Fixing Broken Windows - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Fixing Broken Windows - Wikipedia, the free encyclopediahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fixing_Broken_Windows1 of 4 2007/11/29 上 午 12:01Fixing Broken WindowsFrom Wikipedia, the free encyclopediaFixing Broken Windows: Restoring Order andReducing Crime in Our Communities by George L.Kelling and Catherine Coles is a criminology and urbansociology book published in 1996, about crime andstrategies to contain or eliminate it from urbanneighborhoods.Contents1 The book2 The theory in action3 Critics of the theory4 In software development5 See also6 References7 Further reading8 External linksBroken windows in the Pruitt-Igoe housingdevelopmentThe bookThe book is based on an article titled Broken Windows by James Q. Wilson and George L. Kelling,which appeared in the March 1982 edition of The Atlantic Monthly. [1] The title comes from thefollowing example:"Consider a building with a few broken windows. If the windows are not repaired, the tendency isfor vandalsto break a few more windows. Eventually, they may even break into the building, and if it'sunoccupied, perhaps become squatters or light fires inside.Or consider a sidewalk. Some litteraccumulates. Soon, more litter accumulates. Eventually, people even start leaving bags of trashfrom take-out restaurants there or breaking into cars."A successful strategy for preventing vandalism, say the book's authors, is to fix the problems whenthey are small. Repair the broken windows within a short time, say, a day or a week, and the tendencyis that vandals are much less likely to break more windows or do further damage. Clean up thesidewalk every day, and the tendency is for litter not to accumulate (or for the rate of littering to bemuch less). Problems do not escalate and thus respectable residents do not flee a neighborhood.The theory thus makes two major claims: that further petty crime and low-level anti-social behavior willbe deterred, and that major crime will, as a result, be prevented. Criticism of the theory has tended tofocus only on the latter claim.The theory in actionThe book's author, George L. Kelling, was hired as a consultant to the New York City Transit Authority

Fixing Broken Windows - Wikipedia, the free encyclopediahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fixing_Broken_Windows4 of 4 2007/11/29 上 午 12:01William J. Bratton. Turnaround: How America's Top Cop Reversed the Crime Epidemic. RandomHouse, 1998.Wesley G. Skogan. Disorder and Decline: Crime and the Spiral of Decay in AmericanNeighborhoods. University of California Press, 1990.John E. Eck & Edward R. Maguire, "Have Changes in Policing Reduced Violent Crime?" inAlfred Blumstein and Joel Wallman, eds. The Crime Drop in America, rev. ed. CambridgeUniversity Press, 2006.Thacher, David. (2004) "Order Maintenance Reconsidered"(http://sitemaker.umich.edu/dthacher/files/OrderMaintenance.pdf) (PDF link, full-text, 2MB).Steven Levitt, Stephen J. Dubner. "Freakonomics : A Rogue Economist Explores the HiddenSide of Everything". William Morrow, 2005. ISBN 0-06-073132-XBernard E. Harcourt, "Illusion of Order: The False Promise of Broken Windows Policing"(Harvard 2001) ISBN 0-674-01590-8Harcourt, Bernard E. and Ludwig, Jens, "Broken Windows: New Evidence from New York Cityand a Five-City Social Experiment" . University of Chicago Law Review, Vol. 73, 2006.Malcolm Gladwell. The Tipping Point: How Little Things Can Make a Big Difference. Back BayBooks, 2002. ISBN 0-316-34662-4External linksOriginal March 1982 article (http://theatlantic.com/politics/crime/windows.htm) — Fee-based siteregistration requiredCorman, Hope. Carrots, Sticks and Broken Windows(http://courses.washington.edu/pbaf512a/Carrotspaper.June13.pdf) (2002) (PDF link) [Requireswashington.edu account]Legal Affairs magazine(http://legalaffairs.org/webexclusive/debateclub_brokenwindows1005.msp) - a review of thecriticisms of the broken windows theory.Shattering "Broken Windows": An Analysis of San Francisco's Alternative Crime Policies.(http://www.cjcj.org/pubs/windows/windows.html) - An Article by Center on Juvenile and CriminalJustice detailing crime reduction in San Francisco achieved via alternative crime policies.Abstract of the Harcourt and Ludwig paper (http://ssrn.com/abstract=743284) .A critique of the role of the police in reducing crime rates(http://blogcritics.org/archives/2006/09/26/221035.php)Retrieved from "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fixing_Broken_Windows"Categories: All pages needing cleanup | Wikipedia articles needing factual verification since July 2007| Sociology books | Criminology | Urban decay | Law enforcement theory | Sociology | EnvironmentalpsychologyThis page was last modified 18:27, 20 October 2007.All text is available under the terms of the GNU Free Documentation License. (See Copyrightsfor details.)Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a U.S. registered501(c)(3) tax-deductible nonprofit charity.