ACKNOWLEDGEMENTSWe thank Gary J. Gates for analyzing Census 2000 and American Community Survey data for this reportand Darcy Pottle, Chris Ramos, and Dev<strong>on</strong> Dunlap for <strong>the</strong>ir research, editing, and graphic designassistance.ABOUT THE AUTHORSBrad Sears is Executive Direc<str<strong>on</strong>g>to</str<strong>on</strong>g>r <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> <strong>the</strong> Williams Institute, UCLA School <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> Law, where he is also anAdjunct Pr<str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g>essor <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> Law and teaches sexual orientati<strong>on</strong> and disability law courses. His current researchfocuses <strong>on</strong> HIV discriminati<strong>on</strong> by health care providers.M.V. Lee Badgett is Research Direc<str<strong>on</strong>g>to</str<strong>on</strong>g>r at <strong>the</strong> Williams Institute, UCLA School <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> Law, and Direc<str<strong>on</strong>g>to</str<strong>on</strong>g>r <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g><strong>the</strong> Center for Public Policy and Administrati<strong>on</strong> at <strong>the</strong> University <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> Massachusetts Amherst, where she isalso <strong>on</strong> <strong>the</strong> faculty <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> <strong>the</strong> Department <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> Ec<strong>on</strong>omics. She studies family policy and employmentdiscriminati<strong>on</strong> related <str<strong>on</strong>g>to</str<strong>on</strong>g> sexual orientati<strong>on</strong>.For more informati<strong>on</strong>, c<strong>on</strong>tact:<str<strong>on</strong>g>The</str<strong>on</strong>g> Williams InstituteUCLA School <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> LawBox 951476Los Angeles, CA 90095-1476T (310)267-4382F (310)825-7270williamsinstitute@law.ucla.eduwww.law.ucla.edu/williamsinstitute11
REFERENCES1 In re <str<strong>on</strong>g>Marriage</str<strong>on</strong>g> Cases, California Supreme Court (S147999), May 15, 2008, http://www.courtinfo.ca.gov/opini<strong>on</strong>s/documents/S147999.PDF (accessed May 2008).2 See http://www.sos.ca.gov/electi<strong>on</strong>s/electi<strong>on</strong>s_j.htm#pending_sigs (accessed May 2008).3 Badgett, M.V. Lee, R. Bradley Sears, Elizabeth Kukura, and Holning S. Lau. 2006. <str<strong>on</strong>g>The</str<strong>on</strong>g> <str<strong>on</strong>g>Impact</str<strong>on</strong>g> <strong>on</strong> Washing<str<strong>on</strong>g>to</str<strong>on</strong>g>n’sBudget <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> Allowing <str<strong>on</strong>g>Same</str<strong>on</strong>g>-<str<strong>on</strong>g>Sex</str<strong>on</strong>g> <str<strong>on</strong>g>Couples</str<strong>on</strong>g> <str<strong>on</strong>g>to</str<strong>on</strong>g> Marry. http://www.law.ucla.edu/williamsinstitute/publicati<strong>on</strong>s/washing<str<strong>on</strong>g>to</str<strong>on</strong>g>n%20ec<strong>on</strong>%20study.pdf (accessed March 2008).4 Badgett, M.V. Lee et al. 2006. <str<strong>on</strong>g>The</str<strong>on</strong>g> <str<strong>on</strong>g>Impact</str<strong>on</strong>g> <strong>on</strong> New Mexico’s Budget <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> Allowing <str<strong>on</strong>g>Same</str<strong>on</strong>g>-<str<strong>on</strong>g>Sex</str<strong>on</strong>g> <str<strong>on</strong>g>Couples</str<strong>on</strong>g> <str<strong>on</strong>g>to</str<strong>on</strong>g> Marry.http://www.law.ucla.edu/williamsinstitute/publicati<strong>on</strong>s/new%20mexico%20ec<strong>on</strong>%20study.pdf (accessed March2008).5 Badgett, M.V. Lee, R. Bradley Sears and Elizabeth Kukura. 2005. <str<strong>on</strong>g>The</str<strong>on</strong>g> <str<strong>on</strong>g>Impact</str<strong>on</strong>g> <strong>on</strong> New Hampshire’s Budget <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g>Allowing <str<strong>on</strong>g>Same</str<strong>on</strong>g>-<str<strong>on</strong>g>Sex</str<strong>on</strong>g> <str<strong>on</strong>g>Couples</str<strong>on</strong>g> <str<strong>on</strong>g>to</str<strong>on</strong>g> Marry. http://www.law.ucla.edu/williamsproj/publicati<strong>on</strong>s/New%20Hampshire%20Ec<strong>on</strong>%20Study.pdf (accessed March 2008).6 Sears, R. Bradley and M.V. Lee Badgett. 2004. <str<strong>on</strong>g>The</str<strong>on</strong>g> <str<strong>on</strong>g>Impact</str<strong>on</strong>g> <strong>on</strong> California’s Budget <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> Allowing <str<strong>on</strong>g>Same</str<strong>on</strong>g>-<str<strong>on</strong>g>Sex</str<strong>on</strong>g> <str<strong>on</strong>g>Couples</str<strong>on</strong>g> <str<strong>on</strong>g>to</str<strong>on</strong>g>Marry. http://www.law.ucla.edu/williamsproj/publicati<strong>on</strong>s/CA<str<strong>on</strong>g>Same</str<strong>on</strong>g><str<strong>on</strong>g>Sex</str<strong>on</strong>g><str<strong>on</strong>g>Marriage</str<strong>on</strong>g>.pdf (accessed March 2008).7 Badgett, M.V. Lee, R. Bradley Sears, Patrice Curtis and Elizabeth Kukura. 2005. Counting <strong>on</strong> <str<strong>on</strong>g>Couples</str<strong>on</strong>g>: Fiscal Savingsfrom Allowing <str<strong>on</strong>g>Same</str<strong>on</strong>g>-<str<strong>on</strong>g>Sex</str<strong>on</strong>g> <str<strong>on</strong>g>Couples</str<strong>on</strong>g> <str<strong>on</strong>g>to</str<strong>on</strong>g> Marry in C<strong>on</strong>necticut. http://www.law.ucla.edu/williamsproj/pdf/CountingOn<str<strong>on</strong>g>Couples</str<strong>on</strong>g>.doc (accessed March 2008).8 Badgett, M.V. Lee et al. 2006. <str<strong>on</strong>g>The</str<strong>on</strong>g> <str<strong>on</strong>g>Impact</str<strong>on</strong>g> <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> <strong>the</strong> Colorado Domestic Partnership Act <strong>on</strong> Colorado’s State Budget.http://www.law.ucla.edu/williamsinstitute/publicati<strong>on</strong>s/Colorado%20DP%20benefits%20<strong>on</strong>%20Ec<strong>on</strong>%20Report.pdf(accessed November 2007).9 Badgett, M.V. Lee, R. Bradley Sears and Suzanne Goldberg. 2003. Supporting Families, Saving Funds: A FiscalAnalysis <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> New Jersey’s Family Equality Act. http://www.law.ucla.edu/williamsproj/publicati<strong>on</strong>s/NJ-DPAStudy.pdf(accessed March 2008).10 Albelda, Randy et al. 2005. “Now That We Do: <str<strong>on</strong>g>Same</str<strong>on</strong>g>-<str<strong>on</strong>g>Sex</str<strong>on</strong>g> <str<strong>on</strong>g>Couples</str<strong>on</strong>g> and <str<strong>on</strong>g>Marriage</str<strong>on</strong>g> in Massachusetts: A Demographicand Ec<strong>on</strong>omic Perspective.” Massachusetts Benchmarks 7:23.11 Badgett, M.V. Lee. 1998. <str<strong>on</strong>g>The</str<strong>on</strong>g> Fiscal <str<strong>on</strong>g>Impact</str<strong>on</strong>g> <strong>on</strong> <strong>the</strong> State <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> Verm<strong>on</strong>t <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> Allowing <str<strong>on</strong>g>Same</str<strong>on</strong>g>-<str<strong>on</strong>g>Sex</str<strong>on</strong>g> <str<strong>on</strong>g>Couples</str<strong>on</strong>g> <str<strong>on</strong>g>to</str<strong>on</strong>g> Marry.Amherst: Institute for Gay and Lesbian Strategic Studies. http://www.iglss.org/media/files/techrpt981.pdf (accessedMarch 2008).12 Badgett, M.V. Lee, Amanda K. Baumle, Shawn Kravich, Adam P. Romero, and Brad Sears. 2007. <str<strong>on</strong>g>The</str<strong>on</strong>g> <str<strong>on</strong>g>Impact</str<strong>on</strong>g> <strong>on</strong>Maryland’s Budget <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> Allowing <str<strong>on</strong>g>Same</str<strong>on</strong>g>-<str<strong>on</strong>g>Sex</str<strong>on</strong>g> <str<strong>on</strong>g>Couples</str<strong>on</strong>g> <str<strong>on</strong>g>to</str<strong>on</strong>g> Marry. http://www.law.ucla.edu/williamsinstitute/publicati<strong>on</strong>s/marylandfiscalimpact.pdf (accessed March 2008).13 Sears, R. Bradley and M.V. Lee Badgett. 2004. <str<strong>on</strong>g>The</str<strong>on</strong>g> <str<strong>on</strong>g>Impact</str<strong>on</strong>g> <strong>on</strong> Iowa’s Budget <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> Allowing <str<strong>on</strong>g>Same</str<strong>on</strong>g>-<str<strong>on</strong>g>Sex</str<strong>on</strong>g> <str<strong>on</strong>g>Couples</str<strong>on</strong>g> <str<strong>on</strong>g>to</str<strong>on</strong>g>Marry. http://www.law.ucla.edu/williamsproj/publicati<strong>on</strong>s/IA<str<strong>on</strong>g>Same</str<strong>on</strong>g><str<strong>on</strong>g>Sex</str<strong>on</strong>g><str<strong>on</strong>g>Marriage</str<strong>on</strong>g>.pdf (accessed March 2008).14 Badgett, M.V. Lee and R. Bradley Sears. 2005. “Putting a Price <strong>on</strong> Equality? <str<strong>on</strong>g>The</str<strong>on</strong>g> <str<strong>on</strong>g>Impact</str<strong>on</strong>g> <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> <str<strong>on</strong>g>Same</str<strong>on</strong>g>-<str<strong>on</strong>g>Sex</str<strong>on</strong>g> <str<strong>on</strong>g>Marriage</str<strong>on</strong>g> <strong>on</strong>California’s Budget.” Stanford Law & Policy Review 16(1):197-232. http://www.law.ucla.edu/williamsproj/publicati<strong>on</strong>s/16_Stan_L_&_Poly_Rev_197.pdf (accessed March 2008).15 C<strong>on</strong>necticut General Assembly, Office <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> Legislative Research. 2002. Office <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> Fiscal Analysis Report <strong>on</strong> HB 5001.http://www1.law.ucla.edu/~williamsproj/c<strong>on</strong>nstudy_files/c<strong>on</strong>nstudy.htm (accessed March 2008).16 Office <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> Legislative Council. 2002. Report <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> <strong>the</strong> Verm<strong>on</strong>t Domestic partnership Review Commissi<strong>on</strong>.http://www.leg.state.vt.us/baker/Final%20CURC%20Report%20for%202002.htm (accessed March 2008).17 Hevesi, Alan G. 2004. Testim<strong>on</strong>y <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> New York State Comptroller Alan G. Hevesi <str<strong>on</strong>g>to</str<strong>on</strong>g> New York City Council in Support<str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> <strong>the</strong> Right <str<strong>on</strong>g>to</str<strong>on</strong>g> Civil <str<strong>on</strong>g>Marriage</str<strong>on</strong>g> for <str<strong>on</strong>g>Same</str<strong>on</strong>g>-<str<strong>on</strong>g>Sex</str<strong>on</strong>g> <str<strong>on</strong>g>Couples</str<strong>on</strong>g> in New York State, March 3. New York: Office <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> <strong>the</strong> New YorkState Comptroller. http://www.osc.state.ny.us/press/releases/mar04/030304b.htm (accessed March 2008).18 Holtz-Eakin, Douglas (Direc<str<strong>on</strong>g>to</str<strong>on</strong>g>r, C<strong>on</strong>gressi<strong>on</strong>al Budget Office). 2004. “<str<strong>on</strong>g>The</str<strong>on</strong>g> Potential Budgetary <str<strong>on</strong>g>Impact</str<strong>on</strong>g> <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g>Recognizing <str<strong>on</strong>g>Same</str<strong>on</strong>g>-<str<strong>on</strong>g>Sex</str<strong>on</strong>g> <str<strong>on</strong>g>Marriage</str<strong>on</strong>g>s.” Letter <str<strong>on</strong>g>to</str<strong>on</strong>g> Chairman <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> House Subcommittee <strong>on</strong> <strong>the</strong> C<strong>on</strong>stituti<strong>on</strong>, June 21.http://www.cbo.gov/ftpdocs/55xx/doc5559/06-21-<str<strong>on</strong>g>Same</str<strong>on</strong>g><str<strong>on</strong>g>Sex</str<strong>on</strong>g><str<strong>on</strong>g>Marriage</str<strong>on</strong>g>.pdf (accessed March 2008).19 Comm<strong>on</strong>wealth <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> Massachusetts, Registry <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> Vital Records and Statistics, Table 1 <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> statistical report dated May16, 2007. <str<strong>on</strong>g>The</str<strong>on</strong>g> data for 2007 cover <strong>the</strong> time period through March 2007.20 Gates, Gary. 2007. Geographic Trends Am<strong>on</strong>g <str<strong>on</strong>g>Same</str<strong>on</strong>g>-<str<strong>on</strong>g>Sex</str<strong>on</strong>g> <str<strong>on</strong>g>Couples</str<strong>on</strong>g> in <strong>the</strong> U.S. Census and <strong>the</strong> American CommunitySurvey, <str<strong>on</strong>g>The</str<strong>on</strong>g> Williams Institute. Page 17, Appendix I. http://www.law.ucla.edu/WilliamsInstitute/publicati<strong>on</strong>s/ACSBriefFinal.pdf (accessed May 31, 2008) (average <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> 2004-06 American Community Survey data forsame-sex couples in Massachusetts, 21,956).21 See Cindy Chooley, Verm<strong>on</strong>t Department <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> Health. Apr. 2007. M<strong>on</strong>thly Report <strong>on</strong> Civil Uni<strong>on</strong>s (reporting that1,367 same-sex couples have entered a civil uni<strong>on</strong> in <strong>the</strong> state). Gates, supra note 20 Page 17, Appendix I.(average <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> 2004-06 American Community Survey data for same-sex couples in Verm<strong>on</strong>t, 2,435).12
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