEADAPTATION FORHEALTH SECTOR89

DOH AO NO. 005 S. 2012: National Policy on Climate Policy Change HandbookAdaptation for the Health SectorRepublic of the PhilippinesDepartment of HealthOFFICE OF THE SECRETARYADMINISTRATIVE ORDERNo. 0005 s. 2012SUBJECT: National Policy on Climate Change Adaptation for the Health SectorI. RATIONALEThe Philippines signals of a changing climate are now evident. Annual mean temperature hasincreased by about 0.57 o C during the last fifty nine (59) years. Hot days and warm nights areincreasing while cold days and cold nights are decreasing. Extreme events are also seen to be morefrequent (PAGASA, 2010).This is consistent with global trends.The recent findings of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) reveal thatclimate change amplifies health risks. This contributes to the increasing burden from malnutrition,diarrhea, cardio-respiratory and infectious diseases, injury and deaths due to extreme weatherevents and through altered distribution of some disease vectors. The developing countries, smallisland developing states and the vulnerable local communities are most affected. It is recognizedthat climate change can jeopardize the achievement of the Millennium Development Goals,particularly the health-related goals.Accordingly, the 61 st World Health Assembly of 2008 adopted a resolution urging MemberStates to take decisive action to address health impacts from climate change focusing on thefollowing measures: (1) develop health measures and integrate them into adaptation plans, (2) buildthe capacity of public health leaders to be proactive and take rapid and comprehensive action, (3)strengthen the capacity of health systems to prepare for and respond to natural disasters, (4)promote health sector engagement with other sectors to reduce risks, and (5) commit to meeting thehealth challenges of climate change.Two landmark legislations made it possible for the Philippines to develop action plans thatwill address the threats of climate change. The R.A. 9729 - Philippine Climate Change Act andR.A. 10121-Disaster Risk Reduction and Management Act support government actions on dealingwith the impacts of climate change. DOH Circular No. 2010-0187 was issued to adopt the NationalClimate Change Framework Action for Health set forth under the National Framework Strategy onClimate Change 2010-2022; and to ensure effective implementation of current initiatives, aClimate Change Unit was created under the National Center for Disease Prevention and Control(DPO No. 2011-2458). The National Environmental Health Action Plan (2010-2013) formulatedthrough the Inter-Agency Committee on Environmental Health (IACEH) included climate changeconcerns. Vulnerability assessments and development of monitoring and evaluation frameworksand systems have been initiated in partnership with the National Economic and DevelopmentAuthority and with support from the Millennium Development Goals Achievement Fund (MDG-F).10191

DOH AO NO. 005 S. 2012: National Policy on Climate ChangeAdaptation for the Health SectorPolicy HandbookConsidering the significant contribution of the climate change adaptation strategies for health,there is a need to enhance policy systems, processes and programs to support the attainment ofUniversal Health Care and the Millennium Development Goals.II.OBJECTIVESThe objectives of this Administrative Order are as follows:1. To set overall policy directions on addressing the impact of climate change on health.2. To create an enabling environment for capacity strengthening of health systems,engagement of key partners in supporting comprehensive actions on climate changeadaptation, and in protecting the health of all Filipinos from the impact of climate change.III.SCOPE AND COVERAGEThis issuance shall apply to all units and instrumentalities, including attached agencies ofthe DOH. It also applies to local government units (LGUs), nongovernment organizations (NGOs),professional organizations, private sector and other relevant partners involved in theimplementation of climate change adaptation for health programs.IV.DEFINITION OF TERMSFor purposes of this Order, the following terms are defined as follows:A. “Acceptable levels” refers to the level at which a health risk is reduced for the body to performits normal levels of defense over time.B. “Adaptation” refers to the adjustment in natural or human systems in response to actual orexpected climatic stimuli or their effects, which moderates harm or exploits beneficialopportunities.C. “Climate Change (CC)” refers to a change in climate that can be identified by changes in themean and/or variability of its properties and that persists for an extended period, typically decadesor longer, whether due to natural variability or as a result of human activity.D. “Climate Change Adaptation for Health (CCAH)” refers to national and local health responsesto improve community and health system resilience to adapt to the public health challenges andhealth risks posed by climate change.E. “Climate sensitive diseases (CSD)” are those diseases and health risks that are influenced byseasonal and extreme changes in temperature and rainfall. These may include, but are not limitedto: vector-borne diseases (e.g. malaria, and dengue fever); food and water-borne diseases (e.g.cholera); malnutrition, and other health conditions related to air pollution and extremetemperatures.10292

DOH AO NO. 005 S. 2012: National Policy on Climate ChangeAdaptation for the Health SectorPolicy HandbookF. “Disaster” refers to a serious disruption of the functioning of a community or a society involvingwidespread human, material, economic or environmental losses and impacts which exceed theability of the affected community or society to cope using its own resources.G. “Disaster risk reduction (DRR)” refers to the concept and practice of reducing disaster risksthrough systematic efforts to analyze and manage the causal factors of disasters, including throughreduced exposure to hazards, lessened vulnerability of people and property, wise management ofland and the environment, and improved preparedness for adverse events;H. “External Development Partners” refers to public and private sector entities, recognizedinternational donors, equivalent government partners, accredited non government organizations,imparting valuable technical assistanceI. “Global Warming” refers to the increase in the average temperature of the Earth’s near-surfaceair and oceans that is associated with the increased concentration of greenhouse gases in theatmosphere.J. “Greenhouse gases” (GHG) refers to constituents of the atmosphere that contribute to thegreenhouse effect including, but not limited to, carbon dioxide, methane, nitrous oxide, hydrofluorocarbons, per fluorocarbons and sulfur hexafluoride.K. “Health Sector” refers to both the public and private health sectors which contribute to theoverall public health outcomes.L. “Health System” is the sum total of all the organizations, institutions and resources whoseprimary purpose is to improve health. Strengthening health systems means addressing keyconstraints related to health worker staffing, infrastructure, health commodities (such as equipmentand medicines), logistics, tracking progress and effective financing.M. “Kalusugan Pangkalahatan” (KP) refers to the Department of Health thrust and strategy in theprovision of Universal Health Care (UHC) for all Filipinos; it is embodied in Department Order2010-0032.N. “Mainstreaming” refers to the integration of policies and measures that address climate changeinto development planning and sectoral decision-making.O. “Mitigation” in the context of climate change refers to human intervention to addressanthropogenic emissions by sources and removals of all GHG, including Ozone-DepletingSubstances and their substitutes.P. “Vulnerability” refers to the degree to which a system is susceptible to, or unable to cope with,the adverse effects of climate change, including climate variability and extremes.10393

DOH AO NO. 005 S. 2012: National Policy on Climate ChangeAdaptation for the Health SectorPolicy HandbookV. GUIDING PRINCIPLESA. Equity and Social Protection. In line with the Philippine national framework strategy onclimate change, health in the context of social protection and human security is givenemphasis to highlight the government thrust to reduce existing health and environmentalinequities by developing healthy and resilient populations, communities, and humanenvironments.B. Integration. Integrate climate change mitigation and adaptation to health plans, programsand activities; to empower communities and encourage adaptation strategies thatmaximize health co-benefits and minimize unintended consequences.C. Sustainability. Provide and maintain resources required to implement comprehensivestrategies to minimize the impacts of climate change on human health and well-being.Appropriate the necessary financial resources from government and non-governmententities in response to the identified strategies.D. Proactive Response. Increase public awareness and understanding of climate changeimpacts on human health, the need to prepare for these changes, and the likelihood thatadaptation and preparedness efforts will be overwhelmed, thus requiring the need to takeurgent and strong actions.E. Evidence-Based. Identify and provide information and research to develop andcontinually refine comprehensive strategies to minimize the impacts of climate change onhuman health.VI.POLICY STATEMENTThe Department of Health hereby declares Climate Change Adaptation for Health (CCAH) as anational policy and program priority as expressed in the national climate change action plan underthe national framework strategy for climate change.This policy supports the goals of the Philippine Development Plan (2011-2016), the PhilippineClimate Change Act of2009, the Philippine Disaster Risk Reduction and Management Act of2010,the National Framework Strategy on Climate Change (2010-2022), and adopts the approachconsistent with DOH Administrative Order No. 2010-0036 “Kalusugan Pangkalahatan” in theimplementation of climate change adaptation measures for health.VII.STRATEGIESConsistent with the “Kalusugan Pangkalahatan” (Universal Health Care) principles applicable tothe implementation of Climate Change Adaptation for Health, the following are the strategiccomponents:10494

DOH AO NO. 005 S. 2012: National Policy on Climate ChangeAdaptation for the Health SectorPolicy HandbookA. Policy, Plans and Partnerships1. Health Policy, Plans and Programs – to develop appropriate implementing instruments forlocal adaptation of the national climate change and health response initiatives.2. Standards and Regulation – to ensure effective and efficient intervention measures, suchas, but not limited to preparedness and response to health emergencies, appropriatestandards, regulations and accreditation mechanisms shall be established.3. Resource Mobilization/Financing – mechanisms to generate resources optimize itsallocation and guarantee equitable distribution shall be developed. Investments shall beencouraged for the development of climate change adaptation for health technologies.4. Networking and Partnership-Building – through inter-sectoral response and communityparticipation, collaborative efforts shall be undertaken for advocating and implementingthe Philippine Climate Change Adaptation Plan for Health.B. Service Provision, Capacity and Infrastructure enhancement1. Service Delivery – provides appropriate adaptation response and services related to, but notlimited to managing the health effects of climate change.2. Capability-Building- this shall include climate change adaptation for health-responsive(CCAH-responsive) human resource development.3. Facilities Enhancement – upgrading of hospitals and other health facilities to make themclimate change-proof, in adherence to infrastructural and service standards.C. Health Promotion, Research, Surveillance and Monitoring1. Health Promotion and Advocacy – communication interventions shall be developed toinfluence societal and community actions toward climate change adaptation and health.2. Research and Development – high-quality studies shall be utilized for evidence-baseddecision-making; with emphasis on establishing links connecting climate change andadverse health.3. Information Management System and Surveillance – generation of reliable, relevant andup-to-date information is essential to respond to the negative health effects of climatechange. Surveillance systems shall be developed for climate change-sensitive diseases.4. Monitoring and Evaluation – emphasis will be done on documenting events and progress inimplementation, lessons learned, and sharing of good practices.D. Strengthening Organizational Structure for Climate Change at different levels ofgovernance.10595

Policy HandbookDEPARTMENTPERSONNEL ORDER NO.2011 -2458:CREATION OFCLIMATE CHANGE UNIT97

DOH DEPARTMENT PERSONNEL ORDER NO. 2011 – 2458:Policy HandbookCreation of Climate Change UnitRepublic of the PhilippinesDepartment of HealthOFFICE OF THE SECRETARYMay 16, 2011DEPARTMENT PERSONNEL ORDERNo. 2011 - 2458SUBJECT:Creation of a Climate Change Unit to Oversee and Manage theDevelopment and Implementation of a Climate Change Programat the Environmental and Occupational Health Office, NationalCenter for Disease Prevention and Control.Climate Change (CC) has been brought about by un-abated human degradation of the environment, destructionof natural forests, denudation of mountains, plunder on natural resources, excessive use of non-recyclableequipments/materials and excessive dumping of un-treated toxic wastes to the environment. Climatic changes inthe form of extremely harsh weather conditions such as heat waves, super typhoons, tsunamis, volcaniceruptions, extremely long droughts have brought about changes in disease patterns, both infectious and noninfectiousdiseases. Disease vectors have changed migratory patterns, infecting organisms have adapted so wellto current medical treatment that has become obsolete in managing infections. Newer types of organisms havebecome virulent when these had not been so previously. Disease causing organisms are thriving in areas wherethese have not been found before. Unexpected and erratic temperature/climatic changes have brought aboutextreme physiological, physical and mental pressure on humans especially the elderly and the young.In response to the above, the Department of Health is in the process of Developing the Climate Change Programin support to the National Climate Change and Adaptability Program (NCCAP) and the Climate Change ActionPlan for Health (CCAPH) to address the effects of the Climate Change in both Infectious and Non-InfectiousDiseases. Initially, this needs creation of a Climate Change Unit to oversee the integration of the ClimateChange Agenda and other relevant programs related to climate change to the different activities, projects andprograms of the Department of Health. Thus the Climate Change Unit is hereby created overseen by thefollowing NCDPC technical officers:Unit Leader: DR CECILLE THEODORA MAGTURO – Environmental and Occupational Health OfficeMembers:1. DR MINERVA VINLUAN - Family Health Office2. DR ERNESTO EUSEBIO S VILLALON III - Infectious Disease Office3. MR. NELSON MENDOZA - Degenerative Disease Office4. DR YVONNE CYNTHIA F LUMAMPAO - Infectious Disease OfficeThe Climate Change Unit shall perform the following functions:1. Act as technical advisers/officers, resource persons/speakers representing the NCDPC/DoHCCAPH to stakeholders, inter-agencies, local, international meetings, fora, or conventionson CC;13399

DOH DEPARTMENT PERSONNEL ORDER NO. 2011 – 2458:Creation of Climate Change UnitPolicy Handbook2. Review, revise, enhance and assist in the development of existing manuals, manuals fordevelopment and being developed by Outcome Managers/Convernors at the respective DOHOffices, to make these more responsive to the changing environmental conditions andchallenges;3. Develop the Climate Change Portfolio for Health;4. Contribute concepts for research proposals/materials through the initiatives of theirrespective Offices Outcome Managers/Program Convenors in relation to Climate ChangeProgram;5. Disseminate letters/memos/directives on needs/requirements of the Climate ChangeProgram from the Director of the NCDPC to IDO/DDO/FHO/EOHO OutcomeManagers/Program Convenors through IDO office support staff;6. Report to the Director of the NCDPC through the Outcome Manager of the ClimateChange through the Division Chief of the Environmental and Occupational Health Office,outputs of their respective Offices-Output Managers in the revisions, developments,enhancements of individual Programs Manuals of Procedures/Clinical Practice Guidelinesand other concerns of Climate Change Program;7. Update the Directors III and Division Chiefs of the NCDPC divisions, activities andaccomplishments of the CCP and Its integration to the different NCDPC Programs for themto have a sound basis for supervision and management of the different programs;8. The members while performing additional functions on CC continuously report to theirrespective Offices and perform their tasks on their respective divisions.It is hereby expected that the newly created CCU be given all the necessary logistical, skills trainingand human resources support for the effective performance of their assigned tasks.Under this Order, all expenses to be incurred such as meals and snacks, supplies, and other incidentalexpenses will be charged to the Environmental and Occupational Health Office funds subject to theusual accounting and auditing rules and regulations.This Department Personnel Order shall take effect immediately.By Authority of the Secretary of Health:EDUARDO C. JANAIRO, MD, MPHDirector IV100134

Policy HandbookKYOTO PROTOCOL

KYOTO PROTOCOLPolicy HandbookKYOTO PROTOCOL TO THEUNITED NATIONS FRAMEWORK CONVENTION ON CLIMATE CHANGEThe Parties to this Protocol,Being Parties to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change,hereinafter referred to as "the Convention",In pursuit of the ultimate objective of the Convention as stated in its Article 2,Recalling the provisions of the Convention,Being guided by Article 3 of the Convention,Pursuant to the Berlin Mandate adopted by decision 1/CP.1 of theConference of the Parties to the Convention at its first session,Have agreed as follows:Article 1For the purposes of this Protocol, the definitions contained in Article 1 of the Conventionshall apply. In addition:1. "Conference of the Parties" means the Conference of the Parties to the Convention.2. "Convention" means the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change,adopted in New York on 9 May 1992.3. "Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change" means the Intergovernmental Panel onClimate Change established in 1988 jointly by the World Meteorological Organizationand the United Nations Environment Programme.4. "Montreal Protocol" means the Montreal Protocol on Substances that Deplete theOzone Layer, adopted in Montreal on 16 September 1987 and as subsequently adjustedand amended.5. "Parties present and voting" means Parties present and casting an affirmative ornegative vote.6. "Party" means, unless the context otherwise indicates, a Party to this Protocol.7. "Party included in Annex I" means a Party included in Annex I to the Convention, asmay be amended, or a Party which has made a notification under Article 4, paragraph2(g), of the Convention.Article 21. Each Party included in Annex I, in achieving its quantified emission limitation andreduction commitments under Article 3, in order to promote sustainable development,shall:1103

KYOTO PROTOCOLPolicy Handbook(a) Implement and/or further elaborate policies and measures in accordance with itsnational circumstances, such as:(i) Enhancement of energy efficiency in relevant sectors of the national economy;(ii) Protection and enhancement of sinks and reservoirs of greenhouse gases notcontrolled by the Montreal Protocol, taking into account its commitments underrelevant international environmental agreements; promotion of sustainable forestmanagement practices, afforestation and reforestation;(iii) Promotion of sustainable forms of agriculture in light of climate changeconsiderations;(iv) Research on, and promotion, development and increased use of, new andrenewable forms of energy, of carbon dioxide sequestration technologies and ofadvanced and innovative environmentally sound technologies;(v) Progressive reduction or phasing out of market imperfections, fiscal incentives,tax and duty exemptions and subsidies in all greenhouse gas emitting sectorsthat run counter to the objective of the Convention and application of marketinstruments;(vi) Encouragement of appropriate reforms in relevant sectors aimed at promotingpolicies and measures which limit or reduce emissions of greenhouse gases notcontrolled by the Montreal Protocol;(vii) Measures to limit and/or reduce emissions of greenhouse gases not controlledby the Montreal Protocol in the transport sector;(viii) Limitation and/or reduction of methane emissions through recovery and use inwaste management, as well as in the production, transport and distribution ofenergy;(b) Cooperate with other such Parties to enhance the individual and combinedeffectiveness of their policies and measures adopted under this Article, pursuant toArticle 4, paragraph 2(e)(i), of the Convention. To this end, these Parties shall takesteps to share their experience and exchange information on such policies andmeasures, including developing ways of improving their comparability, transparencyand effectiveness. The Conference of the Parties serving as the meeting of the Partiesto this Protocol shall, at its first session or as soon as practicable thereafter, considerways to facilitate such cooperation, taking into account all relevant information.2. The Parties included in Annex I shall pursue limitation or reduction of emissions ofgreenhouse gases not controlled by the Montreal Protocol from aviation and marinebunker fuels, working through the International Civil Aviation Organization and theInternational Maritime Organization, respectively.3. The Parties included in Annex I shall strive to implement policies and measures underthis Article in such a way as to minimize adverse effects, including the adverse effects ofclimate change, effects on international trade, and social, environmental and economicimpacts on other Parties, especially developing country Parties and in particular those2104

KYOTO PROTOCOLPolicy Handbookidentified in Article 4, paragraphs 8 and 9, of the Convention, taking into account Article3 of the Convention. The Conference of the Parties serving as the meeting of the Partiesto this Protocol may take further action, as appropriate, to promote the implementation ofthe provisions of this paragraph.4. The Conference of the Parties serving as the meeting of the Parties to this Protocol, ifit decides that it would be beneficial to coordinate any of the policies and measures inparagraph 1(a) above, taking into account different national circumstances and potentialeffects, shall consider ways and means to elaborate the coordination of such policies andmeasures.Article 31. The Parties included in Annex I shall, individually or jointly, ensure that theiraggregate anthropogenic carbon dioxide equivalent emissions of the greenhouse gaseslisted in Annex A do not exceed their assigned amounts, calculated pursuant to theirquantified emission limitation and reduction commitments inscribed in Annex B and inaccordance with the provisions of this Article, with a view to reducing their overallemissions of such gases by at least 5 per cent below 1990 levels in the commitmentperiod 2008 to 2012.2. Each Party included in Annex I shall, by 2005, have made demonstrable progress inachieving its commitments under this Protocol.3. The net changes in greenhouse gas emissions by sources and removals by sinksresulting from direct human-induced land-use change and forestry activities, limited toafforestation, reforestation and deforestation since 1990, measured as verifiable changesin carbon stocks in each commitment period, shall be used to meet the commitmentsunder this Article of each Party included in Annex I. The greenhouse gas emissions bysources and removals by sinks associated with those activities shall be reported in atransparent and verifiable manner and reviewed in accordance with Articles 7 and 8.4. Prior to the first session of the Conference of the Parties serving as the meeting of theParties to this Protocol, each Party included in Annex I shall provide, for consideration bythe Subsidiary Body for Scientific and Technological Advice, data to establish its level ofcarbon stocks in 1990 and to enable an estimate to be made of its changes in carbonstocks in subsequent years. The Conference of the Parties serving as the meeting of theParties to this Protocol shall, at its first session or as soon as practicable thereafter, decideupon modalities, rules and guidelines as to how, and which, additional human-inducedactivities related to changes in greenhouse gas emissions by sources and removals bysinks in the agricultural soils and the land-use change and forestry categories shall beadded to, or subtracted from, the assigned amounts for Parties included in Annex I, takinginto account uncertainties, transparency in reporting, verifiability, the methodologicalwork of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, the advice provided by theSubsidiary Body for Scientific and Technological Advice in accordance with Article 53105

KYOTO PROTOCOLPolicy Handbookand the decisions of the Conference of the Parties. Such a decision shall apply in thesecond and subsequent commitment periods. A Party may choose to apply such adecision on these additional human-induced activities for its first commitment period,provided that these activities have taken place since 1990.5. The Parties included in Annex I undergoing the process of transition to a marketeconomy whose base year or period was established pursuant to decision 9/CP.2 of theConference of the Parties at its second session shall use that base year or period for theimplementation of their commitments under this Article. Any other Party included inAnnex I undergoing the process of transition to a market economy which has not yetsubmitted its first national communication under Article 12 of the Convention may alsonotify the Conference of the Parties serving as the meeting of the Parties to this Protocolthat it intends to use an historical base year or period other than 1990 for theimplementation of its commitments under this Article. The Conference of the Partiesserving as the meeting of the Parties to this Protocol shall decide on the acceptance ofsuch notification.6. Taking into account Article 4, paragraph 6, of the Convention, in the implementationof their commitments under this Protocol other than those under this Article, a certaindegree of flexibility shall be allowed by the Conference of the Parties serving as themeeting of the Parties to this Protocol to the Parties included in Annex I undergoing theprocess of transition to a market economy.7. In the first quantified emission limitation and reduction commitment period, from 2008to 2012, the assigned amount for each Party included in Annex I shall be equal to thepercentage inscribed for it in Annex B of its aggregate anthropogenic carbon dioxideequivalent emissions of the greenhouse gases listed in Annex A in 1990, or the base yearor period determined in accordance with paragraph 5 above, multiplied by five. ThoseParties included in Annex I for whom land-use change and forestry constituted a netsource of greenhouse gas emissions in 1990 shall include in their 1990 emissions baseyear or period the aggregate anthropogenic carbon dioxide equivalent emissions bysources minus removals by sinks in 1990 from land-use change for the purposes ofcalculating their assigned amount.8. Any Party included in Annex I may use 1995 as its base year for hydrofluorocarbons,perfluorocarbons and sulphur hexafluoride, for the purposes of the calculation referred toin paragraph 7 above.4106

KYOTO PROTOCOLPolicy Handbook9. Commitments for subsequent periods for Parties included in Annex I shall beestablished in amendments to Annex B to this Protocol, which shall be adopted inaccordance with the provisions of Article 21, paragraph 7. The Conference of the Partiesserving as the meeting of the Parties to this Protocol shall initiate the consideration ofsuch commitments at least seven years before the end of the first commitment periodreferred to in paragraph 1 above.10. Any emission reduction units, or any part of an assigned amount, which a Partyacquires from another Party in accordance with the provisions of Article 6 or of Article17 shall be added to the assigned amount for the acquiring Party.11. Any emission reduction units, or any part of an assigned amount, which a Partytransfers to another Party in accordance with the provisions of Article 6 or of Article 17shall be subtracted from the assigned amount for the transferring Party.12. Any certified emission reductions which a Party acquires from another Party inaccordance with the provisions of Article 12 shall be added to the assigned amount forthe acquiring Party.13. If the emissions of a Party included in Annex I in a commitment period are less thanits assigned amount under this Article, this difference shall, on request of that Party, beadded to the assigned amount for that Party for subsequent commitment periods.14. Each Party included in Annex I shall strive to implement the commitments mentionedin paragraph 1 above in such a way as to minimize adverse social, environmental andeconomic impacts on developing country Parties, particularly those identified in Article4, paragraphs 8 and 9, of the Convention. In line with relevant decisions of theConference of the Parties on the implementation of those paragraphs, the Conference ofthe Parties serving as the meeting of the Parties to this Protocol shall, at its first session,consider what actions are necessary to minimize the adverse effects of climate changeand/or the impacts of response measures on Parties referred to in those paragraphs.Among the issues to be considered shall be the establishment of funding, insurance andtransfer of technology.Article 41. Any Parties included in Annex I that have reached an agreement to fulfil theircommitments under Article 3 jointly, shall be deemed to have met those commitmentsprovided that their total combined aggregate anthropogenic carbon dioxide equivalentemissions of the greenhouse gases listed in Annex A do not exceed their assignedamounts calculated pursuant to their quantified emission limitation and reductioncommitments inscribed in Annex B and in accordance with the provisions of Article 3.The respective emission level allocated to each of the Parties to the agreement shall be setout in that agreement.5107

KYOTO PROTOCOLPolicy Handbook2. The Parties to any such agreement shall notify the secretariat of the terms of theagreement on the date of deposit of their instruments of ratification, acceptance orapproval of this Protocol, or accession thereto. The secretariat shall in turn inform theParties and signatories to the Convention of the terms of the agreement.3. Any such agreement shall remain in operation for the duration of the commitmentperiod specified in Article 3, paragraph 7.4. If Parties acting jointly do so in the framework of, and together with, a regionaleconomic integration organization, any alteration in the composition of the organizationafter adoption of this Protocol shall not affect existing commitments under this Protocol.Any alteration in the composition of the organization shall only apply for the purposes ofthose commitments under Article 3 that are adopted subsequent to that alteration.5. In the event of failure by the Parties to such an agreement to achieve their totalcombined level of emission reductions, each Party to that agreement shall be responsiblefor its own level of emissions set out in the agreement.6. If Parties acting jointly do so in the framework of, and together with, a regionaleconomic integration organization which is itself a Party to this Protocol, each memberState of that regional economic integration organization individually, and together withthe regional economic integration organization acting in accordance with Article 24,shall, in the event of failure to achieve the total combined level of emission reductions, beresponsible for its level of emissions as notified in accordance with this Article.Article 51. Each Party included in Annex I shall have in place, no later than one year prior to thestart of the first commitment period, a national system for the estimation ofanthropogenic emissions by sources and removals by sinks of all greenhouse gases notcontrolled by the Montreal Protocol. Guidelines for such national systems, which shallincorporate the methodologies specified in paragraph 2 below, shall be decided upon bythe Conference of the Parties serving as the meeting of the Parties to this Protocol at itsfirst session.2. Methodologies for estimating anthropogenic emissions by sources and removals bysinks of all greenhouse gases not controlled by the Montreal Protocol shall be thoseaccepted by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change and agreed upon by theConference of the Parties at its third session. Where such methodologies are not used,appropriate adjustments shall be applied according to methodologies agreed upon by theConference of the Parties serving as the meeting of the Parties to this Protocol at its firstsession. Based on the work of, inter alia, the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Changeand advice provided by the Subsidiary Body for Scientific and Technological Advice, theConference of the Parties serving as the meeting of the Parties to this Protocol shallregularly review and, as appropriate, revise such methodologies and adjustments, taking6108

KYOTO PROTOCOLPolicy Handbookfully into account any relevant decisions by the Conference of the Parties. Any revisionto methodologies or adjustments shall be used only for the purposes of ascertainingcompliance with commitments under Article 3 in respect of any commitment periodadopted subsequent to that revision.3. The global warming potentials used to calculate the carbon dioxide equivalence ofanthropogenic emissions by sources and removals by sinks of greenhouse gases listed inAnnex A shall be those accepted by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change andagreed upon by the Conference of the Parties at its third session. Based on the work of,inter alia, the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change and advice provided by theSubsidiary Body for Scientific and Technological Advice, the Conference of the Partiesserving as the meeting of the Parties to this Protocol shall regularly review and, asappropriate, revise the global warming potential of each such greenhouse gas, taking fullyinto account any relevant decisions by the Conference of the Parties. Any revision to aglobal warming potential shall apply only to commitments under Article 3 in respect ofany commitment period adopted subsequent to that revision.Article 61. For the purpose of meeting its commitments under Article 3, any Party included inAnnex I may transfer to, or acquire from, any other such Party emission reduction unitsresulting from projects aimed at reducing anthropogenic emissions by sources orenhancing anthropogenic removals by sinks of greenhouse gases in any sector of theeconomy, provided that:(a) Any such project has the approval of the Parties involved;(b) Any such project provides a reduction in emissions by sources, or an enhancement ofremovals by sinks, that is additional to any that would otherwise occur;(c) It does not acquire any emission reduction units if it is not in compliance with itsobligations under Articles 5 and 7; and(d) The acquisition of emission reduction units shall be supplemental to domestic actionsfor the purposes of meeting commitments under Article 3.2. The Conference of the Parties serving as the meeting of the Parties to this Protocolmay, at its first session or as soon as practicable thereafter, further elaborate guidelinesfor the implementation of this Article, including for verification and reporting.3. A Party included in Annex I may authorize legal entities to participate, under itsresponsibility, in actions leading to the generation, transfer or acquisition under thisArticle of emission reduction units.4. If a question of implementation by a Party included in Annex I of the requirementsreferred to in this Article is identified in accordance with the relevant provisions ofArticle 8, transfers and acquisitions of emission reduction units may continue to be made7109

KYOTO PROTOCOLPolicy Handbookafter the question has been identified, provided that any such units may not be used by aParty to meet its commitments under Article 3 until any issue of compliance is resolved.Article 71. Each Party included in Annex I shall incorporate in its annual inventory ofanthropogenic emissions by sources and removals by sinks of greenhouse gases notcontrolled by the Montreal Protocol, submitted in accordance with the relevant decisionsof the Conference of the Parties, the necessary supplementary information for thepurposes of ensuring compliance with Article 3, to be determined in accordance withparagraph 4 below.2. Each Party included in Annex I shall incorporate in its national communication,submitted under Article 12 of the Convention, the supplementary information necessaryto demonstrate compliance with its commitments under this Protocol, to be determined inaccordance with paragraph 4 below.3. Each Party included in Annex I shall submit the information required under paragraph1 above annually, beginning with the first inventory due under the Convention for thefirst year of the commitment period after this Protocol has entered into force for thatParty. Each such Party shall submit the information required under paragraph 2 above aspart of the first national communication due under the Convention after this Protocol hasentered into force for it and after the adoption of guidelines as provided for in paragraph4 below. The frequency of subsequent submission of information required under thisArticle shall be determined by the Conference of the Parties serving as the meeting of theParties to this Protocol, taking into account any timetable for the submission of nationalcommunications decided upon by the Conference of the Parties.4. The Conference of the Parties serving as the meeting of the Parties to this Protocolshall adopt at its first session, and review periodically thereafter, guidelines for thepreparation of the information required under this Article, taking into account guidelinesfor the preparation of national communications by Parties included in Annex I adopted bythe Conference of the Parties. The Conference of the Parties serving as the meeting of theParties to this Protocol shall also, prior to the first commitment period, decide uponmodalities for the accounting of assigned amounts.Article 81. The information submitted under Article 7 by each Party included in Annex I shall bereviewed by expert review teams pursuant to the relevant decisions of the Conference ofthe Parties and in accordance with guidelines adopted for this purpose by the Conferenceof the Parties serving as the meeting of the Parties to this Protocol under paragraph 4below. The information submitted under Article 7, paragraph 1, by each Party included inAnnex I shall be reviewed as part of the annual compilation and accounting of emissionsinventories and assigned amounts. Additionally, the information submitted under Article8110

KYOTO PROTOCOLPolicy Handbook7, paragraph 2, by each Party included in Annex I shall be reviewed as part of the reviewof communications.2. Expert review teams shall be coordinated by the secretariat and shall be composed ofexperts selected from those nominated by Parties to the Convention and, as appropriate,by intergovernmental organizations, in accordance with guidance provided for thispurpose by the Conference of the Parties.3. The review process shall provide a thorough and comprehensive technical assessmentof all aspects of the implementation by a Party of this Protocol. The expert review teamsshall prepare a report to the Conference of the Parties serving as the meeting of theParties to this Protocol, assessing the implementation of the commitments of the Partyand identifying any potential problems in, and factors influencing, the fulfilment ofcommitments. Such reports shall be circulated by the secretariat to all Parties to theConvention. The secretariat shall list those questions of implementation indicated in suchreports for further consideration by the Conference of the Parties serving as the meetingof the Parties to this Protocol.4. The Conference of the Parties serving as the meeting of the Parties to this Protocolshall adopt at its first session, and review periodically thereafter, guidelines for thereview of implementation of this Protocol by expert review teams taking into account therelevant decisions of the Conference of the Parties.5. The Conference of the Parties serving as the meeting of the Parties to this Protocolshall, with the assistance of the Subsidiary Body for Implementation and, as appropriate,the Subsidiary Body for Scientific and Technological Advice, consider:(a) The information submitted by Parties under Article 7 and the reports of the expertreviews thereon conducted under this Article; and(b) Those questions of implementation listed by the secretariat under paragraph 3 above,as well as any questions raised by Parties.6. Pursuant to its consideration of the information referred to in paragraph 5 above, theConference of the Parties serving as the meeting of the Parties to this Protocol shall takedecisions on any matter required for the implementation of this Protocol.Article 91. The Conference of the Parties serving as the meeting of the Parties to this Protocolshall periodically review this Protocol in the light of the best available scientificinformation and assessments on climate change and its impacts, as well as relevanttechnical, social and economic information. Such reviews shall be coordinated withpertinent reviews under the Convention, in particular those required by Article 4,paragraph 2(d), and Article 7, paragraph 2(a), of the Convention. Based on these reviews,the Conference of the Parties serving as the meeting of the Parties to this Protocol shalltake appropriate action.9111

KYOTO PROTOCOLPolicy Handbook2. The first review shall take place at the second session of the Conference of the Partiesserving as the meeting of the Parties to this Protocol. Further reviews shall take place atregular intervals and in a timely manner.Article 10All Parties, taking into account their common but differentiated responsibilities and theirspecific national and regional development priorities, objectives and circumstances,without introducing any new commitments for Parties not included in Annex I, butreaffirming existing commitments under Article 4, paragraph 1, of the Convention, andcontinuing to advance the implementation of these commitments in order to achievesustainable development, taking into account Article 4, paragraphs 3, 5 and 7, of theConvention, shall:(a) Formulate, where relevant and to the extent possible, cost-effective national and,where appropriate, regional programmes to improve the quality of local emissionfactors, activity data and/or models which reflect the socio-economic conditions ofeach Party for the preparation and periodic updating of national inventories ofanthropogenic emissions by sources and removals by sinks of all greenhouse gasesnot controlled by the Montreal Protocol, using comparable methodologies to beagreed upon by the Conference of the Parties, and consistent with the guidelines forthe preparation of national communications adopted by the Conference of theParties;(b) Formulate, implement, publish and regularly update national and, where appropriate,regional programmes containing measures to mitigate climate change and measuresto facilitate adequate adaptation to climate change:(i) Such programmes would, inter alia, concern the energy, transport and industrysectors as well as agriculture, forestry and waste management. Furthermore,adaptation technologies and methods for improving spatial planning would improveadaptation to climate change; and(ii) Parties included in Annex I shall submit information on action under this Protocol,including national programmes, in accordance with Article 7; and other Parties shallseek to include in their national communications, as appropriate, information onprogrammes which contain measures that the Party believes contribute to addressingclimate change and its adverse impacts, including the abatement of increases ingreenhouse gas emissions, and enhancement of and removals by sinks, capacitybuilding and adaptation measures;(c) Cooperate in the promotion of effective modalities for the development, applicationand diffusion of, and take all practicable steps to promote, facilitate and finance,as appropriate, the transfer of, or access to, environmentally sound technologies,know-how, practices and processes pertinent to climate change, in particular todeveloping countries, including the formulation of policies and programmes for theeffective transfer of environmentally sound technologies that are publicly owned or10112

KYOTO PROTOCOLPolicy Handbookin the public domain and the creation of an enabling environment for the privatesector, to promote and enhance the transfer of, and access to, environmentally soundtechnologies;(d) Cooperate in scientific and technical research and promote the maintenance and thedevelopment of systematic observation systems and development of data archives toreduce uncertainties related to the climate system, the adverse impacts of climatechange and the economic and social consequences of various response strategies, andpromote the development and strengthening of endogenous capacities andcapabilities to participate in international and intergovernmental efforts, programmesand networks on research and systematic observation, taking into account Article 5of the Convention;(e) Cooperate in and promote at the international level, and, where appropriate, usingexisting bodies, the development and implementation of education and trainingprogrammes, including the strengthening of national capacity building, in particularhuman and institutional capacities and the exchange or secondment of personnel totrain experts in this field, in particular for developing countries, and facilitate at thenational level public awareness of, and public access to information on, climatechange. Suitable modalities should be developed to implement these activitiesthrough the relevant bodies of the Convention, taking into account Article 6 of theConvention;(f) Include in their national communications information on programmes and activitiesundertaken pursuant to this Article in accordance with relevant decisions of theConference of the Parties; and(g) Give full consideration, in implementing the commitments under this Article,to Article 4, paragraph 8, of the Convention.Article 111. In the implementation of Article 10, Parties shall take into account the provisions ofArticle 4, paragraphs 4, 5, 7, 8 and 9, of the Convention.2. In the context of the implementation of Article 4, paragraph 1, of the Convention, inaccordance with the provisions of Article 4, paragraph 3, and Article 11 of theConvention, and through the entity or entities entrusted with the operation of the financialmechanism of the Convention, the developed country Parties and other developed Partiesincluded in Annex II to the Convention shall:(a) Provide new and additional financial resources to meet the agreed full costs incurredby developing country Parties in advancing the implementation of existingcommitments under Article 4, paragraph 1(a), of the Convention that are covered inArticle 10, subparagraph (a); and(b) Also provide such financial resources, including for the transfer of technology,needed by the developing country Parties to meet the agreed full incremental costs ofadvancing the implementation of existing commitments under Article 4, paragraph 1,11113

KYOTO PROTOCOLPolicy Handbookof the Convention that are covered by Article 10 and that are agreed between adeveloping country Party and the international entity or entities referred to in Article11 of the Convention, in accordance with that Article.The implementation of these existing commitments shall take into account the needfor adequacy and predictability in the flow of funds and the importance ofappropriate burden sharing among developed country Parties. The guidance to theentity or entities entrusted with the operation of the financial mechanism of theConvention in relevant decisions of the Conference of the Parties, including thoseagreed before the adoption of this Protocol, shall apply mutatis mutandis to theprovisions of this paragraph.3. The developed country Parties and other developed Parties in Annex II to theConvention may also provide, and developing country Parties avail themselves of,financial resources for the implementation of Article 10, through bilateral, regional andother multilateral channels.Article 121. A clean development mechanism is hereby defined.2. The purpose of the clean development mechanism shall be to assist Parties notincluded in Annex I in achieving sustainable development and in contributing to theultimate objective of the Convention, and to assist Parties included in Annex I inachieving compliance with their quantified emission limitation and reductioncommitments under Article 3.3. Under the clean development mechanism:(a) Parties not included in Annex I will benefit from project activities resulting incertified emission reductions; and(b) Parties included in Annex I may use the certified emission reductions accruing fromsuch project activities to contribute to compliance with part of their quantifiedemission limitation and reduction commitments under Article 3, as determined bythe Conference of the Parties serving as the meeting of the Parties to this Protocol.4. The clean development mechanism shall be subject to the authority and guidance ofthe Conference of the Parties serving as the meeting of the Parties to this Protocol and besupervised by an executive board of the clean development mechanism.5. Emission reductions resulting from each project activity shall be certified byoperational entities to be designated by the Conference of the Parties serving as themeeting of the Parties to this Protocol, on the basis of:(a) Voluntary participation approved by each Party involved;(b) Real, measurable, and long-term benefits related to the mitigation of climate change;(c) Reductions in emissions that are additional to any that would occur in the absence ofthe certified project activity.6. The clean development mechanism shall assist in arranging funding of certifiedproject activities as necessary.7. The Conference of the Parties serving as the meeting of the Parties to this Protocolshall, at its first session, elaborate modalities and procedures with the objective of12114

KYOTO PROTOCOLPolicy Handbookensuring transparency, efficiency and accountability through independent auditing andverification of project activities.8. The Conference of the Parties serving as the meeting of the Parties to this Protocolshall ensure that a share of the proceeds from certified project activities is used to coveradministrative expenses as well as to assist developing country Parties that areparticularly vulnerable to the adverse effects of climate change to meet the costs ofadaptation.9. Participation under the clean development mechanism, including in activitiesmentioned in paragraph 3(a) above and in the acquisition of certified emission reductions,may involve private and/or public entities, and is to be subject to whatever guidance maybe provided by the executive board of the clean development mechanism.10. Certified emission reductions obtained during the period from the year 2000 up to thebeginning of the first commitment period can be used to assist in achieving compliance inthe first commitment period.Article 131. The Conference of the Parties, the supreme body of the Convention, shall serve as themeeting of the Parties to this Protocol.2. Parties to the Convention that are not Parties to this Protocol may participate asobservers in the proceedings of any session of the Conference of the Parties serving asthe meeting of the Parties to this Protocol. When the Conference of the Parties serves asthe meeting of the Parties to this Protocol, decisions under this Protocol shall be takenonly by those that are Parties to this Protocol.3. When the Conference of the Parties serves as the meeting of the Parties to thisProtocol, any member of the Bureau of the Conference of the Parties representing a Partyto the Convention but, at that time, not a Party to this Protocol, shall be replaced by anadditional member to be elected by and from amongst the Parties to this Protocol.4. The Conference of the Parties serving as the meeting of the Parties to this Protocolshall keep under regular review the implementation of this Protocol and shall make,within its mandate, the decisions necessary to promote its effective implementation. Itshall perform the functions assigned to it by this Protocol and shall:(a) Assess, on the basis of all information made available to it in accordance with theprovisions of this Protocol, the implementation of this Protocol by the Parties, theoverall effects of the measures taken pursuant to this Protocol, in particularenvironmental, economic and social effects as well as their cumulative impacts andthe extent to which progress towards the objective of the Convention is beingachieved;(b) Periodically examine the obligations of the Parties under this Protocol, giving dueconsideration to any reviews required by Article 4, paragraph 2(d), and Article 7,paragraph 2, of the Convention, in the light of the objective of the Convention, theexperience gained in its implementation and the evolution of scientific andtechnological knowledge, and in this respect consider and adopt regular reports onthe implementation of this Protocol;13115

KYOTO PROTOCOLPolicy Handbook(c) Promote and facilitate the exchange of information on measures adopted bythe Parties to address climate change and its effects, taking into account the differingcircumstances, responsibilities and capabilities of the Parties and their respectivecommitments under this Protocol;(d) Facilitate, at the request of two or more Parties, the coordination of measuresadopted by them to address climate change and its effects, taking into account thediffering circumstances, responsibilities and capabilities of the Parties and theirrespective commitments under this Protocol;(e) Promote and guide, in accordance with the objective of the Convention and theprovisions of this Protocol, and taking fully into account the relevant decisions bythe Conference of the Parties, the development and periodic refinement ofcomparable methodologies for the effective implementation of this Protocol, to beagreed on by the Conference of the Parties serving as the meeting of the Parties tothis Protocol;(f) Make recommendations on any matters necessary for the implementation of thisProtocol;(g) Seek to mobilize additional financial resources in accordance with Article 11,paragraph 2;(h) Establish such subsidiary bodies as are deemed necessary for the implementation ofthis Protocol;(i) Seek and utilize, where appropriate, the services and cooperation of, and informationprovided by, competent international organizations and intergovernmental and nongovernmentalbodies; and(j) Exercise such other functions as may be required for the implementation ofthis Protocol, and consider any assignment resulting from a decision by theConference of the Parties.5. The rules of procedure of the Conference of the Parties and financial proceduresapplied under the Convention shall be applied mutatis mutandis under this Protocol,except as may be otherwise decided by consensus by the Conference of the Partiesserving as the meeting of the Parties to this Protocol.6. The first session of the Conference of the Parties serving as the meeting of the Partiesto this Protocol shall be convened by the secretariat in conjunction with the first sessionof the Conference of the Parties that is scheduled after the date of the entry into force ofthis Protocol. Subsequent ordinary sessions of the Conference of the Parties serving asthe meeting of the Parties to this Protocol shall be held every year and in conjunctionwith ordinary sessions of the Conference of the Parties, unless otherwise decided by theConference of the Parties serving as the meeting of the Parties to this Protocol.7. Extraordinary sessions of the Conference of the Parties serving as the meeting of theParties to this Protocol shall be held at such other times as may be deemed necessary bythe Conference of the Parties serving as the meeting of the Parties to this Protocol, or at14116

KYOTO PROTOCOLPolicy Handbookthe written request of any Party, provided that, within six months of the request beingcommunicated to the Parties by the secretariat, it is supported by at least one third of theParties.8. The United Nations, its specialized agencies and the International Atomic EnergyAgency, as well as any State member thereof or observers thereto not party to theConvention, may be represented at sessions of the Conference of the Parties serving asthe meeting of the Parties to this Protocol as observers. Anybody or agency, whethernational or international, governmental or non-governmental, which is qualified inmatters covered by this Protocol and which has informed the secretariat of its wish to berepresented at a session of the Conference of the Parties serving as the meeting of theParties to this Protocol as an observer, may be so admitted unless at least one third of theParties present object. The admission and participation of observers shall be subject to therules of procedure, as referred to in paragraph 5 above.Article 141. The secretariat established by Article 8 of the Convention shall serve as the secretariatof this Protocol.2. Article 8, paragraph 2, of the Convention on the functions of the secretariat, andArticle 8, paragraph 3, of the Convention on arrangements made for the functioning ofthe secretariat, shall apply mutatis mutandis to this Protocol. The secretariat shall, inaddition, exercise the functions assigned to it under this Protocol.Article 151. The Subsidiary Body for Scientific and Technological Advice and the SubsidiaryBody for Implementation established by Articles 9 and 10 of the Convention shall serveas, respectively, the Subsidiary Body for Scientific and Technological Advice and theSubsidiary Body for Implementation of this Protocol. The provisions relating to thefunctioning of these two bodies under the Convention shall apply mutatis mutandis to thisProtocol. Sessions of the meetings of the Subsidiary Body for Scientific andTechnological Advice and the Subsidiary Body for Implementation of this Protocol shallbe held in conjunction with the meetings of, respectively, the Subsidiary Body forScientific and Technological Advice and the Subsidiary Body for Implementation of theConvention.2. Parties to the Convention that are not Parties to this Protocol may participate asobservers in the proceedings of any session of the subsidiary bodies. When the subsidiarybodies serve as the subsidiary bodies of this Protocol, decisions under this Protocol shallbe taken only by those that are Parties to this Protocol.3. When the subsidiary bodies established by Articles 9 and 10 of the Conventionexercise their functions with regard to matters concerning this Protocol, any member ofthe Bureaux of those subsidiary bodies representing a Party to the Convention but, at thattime, not a party to this Protocol, shall be replaced by an additional member to be electedby and from amongst the Parties to this Protocol.15117

KYOTO PROTOCOLPolicy HandbookArticle 16The Conference of the Parties serving as the meeting of the Parties to this Protocol shall,as soon as practicable, consider the application to this Protocol of, and modify asappropriate, the multilateral consultative process referred to in Article 13 of theConvention, in the light of any relevant decisions that may be taken by the Conference ofthe Parties. Any multilateral consultative process that may be applied to this Protocolshall operate without prejudice to the procedures and mechanisms established inaccordance with Article 18.Article 17The Conference of the Parties shall define the relevant principles, modalities, rulesand guidelines, in particular for verification, reporting and accountability for emissionstrading. The Parties included in Annex B may participate in emissions trading for thepurposes of fulfilling their commitments under Article 3. Any such trading shall besupplemental to domestic actions for the purpose of meeting quantified emissionlimitation and reduction commitments under that Article.Article 18The Conference of the Parties serving as the meeting of the Parties to this Protocol shall,at its first session, approve appropriate and effective procedures and mechanisms todetermine and to address cases of non-compliance with the provisions of this Protocol,including through the development of an indicative list of consequences, taking intoaccount the cause, type, degree and frequency of non-compliance. Any procedures andmechanisms under this Article entailing binding consequences shall be adopted by meansof an amendment to this Protocol.Article 19The provisions of Article 14 of the Convention on settlement of disputes shall applymutatis mutandis to this Protocol.Article 201. Any Party may propose amendments to this Protocol.2. Amendments to this Protocol shall be adopted at an ordinary session of theConference of the Parties serving as the meeting of the Parties to this Protocol. The textof any proposed amendment to this Protocol shall be communicated to the Parties by thesecretariat at least six months before the meeting at which it is proposed for adoption.The secretariat shall also communicate the text of any proposed amendments to theParties and signatories to the Convention and, for information, to the Depositary.3. The Parties shall make every effort to reach agreement on any proposed amendment tothis Protocol by consensus. If all efforts at consensus have been exhausted, and noagreement reached, the amendment shall as a last resort be adopted by a three-fourthsmajority vote of the Parties present and voting at the meeting. The adopted amendmentshall be communicated by the secretariat to the Depositary, who shall circulate it to allParties for their acceptance.16118

KYOTO PROTOCOLPolicy Handbook4. Instruments of acceptance in respect of an amendment shall be deposited with theDepositary. An amendment adopted in accordance with paragraph 3 above shall enterinto force for those Parties having accepted it on the ninetieth day after the date of receiptby the Depositary of an instrument of acceptance by at least three fourths of the Parties tothis Protocol.5. The amendment shall enter into force for any other Party on the ninetieth day after thedate on which that Party deposits with the Depositary its instrument of acceptance of thesaid amendment.Article 211. Annexes to this Protocol shall form an integral part thereof and, unless otherwiseexpressly provided, a reference to this Protocol constitutes at the same time a reference toany annexes thereto. Any annexes adopted after the entry into force of this Protocol shallbe restricted to lists, forms and any other material of a descriptive nature that is of ascientific, technical, procedural or administrative character.2. Any Party may make proposals for an annex to this Protocol and may proposeamendments to annexes to this Protocol.3. Annexes to this Protocol and amendments to annexes to this Protocol shall be adoptedat an ordinary session of the Conference of the Parties serving as the meeting of theParties to this Protocol. The text of any proposed annex or amendment to an annex shallbe communicated to the Parties by the secretariat at least six months before the meetingat which it is proposed for adoption. The secretariat shall also communicate the text ofany proposed annex or amendment to an annex to the Parties and signatories to theConvention and, for information, to the Depositary.4. The Parties shall make every effort to reach agreement on any proposed annex oramendment to an annex by consensus. If all efforts at consensus have been exhausted,and no agreement reached, the annex or amendment to an annex shall as a last resort beadopted by a three-fourths majority vote of the Parties present and voting at the meeting.The adopted annex or amendment to an annex shall be communicated by the secretariatto the Depositary, who shall circulate it to all Parties for their acceptance.5. An annex, or amendment to an annex other than Annex A or B, that has been adoptedin accordance with paragraphs 3 and 4 above shall enter into force for all Parties to thisProtocol six months after the date of the communication by the Depositary to such Partiesof the adoption of the annex or adoption of the amendment to the annex, except for thoseParties that have notified the Depositary, in writing, within that period of their nonacceptanceof the annex or amendment to the annex. The annex or amendment to anannex shall enter into force for Parties which withdraw their notification of nonacceptanceon the ninetieth day after the date on which withdrawal of such notificationhas been received by the Depositary.6. If the adoption of an annex or an amendment to an annex involves an amendment tothis Protocol, that annex or amendment to an annex shall not enter into force until suchtime as the amendment to this Protocol enters into force.17119

KYOTO PROTOCOLPolicy Handbook7. Amendments to Annexes A and B to this Protocol shall be adopted and enter intoforce in accordance with the procedure set out in Article 20, provided that anyamendment to Annex B shall be adopted only with the written consent of the Partyconcerned.Article 221. Each Party shall have one vote, except as provided for in paragraph 2 below.2. Regional economic integration organizations, in matters within their competence,shall exercise their right to vote with a number of votes equal to the number of theirmember States that are Parties to this Protocol. Such an organization shall not exercise itsright to vote if any of its member States exercises its right, and vice versa.Article 23The Secretary-General of the United Nations shall be the Depositary of this Protocol.Article 241. This Protocol shall be open for signature and subject to ratification, acceptance orapproval by States and regional economic integration organizations which are Parties tothe Convention. It shall be open for signature at United Nations Headquarters in NewYork from16 March 1998 to 15 March 1999. This Protocol shall be open for accession from the dayafter the date on which it is closed for signature. Instruments of ratification, acceptance,approval or accession shall be deposited with the Depositary.2. Any regional economic integration organization which becomes a Party to thisProtocol without any of its member States being a Party shall be bound by all theobligations under this Protocol. In the case of such organizations, one or more of whosemember States is a Party to this Protocol, the organization and its member States shalldecide on their respective responsibilities for the performance of their obligations underthis Protocol. In such cases, the organization and the member States shall not be entitledto exercise rights under this Protocol concurrently.3. In their instruments of ratification, acceptance, approval or accession, regionaleconomic integration organizations shall declare the extent of their competence withrespect to the matters governed by this Protocol. These organizations shall also informthe Depositary, who shall in turn inform the Parties, of any substantial modification in theextent of their competence.Article 251. This Protocol shall enter into force on the ninetieth day after the date on which notless than 55 Parties to the Convention, incorporating Parties included in Annex I whichaccounted in total for at least 55 per cent of the total carbon dioxide emissions for 1990of the Parties included in Annex I, have deposited their instruments of ratification,acceptance, approval or accession.18120

KYOTO PROTOCOLPolicy Handbook2. For the purposes of this Article, "the total carbon dioxide emissions for 1990 of theParties included in Annex I" means the amount communicated on or before the date ofadoption of this Protocol by the Parties included in Annex I in their first nationalcommunications submitted in accordance with Article 12 of the Convention.3. For each State or regional economic integration organization that ratifies, accepts orapproves this Protocol or accedes thereto after the conditions set out in paragraph 1 abovefor entry into force have been fulfilled, this Protocol shall enter into force on the ninetiethday following the date of deposit of its instrument of ratification, acceptance, approval oraccession.4. For the purposes of this Article, any instrument deposited by a regional economicintegration organization shall not be counted as additional to those deposited by Statesmembers of the organization.Article 26No reservations may be made to this Protocol.Article 271. At any time after three years from the date on which this Protocol has entered intoforce for a Party, that Party may withdraw from this Protocol by giving writtennotification to the Depositary.2. Any such withdrawal shall take effect upon expiry of one year from the date of receiptby the Depositary of the notification of withdrawal, or on such later date as may bespecified in the notification of withdrawal.3. Any Party that withdraws from the Convention shall be considered as also havingwithdrawn from this Protocol.Article 28The original of this Protocol, of which the Arabic, Chinese, English, French, Russian andSpanish texts are equally authentic, shall be deposited with the Secretary-General of theUnited Nations.DONE at Kyoto this eleventh day of December one thousand nine hundred and ninetyseven.IN WITNESS WHEREOF the undersigned, being duly authorized to that effect, haveaffixed their signatures to this Protocol on the dates indicated.Annex AGreenhouse gasesCarbon dioxide (CO 2)Methane (CH 4)Nitrous oxide (N 2O)Hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs)Perfluorocarbons (PFCs)Sulphur hexafluoride (SF 6)19121

KYOTO PROTOCOLPolicy HandbookSectors/source categoriesEnergyFuel combustionEnergy industriesManufacturing industries and constructionTransportOther sectorsSolid fuelsOil and natural gasOtherIndustrial processesMineral productsChemical industryMetal productionOther productionProduction of halocarbons and sulphurhexafluorideConsumption of halocarbons and sulphurhexafluorideAnnex BOtherFugitive emissions from fuelsOtherSolvent and other product useAgricultureEnteric fermentationManure managementRice cultivationAgricultural soilsPrescribed burning of savannasField burning of agricultural residuesOtherWasteSolid waste disposal on landWastewater handlingWaste incinerationOtherParty Quantified emission limitation or reduction commitment(percentage of base year or period)Australia 108Liechtenstein 92Austria 92Lithuania* 92Belgium 92Luxembourg 92Bulgaria* 92Monaco 92Canada 94Netherlands 92Croatia* 95New Zealand 100Czech Republic* 92Norway 101Denmark 92Poland* 94Estonia* 92Portugal 92European Community 92Romania* 92Finland 92Russian Federation* 100France 92Slovakia* 92Germany 92Slovenia* 92Greece 92Spain 92Hungary* 94Sweden 92Iceland 110Switzerland 92Ireland 92Ukraine* 100Italy 92United Kingdom of Great Britain and NorthernJapan 94Ireland 92Latvia* 92United States of America 93* Countries that are undergoing the process of transition to a market economy.- - - - -20122

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61 st WHA RESOLUTION ON CLIMATE CHANGE ANDPolicyHEALTHHandbookSIXTY-FIRST WORLD HEALTH ASSEMBLY WHA 61.19Agenda Item 11.11 24 May 2008Climate Change and HealthThe Sixty-first World Health Assembly,Having considered the report on climate change and health;1Recalling resolution WHA51.29 on the protection of human health from risks related toclimate change and stratospheric ozone depletion and acknowledging and welcoming thework carried out so far by WHO in pursuit of it;Recognizing that, in the interim, the scientific evidence of the effect of the increase inatmospheric greenhouse gases, and of the potential consequences for human health, hasconsiderably improved;Noting with concern the recent findings of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Changethat the effects of temperature increases on some aspects of human health are already beingobserved; that the net global effect of projected climate change on human health is expected tobe negative, especially in developing countries, small island developing States and vulnerablelocal communities which have the least capacity to prepare for and adapt to such change, andthat exposure to projected climate change could affect the health status of millions of people,through increases in malnutrition, in death, disease and injury due to extreme weather events,in the burden of diarrhoeal disease, in the frequency of cardiorespiratory diseases, and throughaltered distribution of some infectious disease vectors;Noting further that climate change could jeopardize achievement of the MillenniumDevelopment Goals, including the health-related Goals, and undermine the efforts of theSecretariat and Member States to improve public health and reduce health inequalitiesglobally;Recognizing the importance of addressing in a timely fashion the health impacts resultingfrom climate change due to the cumulative effects of emissions of greenhouse gases, andfurther recognizing that solutions to the health impacts of climate change should be seen as ajoint responsibility of all States and that developed countries should assist developingcountries in this regard;Recognizing the need to assist Member States in assessing the implications of climatechange for health and health systems in their country, in identifying appropriate andcomprehensive strategies and measures for addressing these implications, in building capacityin the health sector to do so and in working with government and nongovernmental partners toraise awareness of the health impacts of climate change in their country and take action toaddress them;Further recognizing that strengthening health systems to enable them to deal with bothgradual changes and sudden shocks is a fundamental priority in terms of addressing the directand indirect effects of climate change for health.1. REQUESTS the Director-General:(1) to continue to draw to the attention of the public and policy-makers the serious risk ofclimate change to global health and to the achievement of the health-related MillenniumDevelopment Goals, and to work with FAO, WMO, UNDP, UNEP, the United NationsFramework Convention on Climate Change secretariat, and other appropriate organizations ofthe United Nations, in the context of United Nations reform initiatives, and with national andinternational agencies, to ensure that these health impacts and their resource implications are133125

61st WHAT RESOLUTION ON CLIMATE CHANGE AND Policy HEALTH Handbookunderstood and can be taken into account in further developing national and internationalresponses to climate change;(2) to engage actively in the UNFCCC Nairobi Work Programme on Impacts, Vulnerabilityand Adaptation to Climate Change, in order to ensure its relevance to the health sector, and tokeep Member States informed about the work programme in order to facilitate theirparticipation in it as appropriate and access to the benefits of its outputs;(3) to work on promoting consideration of the health impacts of climate change by therelevant United Nations bodies in order to help developing countries to address the healthimpacts of climate change;(4) to continue close cooperation with Member States and appropriate United Nationsorganizations, other agencies and funding bodies in order to develop capacity to assess therisks from climate change for human health and to implement effective response measures, bypromoting further research and pilot projects in this area, including work on:(a) health vulnerability to climate change and the scale and nature thereof;(b) health protection strategies and measures relating to climate change and theireffectiveness, including cost-effectiveness;(c) the health impacts of potential adaptation and mitigation measures in other sectors suchas marine life, water resources, land use, and transport, in particular where these couldhave positive benefits for health protection;(d) decision-support and other tools, such as surveillance and monitoring, for assessingvulnerability and health impacts and targeting measures appropriately;(e) assessment of the likely financial costs and other resources necessary for healthprotection from climate change;(5) to consult Member States on the preparation of a workplan for scaling up WHO’stechnical support to Member States for assessing and addressing the implications of climatechange for health and health systems, including practical tools and methodologies andmechanisms for facilitating exchange of information and best practice and coordinationbetween Member States, and to present a draft workplan to the Executive Board at its 124thsession;2. URGES Member States:(1) to develop health measures and integrate them into plans for adaptation to climatechange as appropriate;(2) to build the capacity of public health leaders to be proactive in providing technicalguidance on health issues, be competent in developing and implementing strategies foraddressing the effects of, and adapting to, climate change, and show leadership in supportingthe necessary rapid and comprehensive action;(3) to strengthen the capacity of health systems for monitoring and minimizing the publichealth impacts of climate change through adequate preventive measures, preparedness, timelyresponse and effective management of natural disasters;(4) to promote effective engagement of the health sector and its collaboration with allrelated sectors, agencies and key partners at national and global levels in order to reduce thecurrent and projected health risks from climate change;(5) to express commitment to meeting the challenges posed to human health by climatechange, and to provide clear directions for planning actions and investments at the nationallevel in order to address the health effects of climate changes.Eighth plenary meeting, 24 May 2008A61/VR/8= = =134126

Policy HandbookWHOWESTERN PACIFIC REGIONRESOLUTION ONPROTECTING HEALTH FROMEFFECTS OFCLIMATE CHANGE127

PROTECTING HEALTH FROM EFFECTS OF CLIMATE Policy CHANGE HandbookWPR/RC59.R7Protecting Health from the Effects of Climate ChangeThe Regional Committee,Recalling resolution WHA51.29 on the protection of human health from risks related toclimate change and stratospheric ozone depletion, resolution WHA61.19 on climatechange and health, and resolution WPR/RC56.R7 on environmental health, all of whichcall for action to reduce the health impact of climate change;Recognizing with concern the recent findings of the Intergovernmental Panel on ClimateChange that the effects of temperature increases on some aspects of human health arealready being observed, and that the net global effect of projected climate change onhuman health is expected to be negative, especially in developing countries, small islanddeveloping states and vulnerable local communities;Noting with concern that the regional consultations held in 2007 identified current andemerging climate change-related health risks in the Region to include heat stress andwaterborne and foodborne diseases associated with extreme weather events, vectorbornediseases, respiratory diseases due to air pollution and aeroallergens, food and waterinsecurity, malnutrition and psychosocial impacts from displacement;Mindful that there are ongoing efforts to improve health systems to combat these healthimpacts, but climate change may require additional efforts to strengthen adaptive capacityof health systems to climate change;Acknowledging that capacity to assess and minimize the health risks of climate change islimited, particularly in developing countries, especially Pacific island countries and areas;Noting that WHO will present a draft work plan to the Executive Board at its 124thsession on addressing the implications of climate change for health and health systems;Recognizing the need for the health sector to advocate for decisions on mitigation andadaptation to climate change by other sectors, which will protect and promote health atthe same time, and participate in the national and international processes that guide policyand resources for work on climate change;Having reviewed the draft Regional Framework for Action to Protect Human Health fromthe Effects of Climate Change in the Asia Pacific Region,1. ENDORSES the Regional Framework for Action to Protect Human Health from theEffects of Climate Change in the Asia Pacific Region as a guide for planning andimplementing actions to protect health from the effects of climate change, while notingthat a global workplan is expected to be adopted at the Sixty-second World HealthAssembly to ensure coherence across WHO regions, a strong evidence base and nonduplicationof efforts;133129

PROTECTING HEALTH FROM EFFECTS OF CLIMATE Policy CHANGE Handbook2. URGES Member States:(1) to develop national strategies and plans to incorporate current and projected climatechange risks into health policies, plans and programmes to control climate-sensitivehealth risks and outcomes;(2) to strengthen existing health infrastructure and human resources, as well assurveillance, early warning, and communication and response systems for climatesensitiverisks and diseases;(3) to establish programmes to reduce greenhouse gas emissions by the health sector;(4) to assess the health implications of the decisions made on climate change by othersectors, such as urban planning, transport, energy supply, food production and waterresources, and advocate for decisions that provide opportunities for improving health;(5) to facilitate the health sector to actively participate in the preparation of nationalcommunications and national adaptation programmes of action;(6) to actively participate in the preparation of a workplan for scaling up WHO'stechnical support to Member States for assessing and addressing the implications ofclimate change for health;3. REQUESTS the Regional Director:(1) to provide technical guidance and support to Member States for health vulnerabilityand adaptation assessment and to collaborate with other relevant organizations andMember States to undertake studies of the health impact of climate change;(2) to strengthen country-level support to build national capacities to develop andimplement national strategies and plans on mitigation and adaptation to climatechange;(3) to support Member States with training programmes on methodologies in theassessment and management of health risks due to climate change;(4) to provide technical guidance on best practices of adaptation and mitigation withinthe health sector;(5) to collaborate region-wide and with centres on mechanisms to share pertinentinformation, provide technical expertise for capacity-building and, taking into accountglobal mandates, monitor the implementation of the Regional Framework for Action toProtect Human Health from the Effects of Climate Change in the Asia Pacific Region;(6) to enhance cooperation with United Nations organizations and programmes,bilateral development assistance agencies, the private sector and development banks toincrease the resources to implement the Regional Framework for Action;(7) to report periodically to the Regional Committee on the progress made inimplementing the Regional Framework for Action.26 September 2008134130

Policy HandbookRegional Framework for ActionTo Protect Human Health fromEffects ofClimate Change131

Regional Framework for Action to Protect Human Health fromEffects of Climate ChangePolicy HandbookREGIONAL FRAMEWORK FOR ACTION TOPROTECT HUMAN HEALTH FROM EFFECTS OF CLIMATE CHANGEIN THE ASIA-PACIFIC REGIONPREAMBLEDuring the last 100 years, human activities related to the burning of fossil fuels,deforestation and agriculture have led to a 35% increase in the carbon dioxide (CO2)levels in the atmosphere, causing increased trapping of heat and warming of the earth’satmosphere. The Fourth Assessment Report (AR-4) of the Intergovernmental Panel onClimate Change (IPCC) states that most of the observed increase in the globally-averagedtemperatures since the mid-20th century was very likely due to the increase inanthropogenic greenhouse gas (GHG) concentrations. Eleven of the last 12 years (1995-2006) rank among the 12 warmest years in the instrumental record of global surfacetemperature. The IPCC also reports that the global average sea level rose at an averagerate of 1.8 mm per year from 1961 to 2003. The total rise in the sea level during the 20 thcentury was estimated to be 0.17 m.The globally averaged surface warming projected for the end of the 21st century (2090–2099) willcm by the year 2100, mainly due to thermal expansion of theocean. It is very likely that hot extremes, heat waves and heavy precipitation events willcontinue to become more frequent. It is likely that future tropical cyclones (typhoons andhurricanes) will become more intense, with larger peak wind speeds and heavierprecipitation, causing loss of life and an increase in injuries. These climatic changes willcause disruption of the ecosystem’s services to support human health and livelihood, andwill impact health systems. The IPCC projects an increase in malnutrition and consequentdisorders, with implications for child growth and development. The disruption in rainfallpatterns can be expected to lead to an increased burden of diarrhoeal disease and to thealtered spatial distribution of some infectious-disease vectors. WHO estimates that themodest anthropogenic climate change that has occurred since 1970, claims 150 000 livesannually.Therefore, the IPCC urges a drastic reduction in GHG emissions to mitigate globalwarming and an urgent implementation of adaptation measures.The current and emerging climate change-related health risks in Asia and the Pacificinclude heat stress and water- and food-borne diseases (e.g. cholera and other diarrhoealdiseases) associated with extreme weather events (e.g. heat waves, storms, floods andflash floods, and droughts); vector-borne diseases (e.g. dengue and malaria); respiratorydiseases due to air pollution; aeroallergens, food and water security issues; malnutrition;and psychosocial concerns from displacement. These risks and diseases are not new, andthe health sector is already tackling these problems. However, the capacity to cope withpotentially increasing levels of these risks and diseases is limited, particularly indeveloping countries.There is a growing, but still limited, political commitment to integrate healthconsiderations into efforts to mitigate and adapt to climate change at national andinternational levels in the Region.133133

Regional Framework for Action to Protect Human Health fromEffects of Climate ChangePolicy HandbookAlso, there is also insufficient awareness among the general public about climate changeand its impact on health.The availability of relevant hydro-meteorological, socioeconomic and health data islimited and available data are often inconsistent and seldom shared in an open andtransparent manner.Furthermore, there is insufficient capacity for assessment, research and communicationon climate-sensitive health risks in many countries, as well as insufficient capacity todesign and implement mitigation and adaptation programmes. There is an urgent need toincorporate health concerns into the decisions and actions of other sectors while they planto mitigate and adapt to climate change, to ensure that these decisions and actions alsoenhance health. By promoting the use of non-motorized transport systems (e.g. bicycles)and fewer private vehicles, greenhouse gas emissions would be reduced, air qualitywould improve and more people would be physically active. Such an approach wouldproduce associated benefits (i.e. reduce the burden of disease while lowering greenhousegas emissions) and needs to be promoted.GOAL AND OBJECTIVES OF THE REGIONAL FRAMEWORKGoal:To build capacity and strengthen health systems in countries and at the regional level toprotect human health from current and projected risks due to climate change.Objectives:(1) Increase awareness of health consequences of climate change;(2) Strengthen the capacity of health systems to provide protection from climate-relatedrisks and substantially reduce health system’s greenhouse gas emissions;(3) Ensure that health concerns are addressed in decisions to reduce risks from climatechange in other key sectors.RECOMMENDED ACTIONSObjective 1: To increase awareness of health consequences of climate changeGovernments, through relevant agencies, should:(1) Undertake studies on the health implications of climate change and share informationto understand how to promote changes in individual and corporate behaviours thatmitigate climate related health risks, while protecting and promoting health.(2) Enhance political commitment and strengthen institutional capacity and arrangementsto achieve adaptation and mitigation goals.(3) Facilitate national working groups, nongovernmental organizations and civil societyto develop coordinated mitigation and adaptation plans by including relevant sectors,regions and disciplines.(4) Develop awareness-raising programmes and learning resource materials to educateand engage a broad range of stakeholders, including local communities, health and otherrelevant professionals, and the media on the potential health impacts of climatevariability and change and on appropriate measures to reduce climate-sensitive riskfactors and adverse health outcomes.134134

Regional Framework for Action to Protect Human Health fromEffects of Climate ChangePolicy HandbookWHO should:(1) Provide specific climate change-related technical guidance for vulnerability andadaptation assessments and surveillance systems, which provide methods for identifyingrisks to vulnerable groups, quantifying the burden of disease from climate change, andquantifying costs and benefits of health adaptation measures to ensure comparabilityacross countries.(2) Support countries in the development of vulnerability and adaptation assessment andanalysis tools, and in the development of a set of indicators on climate change-relatedhealth risks.(3) Encourage and facilitate regional knowledge-sharing and networking on climatechange and human health within the health sector as well as between disciplines.Objective 2: To strengthen health systems capacity to provide protection fromclimate-related risks, and substantially reduce health system’s GHG emissionsGovernments, through relevant agencies, should:(1) Develop and implement national action plans for health that are integrated intoexisting national plans on adaptation and mitigation to climate change.(2) Develop integrated strategies to incorporate current and projected climate changerisks into existing health policies, plans and programmes to control climate-sensitivehealth outcomes, including integrated vector management, and health risk management ofdisasters.(3) Strengthen existing infrastructure and interventions, including human resourcecapacity, particularly surveillance, monitoring and response systems and riskcommunication, to reduce the burden of climate-sensitive health outcomes. Key concernsvary by country; common concerns include vector borne diseases, air quality and foodand water security.(4) Strengthen public health systems and disaster/emergency preparedness and responseactivities, including psychosocial support, through increased collaboration andcooperation across sectors. This should include documentation, sharing and evaluation ofthe effectiveness of local knowledge and practices.(5) Provide early warning systems to support prompt and effective responses to currentand projected health burdens. In order to achieve this, national and regional climateforecasting information, including climate change projections, should be fully utilized.(6) Implement adaptations over the short, medium or long term; be specific to localhealth determinants and outcomes of concern; and facilitate the development ofcommunity-based resource management. The costs and benefits of different interventionsshould be determined.(7) Establish climate change focal points or mechanisms within national healthinstitutions to ensure the implementation, monitoring and evaluation of health mitigationand adaptation actions and ensure that health issues are adequately addressed in theseactions.135135

Regional Framework for Action to Protect Human Health fromEffects of Climate ChangePolicy Handbook(8) Establish programmes through which then health sector substantially reducesGHGemissions; by doing so, it could also serve as a best practice model for other sectors.WHO should:(1) Facilitate greater contribution of funds from donor agencies for climate change- andhealth-related programme implementation.(2) Support countries technically and financially to build national capacities to developand implement national action plans on mitigation and adaptation, including conductingresearch on the health impacts of climate change.(3) Support countries technically and financially by providing training programmes onmethodologies and assisting in the assessment and management of health risks due toclimate change.(4) Develop and provide technical guidance on good adaptation and GHG emissionreduction practices within the health sector.Objective 3: To ensure that health concerns are addressed in decisions to reducerisks from climate change in other key sectors^.Governments, through relevant agencies, should:(1) Develop integrated strategies to incorporate current and projected climate changerisks into existing policies, legislation, strategies and measures of key developmentsectors to control climate-sensitive health outcomes. Examples include the promotion ofpublic and non-motorized transportation, clean energy and disaster risk management.(2) Facilitate the health sector to actively participate in national communications to theUnited Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC), and include health issuesas the core elements in the negotiation process.(3) Ensure active health participation in the national climate change team.WHO should:(1) Support the establishment of a regional centre on climate change and health, whichhas links to results of vulnerability and adaptation assessments and data sources, bothbetween countries within and outside the Region, and links to hydro-meteorologicalservices at global, regional and national levels. This centre will support a regionalnetwork of practitioners working on climate change and health, with access tointernational technical expertise to facilitate the sharing of best practices.(2) Identify and establish WHO collaborating centres on climate change and health in theRegion.Bali, Indonesia, 12 December 2007136

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Health Sector Strategy on Climate Change Adaptation Policy Handbook16 November 2009I. BackgroundObjectivesThe objectives of the health sector strategy on climate change adaptation revolve aroundthe goal of protecting the health of Filipinos from climate change. These objectives are asfollows:a) To establish a national assessment on the actual capacity to determinate climatechange and health vulnerabilities, considering the parallel state and quality ofbiodiversity.b) To develop additional regulatory parameters to ensure availability and capacity ofneeded infrastructure, facilities, necessary health goods and services, as well asservice providers.c) To develop and mainstream behavioral change communication and IEC into ClimateChange and health programs.d) To review and assess the Climate Management, etc.).e) To undertake additional researches and studies to better address current andemergent health needs.f) To develop a technical (or policy) proposal to cover: (1) National Framework ofAction adherence to and adoption of concerned offices, (2) Program planning,implementation, and monitoring.g) To develop, plan, and implement cross-sector activities and coordinativemechanisms (forestry, water, energy, agriculture) for integrated adaptationresponses:- To integrate CC in the monitoring and evaluation systems- To integrate infectious disease programs with environmental health program(WATSAN)- To establish integrated disease surveillance systems – with emphasis on climatesensitivediseases- To institutionalize DRR and CCA into health regulatory system developmentand policiesh) To ensure appropriate financing mechanism for CC adaptation that is program-based,reliable and sustainable- To include CC programs and initiatives in the development of Provincial/CityInvestment Plans for Health- To undertake a sector-wide approach for CC financing (pooling of resources)- To strengthen or develop PhilHealth benefit packages to address CC relateddiseasesi) To establish and formalize multi-sectoral partnership and partnership arrangementsfor climate change and health- To develop specific strategies for family and community participation- To forge public-private partnerships for climate change programs- To identify and establish coordinative mechanisms (forestry, water, energy,agriculture) for specific adaptation responses95139

Health Sector Strategy on Climate Change Adaptation Policy HandbookOverview of the Health Effects of Climate ChangeThe framework below shows the general climate change and health link 1II. Sector Situation: Climate Change Impacts on Health in the PhilippinesClimate change in the Philippine health sector has been noticed for more than a decadenow. It had a section in the first national communications submitted to the UNFCCsecretariat in 1999 where it established initial local trends and impacts. 2 From thereseveral orientation sessions and forums followed with different funding agencies aimed ateducation and awareness on the subject. There has however been no formal focusedintervention as to climate change and health.While the National Objectives for Health (NOH 2005-2010) does not specificallymention climate change as an area of concern when it comes to health, it rather looks atthe health effects from a focused approach. It looks at environmental degradation with aircarrying pollutants and particulates and its effects on the health of populations; 3 anddisasters from a perspective of affectation of health due to loss of limb and life. 4 We1 http://www.who.int/globalchange/climate/summary/en/index2.htm2 Philippines First national communications for climate change. Health, Chapter 3, p.15.Available from http://unfccc.int/resource/docs/natc/phinc1.pdf3 National Objectives for Health 2005-2010, Reducing Burden of Disease, Chapter 4,p.254. Available fromhttp://www2.doh.gov.ph/noh2007/NOHWeb32/NOHperSubj/Chap4/EnvironmentalHR.pdf4 National Objectives for Health 2005-2010, Reducing Burden of Disease, Chapter 4, p.249. Available from96140

Health Sector Strategy on Climate Change Adaptation Policy Handbookknow that natural calamities like typhoons, floods, volcanic eruptions and earthquakesare other major environmental hazards that are common in the Philippines.These hazards are more difficult to control and mitigate. Although environmentaldisasters happen naturally, man-made environmental degradation cannot be discounted asa major culprit in some instances. Because diseases, disabilities and deaths are direconsequences of these hazards, the health sector is usually left to handle the managementand rehabilitation of victims. 5Eight of the 10 leading causes of morbidity in the Philippines are infectious in nature.Among them are pneumonia, diarrhea, bronchitis, influenza, tuberculosis, malaria,chicken pox and measles. 6 Pneumonia and tuberculosis still are in the top 10 causes ofmortality in the Philippines.Mosquito-borne diseases, such as malaria, dengue and filariasis, are ever present dangerin endemic areas. Although malaria is no longer a leading cause of death, it has remainedamong the leading causes of morbidity in the country, especially in rural areas. The surgein dengue cases occurring in cyclical outbreaks every three to five years remains a threatto public health. Efforts to eliminate filariasis are hindered by the limited resources forthe annual mass treatment in endemic areas 7 . As such, the NOH look at diseases fromthe perspective of an infectious nature, brought about by agents of disease. Due to itsmajor contribution to the country’s morbidity and mortality, it is also these which havebeen prioritized to be responded to and thus budgeted. We know that the communicableinfectious disease era has not run its full course as cases are ever present.While this is so, we have not really investigated an alternative possibility of looking atdisease as caused by changes in the weather, or in the long term – climate. That is to saythat we should look at the possibility of these diseases being caused by if not beingexacerbated by changes in the climate which may alter their life cycles and make theirexistence more favourable and extended, become more virulent, travel more distances;and therefore transmission to humans more likely as to cause infirmity. These we can callclimate sensitive diseases.Public health spending while it has been given priority still lacks the appropriationsneeded to fully respond to these diseases. While WHO recommends around 5% of GDP,we have spent around 1.49% of GDP for public health (private - 1.4% + public - 1.49%http://www2.doh.gov.ph/noh2007/NOHWeb32/NOHperSubj/Chap4/EnvironmentalHR.pdf5 Ibid.6 Field Health Survey Information System (FHSIS) 2002. Department of Health.7 National Objectives for Health 2005-2010, Reducing Burden of Disease, Chapter 4,p.132. Available fromhttp://www2.doh.gov.ph/noh2007/NOHWeb32/NOHperSubj/Chap4/PreventionCCD.pdf97141

Health Sector Strategy on Climate Change Adaptation Policy Handbooktotal =2.88%) in 1990 8 and (PhP 136 billion) 2.9% of GDP in 2003 9 . We are stretched asto limited health resources (both financial and human) and public health response andsystems have been inadequate. Now put on top of this climate change (weather)parameters and their interaction - both direct and indirect and their effects on health andwe can see how this compounds the problem.While health is considered a determinant in climate change it is also a mediating factor asclimate change affects other sectors (agriculture, forestry, energy, water). This makespathways of affectation more complex and would need multi-sector approaches andcollaboration. As a developing country, we are already saddled with the infectiousdisease cycle that is a hallmark of those in this stage. This in itself becomes avulnerability that is exacerbated by climate change effects. An assessment of thesevulnerabilities and needs are called for so that we can move forward in consideration ofthe urgency of this phenomenon.III. Review of Existing Efforts Addressing Climate Change and HealthReview of Related LiteratureReview of Existing Policies and Legislation Related to Climate Change and HealthSignificance Low Medium HighTitle/Number 9729 An Act Mainstreaming Climate Change into Government PolicyFormulations, Establishing the Framework Strategy and Program onClimate Change, Creating for This Purpose the Climate ChangeCommission, and for Other Purposes. (2009)Objectives (a) Creates the Climate Change Commission(b) Creates the National CC Action Plan that will include:• Assessment of the national impact of climate change;• The identification of the most vulnerable communities/areas,including ecosystems to the impacts of climate change, variabilityand extremes;• The identification of differential impacts of climate change on men,women and children;• The assessment and management of risk and vulnerability;• The identification of GHG mitigation potentials; and• The identification of options, prioritization of appropriateadaptation measures for joint projects of national and localgovernments.8 Atlas country page Philippines. Health. Available fromhttp://ucatlas.ucsc.edu/country/165/health#9 Philippine National health accounts 2003.98142

Health Sector Strategy on Climate Change Adaptation Policy HandbookSignificance Low Medium HighTitle/Number An Act Providing for an Ecological Solid Waste Management Program,Creating the Necessary Institutional Mechanisms and Incentives,Declaring Certain Acts Prohibited and Providing Penalties,Appropriating Funds Therefor, and for Other Purposes. (2001)Objectives Establishes the National Solid Waste Management CommissionCreates the NSWM FrameworkIdentifies the roles of the LGUs and the private sectorTitle/Number 9512 Environmental Awareness and Education Act (2008)Objectives Act to promote environmental awareness through EnvironmentalEducation, covering the integration of EE in the school curricula at alllevels, be it public or private, including day cares, preschools, nonformal, technical, vocational, indigenous learning, and out-of-schoolyouth courses or programs.Title/Number 8749 An Act Providing for a Comprehensive Air Pollution ControlPolicy and for Other PurposesObjectives Creates the Integrated Air Quality Improvement FrameworkReview of Existing Offices/Organizations and Programs Working on CC and HealthAs climate change has been noticed by the health community within the last decade,some activities were more in the private sector and project driven and consisted mainly ofawareness raising and education of which the health component was more of theorientation type as to heath impacts of climate change. USAID through the ManilaObservatory/KLIMA initiative 10 , Packard Foundation through the Population, Health andEnvironment (PHE) initiative were just some projects (there might be others notmentioned here) in the early to late 90’s. Climate change and Health then became part ofthe awareness and orientation forums that were characteristic of these initial activities.The public sector, on the other hand, started its work on the issue but – just like otherstates –initially framing strategies under sustainable development, which very slightlytouched on related issues on health. The country then came up with the PhilippineStrategy for Sustainable Development in 1989.The 2004-2010 MTPDP encourages participation for the same cause, rallying for disasterrisk reduction and sectoral adaptation.The Presidential Task Force on Climate Change was created to serve as a council ofadvisors to the Office of the President. It gathers the concerned government agencies, ledby the DOE and the DENR. Surprisingly, the PTFCC structure does not include theDOH. Programs of the PTFCC follow the Climate Change Response Framework below.10 USAID-funded DEVCAP initiative. Available fromhttp://www.klima.ph/projects/cdm.htm99143

Health Sector Strategy on Climate Change Adaptation Policy HandbookDOH responses to climate change were more focused on those that were more immediateand needed priority: disaster response secondary to extreme events – floods, landslidesand earthquakes, with the Philippines being in the typhoon belt. The formation of thehealth emergency medical service (HEMS) in the DOH directly under the office of theSecretary was one response. They were coordinating with the national disastercoordinating council (NDCC) as an attached agency. Other responses were diseasespecific programs/projects – malaria, dengue, filaria, schistosomiasis, among otherswhere they were endemic and prioritized. The DOH Environmental health unit/officemonitoring pollutants with air pollution, where the Clean Air Act was pushed incoordination with the Department of Energy (DOE), Dept of Environment and naturalresources (DENR), and Metro Manila Development Authority (MMDA); so for the mostpart responses were not directly climate related but rather those prioritized and part of theprimary/pubic health care response, with or without climate change.Other projects which are ongoing or were undertaken with the DOH and its attachedagencies were: WHO-MDG-F (Spanish assisted 2008-10) disease surveillance system forclimate related diseases for metro manila and other provinces; 11 the ADB funded (2006-08) project on strengthening epidemiological surveillance and response (ESR) system forcommunicable diseases. 12 Indirectly related to climate change, it follows diseases(hopefully tagging also possible climate sensitive diseases), with the establishment of a11 World Health Organization- Millennium Development Goals-financing project (Spanishgrant) 2008-1112 Strengthening Epidemiological Surveillance and Response for Communicable Diseasesin Indonesia, Malaysia, and the Philippines. Available fromhttp://www.adb.org/Documents/TACRs/REG/39068-REG-TCR.pdf100144

Health Sector Strategy on Climate Change Adaptation Policy Handbookcomprehensive system for investigation, case management, and mitigation ofcommunicable disease control; the JICA-CESM study (2008-09) for climate change andpolicy in the Philippines; the UNFCCC-UNDP-EMB (2007-2009) funded Secondnational communications (SNC) for climate change with a section on health; and thepresent GTZ (2008-11) Adaptation to Climate Change and Conservation of Biodiversityin the Philippines (ACCBio) Project with health policy formulation support.Recent DevelopmentsThe National Framework of ActionThe climate change and health initiative utilized the health sector reform implementationplatform, as the DOH formed its framework of action. Anchored on public healthstructure strengthening, it looked at the following expressed objectives:• Identification of vulnerabilities and assessment of theseo Focus on climate change health effects and its state• Identification of present health program responses (projects and programs)• Identify health adaptation mechanismso Policy cover and governanceo Institutional arrangements – interdepartmentalo Capability and service deliveryo Financing initiatives and regulation• Align with national and international agreements (as signatory) on health and climatechangeExpressed in support to Health Sector Reform Agenda (HSRA) implementation, theNational Framework of Action on CC aims to:a) Have better health outcomes from more responsive health systems, in consideration ofclimate change impacts on health (Service Delivery)b) To institute (public) health adaptation mechanisms towards climate change(Governance)c) To establish more equitable (focused on poor and marginalized) healthcare financingas support (Financing)d) To strengthen health regulatory mechanism to link CC & Human Health Initiatives(Regulation)The possible actions from the four implementation platform consisted of the following:Service delivery:• Health service delivery programs (as disaster response)• Management of diseases as an aftermath of disasters/secondary to climate change(climate sensitive diseases initially)• Health prevention and promotion (BCC and Climate change and health impactscommunications)• Health R&D (Climate and health impact studies i.e., disease transmission dynamics)Financing:• Health program financing addressing the needs of the poor (in consideration ofclimate change diseases and responses)• Mobilizing resources at the national and local levels (partnerships funding)101145

Health Sector Strategy on Climate Change Adaptation Policy HandbookRegulation:• Policies (regional and local ordinances)• Standards• Institutional arrangementsGovernance:• Local health systems improvement• Public-Private Partnerships (PPP)• Improving national capacities (managerial, professional health service provision,advocate, ICT)• Establishing monitoring and evaluation (include surveillance systems)As part of the approach to climate change, DOH should emphasize developing nationalcapacities for health personnel in consideration of the climate change and healthparadigm so that service provision will be facilitated and broadened. Of note also will bethe emphasis that should be given to the approach of institutionalizing and establishingcontinuing private-public partnerships as a response to the adaptation.Sectoral Adaptation Strategies – HealthAdaptation can be anticipatory (actions taken in advance of climate change) or responsiveand can encompass both spontaneous responses to climate variability and change byaffected individuals and planned responses by governments or other institutions. 13Earlier on, DOH identified in their framework setting exercise some adaptationmechanisms:• Identify health adaptation mechanismso Policy cover and governanceo Institutional arrangements (inter-departmental)o Capability and service deliveryo Financing initiatives and regulationWe have established that the Philippines are a vulnerable country as regard climatechange impacts and extreme events. And as this is so, adaptation strategies for healthshould be framed at the national and local level, given that the devolution of healthservices has become a responsibility of local government units. Weather parameters thenwill play a role as specific affected geographical areas will have variations.13 Smit et al. 2001. Adaptation to climate change in the context of sustainabledevelopment and equity. In: Climate Change 2001: Impacts, Adaptation andVulnerability in An Approach for Assessing Human Health Vulnerability and Public HealthInterventions to Adapt to Climate Change. Ebi et al. Environmental Health Perspectives,volume 114, number 12 December 2006. Available fromhttp://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pubmed&pubmedid=17185287102146

Health Sector Strategy on Climate Change Adaptation Policy HandbookAdaptation strategies are clustered according to the following areas:1. Climate Change and Health Development2. Policy and Systems Development3. Program/Systems Integration4. Financing CC5. Partnerships BuildingSuggested adaptation strategies include (per F1 pillar, then by cluster):Pillar 1: GovernanceProgram/Systems IntegrationPartnerships Building• Establishment of cross sectoractivities and coordinativemechanisms (forestry, water,energy, agriculture) forintegrated adaptation responses• Policy cover formulation forgovernance-plans and activitiesto proceed.• Integrating CC in themonitoring and evaluationsystemsPillar 2: RegulationClimate Change and HealthDevelopment• National and localassessment on determinationof climate change and healthvulnerabilities and impacts,consider the parallel stateand quality of biodiversity• Addressing the need foradditional regulatoryparameters to ensure safetyof infrastructure and qualityof health goods and servicesPillar 3: Service DeliveryPolicy and Systems Development• In the area of capacities: training healthpersonnel and acquisition of equipment foradaptation• Developing behavioral changecommunication on CC and health• Identification of the current distribution andburden of climate-sensitive healthdeterminants and outcomes• Addressing the need for additional researchesand studiesDevelopment of specific strategies for communityparticipation to improve resilience in anticipation ofprojected impacts• Forging of private-public partnerships for climatechange and health activities• Establishment of cross sector activities and coordinativemechanisms (forestry, water, energy, agriculture) forintegrated adaptation responsesPolicy and Systems Development• Mainstreaming indigenousknowledge in considerationof adaptation mechanismsfor health• Review of CC Act vis-à-visrelated legislation (i.e.,Clean Air Act, Solid WasteMgt, etc)Program/Systems Integration103147Program/SystemsIntegration• Institutionalizing DRR andCCA into health regulatorysystem development andpolicies• Integrating CC in the monitoring andevaluation systems• Integration of infectious disease programswith environmental health program(WATSAN)• Establishment of integrated diseasesurveillance systems – with emphasis onclimate-sensitive diseases

Health Sector Strategy on Climate Change Adaptationt Policy HandbookPillar 4: FinancingFinancing Climate Change• Ensuring appropriate financing mechanism for CC adaptation that is measurable, reliable andsustainable• Inclusion of CC programs and initiatives in the development of Provincial/City Investment Plansfor Health• Sector wide approach (pooling of resources)• Strengthening PHILHEALTH benefit package to address CC related diseasesGaps and Challenges1. Lack of Sectoral Climate Change Adaptation Framework/ Strategy• CC plan for health needs to be developed2. Roles and Responsibilities Need to be defined• Inadequate internal and external coordination and clarity on CCA functional roles• Absence of (local) LGU level (provincial health, municipal health) coordinativemechanisms for climate change and health• Inadequate interdepartmental (DOH) arrangements for adaptive response• Inadequate resources to support CC impact (human, financial and logistics) E.g.,facility infrastructure, response mechanism, institutionalize program3. The Need for Integrated Systems and Mechanisms• Absence of private-public partnerships for climate change and health activities• Lack of local studies that relate climate change and health impacts to humanpopulations• Disease Surveillance Mechanism and Data Collection System related to CC still tobe enhanced (NESS and FHSIS)• Inadequate preparedness and vulnerability of health facilities on the effects of CC.E.g., hospital infrastructure, emerging diseases• Limited IEC and advocacy materials on CCIV. Implementation Arrangements and Proposed Work planning Process1. Responsible agency(ies) to implement each project by component2. Estimated project cost3. Schedule of Implementation104148

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