LIBERATION MOTIF IN SELECT NOVELS OF MULK RAJ ANAND ...

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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTIt is with a tremendous sense of gratitude and appreciation that I recallthe services rendered to me by numerous friends, well-wishers, colleagues,scholars and professoein the process of my completing successfully my Ph.D.thesis. The journey has been at once challenging and hlfilling, exhausting andenriching. However the role that these persons played all through the processhas been nourishing and sustaining me.I owe my debt of gratitude first and foremost and in an abundantmeasure to Dr. P. Marudanayagarn, Ph.D. Professor and Head of theDepartment of English, Pondicherry University, who guided my research withcritical interest, scholarly insight, friendly concern and above all, with aperfectionist's eye for the correctness of language, aptness andappropriateness of style and format of the thesis, and the overall evolution ofthought and the impact of theme. I remember with a deep sense of gratitudethe long hours he has spent with me, discussing the different aspects of thethesis, clarifying, criticising, elucidating and eliciting. It has been an extremelyenriching experience relating to him as my mentor teacher and fiend. He hasintroduced me, by his example and teaching, to fascinating and hithertomchartered areas of research and investigation, specially to the infiniteresearch potential that is there in the domain of Commonwealth Literatureand that of Comparative Literature.My sincere thanks are also due to my Professors in the faculty ofEnglish of Pondicherry University. Their positive approach to me and theirtimely suggestions and ideas have sustained my research fervour.
I express my deep sense of thankfulness to a host of my Jesuit friendswho were a constant source of encouragement and support : Fr. XavierAlphonse, S.J. who was instrumental in my conceiving and relentlesslypursuing the topic that lent itself for fruitful research; Fr.G.Packiaraj, S.J.who has all through rendered help by way of offering suggestions, comparingnotes and above all, by providing a stimulating companionship; and myreligious Superiors and fellow Jesuits who have given me the necessarysupport and encouragement.I place on record my sense of gratitude to Dr. C.D. Narasirnhaiah, forhis rare insights and views, and his monumental collection of works onCommonwealth Literature in his Dhvanya Loka Library at Mysore. TheAmerican Studies Research Centre, Hyderabad, the Central Institute ofEnglish, Hyderabad, the Central Library, Pondicherry University, the libraryof the Department of English, American College, Madurai, the library of theRegional Institute of English, Bangalore and the libraries of St. Joseph'sCollege (Autonomous), Tiruchirappalli and Loyola College, Madras have beenthe resource centres I have visited and benefited from.I remain grateful to the Pondicherry University and particularly to theEnglish Department for kindly allowing me to do research. My special thanksare due to Rev. Sax, S.J. who &om Nigeria generously supplied me withprimary and secondary source materials on Chinua Achebe-Finally let me thank Mr. Charles and Mr. Esther for the excellenttyping of the thesis and Profhirthan, M.Phi1. of the Department of Englishof St.Joseph's College, Tintchirappalli for his meticulous reading of the roughdraft of the thesis and his suggested corrections and alterations.
Page 1: LIBERATION MOTIF IN SELECT NOVELS O
Page 5 and 6: Fr. A. LEO ANTONY TAGBRE, MADepartm
Page 7 and 8: and performance of these two wrikrs
Page 9 and 10: 513sCWQJCT;;;IVL,LCALTMFSTLEJLCIJES
Page 11 and 12: -----------------------I N T R O D
Page 13 and 14: of the predominance of social theme
Page 15 and 16: foreign scholars and students of En
Page 17 and 18: Iyengar's criticism is quite percep
Page 19 and 20: C.D. Narasimhaiah in his book, The
Page 21 and 22: faith in God and as a consequence h
Page 23 and 24: some refreshing and exhilarating in
Page 25 and 26: particularly to the Marxist protest
Page 27 and 28: post-independence era. He takes up
Page 29 and 30: propagandist work, given the theme
Page 31 and 32: people. In this way he has made it
Page 33 and 34: difficulty to non-West ~frican read
Page 35 and 36: Jonathan A Peters has in his book,
Page 37 and 38: the concept of commitment and its r
Page 39 and 40: commented on Acheber s style and fi
Page 41: - His article, "Drawing the Lines o
Page 44 and 45: novel,Her insights about the multip
Page 46 and 47: of interpreters or critics is impor
Page 48 and 49: Both have stuck to the parameters o
Page 50 and 51: leadership in preference to central
Page 52 and 53:
A B S T R A C TChapter one, Introdu
Page 54 and 55:
Achebe's protrayal of this historic
Page 56 and 57:
Chapter Seven, ItLiberation from th
Page 58 and 59:
the right balance or rhythm between
Page 60 and 61:
majority of the population in want
Page 62 and 63:
maintained an intrinsic and almost
Page 64 and 65:
Its immdediate antecedentis to be f
Page 66 and 67:
elations and specially in commercia
Page 68 and 69:
The same writer concludes to a new
Page 70 and 71:
of liberation. The oft-used 'libera
Page 72 and 73:
determined simply by a given cosmic
Page 74 and 75:
product.These 'objectifications' of
Page 76 and 77:
But what is common in all these dif
Page 78 and 79:
toan involvement, a commitment, whi
Page 80 and 81:
ideology sweeping through most Asia
Page 82 and 83:
voluntarypoverty and the spirit of
Page 84 and 85:
implicit faith in the basic goodnes
Page 86 and 87:
MULK RAJ ANAND AND CHINUA ACHEBE AM
Page 88 and 89:
many years before Dr.K.R. ~rinivasa
Page 90 and 91:
instant hit. He followed it up with
Page 92 and 93:
y the metaphysical. We see a spirit
Page 94 and 95:
During the period between 1950 and
Page 96 and 97:
of the human person and on the life
Page 98 and 99:
-- At Ease (1960); Arrow of God (19
Page 100 and 101:
Europeans came into the picture. Th
Page 102 and 103:
and extolling the negritude or the
Page 104 and 105:
.... Grounding literature on concre
Page 106 and 107:
sought the raw material for his/her
Page 108 and 109:
CHAPTER FOUR-----------------------
Page 110 and 111:
acid test of their authenticity as
Page 112 and 113:
who had religious sanction for thei
Page 114 and 115:
The question he poses to himself in
Page 116 and 117:
ehabilitate them as equal citizens
Page 118 and 119:
not allowing him to enjoy the sunny
Page 120 and 121:
This and numerous instances in the
Page 122 and 123:
Anantafs association with Janki and
Page 124 and 125:
transformation that takes place in
Page 126 and 127:
Anand believes in the values of unr
Page 128 and 129:
Achebe presents Qkonkwofs character
Page 130 and 131:
displayed by the British of the nat
Page 132 and 133:
The opening scene wherein Obi is co
Page 134 and 135:
The ultimate victory is an affirmat
Page 136 and 137:
It is Ikem who begins to articulate
Page 138 and 139:
Shortly after his inspiring speech
Page 140 and 141:
There are strong similarities and s
Page 142 and 143:
to perform the task.His method is n
Page 144 and 145:
Bhikhu, Gangu, Ananta and even Gaur
Page 146 and 147:
CHAPTERFIVE----------TRAD I T ION V
Page 148 and 149:
Novel is that bright book of life w
Page 150 and 151:
narrow, myopic perception of life a
Page 152 and 153:
Anand has a fine perception af the
Page 154 and 155:
cast in the mould of a self-effacin
Page 156 and 157:
ground reality.However it is the po
Page 158 and 159:
ignorance, superstitious beliefs im
Page 160 and 161:
command of his narrative never slac
Page 162 and 163:
A certain fearlessness and scant re
Page 164 and 165:
fashioning out his fictional narrat
Page 166 and 167:
Obi is presented as an educated Nig
Page 168 and 169:
village people's stout opposition t
Page 170 and 171:
The point af view as expressed by C
Page 172 and 173:
thematic end by laying greater stre
Page 174 and 175:
story of the struggle between these
Page 176 and 177:
industrialisation, Money became the
Page 178 and 179:
Finally we see a hunted and hounded
Page 180 and 181:
Gangu's destiny is inextricably wed
Page 182 and 183:
means of production. This is what i
Page 184 and 185:
on deaf ears- And his heroic death
Page 186 and 187:
And Margaret Berry seems to agree w
Page 188 and 189:
conviction bearing on the conflicts
Page 190 and 191:
adaptability, he is unwillingly has
Page 192 and 193:
in well-diguised or civilized 'inno
Page 194 and 195:
Odili though an idealist has a desi
Page 196 and 197:
AIL said and done, Achebe's investi
Page 198 and 199:
From a reading of Achebe's Anthills
Page 200 and 201:
Now we turn our attention to the ca
Page 202 and 203:
and cleanliness of the high caste p
Page 204 and 205:
vegetable curry and rice while they
Page 206 and 207:
Bhikhu the protagonist is a road-wo
Page 208 and 209:
complacency, he also attacks the la
Page 210 and 211:
people, thanks to widespread availa
Page 212 and 213:
It could be by extension applied to
Page 214 and 215:
And his mother literally shattered
Page 216 and 217:
2 09morale of the people. Struggles
Page 218 and 219:
This has been the traditional attit
Page 220 and 221:
It is very gratifying to note the e
Page 222 and 223:
Anand has, in his novel taken a bol
Page 224 and 225:
with his wife in her growth into se
Page 226 and 227:
Anand has successfully resolved the
Page 228 and 229:
acceptance and compassion, so very
Page 230 and 231:
Achebe is quite critical of the inf
Page 232 and 233:
ambitious- She holds a brief for Ik
Page 234 and 235:
ealistic, the male and the female,
Page 236 and 237:
Achebe, when compared with Anand, a
Page 238 and 239:
national situation and cultural her
Page 240 and 241:
injustice. They were poet-prophets
Page 242 and 243:
This brings us to the current debat
Page 244 and 245:
Propaganda is always to be with us.
Page 246 and 247:
"does the writer regard his work as
Page 248 and 249:
elief system embodied in a poem or
Page 250 and 251:
According to some critics commitmen
Page 252 and 253:
critics hostile to commitment, beca
Page 254 and 255:
and to be their spokesperson. In th
Page 256 and 257:
of a writer can transform the vario
Page 258 and 259:
Anand explores aspects of the human
Page 260 and 261:
social content or purpose in the te
Page 262 and 263:
always abused?.... They always abus
Page 264 and 265:
While Anand has skilfully and consc
Page 266 and 267:
death is more than compensated in t
Page 268 and 269:
absorbing life-like story filled wi
Page 270 and 271:
out sirnply because he is indigent
Page 272 and 273:
different characters and situations
Page 274 and 275:
dialectical or mutually enriching a
Page 276 and 277:
for all people.True to this definit
Page 278 and 279:
ites and its own administrative set
Page 280 and 281:
infallibility. But Achebe's story i
Page 282 and 283:
The other oral form which Achebe in
Page 284 and 285:
achievement destroyed through an in
Page 286 and 287:
disintegrating trends were not alre
Page 288 and 289:
It is the same area - the supportin
Page 290 and 291:
ut well-meaning high priest, no dou
Page 292 and 293:
other words, the European coloniser
Page 294 and 295:
Chris, the commissioner for Informa
Page 296 and 297:
and seek blessing in order to gain
Page 298 and 299:
when she herself is transformed int
Page 300 and 301:
critical moments new versions of ol
Page 302 and 303:
~ecessarily, as it is obvious to us
Page 304 and 305:
Achebe as a novelist could not admi
Page 306 and 307:
Leaves and 2 Bud and the Biq Heart,
Page 308 and 309:
The fact about water like time is t
Page 310 and 311:
the story or theme he is treating i
Page 312 and 313:
. . . . the peculiarity of art is t
Page 314 and 315:
importance. The classical pitfall o
Page 316 and 317:
orne in mind that Achebe has time a
Page 318 and 319:
The term wliberation" posits man as
Page 320 and 321:
ÿ nand for the underdogs. While An
Page 322 and 323:
The novel of disillusionment came i
Page 324 and 325:
pleasures of life. He likes to dres
Page 326 and 327:
makes is Janki who becomes a symbol
Page 328 and 329:
the principal character- Achebe has
Page 330 and 331:
fact the novel assumes greater vigo
Page 332 and 333:
unable to concretely translate his
Page 334 and 335:
of tradition versus modernity in hi
Page 336 and 337:
een sharpened and made more content
Page 338 and 339:
factory management as a partner, tr
Page 340 and 341:
Achebers analysis of the tragic con
Page 342 and 343:
equation. The richer thathiars repr
Page 344 and 345:
Achebe examines this question in An
Page 346 and 347:
y certain laws of the art or genre
Page 348 and 349:
~tuauy enriching and transforming.
Page 350 and 351:
Achebe has time and again proclaime
Page 352 and 353:
elationship between the leaders amo
Page 354 and 355:
the fictional world of Anand. He ha
Page 356 and 357:
If there is a specific area for fur
Page 358 and 359:
narrative.As a result of this a blu
Page 360 and 361:
B I B L I O G R A P H YPRIMARY SOUR
Page 362 and 363:
SECONDARY SOURCESWRITINGS ON ACHEBE
Page 364 and 365:
Coppola , Carlo. Marxist Influences
Page 366 and 367:
Granquist, Raoul. "The Early Swedis
Page 368 and 369:
Kolawole, Mary Ebun Modupe. The Omn
Page 370 and 371:
---------- . "The theme of salvatio
Page 372 and 373:
Omolasa, Leslie and Johnson M-John.
Page 374 and 375:
Robertson, R. T. "Untouchable as an
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LIBERATION MOTIF IN SELECT NOVELS OF MULK RAJ ANAND ...

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