Three sub-categories may be identified: assumedrisk, reserve risk and reinsurance risk.Assumed risk is linked to the underwriting of insurancepolicies, for which actuarial models areused to determine pricing needs and to monitorclaims. In addition, underwriting guidelines areissued along with rules for assumption limits foreach individual risk category. As regards the reserverisk, which represents the possibility thatthe actual amounts of claims and settlements tobe paid would exceed the book value of the insuranceliabilities, comprised of amounts registeredunder reserve, the Company constantlymonitors the development in the reserves relatedto claims occurred but not yet paid and thechanges in said reserves. For this purpose, independentactuaries are appointed to apply specialactuarial methods.With regard to reinsurance risks, after the definitionof self-retention levels, arrangements aremade to underwrite cover contracts for the mainbusiness lines, only with leading market counterparts,in order to mitigate the risk of insolvency.Financial risks affecting companies may be brokendown into credit risks, liquidity risks andmarket risks.The companies manage the credit risk levelthrough a careful and appropriate counterpartselection policy. Credit risks are inherent inloans to customers, receivables from reinsurers,in securities and other financial instruments includingderivative contracts.Loans to customers are managed through thedirect collection carried out by the intermediaries,the payments of which, made on a decadalbasis, are subject to careful supervision by thecentral and peripheral structures for the purposeof limiting the risk of insolvency.As regards receivables from reinsurers, thecounterparties are constantly monitored and theexposure limits are reviewed annually, in compliancewith the reinsurance policy outlined byManagement, in order to verify the credit standingof the reinsurer and any potential need tocarry out write-downs.With regard to securities and other financial instruments,the Boards of Directors of the Companiesdefined the limits of investment as regardsthe individual issuer based on the natureand on the rating of the counterparty and on thetype of instruments purchased.Finally, as regards derivative instrument transactions,the Insurance Companies operate incompliance with the provisions of the SupervisoryBody and in accordance with the resolutionsof the individual Boards of Directors. Derivativecontracts for hedging and for the effectivemanagement of investments are stipulatedwith counterparties of high standing and involvefinancial instruments with a high degree of liquidity.In any case, the Insurance Companiesdo not take any proprietary positions, except forthe derivatives implicit in the structured financialinstruments and for the derivatives – with exclusivelydefensive purposes – that may be connectedwith the unit- or index-linked policiesmarketed by <strong>Carige</strong> Vita Nuova.The company manages and minimises the liquidityrisk in the short-term by accurately managingthe incoming cash flows (premiums andother amounts collected), linking them to theoutgoing cash flows (settlements and other payments),whereas for long-term management, anALM (Asset Liability Management) system is beingimplemented, which will allow a comparativeanalysis between the incoming flows frominvestments and the expected maturities of theliability commitments (as of now, the incomingcash flow component has been completed whilethe part relating to the outgoing cash flows is inthe implementation phase).The Insurance Companies control the marketrisk through sensitivity analysis and stress testing,also conducting impairment tests for the purposeof identifying, where it may be objectively determined,the need for value adjustments.As regards specifically the activities of <strong>Carige</strong>Vita Nuova, in some cases there is a direct linkbetween investments and obligations towardsthe insured; in addition, certain types of Life insurancepolicies are subject to the minimumguaranteed interest rate risk; said risk is monitoredthrough specific Asset–Liability Management(ALM) models.For the management of operational risks, theRisk Management function has been implemented,with the definition of an operational informationcollection tool (database) in which thecompany risks subject to monitoring are assessed.They are attributed to different risk areasand company processes, and in addition, assigneda risk owner.This function is implementing the methods andanalyses aimed at obtaining a more efficient riskevaluation that conforms to the requirements ofSolvency Directive II which will come into forceon 31 October <strong>2012</strong> and makes provision, forinsurance companies and Groups, for: thechange of the capital requirement calculation66
method; different methods of calculation oftechnical reserves and of solvency requirements;amendments to the criteria for the admissibilityof assets for the hedging of reserves and theelements of available capital.As regards tax disputes please refer to the section‘significant events during the half-year period”included in the Report on Operations.RESULTS BYBUSINESS SEGMENTThe <strong>Carige</strong> Group’s business model is developedand analysed according to a dual dimension;the territorial, since the sales network isbroken down into the geographical areas Liguriaand the Extra Liguria dimension; and bycustomer segment, considering that the organisationaland sales structure makes provision forspecific service approaches (in terms of products,prices and infrastructures) aimed at the differenttypes of customer.In accordance with the management approachdefined by IFRS 8, the bank chose the territorymodel as a model of reference for segment <strong>report</strong>ing,which breaks down the results and theactivities into the following operating segments:- “Liguria”: operating customers atbranches of the Parent Company in thatgeographic area, together with the resultsof Cassa di Risparmio di Savona, prevalentlylocated in that area;- “Extra Liguria”: operating customers at thebranch banks of the Parent Company locatedin other regions, together with theresults of subsidiary banks located in thesegeographical areas (Cassa di Risparmiodi Carrara, <strong>Banca</strong> del Monte di Lucca and<strong>Banca</strong> Cesare Ponti);- “Other operating segments”: include remainingcustomers and the other Groupcompanies that perform asset management,insurance (life and non-life business),financial and instrumental activities;- “Netting and unallocated items”: remainingsegment explicitly envisaged in theregulations for <strong>report</strong>ing intra-group nettingand reconciliation items compared tothe accounting figures.This <strong>report</strong> will be integrated with a summary illustrationby customer segment of the incomestatement and balance sheet values.So as to allow a significant time-based comparison,the data for previous periods have beenreworked in line with current disclosure approaches.At the end of the first half of <strong>2012</strong> the results ofthe geographical operating sectors were as follows:- the Liguria network recorded an increasein values compared to the first six monthsof 2011: gross operating incomeamounted to € 250.3 million (+8.1% overthe first half of 2011; 44.9% of the Grouptotal), net income from financial and insurancemanagement totalled € 230.5million (up 6.2% over the first half of2011; 49.5% of the Group total) and operatingcosts came to € 116.1 million(+5.0% over the first half of 2011; 34.2%of the Group total). These figures are reflectedin profits from ordinary activities of€ 114.4 million (+7.3% compared to thefirst half of 2011) and a cost/income ratioof 46.4% (47.7% at the end of the firsthalf of 2011). With regards to volumes,loans to customers stood at € 11,944 million,+6.5% over 30 June 2011; due tocustomers totalled € 6,555 million (-0.5%); securities issued and financial liabilitiesdesignated at fair value amountedto € 4,478 million (+1.7%) indirect depositsamounted to € 11,035 million (-7.2%). On the whole, financial intermediationactivities totalled € 22,068 million(-3.6%).- the Extra-Liguria network achieved a grossoperating income of € 263.7 million, up12.8% over the first half of 2011, incomefrom financial and insurance managementtotalled 224.2 million (+17.2% over thefirst half of 2011) and operating costsamounted to € 162.8 million (up 9.0%over the first half of 2011): these figures67