Wave and Tidal Energy in the UK - Marine Renewables Canada

www.renewable-uk.comWave and Tidal Energy in the UKState of the industry reportMarch 2011

2RenewableUK is the trade andprofessional body for the UK wind andmarine renewables industries. Formed in1978, and with 650 corporate members,RenewableUK is the leading renewableenergy trade association in the UK.Wind has been the world’s fastestgrowingrenewable energy source forthe last seven years, and this trend isexpected to continue with falling costsof wind energy and the urgentinternational need to tackle CO 2emissions to prevent climate change.In 2004, RenewableUK expanded itsmission to champion wave and tidalenergy and use the association’sexperience to guide thesetechnologies along the same pathto commercialisation.Our primary purpose is to promote theuse of wind, wave and tidal power inand around the UK. We act as a centralpoint of information for our membershipand as a lobbying group to promotewind energy and marine renewables togovernment, industry, the media and thepublic. We research and find solutionsto current issues and generally act asthe forum for the UK wind, wave andtidal industries, and have an annualturnover in excess of 4 million pounds.

1ContentsExecutive Summary 2Opportunity 3Current Progress 4A Year in Policy 8Leasing and Licensing 12Test Centres and Research 16Grid Connection and Availability (2015 – 2020) 19Financing and Funding 21Technology Table 24Social and Economic Benefits 28Activity outside of the UK 30The Future 31Technology Index 32Wave Energy 33Aqumarine Power 34AWS Ocean Energy Ltd 35Fred Olsen 36Ocean Power Technologies 37Pelamis Wave Power 38Voith Hydro Wavegen 39Wello Oy 40Wave Dragon Ltd 41Tidal Energy 42Alstom Hydro 44Atlantis Resources Corporation 45Hammerfest Strøm 46Marine Current Turbines 47Minesto 48Pulse Tidal Ltd 49Tidal Energy Ltd 50Tidal Generation Ltd 51TidalStream 52VerdErg Renewable Energy Ltd 53Voith Hydro Ocean Current Technologies 54

2Executive SummaryMarine energy could provide 20% ofUK electricity consumption, from apractically extractable resource of36GW. Including a greater proportionof marine supply in the UK energymix would reduce requirements forback-up and reserve capacity, savingthe UK £900 million per annum. 1 Thesector currently employs 800 full timeemployees in the UK 2 and by securingthe current market lead by 2035 theUK marine energy industry could:• Employ 19,500 individuals.• Draw investment of £6.1bn.• Generate GVA of £800m perannum. 3As of March 2011 the UK has 3.4MWof installed marine energy capacity(an almost 50% rise in the past year).A total of 7.4MW of prototypes are inthe advanced stages of planning andfabrication for deployment in 2011,representing a potential 100% increase.Looking further ahead, a total of 11MWof marine energy projects have beenawarded consents and an additional23MW has entered the planning system.In total, developer appetite existsto deploy 2.17GW of marine energyprojects by 2020.RenewableUK members noted thatall the future development listedwithin this report pre-supposes thatthe Government will provide suitablefinancial support, without which,development will not occur. With EUmember states aiming to deploy 1.95GWof marine energy by 2020 and the USAand Canada developing coordinatedapproaches to develop their marketsand commercialise the sector, thereis significant international competitionfor securing the benefits of building adomestic marine renewables industrywith a significant global export potential.With the current administrationpromising to be the ‘greenestGovernment ever’ and to deliver‘measures to support marine energy’;a 2011 Scottish Election, which hasseen all parties pledge their supportfor the sector; the current RenewablesObligation review, due to concludebefore the close of 2011; and theestablishment of the Marine EnergyProgramme, there is an opportunityto coordinate industry and instigategovernment policy that can ensure theUK secures its global lead.RenewableUK members believe theimmediate actions which must bedelivered within the next 12 months toensure the developments up to 2014include:• Establishment of a supportmechanism of 5 ROCs orequivalent for wave and tidalenergy across the UK.• Provision of £130 million of capitalsupport for marine energy projectsat the scale of 2-10MW to besourced from the Department ofEnergy and Climate Change’s Low-Carbon Innovation Fund and theGreen Investment Bank.• Definitions of a clear and conciseplan to provide grid accessibilityat reasonable costs in areas wherethere is a high marine energyresource.• Development of a coordinatedapproach to understanding theenvironmental impacts of marineenergy devices, with the aim of fasttracking consents procedures.1. RenewableUK, Channelling the Energy, 20102. RenewableUK, Working for a Green Britain, 20113. Redpoint Energy Limited for RenewableUK, The Benefits of Marine Technologies within a Diversified Renewables Mix, 2009

4Current ProgressAs of March 2011, the UK has 3.4MW ofinstalled marine energy capacity(an almost 50% rise in the past year 8 )with a total of 7.4MW of prototypesin advanced stages of planning andfabrication for deployment in 2011,representing a potential 100% increase.Recent years have seen excitingprogress in the marine industry withtesting of full-scale prototype devices atsea and the installation of the first gridconnectedwave energy and tidal streamdevices. There is significant activity inthe R&D of innovative technologies aswell as some devices maturing to thepre-commercial stage.To obtain a comprehensive view of theanticipated and realistic delivery profile forthe marine energy industry over the nextfive to ten years, RenewableUK surveyedthe industry to ascertain developerappetite for project development.The contributors to this survey included:Aquamarine Power, Pelamis WavePower, Ocean Power Technologies,Wavegen, Pulse Tidal, Tidal EnergyLtd, Marine Current Turbines, Voith,Atlantis Resource Corporation, TidalGeneration Ltd, Hammerfest Strøm,OpenHydro, ScottishPowerRenewables,EON, Scottish and Southern Electricity,MeyGen (Morgan Stanley, InternationalPower and ARC), Vattenfall, RWE npowerrenewables Ltd and The Crown Estate.RenewableUK members noted thatall the future development listedwithin this section pre-supposes thatthe Government will provide suitablefinancial support, without whichdevelopment will not occur.Current UK Installed CapacityAt the end of March 2011 the UK has aninstalled capacity of 3.4MW of marineenergy, consisting of 1.31 MW of waveenergy capacity and 2.05 MW of tidalstream capacity. This is a 50% increasefrom the 2.4MW installed in 2010.Voith Hydro Wavegen’s LIMPET wasthe world’s first commercial-scalegrid-connected shoreline wave energydevice, installed in 2000, with a capacityof 0.25MW and now has over 70,000operating hours. In 2009 AquamarinePower installed Oyster 1, a 0.315MWnear-shore wave device at EMEC.EON installed the 0.75MW P2 device,fabricated by Pelamis Wave Power atEMEC in the summer of 2010.OpenHydro’s 0.25 MW Open-CentreTurbine is undergoing testing at theEuropean Marine Energy Centre (EMEC)in Scotland and is the first tidal streamdevice to generate electricity to theUK grid. Marine Current Turbines’(MCT) SeaGen (1.2 MW) is the world’sfirst commercial-scale tidal turbine togenerate electricity and is reported tohave produced in excess of 2,500MW/hto the UK grid. Pulse Tidal deployedthe Pulse Stream 100 tidal generator,a shallow-water tidal stream device, inthe Humber Estuary near Immingham in2009. 2010 also saw Tidal GenerationLtd, the wholly owned subsidiaryof Rolls-Royce, install their 0.5MWDeepGen device at EMEC.2009 was the first year in which marineenergy devices entered into theirdecommissioning phase, when MarineCurrent Turbines decommissionedtheir 0.3MW proof-of-concept SeaFlowdevice, which was located off the Devoncoast. This activity continued into 2011,with Aquamarine Power planning todecommission their 0.315MW Oyster 1device, which is located at the EMEC wavesite. The current lease for the Pulse Stream100 is due for renewal in April 2011.The Technology Index provides aconcise review of twenty of the leadingwave and tidal energy technologiescurrently being developed in and aroundthe UK.Planned Activity in 2011A number of devices at varying stages ofdevelopment are planned for installationin 2011. Atlantis Resource Corporationhas installed and grid-connected thefoundation for their 1MW AK1000,which is due for reinstallation at EMECin April 2011, having been removed inNovember 2010 due to blade damage.Scottish Power Renewables has placedan order with Pelamis Wave Power andconstruction is already underway on a0.75MW P2. Consent has already beengranted to install the device next to theEON machine currently deployed atEMEC.Aquamarine Power is fabricating the0.8MW Oyster 2 device and has alreadyobtained planning consent to deploy thedevice at EMEC in summer of 2011.Ocean Power Technologies hasmanufactured its PB150 at Invergordonin Scotland and will conduct preliminaryproving trials at a temporary site in theMoray Firth during the first half of 2011.Scotrenewables has fabricated a 250kWdevice at Harland and Wolff in NorthernIreland, with plans afoot to deploy thedevice at EMEC in Orkney in 2011.The wave device developer Wello Oy iscurrently constructing a 500kW device,with a berth secured at EMEC for itsdeployment planned for 2011.8. RenewableUK, Marine Energy State of the Industry, 2010

5When combined with the planneddeployment of the 1MW HammerfestStrøm HS1000 at EMEC, a total of over4MW of prototypes are in the advancedstages of planning for deployment in2011. This could result in a more than100% increase in installed capacity byMarch 2012, representing a potentialtotal of 7.4MW of marine energygeneration that could be connected tothe UK grid.Development by 2014Figure 1. indicates that within the nextfour years approximately 60MW ofcumulative marine energy projects arebeing planned for deployment. Thedata, obtained from our industry survey,shows that this will be delivered throughthe continued deployment of prototypedevices over 2011 and 2012, combinedwith 2-3 small arrays of less than 4MW.2013 and 2014 are expected to bring a70significant increase in activity with thedeployment of 6-8 arrays at 60 a scale of3–10MW; totalling an installed capacity of5044MW over this two-year period.To provide a realistic view of the30expected delivery of this planned activity,RenewableUK reviewed the20cumulativeand annual number of megawatts10thathave been awarded consents within the0UK. Figure 2. shows that a total of 11MWof prototype devices were awardedplanning consents by March 2011.2011 2012 2013 201440MW CumulativeFigure 1: Installed and predicted, Cumulative and Annual Marine Energy Capacity2000-2014MW Annual3020100Before2008AnnualCumulative2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014Figure 2: Cumulative and Annual Marine Energy Consents Granted 2000 – 2010MW MW Annual Plan1,40061,3001,2001,1001,0004 9008007006005002 40030020010000AnnualCumulativeBefore 200820052008201020092015201020207060504030201004FrancePortugalSpain2IrelandFinland0MW Cumulative12United kingdom1086MW CumulativeThis is from the 7MW of deploymentlisted above planned for 2011 andthe 4MW Siadar Wave Energy projectbetween RWE npower renewables andWavegen, on the Isle of Lewis, whichUnited kingdomwas granted planning consent in January2009. It is also worth noting that TidalEnergy Ltd has already been awardedplanning consent for the onshore work oftheir 1.2MW project in Wales.3.6MW of planning consents will needto be awarded in 2011 to achieve the2012 predicted installed capacity of14.6MW. However, a total of 23MW ofmarine energy planning applicationsentered the planning system in 2010for small-scale arrays and prototypes(Figure 3.), representing two-thirds of the36MW planned for deployment in 2013,and highlighting that plans for thesedeployments are already at advancedstages of development.FrancePortugalSpainIrelandFinland

6Installed Capacity in 2020Numerous deployment scenarios andtargets exist for installed capacity ofmarine energy in 2020, and Figure 4. plots12three. The Renewable Energy NationalAction Plan, 9 in which government10outlined their plan for 15% of energyfrom renewables by 2020, provides a8target of 1.3GW for marine energy. Thesecond scenario outlines The Crown6Estate’s aggregated planned deliveryof the Pentland Firth and Orkney 4Waters Round One sites, representinga total installed capacity of 2 1.6GW.The final scenario, obtained via survey,represents the aggregated 0 developerappetite for deployment, which stands atapproximately 2.17GW installed capacityby 2020.2009 2010Figure 5. maps the annual installedcapacity between 2010 and 2020.The Pentland Firth and Orkney WatersRound One sites annual development25plan peaks in 2019, whereas aggregateddeveloper appetite exists to develop20sites outside of this leasing round,potentially with a view to bridge a future15hiatus in delivery.In the 2010 State of the Industry reportRenewableUK outlined an industry targetof 1-2GW. 10 5Whilst it is evident that thereis a well-positioned triangle of politicalsupport, industry desire and 0 accessiblesites to fulfil this ambition, as outlined inthe Marine Energy Action Plan 11 the true8 2009 201010MW CumulativeMW CumulativeFigure 3: Cumulative and Annual Marine Energy Entering the Planning System 2000 – 2010MW AnnualFigure 4: Scenarios for Cumulative Annual Installed Marine Capacity 2010 – 2020MW Cumulative2025AnnualCumulative20151510105500Before 2007 2007 2008 2009 20102,500Renewable Energy National Action PlanPentland Firth and Orkney Waters - Round 12,000Developer Appetite1,5001,00050002011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020MW Cumulative9. The Renewable Energy National Action Plan is available at www.decc.gov.uk10. RenewableUK, Marine Energy State of the Industry, 201011. HM Government, Marine Energy Action Plan, 2010

9by 2020, plans to establish a GreenInvestment Bank following publication ofthe Spending Review, and proposals tore-consult on National Policy Statementsfor major infrastructure. SpecificallyAction 24 states that the Governmentwill support the development of marineenergy in the UK. This is supportedby text that states it will provide theopportunity for deployment of marineenergy devices alongside onshoreinfrastructure such as grid, industry andsupply chain development, economicregeneration, skills and academicexcellence. 16Renewables Obligation (RO)Banding ReviewA review of the RO level commenced inOctober 2010. This review will providea clear vision of the banding levels tobe put in place on April 1, 2013. DECCinitially planned to publish the resultsof the review in 2012. 17 However, thisprocess has been brought forward, ina bid to provide clarity and certainty toinvestors on future banding levels andwill now conclude by autumn 2011. 18This re-evaluation of the level of revenuesupport that marine energy receives hasthe potential to fundamentally change theamount of marine energy built in the UKover the next decade and subsequentlysecure, or squander, the current globalmarket lead. The Northern IrelandDepartment for Enterprise Trade andInvestment is currently holding a separateconsultation, in which it suggests abanding of four ROCs for tidal energy. 19The development of all new energygeneration technologies has requiredsupport to help them through the earlystages, when they will not be costcompetitivewith pre-existing maturealternatives and the development of thewave and tidal industry is likely to be nodifferent. Currently, devices do not havethe same amount of track record as theirconventional counterparts and thereforecontinue to require some level of supportin order to become fully established;recent analysis from RenewableUKoutlines that both wave and tidalenergy should receive 5 ROCs for initialprojects, to ensure continued industrydevelopment. 20Planning ActThe Planning Act passed into law inNovember 2008, enabling the creationof a new, streamlined determinationprocess for major infrastructure projectson and offshore. The implementationof the Act continued throughout 2009and 2010, with the creation of theInfrastructure Planning Commission(IPC) and public consultation on draftNational Policy Statements (NPSs).In January 2010 and after the publicconsultation process, RenewableUKgave written and oral evidence to theEnergy and Climate Change SelectCommittee working on the NPSs.Following the General Election, theseimportant statements of governmentenergy and infrastructure policy will nowgo through further public consultationand parliamentary scrutiny with formaladoption expected in late 2011.The Infrastructure Planning Commission(IPC) was formally inaugurated inApril 2010. However, the publicationof the new Coalition Government’sProgramme on 20 May 2010, confirmedthe Government’s intentions to abolishthe IPC. Confirmation of this and otherplanning reforms have been announcedin the Decentralisation and Localism Bill.Although any institution replacing theIPC (such as the Major InfrastructureUnit [MIU]) will only deal with projectsover 100MW, the long-term success ofmarine energy development hinges onthe confidence of the parties investingin those projects. To inaugurate andabolish a planning authority in thesame year does not give confidencethat regulations are stable. On its part,RenewableUK is engaging closely withGovernment on these and other planningreforms.Marine and Coastal Access ActImplementation of the Marine andCoastal Access Act continued from itspublication in 2009 through the wholeof 2010 and is expected to influencemarine planning and conservation forat least the next decade. The MarineManagement Organisation (MMO)was also vested, officially launchingon the 1st April 2010 and taking on awide range of powers including marineconsenting, licensing, monitoring andenforcement. The MMO will also lead onmarine planning with the East of Englandinshore and offshore areas taken forwardfirst. The new marine licence will alsocome into force in April 2011 combiningthe current FEPA and CPA licences.16. The details of the Annual Energy Statement can be found on www.decc.gov.uk17. The details of the RO Banding Review can be found on www.decc.gov.uk18. Ibid.19. For details of the Northern Ireland RO Banding Consultation see www.detini.gov.uk20. RenewableUK, Channelling the Energy, 2010

12Leasing and Licensing1.6GW of leases have been awardedin the UK. A further leasing round inScotland seeking project applicationsof up to 30MW per site is currentlyin progress. As of September 2010,developers can apply for 10MW leaseslasting up to 25 years anywhere inUK waters. In addition, the StrategicEnvironmental Assessment inNorthern Ireland outlined 300MW ofextractable tidal resource.As owner of the UK’s seabed out to 12nautical miles, The Crown Estate plays acentral role in the leasing of seabed formarine energy extraction. Two leasingrounds in Scotland have taken place todate, along with a revision of prototypeleasing conditions. A rolling programmeof leasing rounds is now in effect withopportunities opening every six months.With the Strategic EnvironmentalAssessment completed in NorthernIreland and under way in England andWales.Existing LeasesIn the Pentland Firth Orkney WatersRound One, The Crown Estate grantedoptions for leases for up to 1.6GWof marine capacity (Figure 6). Theseare being taken forward by utilities,technology developers, joint venturesbetween technology developers andutilities, and in one case a projectdeveloper (MeyGen, a consortiumconsisting of Atlantis ResourceCorporation, International Power andMorgan Stanley).Current Leasing OpportunitiesA further Scottish leasing round iscurrently open for applications of upto 30MW per site (Figure 7). Leasesare currently being sought in a bidto win the £10 million Saltire Prize,awarded by the Scottish Governmentfor the first marine energy projectto generate 100MW/h in a two yearperiod. Applications will be managedusing a new competition framework.The application process containsthe following stages: expressions ofinterest, pre-qualification, tendering,interviews, negotiation and award. Thefirst application round opened on the11th October 2010 and the secondapplication window is planned to startin April 2011. Subsequent applicationwindows are planned at six-monthlyintervals thereafter.Demonstration LeasesIn recognition of the potential servicelives and financing needs of marineenergy projects, in September 2010The Crown Estate altered the leasingprocess for projects up to 10MW persite to provide commercial-lengthterms, including an operating period ofup to 25 years. The Crown Estate hasstated that shorter lease terms will beappropriate for certain projects (e.g. totest a single prototype) and projects maybe proposed with phased programmes,with the first and subsequent phasesbeing fractions of the total capacity.Agreements for lease and leases maybe awarded for projects anywhere inUK territorial waters, including in areasnot currently covered by a StrategicEnvironmental Assessment. 2929. For details see www.thecrownestate.co.uk

13Pentland Firth and Orkney Waters Round 1 Development SitesSite Name Owner(s) of TenantCosta Head SSE Renewables Developments (UK) LimitedWestray South SSE Renewables Developments (UK) Limited59°20'0"NBrough HeadAquamarine Power Limited &SSE Renewables Holdings (UK) Limited59°20'0"NMarwick Head ScottishPower Renewables UK LimitedWest Orkney MiddleSouthE.ON Climate & Renewables UK LimitedWest Orkney South E.ON Climate & Renewables UK LimitedCantick HeadSSE Renewables Holdings (UK) Limited &OpenHydro Site Development LimitedSSE RenewablesDevelopments (UK) LtdCosta Head200 MWSSE RenewablesDevelopments (UK) LtdWestray South200 MWDevelopment SitesTidalWaveBase MapStrategic AreaUnited KingdomBrough Ness Marine Current Turbines LimitedInner SoundE.ON Climate & RenewablesUK developments LtdWest Orkney Middle South50 MWE.ON Climate & RenewablesUK developments LtdWest Orkney South50 MWScottishPowerRenewables UK LtdMarwick Head50 MWBrough HeadWave Farm LtdBrough Head200 MW59°0'0"N59°0'0"N* Tenant names are labelled on the mapAtlantis Resources Corporation Pte Limited,International Power Marine DevelopmentsLimited, Morgan Stanley Capital GroupIncorporatedNess of Duncansby ScottishPower Renewables UK LimitedFarr Point Pelamis Wave Power Limited0 1020kmMaRS-Ref18 Oct 2010Author : DFQA : JMOcean PowerDelivery LtdFarr Point50 MWCantick HeadTidal Development LtdCantick Head200 MWMeyGen LtdInner Sound400 MWSeaGeneration(Brough Ness) LtdBrough Ness100 MW58°40'0"N58°40'0"NScottishPowerRenewables UK LtdNess of Duncansby100 MWSize: A41:580,000Positions shown relative to WGS 84.© Crown Copyright 18 October 2010.Reproduction in whole or part is not permitted without prior consent ofThe Crown Estate.© British Crown and SeaZoneSolutions Limited. All rights reserved. Product Licence No. 012009.017.16 New Burlington PlaceLondon W1S 2HXTel: 020 7851 5080www.thecrownestate.co.uk6 Bell's BraeEdinburgh EH4 3BJTel: 0131 260 60704°0'0"W3°20'0"W2°40'0"WS:\MARINE\Restricted\MaRS\GIS\TCE_Work\Pentland_Firth\Confidential\MXD\Final_Bidders_Info_Oct10_ForWebsite.mxdFigure 6: Pentland Firth and Orkney Waters project map 3030. The map of the Pentland Firth and Orkney Waters Round 1 Development Sites is available from www.thecrownestate.co.uk

14Future Leasing OpportunitiesThe Northern Ireland StrategicEnvironmental Assessment (SEA) hashighlighted that 300MW of tidal energycould be developed across five tidalenergy zones. 32 The Northern IrelandDepartment of Enterprise, Trade andInvestment has acted upon one of thekey recommendations of the SEA andformed an Offshore Renewable EnergyForum, to steer this process. Anotherkey action proposed by the SEA wasto initiate a leasing round for tidal andoffshore wind energy. This is expectedto be open before the end of 2011.In England and Wales the SEA launchedin March 2010 is expected to delivera final decision before summer 2011.There are numerous sites acrossEngland and Wales that could supportwave and tidal project development,as can be seen in the offshore energyatlas. 33LicensingThe establishment of a UK-wide Marineand Coastal Access Act and ScottishMarine Act in 2010 has significantlystreamlined the licensing applicationprocess for marine energy across theUK. As of the first of April 2011, MarineScotland will deal with all licensingapplications in Scottish waters inshoreand offshore areas via the revised marinelicence, whereas in England and Wales,the Marine Management Organisationdeals with project applications under100MW and the Infrastructure PlanningCommission (shortly to be replaced bythe Major Infrastructure Planning Unitdeals with all applications over 100MW.In Northern Ireland, licences arecurrently administered by two devolveddepartments (the Department ofEnterprise, Trade and Investment andthe Department of the Environment) andthe Department of Energy and ClimateChange. The new licensing processesshould encourage maximum preconsultationand engagement betweenlicensing bodies, stakeholders anddevelopers, to minimise the decisionmakingtime.Environmental ImpactKey information regarding theenvironmental impact of marine energydevices is still largely unknown. Thishas resulted in the statutory natureconservation agencies (Natural England,Joint Nature Conservation Council,Countryside Council for Wales andmost notably Scottish Natural Heritage),developing new protocols and guidelinesto fast-track the deployment ofinitial devices. 3431. Further Scottish Leasing Round map can be found at www.thecrownestate.co.uk32. Details of the Northern Ireland SEA are available at www.offshorenergyni.co.uk33. Offshore energy atlas is available at www.renewables-atlas.info34. Scottish Natural Heritage Guidelines can be found at www.snh.org.uk

Figure 7: Areas in which the Crown Estate are expecting applications for lease in the further Scottish leasing round 3115

16Test Centres and ResearchThe UK has a world-leading academicresearch base. Combined with a suiteof complementary testing sites, theUK offers a coherent approach totechnology innovation.The UK is a world leader in the R&Dof wave and tidal stream energy withresearch carried out at a number ofacademic institutes and facilities,which provide support to technologydevelopers in testing their devices intanks and at sea.The marine environment can be veryharsh, particularly in locations ofhigh wave and tidal stream energypotential. The test centres availablein the UK provide assistance indeploying the prototype test devicesand can be used to gain experienceof installation, operation, maintenanceand decommissioning activities. Thetest centres provide the infrastructurerequired for monitoring the operation ofthe devices in the marine environment,providing valuable information forfuture development of the devices. Thisinformation is required not only for thetechnical and engineering developmentof the devices, but also to model thefinancial viability of the devices bydetermining capital and operation andmaintenance costs.Academic ConsortiaThe SuperGen Marine ResearchProgramme, funded by the Engineeringand Physical Sciences ResearchCouncil (EPSRC) commenced in 2003.The overall aim of the programme isto complete generic research on thepotential for future exploitation of themarine energy resource. The secondphase SuperGen Marine ResearchConsortium, a four year £5.5 millionproject which commenced in October2007, includes five core academicinstitutions – the University of Edinburgh,Heriot Watt University, LancasterUniversity, Queens University Belfastand the University of Strathclyde – alongwith a number of affiliate institutions. Thecurrent phase of the programme aims toincrease knowledge and understandingof device–sea interactions of energyconverters from model scale in thelaboratory to full size in the open sea.The Peninsula Research Institute forMarine Renewable Energy (PRIMaRE)is a response from the Universities ofExeter and Plymouth to the challengesfacing businesses involved in marinerenewable energy and in support ofWave Hub. The institute received afurther boost from the South WestRegional Development Agency in theform of a £1.2 million investment ina new wave tank testing facility. Thefacility will be unique in the UK becauseit will allow model testing in bothmulti-directional waves and variabledirection currents, and will also beable to model shallow and deep-waterconditions. It will enable the testing ofscale models of wave and tidal energydevices individually and in arrays. Otherinitiatives that PRIMaRe are developinginclude the South Western MooringTest Facility (SWMFT), to understandmooring line dynamic response andimprove modelling, and the DynamicMarine Component Test Facility (DMaC),which is a specially developed facility toundertake “service testing”, type loadingon marine components.The Low Carbon Research InstituteMarine Project is a £7 million threeyearprogramme that aims to enable,support and help build a sustainablemarine energy sector in Wales. It willprovide the independent and worldclass research essential to move theindustry forward from pre-commercialdemonstration projects to small andfull-scale generation of electricity fromthe marine environment. The projectconsortium consists of Swansea, Cardiff,Bangor, Aberystwyth and Pembrokeshireuniversities.

17QinetiQQinetiQ continues to help wave and tidaldevice developers prove their systemsreally work, supporting early investmentcases by testing ideas and technology.Developers, and their backers, can buildconfidence, fix the problems, and securethe evidence. The majority of the supportuses its hydrodynamic model testingfacilities: the ocean basin (122m x 61mx 5.5m) and ship towing tank (270m x12m x 5.5m), both of which incorporatewavemaking capability.As part of ongoing improvementsin both these facilities, QinetiQ iscontinuing to invest in upgrades. Fortidal/current device developers, thenow-completed upgrading of thecarriage in the ship towing tank providesincreased capability – including theability to programme bespoke carriagespeed profiles. For wave devicedevelopers, the programmed upgradeto the Ocean Basin will see new wavemakers fitted (work starting in 2011),allowing significantly larger wave profilesand more complex sea states to bemodelled.As well as offering computationalfluid dynamics analysis, the QinetiQconsultants also provide impartialservices to marine energy devicedevelopers and energy suppliers –for example research, design andhydrodynamics advice, and technologyreadiness assessment. The facilitiesand team are located in Gosport, nearPortsmouth.National Renewable Energy Centre(Narec)Narec is the national centre dedicatedto advancing the development,demonstration, deployment and gridintegration of renewable energy and lowcarbonenergy generation technologies,established in 2002 as an independentR&D centre serving the renewableenergy industry. Narec has a large-scalewave flume and a tidal testing facilityto allow scale models of prototypedevices to be tested in a controlled andmonitored environment.The £12 million Nautilus test facility,which was supported with £10 millionfrom the Renewable Energy Strategy,will provide a 3MW drive system capableof testing the complete drivetrains,electrical generation, control and supportsystems of marine renewable devices.The Nautilus rig will allow the keycomponents and assemblies (includingdrive shafts, bearings, gearboxes,generators and power converters), to bethoroughly tested before deployment inthe open sea. The test rig will have theability to mechanically and electricallyload the complete drive train with thefull envelope of load cases, includingside loads on to shafts and bearings andgrid faults to the electrical systems. TheNautilus test rig is expected to be fullyoperational by June 2011 and will offerthe opportunity to significantly reducethe risk of in-service failure of the keyelectrical and mechanical componentsused within tidal stream turbinetechnologies.Building upon the experience andtrack record developed by testing windturbines blades for almost all the majorblade manufacturers over the last fiveyears, Narec is expanding its capabilitiesto include marine blade testing.Additional hydraulic hardware will beprocured by Narec over the next fewmonths to facilitate an anticipated firsttest in Quarter 2, 2011.European Marine Energy Centre (EMEC)EMEC in Orkney was established in 2003and offers developers the opportunity totest full-scale grid-connected prototypewave and tidal stream devices. The centreoperates two sites – a wave test facilityand a tidal test facility – which havemultiple berths that allow devices to betested in the open sea. The berths havean existing connection to the onshoreelectricity network and facilities fortechnology and environmental monitoring.There is currently strong demand forthe existing cables and EMEC has seengrowth through the Renewable EnergyStrategy-sponsored projects, increasingthe number of grid connected berths onsite, from nine to twelve. This has alsoseen the creation of the ‘scale sites’ forboth wave and tidal devices in Orkney.These are planned to be of interest totechnologies where developers wouldprefer to deploy at a scale smaller thantheir planned commercial roll-out, or atfull size, but in conditions that are lessextreme than the full-scale sites.The increase in capacity has coincidedwith EMEC’s transition to being fullyself-funded through the rental and servicefees it receives from its customers.EMEC’s world-leading experience asthe only marine energy UKAS accreditedtest site in the world, means that it is astrong contender to leverage value fromits expertise. EMEC has already led thedevelopment of guidelines that have beentaken forward to become internationalstandards and continues to provideleadership.

18Wave HubWave Hub is a grid-connected offshorefacility in south-west England for thelarge-scale testing of technologies thatgenerate electricity from the powerof the waves. It leases space to waveenergy device developers and existsto support the development of marinerenewable energy around the world.With four berths able to connect up to5MW each, Wave Hub has the potentialto connect 20MW of wave energy. Thiscould be increased to 50MW in duecourse.In May 2010 construction of the substationwas completed and the cablewas energised in November 2010,effectively marking Wave Hub open forbusiness. Key contractors included JPKenny, Dean & Dyball and JDR Cables.Customers coming to Wave Hub need toapply for their own FEPA licences. WaveHub plans to manage a co-ordinatedprogramme of on-going environmentalmonitoring in partnership with itscustomers.The South West RegionalDevelopment Agency (SWRDA)The South West of England wasdesignated as the UK’s first low-carboneconomic area for marine energy inthe 2009 Renewable Energy Strategyin recognition of this growing centreof excellence. This was accompaniedwith an additional £9 million from theDepartment of Business, Innovationand Skills (BIS) and DECC, which hasenabled the Regional DevelopmentAgency (RDA) to grant-fund twoimportant infrastructure projects:construction of a new dedicatedmarine building on the Universityof Plymouth’s campus, in order tostimulate innovation and enterprise andtransform the way research is turned intocommercial success; and developmentof a marine renewables business parkadjacent to the Wave Hub sub stationin Hayle, Cornwall. In addition to this£7.3 million invested in PRIMaRE hasenabled unique mooring and dynamiccomponent testing facilities to beestablished in Cornwall and the UK’smost advanced wave tank is being builtin Plymouth.Future DevelopmentsFuture testing sites proposed acrossthe UK include two tidal sites that arecurrently undergoing scoping. TheSolent Ocean Energy Centre, beingsupported by Envirobis, has soughtfunding from the Regional Growth Fund,allocated by BIS. 35 Invest NorthernIreland are also in the preliminary stagesof scoping the potential to develop a fullscaletidal test site. 36The Technology Strategy Board iscurrently holding a consultation on theproposition to develop a number ofTechnology and Innovation Centres(TICs) across the UK in six key areas,including electronics, photonics andelectrical systems and energy andresource efficiency. The criteria includethe potential to access global marketsworth billions of pounds per annum,proof that UK business can exploittechnology and opportunities, theability to attract inward investmentfor sustainable wealth creation andclose alignment with national strategicpriorities. 37 It is certain that given theUK’s current lead in the marine energy,research and device development, aswell as the scale of the global market,there are considerable opportunites forbroadening the UK supply chain andattracting inward investment tothe sector. If the creation of an offshorerenewable energy TIC, covering offshorewind, wave and tidal energy were to beproposed, the coordinating function andapproach to research and developmentwould offer a clear and consistent routeto commercialisation for emergingtechnologies and cost-reductioninnovation to secure future economicbenefits.35. Details of testing sites can be found at www.solentoceanenergy.com36. For details see Invest Northern Ireland’s website, http://www.investni.com/37. Technology Strategy Board, Technology and Innovation Centres: a prospectus, January 2011

19Grid Connection and Availability2015-2020Lack of availability of grid capacity formarine energy provides a fundamentalbarrier to the development of theindustry. Connection to the Shetland,Orkney and Western Isles is apriority for the industry. Revision tothe charging regimes provides theopportunity to encourage furtherdevelopment.In common with offshore wind, andto some extent onshore wind, theareas of most abundant resource formarine energy tend to be remote fromonshore distribution and transmissionnetworks or in areas of limited networkcapacity. Due to the specific locationalcharacteristics of wave and tidal energythe sector is unavoidably acutelyexposed to the very extremes of thecurrent UK grid challenges. This leadsto high demand for a limited number ofgrid connections in certain locations.Current transmission infrastructure atthe peripheries of the network is, byand large, not fit for the purpose ofaccepting new generation projects, evenat very modest scale. New transmissioninfrastructure will require unprecedentedlevels of financial commitment frommarine project investors, who arein parallel exposed to a substantialtechnology risk. As outlined in the Pathto Power, 38 grid connection presents amajor hurdle for development in bothNorthern Scotland and the WesternIsles, as the Orkney Isles in particular arelikely to be the first area in the UK to seethe development of large-scale marineenergy projects. 39Left with the current transmission regimein place, marine renewable projects aremost likely to suffer substantial delays,to the extent that manufacturers mayhave to relocate to other markets, or relyon infrastructure upgrades being drivenby the wind sector. In the instance ofnew infrastructure being delivered forwind projects the current investmentmechanisms will lead to “missedopportunities” for the marine sectoras there are little or no allowances fornew infrastructure to include levels ofadditional capacity that could providean invaluable route to market for themarine sector to demonstrate commercialviability.EMEC and Wave Hub are very beneficialto the industry, as they provide existinggrid connections that allow developersto test the operation of their deviceswhen connected to the grid, avoidingthe need to apply for and constructnew grid connections. However, it isrecognised that the marine industrymust demonstrate and build large-scaleprojects and apply for grid connectionsin order to trigger the significantupgrades required to the transmissionnetwork. To date it is thought that onlythree companies have applied for agrid connection on Orkney to stimulatethe transmission upgrades needed. Asstated, high charging regimes and limitedaccess to development finance arerecognised as barriers preventing furtherapplications. In addition to this, delays inplanned upgrades (e.g. Beauley-Denny)could have major ramifications for thedelivery of marine energy projects.Transmission ChargingThe current transmission-chargingregime, which levies high chargeson those projects furthest from themarket, has been identified as a majorimpediment to the growth of renewableprojects in the remote locations of theWestern Isles, Orkney and Shetland.It should also be noted that, in theconsideration of marine renewables,a locational charging mechanismsimply increases the barrier to entry forinvestors.High charges have prevented developerscommitting to underwrite the cost oftransmission upgrades. It is hoped thatOfgem’s project Transmit will offer asolution that will enable these upgradesto be commissioned by 2015.38. BWEA, Path to Power, 200639. Xero Energy, Pentland Firth Tidal Energy Project Grid Options Study, January 2009

20Connecting the Orkney Isles 40In the short term small capacities onOrkney could be connected to the gridthrough innovative practices such asactive management, which gives thepotential for generation to be switchedoff during extreme generation peaksor troughs in demand. This wouldallow more generation devices tobe connected to the grid and wouldimprove the efficiency of grid use.Previous investigations for the OrkneyActive Management Scheme estimatedthat perhaps 50 MW of additionalcapacity could be freed up.A recent report published by OrkneyIsland Council and the OrkneyRenewable Energy Forum states thatthe present active management schemehas been capped at only 15MW andsuggests that an urgent review isrequired of how much of the remaining35MW could be used and when.However, this does not address thefact that there is no capacity for newdevelopers as the current capacity hasbeen reached by existing schemes atpresent.2014–2016For the first commercial leasing round inThe Crown Estate’s Round One, plansshow that commercial-scale roll-out willnot take place until around 2015/16. Asdetailed in Figure 4., between 2014 and2016 nearly 400MWs of marine energyare anticipated to be deployed with asignificant amount of this expected onOrkney. Over the last few years, ScottishHydro Electric Transmission (SHETL)has started examining a series of newgrid connection options for Orkney.The first phase of these developmentshas, to date, always been seen asthe installation of 132kV AC cableconnections, that would enable theexport of up to 180MW. SHETL’s plansrely upon having a clear view of howthe industry will develop in the comingyears, dependent upon it receivingapplications for grid connection fromdevelopers.2016–2020After 2016 it is anticipated that Orkneyshould be entering the phase of majorcommercial roll-out of wave and tidalcapacity. The recommendation fromOrkney Islands Council and OrkneyRenewable Energy Forum is thatgigawatt scale connections will berequired and most likely lead to HVDCtypecables being considered. SHETLhas indicated that it is looking at anHVDC solution of up to 600MW to WestMainland of Orkney and a 300-400MWHVDC solution to South Ronaldsay.Connecting the Western IslesIn the Western Isles a ‘connect andmanage’ regime also exists, to enablesmall generation (less than 10MW) inScotland onto the distribution network,prior to any transmission upgrades.75MW of capacity were made availablein the latest tranche of grid upgradesfrom Fort Augustus to the Western Isles,thus there may be limited opportunitiesto connect small-scale marine energyprojects. It is hoped the transmissionnetwork will be upgraded with aproposed 450MW HVDC interconnectorin late 2014/2015. This will be dependentupon a reduction in transmissioncharges as a result of project TransmiTwhich will enable developers to committo underwriting the cost of the upgrade.ShetlandShetland, whilst representing one of therichest regions for marine renewablesin the UK, also represents the mostconstrained part of the UK grid networkas the islands have no level of gridconnection to the UK mainland. Thecosts associated with grid-connectingShetland are at a level that excludesmarine renewable projects, and accessto this prime resource is currently whollyreliant on the potential commitment fromonshore wind investors. The delivery ofa grid connection to meet wind projectdemand will provide a clear opportunity foradditional capacity for the marine sectorto be included at limited incrementalcosts. To miss such an opportunity willsimply prolong the sectors lack of accessto market and endanger the long-termhealth of the sector.40. Orkney Islands Council and Orkney Renewable Energy Forum, Committing to Connection, June 2010

21Financing and FundingThe industry urgently needs a marketincentive of 5ROCs or equivalent forwave and tidal energy across the UKover the period of 2011 to 2014. Up to£130 million of capital investment isrequired to deploy up to 60MW ofpre-commercial arrays. For every £1of public money, £5 of private moneyhas been secured by the government.Over the past five years both theUK industry and Government havetaken strides to capitalise upon theUK’s unique marine energy potential.However, even with this commitment ithas already been suggested that greaterGovernment support will be requiredto develop robust and affordabletechnology. 41Summary of the ‘Channelling theEnergy’ ReportAs highlighted in the RenewableUKreport “Channelling the Energy”, acoherent support framework executedin a coordinated approach is requiredto secure the UK’s global lead in marineenergy, as significant work is required toreach the stage at which projects canbe commercially viable.Based upon the UKERC and ETIUK marine energy deploymentstrategy 42 and correlated to NASATechnology Readiness Levels (TRL), 43Figure 8. provides a basic outline ofthe anticipated stages of industrydevelopment, showing the transitionfrom capital support to revenue support,from prototypes and next generationdevices through first farms and beyond.Figure 8: Stages of Marine Energy Industry Development1st & Next Generation Prototype1st Wave/Tidal Farms2nd Farms and BeyondMarket Push:e.g. Capital GrantsMarket Push and Pull:e.g. Capital Grants (Push)e.g. Multiple ROCs (Pull)Market Pull:e.g. Multiple ROCs1. First and Next Generation PrototypeTRL 1–7: up to 1MW2. First Wave and Tidal Farms TRL 8–9:from 2MW to 10MW3. Second Farms and Beyond TRL 8–9:over 10MW41. See for instance: Carbon Trust, Focus for success – A new approach to commercialising low carbon technologies; The Climate Change Commission, Building a Low CarbonEconomy – The UK’s innovation Challenge; Bain and Company, Employment Opportunities and Challenges in the Context of Rapid Industry Growth.42. Energy technology Institute and UK Energy Research Centre, Marine Energy Technology Roadmap, 201043. Details of Technology Readiness Levels criteria available at http://esto.nasa.gov/files/TRL_definitions.pdf

22Stage 1: First and Next GenerationPrototypes up to 1MW (TRL 1-7)Capital support is vital to the industry todayand devices require continued supportthrough the research and development(R&D) stage. The primary gap today existswhen devices are ready for open oceandeployment. It is, at this point that capitalneeds rise rapidly. Device developers aregenerally small and medium enterprises(SMEs) that do not have the readilyavailable, the finance to fund such projects,and the initial risk exposure is too high forutilities to commit investment, or for anymanufacturer to underwrite performance.Hence, capital support from governmentis required to de-risk investment intechnology development and stimulatethe private sector backing.RenewableUK believes that Stage 1 ofindustry development can be split intothree specific phases for technologydevelopment that can be related to NASATRLs as follows:• Stage 1 A – concept developmentand tank testing (TRL 1-3)• Stage 1 B – greater scale prototype(TRL 4-5)• Stage 1 C – full-scale grid connectedprototype (TRL 6-7)Whilst we expect the cost of energy todecrease dramatically as installed capacityincreases, it is also evident that the costsof developing and proving technology arehigh. “Channelling the Energy” reports thata total average investment of £30 millionwill be required to take a technology fromconcept through to construction andinstallation of the first full-scale gridconnectedprototype. This assumes thattechnology development is sequential andthat there is limited need for developmentiterations during this process.Stage 2: First Wave and TidalFarms from 2MW to 10MW (TRL 8-9)When marine energy devices becomeready for deployment in small arrays,revenue incentives play an importantpart in making the projects economicallyviable. However, electricity productionfrom the first wave and tidal farmswill be unpredictable, making revenueincentives alone insufficient. For thesefirst steps, upfront capital grant isalso required to reduce the amount ofcapital at risk. Under this scenario, amarine energy project starts to becomeattractive to utilities. However, tosecure investment from utilities, deviceofferings have to be on a par withalternative options. In particular, devicemanufacturers have to be able to offerpotential utility investors (a) sufficientoperating experience to offer guaranteesin performance and reliability and (b)involvement of major manufacturersable to underpin these guarantees bothtechnically and financially.RenewableUK surveyed six utilitiesactive in the marine energy sector. Theresults show that the capital expenditure(CAPEX) for the first 10MW wave ortidal energy projects are between £42million and £84 million and the operatingexpenditure (OPEX) may vary from £0.9million to £4.2 million per annum. Toreach a level net present value projectrequire 5 ROCs or equivalent revenuesupport, in combination with capitalgrants. To deliver 60MW of marineenergy by 2014 would require in theregion of £130 million capital support.

23Stage 3: Second Farms andBeyond, of over 10MW (TRL 8-9)Following these initial small-scaleprojects, and with sufficient revenuesupport, it is likely that marine energyprojects could start to move towardsattracting debt finance, one of thekey requirements in facilitating rapiddeployment at larger scales. In turn thiswill deliver associated cost reductionsthat would reduce the level of revenuesupport required.Industry believes that Initial bandingshould be set at 5ROCs or equivalentfor both wave and tidal energy. To limitthe risk exposure to Government ofover-subsidising the industry, a limitof, for example 500MW of installedcapacity, could be set as a trigger pointto instigate an automatic review.As globally installed capacity increases,costs can be expected to fall. Previousreports have concluded that eachdoubling of capacity will result in areduction of cost of 10% to 15%.Provided that development is continuousand uninterrupted, it is expected that acost of energy of between £75 per MWhhour and £125 per MWh can be reachedwhen 1GW has been installed globallyper technology. This is deemed to becompetitive with other forms of futurelow carbon energy generation. 44Private Investment ActivityThe past year has also seen a numberof large manufacturers acquiringsubstantial equity investment in marineenergy technology. Rolls-Royceacquired Tidal Generation Ltd. Alstomhas obtained a global technologylicence agreement with Clean Currenttechnology and is planning deploymentof a 1MW test project in Canada in2012. Siemens acquired a 10% stake inMarine Current Turbines. ABB invested£8 million in Aquamarine Power for 15%of the company. DCNS, the Frenchnaval architecture company, invested€14 million in OpenHydro and signed aMemorandum of Understanding (MoU)with Carnegie Wave Energy.RenewableUK surveyed members tounderstand the total quantum of privateinvestment into the sector. Contributorsincluded Pelamis Wave Power, MarineCurrent Turbines, Aquamarine Power,Atlantis Resource Corporation, LunaEnergy, Voith Hydro Wavgen, VoithHydro OCT, Pulse Tidal and AWSOcean. To these companies, a total of£230 million of private investment hasbeen made, with every £1 of publicfunding attracting £5.4 of privateinvestment.44. Carbon Trust, Future Marine Energy, Results of the Marine Energy Challenge: Cost Competitiveness and Growth of Wave and Tidal Stream Energy, January 2006

24Publicly Funded Projects: Technology TableAs of March 2011 there are 28 publiclyfunded projects being undertakenacross the UK with contributions from32 companies. The largest proportionof private sector activity has come fromtechnology developers, academia andnotably the supply chain. The averagegrant support per project has been £1.95million with a total of £54.6 million ofpublic investment.Figure 9. provides an overview offunding sources, the private partnersengaged, brief project description, publicfunds awarded and where possible theprivate funding the project has secured.The Wave And Tidal Energy Research,Development and DemonstrationSupport fund (WATERS) was launchedin 2010 to help develop emerging energytechnologies to improve the operationof marine renewables devices. TheWATERS fund was a collaborationbetween the Scottish Government,Scottish Enterprise and also Highlandsand Islands Enterprise. The programmeis part financed through EuropeanRegional Development Funds (ERDF).The Technology Strategy Board invested£9.5 million in innovative collaborativeresearch through two calls. The first callin March 2010 aimed to support thedevelopment and demonstration of waveand tidal stream energy technologies.The call received 35 applications and9 awards were made. The call aimedto address issues of driving down thecost of energy, while improving thereliability and performance of devices.The competition consisted of twostrands: to enhance the performanceof existing devices and to progressnovel concept devices. The second calllaunched in September 2010, aimed toaid research and development focussingon supporting and underpinning thedeployment of pre-commercial and fullscale devices installed and operating inthe sea, provided 3 awards totalling £2.5million.The Energy Technologies Institute (ETI)is a UK-based public-private partnershipformed by global industries and the UKGovernment. It is tasked with developingand demonstrating engineering andtechnology that will help the UK meet itslegally binding 2050 carbon reductiontargets under the Climate Change Act.To date the ETI has supported 3 marineenergy projects at a total public cost of£10.75 million.The £22 million Marine RenewablesProving Fund (MRPF), announced bythe Government in the RenewableEnergy Strategy 45 is administered bythe Carbon Trust and was launched inSeptember 2009. As part of the lowcarboneconomic stimulus package thesix projects awarded financing (Pelamis,Marine Current Turbines, AquamarinePower, Atlantis, Voith and HSUK) mustbe completed by March 2011.The South West Regional DevelopmentAgency also provided a £1.5 milliongrant to Ocean Power Technologiesto accelerate the deployment of theirPB500 at Wave Hub.45. HM Government, The Renewable Energy Strategy, 2009

25Figure 9. Publicly Funded Projects: Technology TableFunder Fund Private Partners Project Description PublicFunding£millionScottish Government,Scottish Enterpriseand Highlands IslandsEnterpriseScottish Government,Scottish Enterpriseand Highlands IslandsEnterpriseScottish Government,Scottish Enterpriseand Highlands IslandsEnterpriseScottish Government,Scottish Enterpriseand Highlands IslandsEnterpriseScottish Government,Scottish Enterpriseand Highlands IslandsEnterpriseTechnology StrategyBoardTechnology StrategyBoardTechnology StrategyBoardWATERS RWE npower To support construction of one of the world’s largestwave stations, the ten turbine, 4MW Siadar project offthe Western Isles.WATERS Aquamarine Power To support the demonstration of Aquamarine’s Oyster3 project at the European Marine Energy Centre inOrkney.WATERS OpenHydro Support for a power conversion / control system todeliver a cost effective method of connecting marineenergy devices in arrays, an important step towardscommercialisation.WATERSWATERSDevelopment anddemonstrationof wave and tidalstream energytechnologiesDevelopment anddemonstrationof wave and tidalstream energytechnologiesDevelopment anddemonstrationof wave and tidalstream energytechnologiesAWS OceanEnergyOcean FlowEnergyAquamarine PowerLimited (lead), BAESystems SurfaceShips LimitedFred OlsenLimited (lead);Supacat Limited,ScotrenewablesLtd, University ofExeterMarine CurrentTurbines Ltd (lead),Mojo MaritimeLtd, University ofEdinburgh, QueensUniversity BelfastTo support tests in Loch Ness and the Cromarty Firthof AWS’s wave energy converter, sections of whichwould join together to form the device’s ‘doughnut’shape.Build and deploy the ‘Evopod’, a 25 kilowatt floatinggrid-connected tidal energy turbine at Sanda Sound inSouth Kintyre.Maintenance strategy and remote ballasting for Oysterwave energy converter: Aquamarine is currentlydeveloping Oyster 2, a next-generation demonstratormini-array comprising 3 Oyster flaps. Rated at2.4MW, Oyster 2 is scheduled for first installationat EMEC in 2011. This project will investigate andassess opportunities to decrease the delivered cost ofwave energy from commercial Oyster arrays throughsignificant improvements in device reliability andmaintenance costs.BOLT-2-WAVEHUB: BOLT is the name of the FredOlsen wave energy device which has undertakensea trials since June 09. The BOLT-2-WAVEHUBcollaborative project aims to integrate elementsthat will make truly pre-commercial deployment atthe Wave Hub site a reality. This will be achievedby reducing the production costs of wave energyconverter units and by reducing the costs and risks ofdeployment, installation & retrieval processes of waveand tidal devices.Fully submerged evolution of SeaGen for exposedopen deep water locations: this proposal is for afully submerged (but surfaceable) turbine arrayutilising a novel mooring system to enable MarineCurrent Turbines to address deep water sites, siteswith large tidal ranges or sites with significant wavepotentials. The evolution of the technology will buildon the success of the SeaGen surface piercing usingdemonstrated components and fundamentals, such asthe drive train and control systems.63.15 101.851.39£1PrivateFunding£million0.45 0.452.4 5Approx0.6

26Funder Fund Private Partners Project Description PublicFundingTechnology StrategyBoardTechnology StrategyBoardTechnology StrategyBoardTechnology StrategyBoardTechnology StrategyBoardEnergy TechnologyInstituteEnergy TechnologyInstituteDevelopment anddemonstrationof wave and tidalstream energytechnologiesDevelopment anddemonstrationof wave and tidalstream energytechnologiesSupporting andunderpinningthe deploymentmarine energySupporting andunderpinningthe deploymentmarine energySupporting andunderpinningthe deploymentmarine energyN/AN/AAWS OceanEnergy (lead),University ofStrathclydeAdditional5 Projects -UndisclosedDetailsBauer RenewablesLtd (lead),Voith HydroOcean CurrentTechnologies,University ofExeter, MojoMaritime LtdPelamis WavePower Ltd (lead),E.ON Climate &Renewables UK,ScottishPowerRenewables (UK)LtdMarine CurrentTurbines Ltd(lead), QueensUniversity Belfast,University ofExeter, Universityof SouthamptonRolls-Royce, TidalGeneration Ltd,EMEC, EON, EDFEnergy, GarradHassan, PlymouthMarine Laboratory,University ofEdinburghEON, EDF Energy,Garrad Hassan,University ofEdinburgh, OxfordUniversity, Queen’sUniversity Belfast,ManchesterUniversity.Assessment of novel WEC, with rubber air-waterinterface; performance validation, optimisation anddemonstration of associated cost benefits: the AWSIII system is a toroidal self-reacting surge/pitch modemulti-cell floating wave energy converter (WEC) thatharnesses power from off-shore ocean waves togenerate electricity. Reinforced rubber diaphragmsconvert wave action to pneumatic power which inturn is converted to electricity by turbine-generators.AWS has acquired and developed transformationalIP relating to the design and form of the rubberdiaphragms.Approx0.6Additional 5 Projects: undisclosed details. Approx 3Seabed drilling equipment for Voith Hy Tide 1MW tidalturbine at EMEC.Orcadian Pelamis P2 wave farm demonstration.SeaGen: additional environmental characterisation andarray impact extrapolation.ReDAPT (Reliable Data Acquisition Platform for Tidal:the first phase of this four year project will see a 1MWtidal turbine installed and operating in 2012. Theproject will test the performance of the tidal generatorin different operational conditions. Its aim is toincrease public and industry confidence in tidal turbinetechnologies.Performance Assessment of Wave and Tidal ArraySystems (PerAWAT): this four year project will producetools capable of accurately estimating the energy yieldof major wave and tidal stream energy converters.Numerical models of devices, interactions betweendevices in arrays and interactions between arrays atthe coastal scale will be developed during the project.Approx0.8Approx0.8Approx0.86.2 6.24 4PrivateFunding

28Social and Economic BenefitsThe UK marine energy industrycurrently employes 800 full-timeemployees. 46 By securing the currentmarket lead in 2035 the UK the marineenergy industry could:Figure 10: Direct Employment in Marine Energy (2010)32%17%Planning and DevelopmentDesign and Manufacturing• Employ 19,500 individuals.• Draw investment of £6.1 billion.• Generate a Gross Value Added(GVA) contribution of £800m perannum. 479%17%26%Construction and InstallationOperations and MaintenanceSupport Services/OtherTotal: 800 full time equivalent jobsIncluding a greater proportion of marinesuppply in the UK energy mix wouldreduce requirements for back-up andreserve capacity, saving £9 million perannum. 48The development of a successful marineindustry will help the UK meet climatechange targets and also bring social andeconomic benefits.Early Mover AdvantageEarly innovation support and 20 yearsof consistent market and policy supportfor onshore wind energy in Denmark haslaid the foundation for a technologicalrevolution that has resulted in a globalexport market worth over €5.7 billion in2008. With a 20% share of the globalwind turbine market, the Danish windindustry provides employment for 28,000workers and contributes €1.5 billion inGVA to the Danish economy each year. 49Using figures obtained from governmentreports and a survey of RenewableUKmembers, it is estimated that the UKcould realise a potential 10,000 directjobs, draw investment of £3.7 billionper annum and provide GVA of £530million per annum in 2020, whilst alsoachieving the installation of 1.6GW ofmarine energy projects. If the correctmarket signal is provided and supportiveactions taken, long-term market sharecan be secured as the UK marine energyindustry could be worth up to £6.1 billionper annum, directly employing as manyas 19,500 individuals and contributingGVA to the UK economy in the region of£800 million per annum by 2035. 50According to the recently producedRenewableUK report, “Working fora Green Britain”, over 800 full-timeequivalent positions are employeddirectly in UK wave and tidal energy.Figure 10. shows that for this sector,the largest proportions are employed inDesign and Manufacture (25%), and inSupport Services and Other Activities(32%), which we expect to be in R&Droles. Employment in Construction andInstallation (16%), and Operations andMaintenance (9%) is relatively modest,and this reflects the nascent nature of thetechnology. As much of this employmentwill be based on pilot plants rather thanfully commercial operations, there issignificant potential to grow the sector. 5146. RenewableUK, Working for a Green Britain, 201147 RenewableUK, Channelling the Energy, 201048. Redpoint Energy Limited, The Benefits of Marine Technologies within a Diversified Renewables Mix, 200949. For details of Denmark’s onshore wind manufacturing economy see http://www.investindk.com/visNyhed.asp?artikelID=2374150. RenewableUK, Channelling the Energy, 201051. RenewableUK, Working for a Green Britain, 2011

29Supply ChainThe economic benefits and potentialjob creation generated by the growth ofthe marine industry would be beneficialto the UK to counteract the effects ofthe steady decline of the oil and gasindustry. The production of oil and gasfrom the UK offshore areas is in declineas reserves are progressively exhausted.The UK is a net importer of oil andgas and importing energy supplies willcontinue to have a large effect on thebalance of payment. 52 It has alreadybeen noted that the skills and expertisedeveloped in the oil and gas industrycould be applicable to the emergingwave and tidal industry. The same canalso be said of the developing offshorewind industry.Of specific note is that marine tradeassociations, including RenewableUK,and BIS have formed the MarineIndustries Leadership Council, to builda collaborative, strategic approach tosecuring the future of the UK maritimeindustry. 53 In their recently produced UKMarine Industries Strategic Framework,marine energy is recognised as a sectorwith significant opportunities overthe next two decades and beyond,as countries look to exploit theiroffshore renewable resources to helptackle climate change and supportfuture energy security. The reportstates that the sector offers businessopportunities for many aspects of themarine industries, including the transferof technology and knowledge from theUK’s existing shipbuilding and oil andgas businesses.The Council’s report highlights the factthat to maximise the benefits for UKbusinesses, the core need is to providea clear, long-term policy frameworkwithin which British companies caninvest in renewables. Firstly, throughthe diversification of the design andmanufacturing industries into theprovision of devices; secondly, throughthe design, manufacture and supportof the vessels required to install andservice the offshore systems; and finally,the marine-based service industries thatwill be created around the coastline. 54Another initiative to drive the transferof information between industries hasseen the Technology Stratergy Boardestablish a number of KnowledgeTransfer Networks, one of which isfocused on wave and tidal energy.The aim of this Energy Generationand Supply Knowledge TransferNetwork (EG&S KTN) is to acceleratethe technical development of selectedtechnologies by encouraging andenabling the sharing of knowledge andinformation across all EG&S industries,especially between different sectorssuch as device developers, academiaand suppliers. 55Security of SupplySecurity of electricity supply is ofconcern to the UK and devolvedgovernments as domestic fossil fuelreserves are depleted and the UKbecomes increasingly dependenton imports. Energy diversity and thesubstantial indigenous renewableenergy sources in the UK are usefulways of maintaining energy security.Renewable energy is not as acutelysubject to the price volatility experiencedfrom fossil fuels. A recent studyfor RenewableUK concluded thatdiversifying the renewable energy mix byincluding a greater proportion of waveand tidal stream energy would reducerequirements for back-up and reservecapacity, lower carbon emissions andsave fuel. 56 This could lead to costsavings of as much as £900 million perannum, equal to 3.3% of the annualwholesale cost of electricity.52. David Pugh on behalf of The Crown Estate, Socio-economic Indicators of Marine-related Activities in the UK Economy, March 200853. For details of the Leadership Council see www.bis.gov.uk54. For the marine industries strategic framework see www.bis.gov.uk55. For the aim of the Energy Generation and Supply Knowledge Transfer Network see https://ktn.innovateuk.org/web/wave-and-tidal56. Redpoint Energy Limited for RenewableUK, 2009, The Benefits of Marine Technologies within a Diversified Renewables Mix

307030AnnualCumulative2010Activity Outside of the UKMW Annual605040302010MW CumulativeThe EU member states have a targetof deploying 1.95GW of marineenergy by 2020, whilst the USA andCanada are coordinating approachesto develop their markets andcommercialise the sector.Across Europe there is a significantambition to develop ocean energy,notably in the countries on the Atlanticarc (UK, Ireland, France, Spain andPortugal) Figure 11. depicts thetargets that these member states havehighlighted in their respective NationalRenewable Energy Action Plans. Thetotal member state ambitions equate to1.95GW. 57In recognition of the widespread interestin developing the wave and tidal energyindustry across Europe, the EuropeanCommission has provided a total of€58.3 million over the past nine years todevelop the industry.Between 2002 and 2006 €17.3 millionof support was provided to nine wavepower demonstration projects, rangingin size from €0.8 million to €2.4 millionper project. However, due to unrealisticcost expectations, six projects werewithdrawn or were unsuccessful asa result of delays, consents, abilityto attract matched funding or due tobudget over-runs. Only two projectswere completed as planned (Buldra 2007and Wavegen 2010) and one projectwas partially installed (WaveStar 2009).00Before 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 20142008MW Plan1,4001,3001,2001,1001,00090080070060050040030020010002005 2010 2015 2020In the Seventh Framework Programme(FP7) the commission has invested atotal of €41 million in the past four years,€20 million for four demos (three waveand one tidal) and €21 million on “SoftActions”.There is also other activity around theworld, notably in the USA which hasstarted to realign its energy prioritiessince the establishment of a newadministration and is in the process ofdeveloping a long-term holistic supportplan for marine energy. 59 A recentreview of the sector also outlines thatmany other countries including Canadaand Korea are in the advanced stagesof developing full-scale test sites,favourable political conditions andmarket support environments. 60United kingdomFrancePortugalSpainIrelandFinland57. Details of European marine energy deployment on www.ecn.nl58. Ibid.59. More on the US support for marine energy on www.oregonwave.org/resources/legislation60. Garrad Hassan America, Inc., Wave Energy Technology Review, Utility Market Initiative, 2009

31The FutureIt is evident that marine renewableenergy will be a necessity in the longterm as a condition of decarbonisingthe UK’s electricity supply. However,the current short-term challenge facingthe marine industry is gaining sufficientexperience of operating devices andmulti-device projects in the marineenvironment, to demonstrate to allinvestors (public and private) that thetechnology works.The political and industrial actionstaken over the next five years willdictate whether the UK continues toadvance the technology and becomea net exporter, or allows developmentadvances overseas to overtake the UK’swave and tidal sector, resulting in theUK buying the technology at a premiumcost, as it has happened in the onshorewind industry.RenewableUK members believethe immediate actions that must bedelivered within the next 12 months toensure the development up to 2014 (asoutlined in this report) include:• Establishment of a market signal offive ROCs or equivalent for waveand tidal energy across the UK.• Provision of £130 million of capitalsupport for marine energy projectsat the scale of 2-10MW.• Definitions of a clear and conciseplan to provide grid accessibility atreasonable costs in areas of highmarine energy resource.• Development of a coordinatedapproach to understanding theenvironmental impacts of marineenergy devices, with an aim to fasttrackconsents of prototypes andpre-commercial arrays.The use of the UK’s R&D capabilitiesand internationally recognised testfacilities should be reviewed todetermine how to obtain the greatestbenefit from the services available.

32Technology IndexThe European Marine Energy Centre (EMEC) isat the forefront of the development of marinebasedrenewable energy; technologies thatgenerate electricity by harnessing the power ofwaves and tidal streams.As the first centre of its kind to becreated anywhere in the world, EMECoffer developers the opportunity to testfull-scale grid connected prototypedevices in unrivalled wave and tidalconditions.EMEC has coordinated the developmentof a suite of standards, on behalf ofthe marine renewable energy industry.Their website also provides a succinctdisruption of the various methodologiesbeing developed to generate electricityfrom wave and tidal energy. 61This technology index is split intotwo sections, covering wave energyand tidal energy. At the front of eachsection is an overview of the principlesand methodologies, which are beingdeveloped to generate electricity fromwave and tidal.Disclaimer – This document does not represent official endorsement of the technology listed within it. The information contained has been provided directly by technologydevelopers and has not undergone any third party verification of installed or rated capacity, except where explicitly stated. RenewableUK and EMEC therefore takes noresponsibility for the validity for any of the figures of information within this document.61. This is based on consultation with RenewableUK members, the Occupational Health Advisors Group (OHAG) and key stakeholders including the HSEz

33Wave EnergyWave Device Principles – Provided by EMECOcean waves are created by the interaction of wind with the surface of the sea. Thesize of the waves is determined by the wind (speed, period and fetch), bathymetryof the seafloor (which can focus or disperse the energy of the waves) and currents.Waves have the potential to provide a completely sustainable source of energy whichcan be captured and converted into electricity by wave energy converter (WEC)machines. These WEC’s have been developed to extract energy from the shoreline tothe deeper waters offshore.EMEC have identified six main types of WEX:A – AttenuatorAn attenuator is a floating device which works parallel to the wave directionand effectively rides the waves. Movements along its length can be selectivelyconstrained to produce energy. It has a lower area parallel to the waves incomparison to a terminator, so the device experiences lower forces.B – Point AbsorberA point absorber is a floating structure which absorbs energy in all directions throughits movements at/near the water surface. The power take-off system may take anumber of forms, depending on the configuration of displacers/reactors.C – Oscillating Wave Surge ConverterThis device extracts the energy caused by wave surges and the movement of waterparticles within them. The arm oscillates as a pendulum mounted on a pivoted joint inresponse to the movement of water in the waves.D – Oscillating water columnAn oscillating water column is a partially submerged, hollow structure. It is opento the sea below the water line, enclosing a column of air on top of a column ofwater. Waves cause the water column to rise and fall, which in turn compresses anddecompresses the air column. This trapped air is allowed to flow to and from theatmosphere via a turbine, which usually has the ability to rotate regardless of thedirection of the airflow. The rotation of the turbine is used to generate electricity.E – Overtopping deviceThis type of device relies on physical capture of water from waves which is held in areservoir above sea level, before being returned to the sea through conventional lowheadturbines which generates power. An overtopping device may use collectors toconcentrate the wave energy.F – Submerged pressure differentialThese devices are typically located nearshore and attached to the seabed. Themotion of the waves causes the sea level to rise and fall above the device, inducinga pressure differential in the device. The alternating pressure can then pump fluidthrough a system to generate electricity.G – OtherThis covers those devices with a unique and very different design to the more wellestablishedtypes of technology or if information on the device’s characteristics couldnot be determined. For example the Wave Rotor, is a form of turbine turned directlyby the waves. Flexible structures have also been suggested, whereby a structure thatchanges shape/volume is part of the power take-off system.

35AWS Ocean Energy LtdName of Device: AWS-IIICapacity: 2.5mwLocation: Loch NessDevice Type: GDevice OperationWave peaks displace air from a seriesof chambers around the periphery of acircular floating device. The air movesfrom high pressure to chambers at lowerpressure adjacent to wave troughs, via aring main. Each chamber is connected tothe ring main via a turbine which powersa generator. Each chamber is faced withan air-water interface, in the form of aflexible diaphragm.As it is a stable, floating platform, thedevice is easily maintained and becausecells operate in parallel, it has a greatdeal of inbuilt redundancy, which affordshigh availability.Its monocoque construction, combinedwith its multiple degrees of freedom,afford the AWS-III a class-leading powerto weight ratio; a necessary precursor toa low cost of energy.Company HistoryAWS Ocean Energy Ltd was formedin 2004 to develop the Waveswing, atechnology which had already beendeployed and grid-connected in Portugalin 2004.In 2008, they took a strategic decisionto pursue a technology evolved muchmore closely in line with customerrequirements, in terms of large scale;high reliability; easy operability andmaintainability; and a low cost of energy.The AWS-III evolved out of that process,and was tested at scale during 2010.Future PlansWith the support of funding from boththe WATERS and TSB schemes, and inconjunction with Strathclyde University,AWS are undertaking various projectsaimed at removing risk and paving theway towards ocean deployment of a fullscaledevice, in conjunction with industrymajors.

36Fred OlsenName of Device: BOLTCapacity: 45kwLocation: Near Risør, NorwayDevice Type: BDevice OperationBOLT is a circular, near shore, moored,floating point absorber designedto be installed in arrays. The unit ismanufactured in composite and steel.Its current electricity conversion systemis electro-hydraulic; with automatic tidalvariation compensation. Each unit maybe autonomous, or remotely operated.Company HistoryThe foundation of the present daybusinesses was laid in the middle ofthe 19th century when 3 Olsen brothersof Hvitsten in Norway took advantageof an expansion in shipping followingthe Crimean War. By 1875 they had 22sailing ships and 40 by 1886. In 1896,the first steam ship was built, with aview to building a network of shippingservices, firstly in the North Sea andthen further afield. Four generationslater, the Fred Olsen family continues tooperate companies in the renewables,transportation, leisure and energyservice industries.Future PlansVersion 2 of BOLT, rated at 100kw, isdue to be installed at the Wave Hub inthe near future.

37Ocean Power TechnologiesName of Device: PowerBuoyCapacity: 150kWLocation: EMECDevice Type: BDevice OperationPowerBuoys are a point absorbertype Wave Energy Converter (WEC),meaning the wave capture element issmall in comparison to the wavelengthof incident waves. Its power captureand conversion is not sensitive to thedirection of the incident waves.PowerBuoys are constructed as twomain hull elements, the spar and thefloat, each designed to respond towave forces in fundamentally differentways. The spar is designed to remainas stationary as possible whilst the floatbehaves oppositely, responding activelyand dynamically to wave forces. Thedifference in motion between the twohulls is captured as mechanical energyand transferred to electrical generators.OPT’s proprietary AIMS control systemtunes the response of the system tomaximise power capture from each wave.Company HistoryOcean Power Technologies wasstarted in 1994 and has been buildingand testing wave energy devices inthe ocean since 1997. A PowerBuoydeployed at the US Marine base inHawaii in December 2009 is gridconnected and has successfullycompleted over 3 million duty cycles inthe ocean.The PB150-B1 – for deployment inthe UK – was recently independentlycertified by Lloyds Register, a first for thewave energy market. The certificationcovered the design of the PowerBuoy’sstructure and mooring system.Future PlansThe PB 150-B1 demonstration devicewill be deployed during 2011 in UKwaters. OPT will continue with thedetailed design of its next generationPowerBuoy (PB500), which is currentlybeing supported by a SWRDA grant,with the aim of accelerating thedeployment of a demonstration device inthe South West.

38Pelamis Wave PowerName of Device: PelamisCapacity: 0.75 MWLocation: EMECDevice Type: ADevice OperationThe Pelamis is a semi-submerged,articulated machine made up of fivetube sections linked by hinged joints.Floating on the sea surface in comingwaves, causes the tube sections tomove relative to one another, stimulatingbending movements at the joints of themachines. This movement is resistedby hydraulic arms that pump fluid intohigh pressure accumulators allowingelectricity generation to be smooth andcontinuous. All generation systems arehoused inside the machines and poweris transmitted to shore using standardsubsea cables and equipment. Severalmachines can be connected togetherand linked to shore through a singlesubsea cable.Company HistoryThe Company was founded in 1998 byDr Richard Yemm, Dr Dave Pizer and DrChris Retzler with the aim of developingthe Pelamis Wave Energy Converter.Since then the company has raised over£45 million from financial and industrybackers and has been successful inbringing Pelamis technology to thecommercial marketplace. The companynow employs over 65 people and has itsheadquarters in Edinburgh.PWP is currently under contract withEON to test the Pelamis P2 at theEuropean Marine Energy Centre (EMEC)in demonstrating the next generation,P2, Pelamis machine. Continuing thepresence of Pelamis technology atEMEC, ScottishPower Renewableshas ordered a second P2 machine fordemonstration and test to be deployedin 2011. The project will utilise theexisting electrical subsea cables,substation and grid connection.Future PlansPWP is developing Farr Point WaveFarm under the Pentland Firth andOrkney Waters Leasing Round. A gridconnection has been secured for aninitial, sub-10MW installation and inMarch 2010, PWP were successful insecuring a seabed lease option fromThe Crown Estate. A smaller first phaseis planned to be deployed in 2014/15.However, the lease option awardedwould allow the Farr Point Wave Farmto ultimately be expanded to 50MW,contingent on successful grid andenvironmental consent awards.

39Voith Hydro WavegenName of Device: Oscillating WaterColumn (OWC)Capacity: 20kW – 250kWLocation: IslayDevice Type: DDevice OperationThe OWC comprises a chamber withan opening below the water. Externalwave action causes the water level in theOWC to oscillate up and down. The riseand fall of the water level in the chambercompresses and decompresses theair above. Air is allowed to exit andenter the chamber via a Wells turbinegeneratorwhich is used to convert thepneumatic power into electricity. Dueto the symmetrical cross-section of theaerofoil the turbine is driven in the samedirection, irrespective of the directionof airflow. In this way, electricity isgenerated when air leaves the chamberand when air is sucked back.Company HistoryEstablished in 1990, Wavegen isbased in Inverness, in the Highlands ofScotland. In 2000 Wavegen became thefirst company to connect a commercialscale wave energy plant to the grid.Equipment availability has grownsteadily in recent years, with availabilityabove 90% since 2007, and exceeding98% in 2010. Wavegen is unique inoffering performance and availabilityguarantees to existing and future clients.Future PlansWavegen is working with RWE npowerrenewables to deliver the 4MW Siadarproject. This project (consented in2009) is located on the Western Isles ofScotland and will be the first large-scalecommercial wave energy project in theworld, demonstrating the commercialviability of wave energy.

40Wello OyName of Device: PenguinCapacity: 0.6MWLocation: Orkney, Billia Croo,ScotlandDevice Type: GDevice OperationThe Penguin WEC is a floatingasymmetric vessel which houses aneccentric rotating mass. The device isshaped so that waves passing it causethe mass on a vertical shaft to rotate,and convert this motion to electricity.Company HistoryThe company was founded in 2008by Heikki Paakkinen, the inventor ofthe working principle of the device.The company is financed by VNTManagement, Veraventure, Tekes andsome private investors.Future PlansA full-scale device will be tested inOrkney at the start of summer 2011 andthe manufacture of a set of pilot deviceswill begin in 2012.

42Tidal EnergyTidal Device Principles – Provided by EMECTidal energy exploits the natural ebb and flow of coastal tidal waters, causedprincipally by the interaction of the gravitational fields of the earth, moon andsun. The fast sea currents are often magnified by topographical features, such asheadlands, inlets and straits, or by the shape of the seabed when water is forcedthrough narrow channels. The tidal stream devices that utilise these currents arebroadly similar to submerged wind turbines and are used to exploit the kinetic energyin tidal currents. Due to the higher density of water, this means that the blades can besmaller and turn more slowly, but they still deliver a significant amount of power. Toincrease the flow and power output from the turbine, concentrators (or shrouds) maybe used around the blades to streamline and concentrate the flow towards the rotors.EMEC have identified four main types of Tidal energy Convertors:A – Horizontal axis turbineThis device extracts energy from moving water, in much the same way that windturbines extract energy from moving air. Devices can be housed within ducts tocreate secondary flow effects, by concentrating the flow and producing a pressuredifference.B – Vertical axis turbineThis device extracts energy from moving in a similar fashion to that above, howeverthe turbine is mounted on a vertical axis.C – Oscillating HydrofoilA hydrofoil attached to an oscillating arm and the motion is caused by the tidalcurrent flowing either side of a wing, which results in lift. This motion can then drivefluid in a hydraulic system to be converted into electricity.D – Venturi EffectBy housing the device in a duct, this has the effect of concentrating the flow past theturbine. The funnel-like collecting device sits submerged in the tidal current. The flowof water can drive a turbine directly, or the induced pressure differential in the systemcan drive an air-turbine.Other DesignsThis covers those devices with a unique and very different design to the more wellestablishedtypes of technology, or if information on the device’s characteristicscould not be determined.

43Methods to fix the TEC to the seabed:Further to the categories of devices identified opposite, there are also a range ofmethods to fix the converter to the seabed.i) Seabed Mounted/Gravity BaseThis is physically attached to the seabed, or is fixed by virtue of its large weight. Insome cases, there may be additional fixing to the seabed.ii) Pile MountedThis principle is analogous to that used to mount most large wind turbines, wherebythe device is attached to a pole penetrating the ocean floor. Horizontal axis deviceswill often be able to yaw about this structure. This may also allow the turbine to beraised above the water level for maintenance.iii) Floating (with three sub-divisions)Flexible mooring: The device is tethered via a cable/chain to the seabed, allowingconsiderable freedom of movement. This allows a device to swing as the tidal currentdirection changes with the tide.Rigid mooring: The device is secured into position using a fixed mooring system,allowing minimal leeway.Floating structure: This allows several turbines to be mounted to a single platform,which can move in relation to changes in sea level.iv) Hydrofoil Inducing DownforceThis device uses a number of hydrofoils mounted on a frame to induce a downforcefrom the tidal current flow. Provided that the ratio of surface areas is such that thedownforce generated exceeds the overturning moment, the device will remain inposition.

44ALSTOM HydroName of Device: Tidal In StreamEnergy Converter (TISEC)Capacity:1MW+Location: N/ADevice Type: A/DDevice OperationThe TISEC is a direct drive, fixed pitch,bi-directional ducted turbine. Waterlubricated bearings (originally developedfor heavily loaded hydro installations) anddirect water cooled axial flux PMG. Thebase is of the gravity type or secured bypiles depending on location. Designed forelimination of failure prone componentsand low maintenance using no lubricatingoils, gearbox, mechanical brake, pitchcontrol systems or rotating seals. Theduct significantly increases the powerdensity of the TISEC by accelerating thetidal flow and directing it evenly acrossthe turbine, reducing imbalance andfatigue forces that would otherwise acton the blades. The duct also reduces theprecision required during installation inthe alignment of the turbine to the tidalstream. A central hole allows fish andmammals to pass harmlessly throughthe turbine. The hole also allows a highspeed jet, which more quickly establishessuitable conditions for the next TISEC,allowing closer spacing than wouldotherwise be possible.The two classes of TISEC allow Alstomto offer machines that cover the widestpossible number of tidal site conditions.The Beluga 9 is designed for high energysites with flows of ~ 9 knots at surfacein mean spring tide condition and aminimum water depth of 30m and theOrca 7 for medium energy sites withflows of ~ 7 knots at surface in meanspring tide condition and a minimumwater depth of 40m.Company HistoryAlstom are a multi-national companysupplying the power market. They have25% of the world hydro business andan increasing share of the wind market.Alstom Hydro’s Ocean Energy group,based in Nantes, has been developinga range of TISECs since it signed anexclusive license agreement with CleanCurrent in April 2009. Clean Current’sextensive R&D programme culminatedin the successful testing in 2006 at RaceRocks in Canada of a third scale unit.Future PlansThe first Beluga 9 will be installed inthe Bay of Fundy, Canada in 2012 andthe Orca 7 will be installed in Paimpol,France in 2013. The company is alsoengaged in discussions over sites inEurope and elsewhere.

45Atlantis Resources CorporationName of Device: AK-1000Capacity: 1MWLocation: EMECDevice Type: ADevice OperationHorizontal kinetic energy due to tidalflows in the water column is convertedto rotational kinetic energy via a highlyefficient 3-bladed turbine. Rotationalkinetic energy is converted into electricalenergy via a state of the art, permanentmagnet generator, variable speed driveand control mechanism, and exportedvia medium voltage (3.8kV) export cable.The AK-1000 turbine has two sets ofblades, allowing 1MW of peak powergeneration in each opposing tidal flow,without the need for a horizontal rotatemechanism.Company HistoryOriginally an Australian company,ARC installed one of the first gridconnectedtidal current turbines at SanRemo in Victoria in 2006. Its Aquanatordevice had a capacity of 100kw, andin the first operation of its type wasdecommissioned in 2008 to make wayfor the 150kw Nereus I device. Sincethen, ARC has developed partnershipswith Morgan Stanley and Statkraft,bringing its Solon and Kong series ofturbines to the market, the AK-1000being an instance of the latter.Future PlansFollowing two years of testing andenvironmental consenting, constructionof the first commercial tidal arrayof Atlantis turbines is planned tocommence in summer 2012 in thePentland Firth, Scotland (400MW oncompletion).

46Hammerfest StrømName of Device: HS1000Capacity:1MWLocation:EMECDevice Type: ADevice OperationThe device works using the sameprinciple as a horizontal axis wind turbine,where tidal current produces a torqueon the rotor, which is used to drive astep-up gearbox that in turn drives theasynchronous generator. Power quality iscontrolled by power electronics. The nonyawingdevice is designed to generatepower in the demanding tidal, wave andturbulent coastal water environment, andcan be deployed in a wide range of waterdepths and water flow speeds. The devicedesign can be adjusted to accommodatevarying channel parameters, water depthsand tidal flows.The device has a unique high speedpitch system, allowing pitch and speedcontrol based on a sophisticatedalgorithm with the objective ofmaximising energy capture, minimisingultimate and fatigue loads on the bladesand structural components of the device.This allows the turbine to remain gridconnected throughout a wide range ofoperating conditions. The pitch systemcan also be adjusted to maximise theenergy yield of arrays of devices byminimising the velocity deficit associatedwith the wake of each device.Company HistoryHammerfest Strøm’s tidal streamdevice design is based on its 300kWprototype HS300 which was installed atKvalsundet, Finnmark, Northern Norwayin 2003 and was connected to thegrid in 2004 becoming the worlds firstgrid-connected device. The HS300 hasbeen thoroughly tested through a fullcycle of deployment, operation, retrieval,maintenance and re-deployment.Future PlansThe next stage in the development ofHammerfest Strøm’s device will be thedeployment of a 1MW model at EMEC in2011, followed by a 10MW array at Islayin 2013. Hammerfest Strøm intends tomove toward commercial deployment in2015.

47Marine Current TurbinesName of Device: SeaGenCapacity: 1.2MWLocation: Strangford LoughDevice Type: ADevice OperationMCT’s SeaGen device comprises twinaxial flow rotors of 16m diameter,each driving a generator via a speedincreasinggearbox. The generatoroutput is rectified, inverted andexported to the 11kv grid via a step-uptransformer. The output is fully gridcompliantand the twin turbines areindependently operable.The rotors have a patented full spanpitch control such that they can generateon flood and ebb tides.The structure is surface piercing so thatthe drive trains can be raised to thesurface for easy maintenance accessusing low cost vessels.Company HistoryMCT was spun out of IT Power Ltd in2000 to exploit tidal turbine technology.IT Power deployed a 15kw axial flowtidal turbine in Loch Linnhe in 1994,which was the world’s first tidal turbineand this was inherited and is owned byMCT (who donated it to the Museum ofScotland in 2010).In 2003 a single rotor 300kWexperimental turbine known as Seaflowwas deployed in Lynmouth, NorthDevon. This was decommissioned inOctober 2009.The 1.2MW at 2.4m/s SeaGen devicewas installed in Strangford in May 2008,and to date has successfully operatedfor in excess of 4,000 operating hoursand generated in excess of 2.5GWh ofelectricity on to the grid. It is accreditedby OFGEM as the first tidal streamgenerating station.Future PlansMarine Current Turbines is currentlydeveloping a 5MW array in Kyle Rhea,Skye, a 10MW array near Skerries,Anglesey. They have a 100MW projectapproved at Brough Ness in thePentland Firth.

48MinestoName of Device: Deep GreenCapacity: 0.5MWLocation: Northern Ireland (from 2011)Device Type: EDevice OperationThe Deep Green technology convertsenergy from tidal stream flows intoelectricity by way of a novel principle,somewhat similar to the posture of awind kite. The kite assembly, consistingof a wing and turbine, is attached by atether to a fixed point on the ocean bed.Company HistoryMinesto is a spin-off of the SaabGroup. Development of the Deep Greentechnology for a new type of tidal powerplant started within the Saab Group in2003. After four years of technologicaland commercial evaluation, Minestowas formed in 2007 and is devotedto continuing the journey towardscommercialization.Future PlansIn 2011 the first ocean installation will bemade off the coast of Northern Ireland.In 2013 Minesto plans to start smallscaleelectricity production, expandingby 2016 to industrial-scale generation.Fully submerged 2MW SeaGen “U”system is being developed, to bedeployed in Canada.

49Pulse Tidal LtdName of Device: Pulse-StreamCapacity: 100KWLocation: River HumberEstuary, near ImminghamDevice Type: CDevice OperationPulse-Stream is an oscillating hydrofoiltidal stream device. It extracts powerfrom tidal currents using a horizontalblade, which moves up and down.This movement drives a gearbox andgenerator through a crankshaft. Themotion is much like a “nodding donkey”oilfield beam pump.This approach decouples the bladelength (and therefore power generationcapacity) from the water depth, enablingPulse-Stream to produce 1.2MW in only18m of water, with potential to scaleup to 5MW in 35m of water. Utilisinga unique deployment and recoverysystem, 2 Pulse-Stream machines canbe installed on each foundation, offeringup to 10MW installed capacity perfoundation in water 35m deep.Company HistoryPulse Tidal was formed in 2007,following 10yr of development work byfounder Marc Paish. The company hasbeen operating a 100kW grid connectedprototype machine in the Humberestuary since early 2009. This devicehas proven the Pulse concept in an openwater environment.Future PlansBuilding on the success of the Humberprototype, Pulse Tidal was awarded an€8m grant to demonstrate Pulse-Streamat 1.2MW commercial scale. Engineeringof this machine is now well advanced,with deployment expected in 2013.

50Tidal Energy LtdName of Device: DeltaStreamCapacity: 1.2MWLocation: Ramsey Sound,Pembrokeshire (from 2012)Device Type: ADevice OperationThe DeltaStream device is a 1.2MW unitwhich sits on the seabed without theneed for a positive anchoring system. Itgenerates electricity from three separatehorizontal axis turbines mounted on acommon frame.The use of three turbines on a single,circa 36m wide, triangular frameproduces a low centre of gravityenabling the device to satisfy itsstructural stability requirements,including the avoidance of overturningand sliding. Each turbine’s nacellehas a hydraulic yawing system whichenables each turbine to turn to face theoncoming tide and therefore the unit cangenerate electricity on both the ebb andflood tides.Company HistoryTEL is a private company located inCardiff, South Wales. It was set up todevelop DeltaStream.TEL was previously named TidalHydraulic Generators Limited (THGL)which was originally established inJanuary 2001. This company was setup following intervention from the WelshDevelopment Agency in 1999, supportfrom Pembrokeshire Coast National Parkand European Funds to test one of thefirst UK trials of full scale blades in atidal flow. This project was successfullycompleted in April 2002 and a secondphase, which added a generator to thetest rig, was completed in early 2003.Subsequent to this initial pioneeringin the tidal stream industry, on theinvestment by Eco2 Limited and CarbonConnections Limited the companywas renamed Tidal Energy Limited inDecember 2007.Future PlansTEL will deploy the first full scaleDeltaStream device in Ramsey SoundPembrokeshire in early 2012. Followinga successful 12month technical andenvironmental test of the device, TELwill develop a pre commercial array at asite yet to be confirmed for installationin 2014.

51Tidal Generation LimitedName of Device: TGL500kWeCapacity: 500kWLocation: EMECDevice Type: ADevice OperationThe TGL concept is a three-bladedupstream tidal turbine that extractsenergy during both flood and ebbtide. The nacelle is attached to alightweight foundation which is pinnedto the seabed. A mechanical clampfacilitates yawing powered by a rearmounted thruster. Once locked to facethe optimum flow, the turbine cuts inat 1ms-1 and reaches rated power at2.7ms-1. For higher flow speeds theblade pitch and generator torque areregulated to maintain turbine speedand machine power at rated values.A fail safe mechanical break providescontrol redundancy. A gearbox connectsthe turbine to an induction generator,and a frequency converter, step uptransformer and wet mate link completethe generating system. The turbine willoutput grid compatible 6.6kV 3-phasepower for connection to a tidal farmelectrical infrastructure.Company HistoryTGL was formed in 2005 and the initialsmall engineering team designed andassembled the 500kWe demonstratormachine that has been generating sinceSeptember 2010. In 2009 TGL became awholly owned subsidiary of Rolls-Royceand now has 35 employees.Future PlansDesign of the 1MWe full scale precommercialmachine, based on the500kWe prototype, is underway aspart of the Energy Technology InstituteReDAPT programme and will be used tocapture data to validate industry widedesign and performance tools. It will runthrough 2012-2013 and form the basisof a 10 MWe demonstration array to bebuilt with a major UK utility in 2013.

52TidalStreamName of Device: TritonCapacity: 3-10MWLocation: N/ADevice Type: ADevice OperationThe Triton system has turbines mountedon semi-submersible spar buoyssecured to a seabed anchorage by arigid swing-arm tether. Two versions ofTriton are being developed; the Triton3, which can mount three turbines each20m diameter on a single cross-arm,and is designed for water depths of 35to 55m and Triton 6, which can mountsix turbines on two horizontal crossarmsand produce up to 10MW in highvelocity deeper water sites such as thePentland Firth.Triton can support horizontal axisturbines that can be open rotor,shrouded, geared or direct drivesystems. It can swing around itsmounting and thus always presentthe turbines to the tide removing theneed for reversing pitch, and canaccommodate fixed or variable pitchsystems. It also maximises energycapture by optimum positioning of therotors in the stream depth (currents nearthe surface generally run significantlyfaster than those near the seabed).Company HistoryThe TidalStream partnership wasfounded in 2005 by Dr John Armstrongand Michael Todman, who broughtextensive experience from the wind,marine, and power industries to thechallenge of tidal generation. Thetechnology has been built on thepioneering work started by JohnArmstrong and patented in 2003. Earlydevelopment was carried out through aconsortium of organisations with supportfrom the UK government (BERR/DECC),and has subsequently been built onthrough tank testing, modelling, patentprotection, and the present series oftests in the Thames.Future PlansThe first full-scale system will be a Triton3 which will be built and deployed todemonstrate the ease of installation,deployment and maintenanceoperations. TidalStream may undertakethis directly, or through a joint ventureapproach, dependent on turbinesutilised.

53VerdErg Renewable Energy LtdName of Device: SpectralMarine Energy Converter(SMEC)Capacity: 0.25-1000MWLocation: Cumbria (from2013)Device Type: EDevice OperationSMEC is a unique patented technologythat uses Bernoulli’s venturi principlesto convert large low head flows tosmaller flows at higher heads. SMEC’sventuri shape allows a primary flow of amoving body of water to pass throughthe device creating a pump. SMEC’sventuri pump draws a higher head dropsecondary flow to drive a conventionalaxial flow turbine – the only underwatermoving part – which in turn drives agenerator above the surface. Its simpleversatile design can function in a rangeof flow conditions in rivers, marine andestuarine locations and is scaleable froma few KW to multi-GW installations.Company HistoryFormed in 1979 for innovative subseaoil and gas product development, thecompany was renamed VerdErg in2005 to mark a change of focus ontorenewable energy. VerdErg is applyingits 30 years experience of operatingin the hostile marine environmentWest of Shetlands with the intentionof designing SMEC as a technologywith low maintenance, low cost, goodperformance and which is inherentlyreliable.Future PlansDuring 2011 to 2013, further testingcontinuing from the SETS project willbe undertaken on VerdErg’s full-scaletest apparatus to refine the auditabledatabase that endorses the poweroutput claims made for SMEC. Atemporary demonstration installationwill then be installed in a small existingwater course in Cumbria prior to thefirst commercial facility coming on-line.Fish passage studies are planned, toidentify any effects on fish of changes inwater pressure and shear forces duringpassage through SMEC, and to facilitateselection of appropriate mitigationtechniques, if needed. VerdErg willcontinue to progress SMEC along itsdevelopment road map through smallriver projects to tidal estuaries in the UKand abroad to make it a fully credibleand mature technology that will stand asa viable environmentally friendly ultralowhead hydropower solution.

54Voith Hydro OceanCurrent TechnologiesName of Device: Voith HyTide 1000-16Capacity: 1 MWLocation: EMECDevice Type: ADevice OperationThe Voith HyTide Tidal power plant isa 3 bladed, horizontal axis, free-streamturbine with symmetric blade shapesfor bi-directional flow. The rotor drivesthe direct-driven permanent excitedgenerator.The kinetic energy of the tidal current istransformed by the rotor (symmetricalhydraulic profiles) into mechanicalenergy on the shaft. The direct-drivengenerator is excited with permanentmagnets and converts mechanicalpower into electrical power, which isrectified, converted and transformed intogrid frequency and voltage.Company HistoryFounded on January1st 1867, Voith isa global leader in the paper, energy,mobility and service industries. VoithHydro is a Group Division of Voith andbelongs to the world-wide leadingcompanies for hydro power equipment.With the acquisition of Wavegen in2005, the company has focused onthe development of marine renewableenergy.In 2009, Voith Hydro and RWE Innogyannounced the formation of thejoint venture of Voith Hydro OceanCurrent Technologies to acceleratethe development, manufacture andmarketing of ocean current technologies.RWE Innogy holds 20% in the companyand Voith Hydro is the majorityshareholder with 80%.Future PlansA full scale 1MW demonstrator(supported by MRPF funding) willfollow in a two step approach:• Support Structure Installation(drilled monopile), planned forsummer 2011.• Turbine installation, due in 2012.

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