Marine and Freshwater Resources Institute Report No. 4 Exotic ...

ISSN: 1328-5548
Marine and Freshwater Resources Institute
Report No. 4
Exotic Marine Pests in the Port of Hastings,
Victoria.
D. R. Currie and D. P. Crookes
December 1997
Marine and Freshwater Resources Institute
PO Box 114
Queenscliff 3225

CONTENTS
SUMMARY 1
1. BACKGROUND 2
2. DESCRIPTION OF THE PORT OF HASTINGS 3
2.1 Shipping movements 3
2.2 Port development and maintenance activities 4
2.21 Dredge and spoil dumping 4
2.22 Pile construction and cleaning 5
3. EXISTING BIOLOGICAL INFORMATION 5
4. SURVEY METHODS 6
4.1 Phytoplankton 6
4.11 Sediment sampling for cyst-forming species 6
4.12 Phytoplankton sampling 6
4.2 Trapping 7
4.3 Zooplankton 7
4.4 Diver observations and collections on wharf piles 7
4.5 Visual searches 7
4.6 Epibenthos 8
4.7 Benthic infauna 8
4.8 Seine netting 8
4.9 Sediment analysis 8
5. SURVEY RESULTS 9
5.1 Port environment 9
5.2 Introduced species in port 9
5.21 ABWMAC target introduced species 9
5.22 Other target species 11
5.23 Additional exotic species detected 12
5.24 Adequacy of survey intensity 13
6. IMPACT OF EXOTIC SPECIES 13
7. ORIGIN AND POSSIBLE VECTORS FOR THE INTRODUCTION OF
EXOTIC SPECIES FOUND IN THE PORT. 14
8. INFLUENCES OF THE PORT ENVIRONMENT ON THE SURVIVAL
OF INTRODUCED SPECIES. 15
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS 16
REFERENCES 17
TABLES 1-6 21
FIGURES 1-5 25
APPENDICES 1 & 2 36

SUMMARY
The Port of Hastings in Westernport Bay was surveyed for introduced species between
4th and 15th of March 1997. The survey focused on habitats in the vicinity of
commercial wharves that were likely to be colonised by introduced species and a
variety of techniques were used to detect exotic species. Potential ‘pest’ species
identified by the Australian Ballast Water Management Advisory Council
(ABWMAC) were targeted in particular. The survey closely followed guidelines
produced by the CSIRO Centre for Research on Introduced Marine Pests (CRIMP).
A total of 355 species were collected during the survey but only 7 of these species
were confirmed as introduced. The following exotic species were found in the Port of
Hastings: the European shore crab Carcinus maenus; the European clam Corbula
gibba; the Asian mussel Musculista senhousia; the Asian bivalve Theora lubrica; and
the cosmopolitan bryozoans Bugula dentata, Bugula neritina and Watersipora
subtorquata. The only ABWMAC target species found was Carcinus maenus.
Bugula dentata was the only exotic species abundant enough in Port of Hastings to
cause a significant ecological impact. This bryozoan forms erect flexible growths and
carpets the surfaces of pier pylons at all commercial wharves in the Port of Hastings.
Bugula dentata has been present in Westernport Bay for more than 20 years and was
probably first introduced on the hulls of ships or pleasure craft.
The Port of Hastings receives more ballast water than any other commercial port in
Victoria and is therefore particularly susceptible to introductions of exotic larvae.
Most vessels currently entering port have a domestic last port of call and the majority
of these emanate from either Port Kembla or Botany Bay. As both these mainland
ports contain exotic species also recorded from the Port of Hastings, both have been
identified as likely sources of current and future introductions. Port Phillip Bay which
is now infested with exotics and geographically close to Westernport Bay is also
recognised as potential source for further introductions. Proposed increases in oil
tanker movements between the Port of Geelong and the Port of Hastings will
undoubtedly increase the risk of organism transfers between the two bays. However
shipping translocations are not the only threat to the ecology of Westernport Bay.
Water circulation models for northern Bass Strait suggest that some exotics will
inevitably reach Westernport Bay as larvae carried in coastal currents from Port
Phillip Heads.
The rapid tidal currents which flow past all commercial berths in the Port of Hastings
may be responsible for the relatively low number of exotic species established near the
port. Such currents probably hinder larval settlement in the immediate vicinity of the
wharves, and may serve to transport larvae discharged in ballast water into unsuitable
habitat. Conversely these same currents may assist in the wide and rapid distribution
of introductions better suited to other environments within Westernport Bay.
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1. BACKGROUND
The transport of species on the hulls and in the ballast water of international shipping,
and the subsequent establishment of exotic organisms in foreign ports is not a new
phenomenon (Byrne et al., 1997). The issue has only received attention in recent years
as the magnitude of impacts caused by introductions on native species become more
apparent. The devastating effects of introductions such as the zebra mussel Dreissena
polymorpha into the Great Lakes (Griffiths et al., 1991; Strayer, 1991), the ctenophore
Mnemiopsis leidyi into the Black Sea (Vinogradov et al., 1989) and the clam
Potamocorbula amurensis into San Francisco Bay (Carlton et al., 1990) have
undoubtedly served to highlight the serious nature of this problem.
All exotic species alter natural interactions in the invaded ecosystems, but not all pose
serious threats to these ecosystems. Unfortunately identifying species likely to
establish in new ecosystems is difficult, as is predicting their likely impact
(Hengeveld, 1989). There are now over 150 cryptogenic and possibly indroduced
species in Port Phillip Bay, Victoria (Marnie Nelson CRIMP pers. comm.). Not all of
these species appear to be causing major disruptions but a number of species are
causing concern as they occur in large numbers.
Recognition that exotic species introduced into Victorian waters may be causing
significant ecological effects on our coastal environments resulted in the formation of
the Victorian Ballast Water Working Group (VBWWG) in 1994. This group included
representatives from Environment Protection Authority (EPA), Department of
Natural Resources and Environment (DNRE), Port of Melbourne Authority (PMA)
and the Australian Quarantine and Inspection Service (AQIS). VBWWG
commissioned two studies in 1995. The first of these (Walters 1996) was a desk study
to document patterns of ship visits and ballast water discharge in Victorian ports. The
second study was to document the exotic species which had established in each of
Victoria's ports and is described in part in this report. This report describes the results
of a field survey for exotic species in the Port of Hastings, and subsequent reports will
describe exotic species in other Victorian ports.
Concern about the impact of exotic species throughout all coastal regions of Australia
and particularly near ports, resulted in the establishment of the Centre for Research on
Introduced Marine Pests (CRIMP) within the Fisheries Division of the CSIRO in
1994. One of the primary tasks of the Centre is to determine the diversity and
distribution of introduced marine species in Australia by surveying a represetative set
of ports from all regions in Australia. CRIMP guidelines for the conduct of port
surveys for exotic species (Hewitt and Martin, 1996) were used as the basis for the
design of an earlier survey of the Port of Portland (Parry et al., 1997). This survey of
the Port of Hastings employed precisely the same methods outlined for the Port of
Portland survey.
A variety of sampling techniques were used to sample a large range of habitats for
exotic species in the Port of Hastings. Potential ‘pest’ species were targeted
particularly. Sampling strategies were designed to detect species listed on the
Australian Ballast Water Management Advisory Council (ABWMAC) schedule of
target introduced ‘pest’ species, including Gymnodinium and Alexandrium sp. (toxic
dinoflagellates), Undaria pinnatifida (Japanese seaweed), Asterias amurensis
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(Northern Pacific seastar), Sabella spallanzanii (Giant fan worm) and Carcinus
maenus (European shore crab), but not Vibrio cholera (Cholera bacterium) and fish
pathogens, although they are also on the ABWMAC schedule. In addition, recent
research in Port Phillip Bay confirmed the presence of the exotic bivalve Theora
lubrica and identified four newly established, abundant and potentially damaging pest
species, the small sabellid polychaete worm Euchone limnicola, the bivalves Corbula
gibba (Currie and Parry, 1996) and Musculista senhousia, and the majid crab
Pyromaia tuberculata (Parry et al., 1996). These five benthic species were also
targeted in our survey.
2. DESCRIPTION OF THE PORT OF HASTINGS
The Port of Hastings is located 60 km south east of Melbourne on Westernport Bay.
The port currently operates two marine tanker terminals at Crib Point and Long Island,
and one cargo terminal at the Steel Industry Wharves (Fig. 1). The deep water port can
accommodate vessels up to 165,000 deadweight tonnes, and it presently handles an
average of three crude oil carriers, six LPG vessels and eight vessels with steel
cargoes per month. Imports are dominated by steel slab which is shipped from Port
Kembla in New South Wales to supply the BHP hot strip coating mill at Hastings.
Main exports include rolled and coated steel products for domestic and international
markets, in addition to crude oil and gas which is piped ashore from Bass Strait.
All three commercial shipping terminals are located within 10 km of each other in the
North Arm of Westernport Bay. The following habitats were recorded near the
terminals: sandy beaches, intertidal mudflats, boulder breakwalls, silty sediments, and
concrete/steel piles. Previous studies have documented additional habitats within the
bay including salt marsh, mangroves, seagrass beds, and subtidal rocky areas
(Marsden and Mallet, 1975; Smith et al., 1975).
2.1 Shipping movements
Western Port Bay was first settled by Europeans in 1826, when a British military
camp was established to protect colonial shipping movements in Bass Strait. This
camp was shortly abandoned, and the natural harbour was little used until after World
War II when the potential for a port development in the Bay was recognised. Largescale
heavy industry developments on the Bay’s foreshore were begun in the late
1960’s and included the construction of three separate shipping terminals. These port
developments resulted in a considerable increase in the number of ships entering
Westernport Bay in the period following their completion in the early 1970’s. The
current volume of commercial shipping traffic using berths in the Port of Hastings
has just been documented by Walters (1996), and provides the source for the
following summary.
During 1994/95, the Port of Hastings received the second smallest number of ship
visits for a Victorian port (258 vessels), but the greatest volume of ballast water. The
2.2 million tonnes of ballast discharged at Hastings exceeded by far the 1.4 million
tonnes discharged at Melbourne, even though Melbourne received ten times more ship
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visits (2651 vessels). This is accounted for by the high number of tankers that came in
to load crude oil and gas from the Long Island Pier. These vessels entered port fully
loaded with ballast which was discharged during loading. In the Port of Melbourne,
most ships discharge minimal ballast as they both load and unload cargo.
Approximately 90% of the ballast water discharged at Hastings in 1994/95 came from
vessels that had a domestic last port of call. In all, 225 vessels visiting Hastings had a
domestic last port of call, while 33 had an international last port of call. The last ports
of call for the majority of vessels were Botany Bay (73 ships) and Port Kembla (71
ships). Of these two ports, most ballast discharged came from tankers operating out
of Botany Bay. The relatively small amount of ballast discharged at Hastings by ships
from Port Kembla is explained by the predominance of Roll-On/Roll-Off vessels
plying this route. Ships like the Iron Monarch unload 13,600 tonnes of steel slab at
the Steel Industry Wharves each week but do not need to discharge ballast. These
vessels do however take on ballast water in Westernport Bay for the return journey to
Port Kembla.
Total cargo handled by the Port of Hastings has steadily declined since 1993/94,
largely as a result of reduced oil and gas exports. This reduction in trade is attributed
to both a decline in Bass Strait oil and gas production, and a greater reliance on road
transportation. Trade figures for 1995/96 identified the Long Island petrochemical
terminal as the most frequently used commercial shipping berth in the Port of
Hastings (107 visits), followed by the Steel Industry Wharves (94 visits), and Crib
Point Jetty (1 visit). Recommissioning of the No.1 berth at Crib Point Jetty, is
expected to generate the import of over 300,000 tonnes of refined petrochemicals per
year and may assist in arresting the recent decline in cargo throughput at the Port of
Hastings.
2.2 Port development and maintenance activities.
2.21 Dredging and spoil dumping
The North Arm of Westernport Bay was first dredged in 1964 to allow commercial
shipping free passage to wharf developments on the western shoreline. This dredging
involved the removal of high spots along the existing channel, and deepening of
berthing pockets adjacent to wharves. In total these operations involved the removal
of 1.5 million m 3 of seabed from an area of 85.4 hectares (Ministry for Conservation,
1975).
More than 384,000 m 3 of seafloor was removed during dredging works at Crib Point
in 1966, and all spoil was dumped in the North Arm channel off Tankerton, French
Island. Dredging at Long Island Point was completed in 1969 and most of the 450,000
m 3 of spoil was dumped into mangroves south of the Long Island Pier, the rest of the
spoil was dumped subtidally on the side of the East Arm channel between French and
Phillip Islands (Ministry for Conservation, 1975). All of the 676,000 m 3 of spoil
produced from dredging operations near the Steel Industry Wharves in 1972 was
dumped ashore to provide reclamation areas for future building developments.
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Although no capital dredging works have been undertaken in the north arm of
Westernport Bay since commercial wharf developments were completed in the early
1970’s, some maintenance dredging has been conducted. Approximately 30,000 m 3
of sediment was removed from the main channel between the number 19 and 21
marker buoys during 1994. All spoil from this minor dredging was later dumped in
the Tankerton spoil ground off French Island (Capt. Dick Cox pers. comm.).
2.22 Pile construction and cleaning
Wharf piles must be considered a primary site for establishment of exotic species
introduced by vessels, and the principal point for the establishment of hull fouling
species. The materials used in the construction of the piles may affect the available
free space and therefore the susceptibility of the structure to colonisation by invasive
species. Materials like corroding steel and rotting wood would seem the least desirable
for settlement as the surfaces of these materials are constantly eroded. All piles at the
Steel Industry Wharf, Long Island Pier and Crib Point Jetty were constructed from
steel (Table 1). Each of these facilities have cathodic protection installed to reduce the
effects of corrosion on the steel piles. To further minimise corrosion, piles at the
Long Island Pier and Crib Point Jetty are sleeved with concrete from the decking to a
depth of 1m below low water.
The Port of Hastings has no maintenance program to remove fouling organisms from
the support piles and columns of its wharves. Contract divers periodically scrape
encrustations from piles at the Long Island Pier, unfortunately the locations of those
piles cleaned and dates on which the dives were conducted were not readily available.
Pile maintenance at the Steel Industry Wharf is also poorly documented, however 2
piles on the southern side of the facility were scraped and painted following this study
in March 1997.
3. EXISTING BIOLOGICAL INFORMATION
Biological surveys of the marine biota in Westernport Bay date back to the early
nineteenth century when the French exploration vessel Astrolabe made the first
collections of invertebrates (Smith et al. 1975). Since then many studies have
included Westernport as part of a regional survey of the Victorian or southern
Australian coast (Macgillivray, 1868; Carter, 1886; Pritchard and Gatliff, 1898; Parr,
1932; Marine Research Group of Victoria, 1984).
In 1965 the Fisheries and Wildlife Division, Victoria carried out an intensive survey
of the benthos near Crib Point in the north arm of Westernport Bay. A report on the
mollusc distributions from this survey was provided by Coleman (1976), while
detailed taxonomic studies on the amphipods collected were included in Barnard and
Drummond (1978). Unfortunately no complete faunal lists were ever published from
the survey.
Less than ten years after the inception of the Crib Point survey Fisheries and Wildlife
Division undertook a second more extensive bay-wide survey. The Westernport Bay
environmental study of 1973-74 (Ministry for Conservation, 1975) included a number
5

of detailed investigations of the population and community structure of the Bay’s
marine flora and fauna. The biological surveys used a variety of sampling techniques
to target phytoplankton, macro-algae, seagrass, zooplankton, benthos and demersal
fish. In particular, the benthic sampling programme provided information on the
distribution of molluscs (Coleman and Cuff, 1980) and callianassid shrimps (Coleman
and Poore, 1980; Coleman, 1981). Analysis of all taxa collected provided a basis for
the classification of two major soft-bottom communities in Westernport Bay related to
sediment type (Coleman et al., 1978).
None of the above studies explicitly identified exotic species however two species
with cosmopolitan distributions that have probably been introduced, the bryozoan
Bugula dentata and the decapod crustacean Carcinus maenus, were previously
recorded for Westernport Bay (Smith et al., 1975). The polychaete worm
Pseudopolydora paucibranchiata which was collected in the bay during the 1973-74
environmental survey is also probably introduced (Blake and Kudenov, 1978).
Several unpublished environmental impact assessments have been undertaken over the
last 20 years in the north arm of Westernport Bay by environmental consultants
Marine Science and Ecology, but none of these studies detected exotic species (Jan
Watson pers. comm.).
4. SURVEY METHODS
The range of survey methods used in this survey are summarised in Table 2.
4.1 Phytoplankton
4.11 Sediment sampling for cyst-forming species.
Sediment cores were taken by divers on 12, 13 and 14 March 1997 using 20 cm long
plastic tubes with a 25 mm internal diameter. Sediment tubes were capped with bungs
and kept upright in a refrigerator or on ice until delivered to the Australian
Government Analytical Laboratory on 17 March 1997. Sediment cores were taken at
the base of pylons at the Steel Industry Wharf (3 cores, Site 4, Fig. 2a), Long Island
Pier (3 cores, Site 4, Fig. 3a) and at Crib Point Jetty (3 cores, Site 1, Fig. 4a).
4.12 Phytoplankton sampling
Three phytoplankton samples were collected using vertical tows of a small 20 µm
plankton net. Samples were collected from the Steel Industry Wharf (Fig. 2b), Long
Island Pier (Fig. 3b) and at Crib Point Jetty (Fig. 4b) on 5 June 1997. Samples were
maintained on ice and examined live by Dr Peter Beach (Botany Department,
University of Melbourne).
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4.2 Trapping
Traps of three different sizes, intended to catch crabs, shrimp and scavenging
organisms, were deployed at 15 sites (Figs. 2b, 3b, 4b) between 11 and 13 March 1997
within the Port of Hastings. The largest traps were oval-shaped “Opera-house” design
crab/yabby traps (65 cm x 46 cm x 23 cm) covered in 2 cm mesh net, shrimp traps
were rectangular (43 cm x 25 cm x 25 cm) and covered in fine 2-5 mm mesh net, and
the scavenger traps were constructed of a 35 cm length of 10 cm diameter pvc pipe
with a funnel at one end and a 1 mm plankton mesh covering the other. A set of 3
traps (crab, shrimp, scavenger) were deployed overnight at each site.
4.3 Zooplankton
Zooplankton was collected using a 3 m long x 60 cm diameter, 300 µm mesh
plankton net. A small boat was used to undertake two 10 min plankton tows on 11
March 1997 near the Steel Industry Wharf (Fig. 2b), Long Island Pier (Fig. 3b) and
Crib Point Jetty (Fig. 4b). One of these sample was collected during daylight between
1400 and 1600 hrs and the other collected at night between 1900 and 2000 hrs.
Samples were fixed in 10% formalin and have been archived.
4.4 Diver observations and collections on wharf piles
Semi-quantitative sampling was undertaken on six piles on the Steel Industry Wharf
(Sites 1-6, Fig. 2a), Long Island Pier (Sites 1-6, Fig. 3a) and Crib Point Jetty (Sites 1-
6, Fig. 4a). The six piles (sites) surveyed on each berthing facility were always
separated by at least 2 piles. On each sampled pile a bungee cord was used to fix a
weighted cord marked at 1 m intervals near the low water mark. A Panasonic NV
MS95 SVHS video movie camera was used to record the marine fouling on each of
these piles and care was taken to include the marked cord in the video to ensure depth
was continuously recorded. At depths of -0.5 m, -3 m and -7 m one photograph of
fouling organisms (14 ×17 cm in area) was taken using a Nikonos Mark IVA
underwater camera fitted with a 28 mm lens. An area 30 x 40 cm that included the
areas photographed was then scraped with a dive knife and all attached fouling
organisms collected in a mesh bag (5mm) and subsequently fixed in 10% formalin. To
prevent loss of spicules, sponges from Crib Point Jetty were preserved in 70% alcohol.
Fouling organisms scraped from three depths on two piles from each berthing facility
were identified as far as possible in the laboratory, and samples from the four other
piles sampled on each berthing facility were archived.
Diver observations and qualitative samples were also collected by divers at two
further sites at the Steel Industry Wharf (Fig. 2a), Long Island Pier (Fig. 3a) and Crib
Point Jetty (Fig. 4a).
4.5 Visual searches
Divers examined breakwalls and pylons both of which form suitable substrates for
Sabella and Undaria during the main field survey between 4 and 15 May 1997.
Because Undaria is thought to be more prolific during winter and spring, two
7

additional dives were conducted within the Hastings Marina and over subtidal reef at
Eagle Rock on the 10 September 1997 specifically to target this algal species.
4.6 Epibenthos
Epibenthos was sampled with an Ockelmann sled at 3 sites near the Steel Industry
Wharf (Fig. 2c), Long Island Pier (Fig. 3c) and Crib Point Jetty (Fig. 4c). The sled was
fitted with a 1.0 cm liner and towed for 5 min at each site. All samples were preserved
in 10% formalin. All samples were inspected on the vessel to detect large exotics
vulnerable to this technique including Asterias amurensis and Sabella spallanzanii,
but only 2 samples taken from each berthing facility were analysed for all species. The
remaining sample was archived.
4.7 Benthic infauna
Benthic infauna was sampled using 0.1 m 2 Smith-McIntyre grabs and diver cores.
Grab samples were taken at 5 sites near the Steel Industry Wharf (Fig. 2c), Long
Island Pier (Fig. 3c) and Crib Point Jetty (Fig. 4c). All 15 grab samples were analysed.
Three 86 mm diameter cores were collected by divers near the bases of two piles on
the Steel Industry Wharf (Sites 1 and 4, Fig. 2a), Long Island Pier (Sites 1 and 4, Fig.
3a) and Crib Point Jetty (Sites 1 and 4, Fig. 4a). Only 3 core samples from each
shipping facility were analysed.
Animals from grab and core samples retained on a 1 mm sieve were examined under a
dissecting microscope and all species identified and counted.
4.8 Seine netting
A 10 mm mesh seine net, 60 m long and 1.25 m high, was used to sample inshore fish
near the Steel Industry Wharf (Fig. 2b), Long Island Pier (Fig. 3b) and Crib Point Jetty
(Fig. 4b) on 11 March 1997. At each of these locations the net was shot once during
daylight (~1500 hrs) and once at night (~2100 hrs).
4.9 Sediment analysis
A 70 ml subsample of each benthic grab sample was taken in the field and frozen as
soon as practical. These sediment samples were later analysed to determine percentage
organic content and particle size composition. The following methods were applied:
A 15-25 g sample of sediment was dried in an oven at 95 °C for 24 h and then placed
in a muffle furnace at 500 °C for 24 h. The percentage organic content of the sediment
was estimated from the loss of weight on ignition in the muffle furnace.
A further 20-30 g sample was wet sieved through a 63 µm sieve and the fine fraction
and coarse (sand) fraction were each dried at 95 °C for 24 h and weighed. Fall
velocities and equivalent grain sizes were measured for the sand fraction using a 2 m
high automated settling tube controlled by a Macintosh computer with software from
the University of Waikato (Greilach et al., 1995).
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5. SURVEY RESULTS
5.1 Port environment
Westernport Bay has a water surface area of 680 km 2 of which 270 km 2 (40%) is
intertidal mudflat. The physical nature of the bay, with wide deep channels, rock
platforms, sheltered tidal flats, mangrove and salt-marsh areas, provides a wide
spectrum of habitat types each supporting a unique assemblage of animals and plants
(Ministry for Conservation, 1975).
Temperature, salinity and oxygen concentration were recorded during the 1973-74
Westernport Bay environmental study and have been summarised by Coleman et al.
(1978). The annual water temperature varied according to water depth. In the
shallowest regions of the bay, to the north of French Island, the temperature ranged
from 10-22°C. In contrast, oceanic water from Bass Strait at the entrance to the bay
ranged in temperature from 13-20°C. Salinity varied from 30 to 38 ppt and was
highest in the late summer. Oxygen saturation was generally close to 100%, although
values as high as 195% occurred where photosynthesis of seagrass was vigorous.
Tides are predominantly semi-diurnal, and range increases progressively from the
entrance (1.6m) towards the top of the bay (2.2m). Tidal lag also increases in a similar
way with low tide occurring some two hours later at the top of the bay. Water
movement patterns in the bay are complex but generally show a net clockwise
circulation around both Phillip and French Islands (Ministry for Conservation, 1975).
These water movements are reflected in the distribution of bottom sediments. The
sediment of the North Arm channel offshore from the Port of Hastings facilities, is
predominantly medium to course sand with a mud content generally less than 5%. In
contrast to the channel sediments, inshore sediments from shallow sub-littoral areas
and tidal flats is fine sand, silt and clay (Marsden and Mallet, 1975). Sediment
characteristics immediately surrounding the Port of Hastings wharves are shown in
Table 3.
5.2 Introduced species in port
A list of all exotic species found in the Port of Hastings survey is shown in Table 4. A
summary of the mean number of all species found in the survey, except for
dinoflagellates, by each sampling method is shown in Appendix 1. The percentage of
samples containing each taxa for each sampling method is shown in Appendix 2.
5.21 ABWMAC target introduced species
• Gymnodinium and Alexandrium
No cysts of the introduced toxic dinoflagellates Alexandrium catenella and
Gymnodinium catenatum were found in sediment cores taken in the Port of Hastings
during March 1997 (Table 5). Nor were live specimens of Alexandrium catenella and
Gymnodinium catenatum detected in phytoplankton samples taken from the Port of
Hastings during June 1997 (Table 6). Live specimens of the native non-toxic
Gymnodinium spp. were however found along with the potentially toxic diatom
9

Pseudo-nitzschia sp. (Table 6). Species of the Pseudo-nitzschia genus have caused
amnesic shellfish poisoning (ASP) in humans (Arnott, MAFRI, pers. comm.).
Shellfish populations at Flinders on the western entrance of Westernport Bay have
been monitored for paralytic shellfish poison (PSP) and domoic acid (the ASP toxin)
on a monthly basis over the last 10 years. None of the shellfish collections at this site
contained measurable levels of either PSP or ASP toxins (Arnott, MAFRI,
unpublished data). Phytoplankton samples have also been taken from the Flinders site
over the same period. These samples have contained four different dinoflagellate
species in the genus Alexandrium including the exotic Alexandrium catenella.
• Undaria pinnatifida
Undaria was not observed by divers growing on or near any of the Port of Hastings
wharves during the field survey in March 1997. It is however unlikely that divers
would have identified Undaria during the survey because at this time of year Undaria
exists, almost exclusively, as a microscopic gametophyte (Hay and Luckens, 1987;
AQIS, 1994). The large (2m) sporophyte stage, easily recognised by divers, probably
only occurs between the months of June and February. A further search for Undaria
was therefore made by divers during September 1997. This search of the Hastings
Marina and subtidal reef near Eagle Rock did detect the native kelps Ecklonia radiata
and Phyllospora comosa, butUndaria was not found.
Undaria was first recorded in Australia at Rheban on the east coast of Tasmania in
1988 (Sanderson, 1990). Subsequent surveys have indicated a gradual spread in
distribution to more than 50 km of the Tasmanian coastline (AQIS, 1994). Undaria
was detected on the Australian mainland in 1996 (Burridge pers. comm.) and is now
established on subtidal reefs and pier pylons near Kirk Point in Port Phillip Bay.
• Asterias amurensis
Asterias was not detected by divers and none were collected in Ockelmann sled shots
taken near the three Port of Hastings wharves surveyed during the field study. This
species of seastar is native to the northern Pacific, and is thought to have been
introduced into Tasmania via ships ballast water in the early 1980’s (Morrice, 1995).
The current known distribution of Asterias extends through south eastern Tasmania,
although the range in Australia has potential to increase (Byrne et al., 1997). A small
number of adult specimens have recently been collected in Port Phillip Bay, and it
appears that these animals were transported to the Bay as adults on coastal vessels
operating out of Tasmania. Mature Asterias have, for example, been detected in the
holds of domestic ships departing Hobart (Chad Hewitt, CRIMP pers. comm.).
• Sabella spallanzanii
No individuals were observed by divers and none were collected in Ockelmann sled
samples around the Port of Hastings. Sabella spallanzanii is a native of the
Mediterranean and Atlantic coasts of Europe, but is now present in a number of
harbours along the southern coast of Australia (Clapin and Evans, 1995). The worm is
first thought to have become established in Corio Bay, Victoria in the late 1980’s and
10

has since spread to occupy much of the western and northern regions of Port Phillip
Bay (Parry et al., 1996).
• Carcinus maenus
Only one European shore crab was recorded during the study. This specimen was
collected from a baited trap that had been deployed overnight on intertidal mud flats
north of the Steel Industry Wharf (Fig. 2b). The same trap contained six individuals of
the native crab Paragrapsus gaimardii, indicating some dietary overlap with
Carcinus. It remains to be seen if this apparent numerical dominance of the native
Paragrapsus over the exotic Carcinus reflects actual populations of these crabs in
Westernport Bay or some other interaction. CRIMP for example, have detected a
seasonal reduction in the trapping efficiency of Carcinus (Chad Hewitt, pers. comm.).
The distribution of Carcinus maenus along the Victorian coastline has been mapped
by the Marine Research Group of Victoria (1984). This map depicts Carcinus as
occurring in Westernport Bay however no notes are provided detailing the location
and date of the collection. Carcinus is also mentioned as occurring on beaches in
Westernport in a manuscript describing the bays invertebrate fauna (Smith et al.,
1975), but again precise collection notes are omitted. It is not clear exactly how long
Carcinus has been established in Westernport Bay, however it does appear to have
been present for at least 20 years. Carcinus maenus is first thought to have become
established in Australia in nearby Port Phillip Bay as early as 1856 (Walters, 1996).
5.22 Other targeted species
One of the purposes of this and similar surveys of exotic species in Australian ports is
to provide a better appreciation of those exotic species which are causing large
impacts. Once further information becomes available it seems likely that there will be
alterations to the ABWMAC schedule of marine pest species. Most of the pest species
on the ABWMAC schedule occur in Port Phillip Bay (Alexandrium, Asterias,
Undaria, Sabella, and Carcinus). However in Port Phillip Bay the species of most
concern currently (note Asterias is rare and Undaria was only detected in July 1996),
based on their apparent abundance and biomass (Parry personal observations) are
Sabella and Corbula gibba and possibly Euchone limnicola, Theora lubrica,
Musculista senhousia and Pyromaia tuberculata. These latter five species were
targeted in the Port of Hastings survey using Smith-McIntyre grabs and diver cores.
Corbula, Theora and Musculista were all detected using these sampling techniques.
Corbula gibba is a suspension feeding bivalve mollusc that grows to a maximum size
of about 15 mm in shell length. It occurs at the surface of soft sediments between the
shallow subtidal zone and depths of 150 m. The left shell valve of one juvenile
Corbula (length 2.8 mm, height 2.0 mm) was found in a replicate core sample taken
beneath the northern berth of Crib Point jetty (Site 1, Fig. 4a). Because no soft body
parts were attached to this shell valve, it was not possible to determine if the animal
was alive at the time of collection. The polished nature of the shell interior and the
presence of an external periostracum layer suggest the valve belonged to an animal
that was alive at the least one or two months prior to the survey. Corbula is native to
the north Atlantic and was first identified in Australia from samples taken during 1991
in Port Phillip Bay (Currie and Parry, 1996). This species was not recorded in Port
11

Phillip Bay during an extensive bay-wide survey conducted between 1969 and 1973
(Poore et al., 1975), but small numbers of Corbula have been recently identified in
archived samples collected in Corio Bay during 1987 (Coleman, pers. comm.).
Corbula is now abundant throughout Port Phillip Bay, attaining densities of
250/0.1m 2 , and is a major component in the diets of nine species of demersal fish
(Parry et al., 1995). Port Phillip Bay is probably the source for recent translocations
of this species to Portland, Victoria (Parry et al., 1997) and Devonport, Tasmania
(Hewitt pers. comm.) particularly in view of the high volume of shipping movements
between these Ports.
Theora lubrica is a deposit feeding bivalve that reaches a maximum length of about
14mm. Two small specimens of Theora lubrica (3.5 mm and 8.0 mm length) were
collected from separate core samples taken below the concrete decking of the Steel
Industry wharf (Site 4, Fig. 2a). This species is native to the western Pacific region
and is common in muddy sediments in bays throughout Japan (Tanaka and Kikuchi,
1979). Although Theora lubrica was first identified in Australia from samples
collected in the Swan Estuary in 1971 (Chalmer et al., 1976), it has been present in
Port Phillip Bay since at least 1969 (Poore et al., 1975 - as Theora fragilis). Theora
lubrica is thought to have been introduced into Australia via ballast water in
commercial shipping (Hutchings et al., 1987).
Musculista senhousia is a small mussel (30 mm length) that may occur epifaunally on
hard or soft substrates, and may be found in great abundance (2500/m 2 ; Morton,
1974). A total of six juvenile Musculista (

the West Indies and Japan. The type locality is given as Rio de Janeiro but its native
range is currently unresolved (Gordon and Mawatari, 1992). Watersipora subtorquata
has a wide Australian distribution and has been recorded from Portland (Parry et al.,
1997), Townsville (Tzioumis, 1994) and Torres Strait (Gordon and Mawatari, 1992).
Bugula neritina is a distinctive purple-brown bryozoan that forms erect flexible
colonies up to 10cm in height. It has a short larval life and usually settles on hard
substrates within two hours. It also displays rapid growth and colonies of Bugula
neritina can attain a height of 7cm in only two months (Gordon and Mawatari, 1992).
This species was not commonly encountered during the Port of Hastings survey and
was only recorded at the Steel Industry wharf, where it was present in two out of six
pylon scrapings analysed (Site 3, 3m and Site 6, 0.5m, Fig 2a). Bugula neritina is a
cosmopolitan species and its current world wide distribution probably results from its
transportation on the hulls of ships. Its distribution in Australia includes coastal
waters of South Australia (Shepherd and Thomas, 1982), Victoria (Port Phillip Bay -
Keough and Raimondi, 1995; Portland - Parry et al., 1997) and New South Wales
(Port Kembla - Moran and Grant, 1993).
Bugula dentata is one of the most common fouling organisms encountered on pier
structures in the Port of Hastings. The bushy green bryozoan was found in three pylon
scrapings from the Steel Industry wharf, five scrapings from the Long Island pier and
five scrapings from the Crib Point jetty (number of scrapings analysed at each location
= 6). It was present at all three depths surveyed (0.5m, 3m and 7m) but appeared to
become more abundant with increasing depth. Like B. neritina, B. dentata has a
cosmopolitan distribution which is thought to have resulted from its transportation
around the world on the hulls of ships. This species is known to occur in the South
Australia (Shepherd and Thomas, 1982) and Victoria (Port Phillip Bay - Hope Black,
1971; Portland -Parry et al., 1997).
5.24 Adequacy of survey intensity
The more samples that are taken in any biological survey the more species will be
recorded. But as additional samples are taken additional species accumulate at a
decreasing frequency, until an asymptote is approached where essentially all the
species in all the habitats have been collected. To determine the likelihood that further
species exist on wharf piles and in the benthos of the Port of Hastings cumulative
species curves were calculated for grab sampling (Fig. 5a) and for sampling of wharf
piles (Fig. 5b). In the Port of Hastings the total number of benthic species was
approaching an asymptote near 15 grab samples, while the total number of wharf pile
species was close to asymptotic after 6 scrapings. Additional grabs or scrapings may
have revealed a small number of additional species. It is unlikely however that any
‘pest’ species was not collected as such species must usually be abundant to be
considered a ‘pest’.
6. IMPACT OF EXOTIC SPECIES
As the abundances of most exotic species detected during the survey of the Port of
Hastings was low, it is unlikely that many of these introductions are currently having a
13

major impact on the ecology of the port environment. The only introduced species
common enough to cause a significant ecological effect was Bugula dentata. This
cosmopolitan bryozoan, which has been present in Westernport Bay for more than 20
years, carpets the surfaces of pier pylons at all commercial wharves in the Port of
Hastings and is likely to compete with native sedentary species for food and space.
Although Bugula dentata is common in nearby Port Phillip Bay it does not form part
of the diets of 35 native demersal fish species (Parry et al., 1995). Further research is
required to document the impact of this species on indigenous organisms in
Westernport Bay.
One exotic species, the polychaete worm Pseudopolydora paucibranchiata, which
was previously known from Westernport Bay was not recorded in the present study.
This worm was abundant in grab samples taken in the North and East Arms of the
Bay during 1974 (Blake and Kudenov, 1978), although it was not found in samples
taken at the same time near the commercial wharves. While the current absence of
this worm in the Port of Hastings may simply reflect spatial and or temporal variations
in population size, its continued rarity suggests it is unlikely to be having a major
effect on the ecology of the port environment.
7. ORIGIN AND POSSIBLE VECTORS FOR THE INTRODUCTION OF
EXOTIC SPECIES FOUND IN THE PORT.
Natural expansion of a species’ biogeographical range and shipping activities are
widely cited as the two major mechanisms for introductions of marine organisms into
new environments. Both processes initially require the physical transportation of the
potential immigrant across an intervening space. This movement of larvae and or
adult forms is mediated by wind and currents in natural systems, and by hull fouling
and ballast water entrainment in shipping activities.
Some of the exotic species collected during the Port of Hastings survey may have
been introduced through natural range expansions. Four species in particular (ie
Carcinus maenus, Musculista senhousia, Theora lubrica and Corbula gibba) which
occur in nearby Port Phillip Bay and have long larval development stages (>10 days),
could have been introduced to the Port of Hastings as larvae in coastal currents.
Water circulation models developed for Bass Strait (Black et al., 1990) indicated that
larvae can be transported from Port Phillip Heads to the entrance of Westernport Bay
in less than 4 days during a steady south-westerly wind of 8ms -1 . It is however equally
likely that these same four species were transported to the Port of Hastings via
commercial shipping. Carcinus maenus has the capacity to be translocated either as
an adult within fouling communities on the hulls of ships, or as larvae in ballast water.
Musculista senhousia too has the potential to be transported as a fouling organism or
as larvae in ballast water. Theora lubrica and Corbula gibba are incapable of fouling
hard substrates and can only have been introduced into Westernport Bay as larvae.
Hull fouling on shipping is identified as the most likely method for the introduction of
the exotic bryozoan Bugula neritina into Hastings. Not only is this species extremely
common on the hulls of boats (Gordon and Mawatari, 1992), it has a larval life of less
than 2 hours when substrata are present (Keough, 1989) and is unlikely to survive
transportation within a ships ballast tanks. Two other exotic bryozoans found at
14

Hastings (Watersipora subtorquata and Bugula dentata) are also believed to have
short larval lives and were probably introduced as fouling organisms on the hulls of
ships.
Relatively few ships which visit the Port of Hastings have an international last port of
call (Walters, 1996) and so most species introduced directly to the port by shipping are
likely to have been translocated from other Australian Ports. Ships originating in Port
Kembla and Botany Bay visit Hastings more often and discharge more ballast waters
than vessels operating out of any other Australian port. Given that at least some of the
exotics identified during this study are known to occur in either Port Kembla (Bugula
neritina and Watersipora subovoidea syn. W. subtorquata; Moran and Grant, 1989) or
Botany Bay (Theora lubrica; Climo, 1976) the probability of these ports being a major
source for introductions is high. It is however important to note that although
frequency of shipping visits and quantity of ballast water discharged increase the risk
of species translocation, establishment of an introduced species is not necessarily
dependent on these factors. With suitable environmental conditions, feral species
imported infrequently and in low numbers can be just as successful in their new
habitat as those imported frequently and in large numbers. The volume of shipping
plying routes between Hastings and other Victorian ports is small yet all seven exotic
species found in Hastings are known to occur in Port Phillip Bay and six are known
from the Port of Portland (Carcinus maenus not recorded). Like Port Kembla and
Botany Bay, these two Victorian ports probably play major roles in the translocation
of exotic species to Hastings, unfortunately in the absence of adequate historical data
it is virtually impossible to accurately identify the origin and date of the introductions.
8. INFLUENCES OF THE PORT ENVIRONMENT ON THE SURVIVAL
OF INTRODUCED SPECIES.
Previous studies in Westernport Bay have shown it to support an extraordinarily
diverse macrofauna (Smith et al., 1975; Coleman et al., 1978). Westernport Bay has
more than three times the total number of invertebrate species present in nearby Port
Phillip Bay and also contains the majority of species that occur there (Ministry for
Conservation, 1975). Although differences in the physical features of the two
embayments are likely to account for much of the observed faunal differences, there
appears to be a disproportionately small number of exotic species found on or near
commercial wharves in Westernport Bay. Shipping facilities in both embayments are
subject to similar fluctuations in salinity and temperature and also subject to the same
degree of wave exposure. In addition the two Bays are geographically close to one
another and connected periodically by shipping. There would appear to be a very high
risk of species translocations between these bays. Despite these similarities more than
20 exotic marine species that are known to occur in Port Phillip Bay were not found in
the Port of Hastings. Furthermore some of these exotic species, including the pier
fouling ascidians Ciona intestinalis, Styela clava and Ascidiella aspersa, have been
present on commercial wharves in Port Phillip Bay for over 20 years but do not appear
to have been translocated to Hastings.
The wharves of all three commercial shipping facilities in the Port of Hastings lie
adjacent to a deep water channel that is subject to swift tidal flows (> 0.5m/s). Larvae
15

that are discharged in ballast water from ships berthed in the Port of Hastings are
likely to be transported several kilometres away within 2 or 3 hours. This may in part
explain why many exotics species that are common in nearby Port Phillip Bay and
susceptible to shipping translocations have not yet become established within the
immediate vicinity of the Port of Hastings. Of course these same tidal currents may
facilitate the rapid distribution of exotic species to other favourable habitats beyond
the port environment. This study has targeted exotic species occurring in habitats
immediately surrounding shipping berths, but not all habitat types present within the
Bay were sampled. It is possible that additional sampling in mudflats, mangroves and
rocky shores will reveal additional exotic species.
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
We would like to thank the harbourmaster at the Port of Hastings Captain Willie
Smith and the acting harbourmaster Captain Dick Cox for their assistance during field
operations and for providing information on shipping movements and channel
dredging.
Thanks to Dave Beyer (Skipper) and Alan Kilpatrick (Engineer) on the ‘R.V. Sarda’,
and to Mark Ferrier, Michael Callan and Brett Abbot for careful work in the field
collecting samples. The dedication of Tricia Paradise and Matt McArthur in the
sorting and identification of samples in the laboratory was also greatly appreciated.
Thanks also to the following staff from the Museum of Victoria for their assistance
with the taxonomy of voucher reference material; Garry Poore (Crustaceans), Robin
Wilson (Polychaetes) and Sue Boyd (Molluscs). Special thanks to Chad Hewitt and
Dick Martin (CRIMP), Noel Coleman (MAFRI), and Greg Parry (EPA) for their
valued advice.
This project was commissioned by the Victorian Ballast Water Working Group and
was jointly funded by the Victorian Fisheries Division, the Victorian Environment
Protection Authority, the Port of Melbourne Authority and the Port of Hastings
Authority.
16

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20

Table 1. Summary of wharf development, Port of Hastings.
Berth Date built Depth (m) Pile construction Cathodic protection
No. 1 Steel Industry Wharf 1971* 12.1 Steel Yes
No. 2 Steel Industry Wharf 1971 12.1 Steel Yes
Long Island Pier 1969 15.8 Steel +
No. 1 Crib Point Jetty 1973 # 15.8 Steel +
No. 2 Crib Point Jetty 1973 # 12.8 Steel +
Yes
* New mooring dolphins constructed in 1986 to accommodate BHP RO-RO vessel Iron Monarch.
# New mooring dolphins constructed in 1984.
+
Top of piles are covered by a concrete sleeve to a depth of 1m below low water.
Table 2. Summary of sampling methods, habitats sampled and target taxa, Port of
Hastings, 4 March - 15 March 1997.
Sampling methods Habitat sampled Target taxa
Non-targeted:
Qualitative surveys:
• diver searches piles, breakwaters, soft sediment algae, invertebrates, fish
• video/still photography piles, breakwaters, soft sediment algae, invertebrates, fish
• Ockelmann sled soft sediment epifauna
• beach seine soft sediment, seagrass mobile epifauna, fish
• plankton net - 100µm water column zooplankton
Quantitative surveys:
• diver scrapings piles algae, invertebrates
• video/still photography piles algae, invertebrates
• Smith-McIntyre grabs soft sediment infauna
• large cores soft sediment infauna
Targeted:
• diver searches piles, breakwaters, soft sediment Asterias, Sabella, Carcinus
• traps piles, breakwaters, soft sediment Carcinus
• small cores soft sediment dinoflagellate cysts
• shore surveys intertidal wrack Undaria
• plankton net - 20µm water column dinoflagellates
21
Yes
Yes

Table 3. Sediment characteristics of grab samples taken from the Port of Hastings on
the 4th and 5th March 1997. Phi (φ) = -Log2 of the particle size in millimetres.
(a) Steel Industry Wharf
Grab number 1 2 3 4 5
Latitude 38°17.700 38°17.632 38°17.589 38°17.498 38°17.462
Longitude 145°13.605 145°13.666 145°13.688 145°13.797 145°13.731
Depth (m) 14 12 12 12 12
Weight (kg) 19 6 12 6 7
% < 63µm 20.7 14.7 1.3 11.6 7.8
Fraction >63µm
Mean Phi (φ) 1.91 1.95 0.02 2.71 2.50
Sorting 0.86 1.14 0.47 0.78 0.75
Skewness 0.36 -0.27 -0.15 -1.53 -0.59
Kurtosis -0.89 -1.25 -0.62 2.53 0.62
(b) Long Island Pier
Grab number 1 2 3 4 5
Latitude 38°18.771 38°18.772 38°18.412 38°18.366 38°18.392
Longitude 145°13.561 145°13.713 145°13.748 145°13.644 145°13.666
Depth (m) 17 17 17 17 16
Weight (kg) 13 7 6 19 11
% < 63µm 5.3 3.8 4.0 7.9 3.7
Fraction >63µm
Mean Phi (φ) 0.55 0.69 0.53 1.83 1.84
Sorting 0.69 0.84 0.71 0.87 0.64
Skewness 1.48 0.71 0.84 1.14 -0.76
Kurtosis 3.26 1.51 2.66 -0.73 2.24
(c) Crib Point Jetty
Grab number 1 2 3 4 5
Latitude 38°21.244 38°21.072 38°20.803 38°20.928 38°21.184
Longitude 145°13.616 145°13.606 145°13.661 145°13.340 145°13.329
Depth (m) 15 15 14 12 15
Weight (kg) 10 9 15 9 12
% < 63µm 25.4 20.4 1.3 2.7 11.0
Fraction >63µm
Mean Phi (φ) 1.70 1.31 0.33 0.65 1.72
Sorting 0.80 0.89 0.59 0.92 0.90
Skewness 0.40 0.42 1.02 0.59 0.19
Kurtosis -0.17 0.03 13.18 0.47 -0.76
22

Table 4. Exotic species found in the Port of Hastings. * Indicates species on the
ABWMAC schedule of target pest species. “+” = Detected; “.” = Not detected .
Species Taxa Steel Industry Long Island Crib Point
Wharf
Pier
Jetty
Bugula dentata Bryozoan + + +
Bugila neritina Bryozoan + . .
Carcinus maenus * Decapod crustacean + . .
Corbula gibba Bivalve mollusc . . +
Musculista senhousia Bivalve mollusc + + .
Theora lubrica Bivalve mollusc + . .
Watersipora subtorquata Bryozoan + . +
Table 5. Dinoflagellate cysts detected in sediment cores Port of Hastings, 12-14
March 1997. “+” = Detected; “.” = Not detected .
Species Steel Industry Wharf Long Island Pier Crib Point Jetty
1 2 3 1 3 3 1 2 3
Toxic dinoflagellates
Alexandrium spp . . . . . . . . .
Gymnodinium catenatum . . . . . . . . .
Non-toxic dinoflagellates
Gonyaulax spinifera . . . . + . . . .
Gonyaulax spp . + . . . . . . .
Protoperidinium spp . . + . . . . + .
Scrippsiella trochoidea . . . . . . . + .
23

Table 6. Phytoplankton species recorded from Port of Hastings, 5 June 1997. Species
are listed approximately in their order of abundance. B - Bacillariophyceae (diatoms);
D - Dinophyceae (dinoflagellates); C - Cryptophyceae (cryptomonads); H -
Prymnesiophyceae (haptophytes); P - Prasinophyceae (green flagellates).
Species Steel Industry Wharf Long Island Pier Crib Point Jetty
Nitzschia sp. (B) + + +
Navicula spp. (B) + + +
Rhizosolenia setigera (B) 3
+ + +
Asterionella sp. (B) + + +
Teleaulax acuta (C) + + +
Plagioselmis prolonga (C) + + +
Pyramimonas spp. (P) + + +
Chaetoceros sp. (B) + +
Pseudo-nitzschia sp. (B) 1
+
Thalassiosira sp. (B) 2
+
Scrippsiella sp. (D) 2
Coscinosira sp. (B) +
Pyramimonas grossii (P) +
Licmophora sp. (B) +
Rhizosolenia cf. chunii (B) 3
+
Gymnodinium spp. (D) +
1
Potentially toxic (ASP).
2
Species implicated in harmful algal blooms (rarely) through oxygen depletion.
3
Potentially toxic to shellfish at least.
24
+

Figure 5. Cumulative species curves for : (a) Grab samples taken in the Port of
Hastings, and (b) Scrapings taken at different depths (three) on piles (two) at
each of the commercial shipping facilities (three) in the Port of Hastings.
Number of species
Number of species
250
200
150
100
50
a.
0
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15
Cumulative number of grabs
60
50
40
30
20
10
b.
0
0 1 2 3 4 5 6
Cumulative number of scrapings
35
0.5m
3m
7m

Appendix 1. Mean density of species in Port of Hastings/sampling unit. Exotic species (7) are shown in bold type.
ABWMAC target species are marked with an asterisk.
PHYLUM FAMILY SPECIES NAME PYLON NET TRAPS SLED CORES GRABS
SCRAPING SEINE CRAB SCAVENGER SHRIMP
n=18 n=6 n=15 n=15 n=15 n=6 n=9 n=15
Annelida Ampharetidae Lysippides sp.1 . . . . . . . 3.87
Isolda sp.1 . . . . . . 6.44 12.93
Ampheretidae Ampharete sp.1 . . . . . . 0.11 0.6
Capitellidae Notomastus sp.1 . . . . . . 3.56 10.4
Capitellid sp.1 . . . . . . 1.56 .
Notomastus sp.2 . . . . . . 0.33 3.07
Cirratulidae Chaetozone sp.1 . . . . . . 0.11 0.13
Tharyx sp.1 . . . . . . . 2.6
Caulleriella sp.1 . . . . . . 0.44 0.13
Tharyx sp.2 . . . . . . 0.11 1.27
Dorvilleidae Dorvillea australiensis . . . . . . 0.11 0.2
Eunicidae Marphysa sp.1 . . . . . . . 1.53
Eunice cf. australis . . . . . . . 0.07
Eunice sp.2 0.28 . . . . . . 0.13
Glyceridae Glycera cf. americana . . . . . . 0.11 0.93
Goniadidae Goniada cf. emerita . . . . . . . 0.47
Hesionidae Nerimyra longicirrata . . . . . . . 0.27
Hesionid sp.2 . . . . . . . 0.07
Lumbrineridae Lumbrineris cf. latreilli . . . . . . . 1.13
Lumbrineris sp.2 . . . . . . 0.78 7.87
Magelonidae Magelona cf. dakini . . . . . . . 0.07
Maldanidae Asychis glabra . . . . . . . 0.4
Maldanid sp.1 . . . . . . 0.11 0.93
Clymenella sp.1 . . . . . . . 0.33
Nephtyidae Nephtys inornata . . . . . . 0.22 2.4
Nereidae Simplisetia amphidonta 0.39 . . . . . . 0.07
Platynereis dumerillii antipoda . . . 0.07 . . . 3.13
Neridae Nereis sp.1 . . . . . . 0.11 0.07
Onuphidae Onuphid sp.1 . . . . . . . 1.33
Opheliidae Travisia sp.1 . . . . . . . 0.4
Ophellidae Armandia cf. intermedia . . . . . . 1.67 24.27
Orbiniidae Haploscoloplos sp.1 . . . . . . . 0.2
Leitoscolopolos bifurcatus . . . . . . 0.22 0.53
Orbinia sp.2 . . . . . . . 0.13
Paraonidae Aricidea sp.1 . . . . . . 0.22 2.87
Phyllodocidae Phyllodoce sp.1 . . . . . . 0.44 1.53
Eulalia sp.1 . . . . . . . 0.13
Polynoidae Harmothoe spinosa . . . . . . . 0.13
Polyonidae sp.1 0.06 . . . . . . .
Sabellidae Euchone variabilis . . . . . . 0.11 0.07
Euchone sp.3 . . . . . . . 0.13
Sabella sp.2 . . . . . . . 0.27
Sabellastarte sp.1 . . . . . . . 0.13
Sabella sp.1 1.06 . . . . . . 0.07
Serpulidae Serpulid sp.2 . . . . . . . 0.07
Spionidae Polydora sp.1 . . . . . . 0.11 .
Prinospio aucklandica . . . . . . . 0.07
Syllidae Syllis sp.4 . . . . . . . 0.07
Syllis sp.2 . . . . . . . 2.87
Terebellidae Amaenna trilobata . . . . . . 0.44 1.4
Terebellid sp.1 . . . . . . . 1.27
Eupolymnia koorangia 0.06 . . . . . . 0.07
Terebella cf. ehrenbergi 1.06 . . . . . . 0.13
Trichobranchidae Artacamella dibranchiata . . . . . . 0.11 .
Terebellides sp.1 0.06 . . . . . . .
Brachiopoda Terebratellidae Magellania australis . . . . . + 1 0.2
Bryozoa Bugulidae Bugula neritina + . . . . . . .
Bugulidea Bugula dentata + . . . . . . .
Cabereidae Caberea glabra + . . . . . 0.67 .
Tricellaria sp.1 + . . . . . . .
Reteporidae Triphyllozoon moniliferum 0.06 . . . . . 0.56 .
Unknown Cheilostome #3 + . . . . . 0.44 .
Cheilostome #4 . . . . . . 0.11 .
Cheilostome #1 0.06 . . . . + . .
Vesiculariidae Amathia sp.1 + . . . . . 0.11 .
Watersiporideae Watersipora cf. subtorquata + . . . . . 0.11 .
Chelicerata Ammotheidae Ammotheid sp.1 . . . . . . . 0.07
Chlorophyta Caulerpaceae Caulerpa brownii + . . . . . . .
Caulerpa cactoides + . . . . . . .
Chordata Apogonidae Vincentia conspersa . . 0.13 . . . . .
Aracanidae Aracana ornata . 0.33 0.07 . . . . .
Aracana aurita . 0.83 . . . . . .
Arripidae Arripis georgiana . 2.17 . . . . . .
Ascidiidae Ascidia sydneyensis . . . . . . . 0.07
Ascidia sp.1 0.06 . . . . . . .
Ascidia sp.2 0.28 . . . . . . .
Atherinidae Atherinosoma microstoma . 48.33 0.07 . 0.73 . . .
Blenniidae Parablennius tasmanianus 0.06 . . . . . . .
Carangidae Pseudocaranx dentex . 1.83 . . . . . .
Clavelinidae Sycozoa cerebriformis 0.44 . . . . + . .
Clinidae Cristiceps argyropleura . 0.5 . . . . . .
Didemnidae Didemnum sp.1 + . . . . . . .
Didemnum sp.2 + . . . . . . .
Diodontidae Diodon nicthemerus . 2.17 . . . . . .
Gobiesocidae Aspasmogaster tasmaniensis . . . . . . . 0.07
36

Appendix 1. (Cont.)
PHYLUM FAMILY SPECIES NAME PYLON NET TRAPS SLED CORES GRABS
SCRAPING SEINE CRAB SCAVENGER SHRIMP
n=18 n=6 n=15 n=15 n=15 n=6 n=9 n=15
Chordata Hemiramphidae Hyporhamphus melanochir . 3.5 . . . . . .
Holozoidae Ascidian #13 0.06 . . . . . . .
Ascidian #14 1.06 . . . . . . .
Labridae Notolabrus fucicola . . 0.2 . . . . .
Molgulidae Ascidian #10 0.06 . . . . . . .
Molgula sp.1 1.17 . . . . + . .
Monacanthidae Acanthaluteres spilomanurus . 0.17 . . 0.13 . . .
Meuschenia freycineti . . 0.07 . . . . .
Scobinichthys granulatus . 0.17 . . . . . .
Thamnaconus degeni . . 0.07 . . . . .
Moridae Pseudophycis barbata . . 0.2 . . . . .
Mugilidae Myxus elongatus . 2.33 . 0.13 . . . .
Aldrichetta forsteri . 18.83 . . . . . .
Odacidae Haletta semifasciata . . 0.07 . . . . .
Pleuronectidae Rhombosolea tapirina . 0.17 . . . . . .
Polycitoridae Ascidian #16 0.22 . . . . . . .
Polyzoinae Amphicarpa meridiana 241.5 . . . . + 0.11 .
Pyuridae Halocynthia hispida 2.11 . . . . . . .
Pyura stolonifera 0.17 . . . . + . 3.53
Microcosmus squamiger 2.44 . . . . . . .
Herdmania momus 0.17 . . . . . . .
Pyura australis 0.06 . . . . + . .
Rhinobatidae Trygonorrhina guanerius . 1 . . . . . .
Scorpaeniformes Gymnapistes marmoratus . 0.83 0.13 . 0.07 . . .
Scyliorhinidae Asymbolus analis . . 0.07 . . . . .
Sillanginidae Sillaginodes punctata . 10.83 . . . . . .
Styelidae Cnemidocarpa sp.1 0.28 . . . . . . .
Cnemidocarpa etheridgii . . . . . + . .
Syngnathidae Syngnathus phillipi . . . . . + . 0.07
Tetraodontidae Tetractenos glaber . 78.83 . . . . . .
Contusus brevicaudus . 1 . . . . . .
Cnidaria Campanulariidae Obelia cf. geniculata + . . . . . . .
Eudendriidae Eudendrium cf. generale + . . . . . . .
Melithaeidae Mopsella zimmeri + . . . . . . .
Plumulariidae Algaophenia cf. plumosa 0.39 . . . . . 0.11 .
Crustacea Acanthonotozomatidae Cypsiphimedia sp.1 . . . . . . . 0.07
Alpheidae Alpheus sp.1 2.89 . . . 0.07 . 0.11 1.13
Ampeliscidae Ampelisca euroa . . . . . . . 25.8
Byblis mildura . . . . . . 0.78 164.67
Amphipoda Tethygeneia sp.1 . . . 0.13 . . . .
Anthuridae Amakusanthura pimelia . . . . . . . 0.8
Haliophasma cribense . . . . . . . 0.07
Haliophasma canale . . . . . . . 0.87
Aoridae Aora mortoni . . . . . . . 0.27
Apseudidae Apseudes sp.2 . . . . . . . 0.13
Apseudes sp.1 . . . . . . 0.11 3
Astacillidae Neastacilla deducta . . . . . . . 0.27
Axiidae Axiopsis werribee . . . . . . . 0.07
Bodotriidae Zenocuma rugosa . . . . . . . 1.53
Glyphocuma bakeri . . . . . . . 0.2
Callianassidae Callianassa arenosa . . . . . . 0.56 3.33
Neocallichirus limosus . . . . . . 0.11 0.07
Corophiidae Gammaropsis sp.2 . . . . . . . 0.67
Xenocheira fasciata . . . . . . . 1.6
Cheiriphotis sp.1 . . . . . . 0.33 1.33
Gammaropsis sp.3 . . . . . . 0.11 1.13
Rhinoecetes robustus . . . . . . . 0.07
Photis sp.1 . . . . . . . 64.4
Gammaropsis sp.1 . . . . . . . 3.47
Crangonidae Pontophilus intermedius . . . . . . 0.11 0.27
Cylindroleberidae Asteropterygion magnum . . . . . . . 0.27
Empoulsenia sp.1 . . . . . . 0.44 0.53
Cypridinidae Cypridinidae sp.2 . . . 2.13 . . . 0.07
Cypridinidae sp.1 . . . . . . . 0.67
Dexaminidae Paradexamine lanacoura . . . . . . 0.11 2.47
Diastylidae Cumacean #1 . . . . . . . 0.33
Gynodiastylis mutabilis . . . . . . . 0.07
Gynodiastylis ambigua . . . . . . 0.11 0.07
Dimorphostylis cottoni . . . . . . . 0.07
Dicoides fletti . . . . . . . 0.2
Dromiidae Dromiidea globosa . . . . . + . .
Austrodromidia australis . . . . . + . .
Eurydicidae Natatolana woodjonesi . . . 82.07 25.33 . 0.11 1
Natatolana corpulenta . . . 0.13 . . . 0.2
Eurydice tarti . . . . 0.07 . . 0.13
Eusiridae Paramoera sp.1 . . . . . . . 0.07
Gammaridae Maera mastersi . . . . . . . 3.93
Ceradocus serratus . . . . . + . 2.8
Goneplacidae Hexapus granuliferus . . . . . . . 0.13
Grapsidae Paragrapsus gaimardii . . 0.93 . 0.4 . . .
Haustoriidae Acanthohaustorius sp.1 . . . . . . . 0.13
Hymenosomatidae Halicarcinus rostratus . . . . . . . 0.87
Halicarcinus ovatus 0.11 . . 0.07 0.07 . . 0.93
Idoteidae Austrochaetilia capeli . . . . . . . 0.2
Kalliapseudidae Kalliapseudes sp.1 . . . . . . 1.11 13.93
37

Appendix 1. (Cont.)
PHYLUM FAMILY SPECIES NAME PYLON NET TRAPS SLED CORES GRABS
SCRAPING SEINE CRAB SCAVENGER SHRIMP
n=18 n=6 n=15 n=15 n=15 n=6 n=9 n=15
Crustacea Leuconidae Hemileucon levis . . . . . . . 0.8
Leucosiidae Phlyxia intermedia . . . . . + 0.11 0.47
Philyra undecimspinosa . . . . . + . .
Leucothoidae Leucothoe assimilis . . . . . . . 0.6
Leucothoe commensalis 0.06 . . . . . 0.11 0.07
Liljeborgiidae Liljeborgia sp.2 . . . . . . . 0.2
Liljeborgia sp.4 . . . . . . . 0.33
Liljeborgia dubia . . . . . . . 1.8
Lysianassidae Ichnopus cribensis . . . . 0.07 . . .
Sheardella tangaroa . . . . . . . 0.2
Hippomedon denticulatus . . . . . . . 0.47
Amaryllis macrophthalmus . . . 0.53 0.07 . 0.11 2.6
Lysianassid sp.1 0.06 . . 43.07 13.33 . . 1
Lysianassid sp.2 . . . 0.67 0.07 . . 0.53
Lysianassid sp.3 . . . 0.07 0.13 . . 0.8
Lysianassid sp.4 . . . 2.53 . . . 0.27
Lysianassid sp.5 . . . 0.07 . . . .
Majidae Leptomithrax gaimardii 0.17 . . . . + . .
Melitidae Dulichiella australis . . . . . . 0.11 0.2
Melphidippidae Hornellia micramphopus . . . . . . . 0.93
Cheirocratus bassi . . . . . . . 0.6
Mysidae Australomysis incisa . . . . . . . 0.2
Tenagomysis sp.1 . . . . . . 0.11 0.07
Paranchialina angusta . . . . . . . 1.47
Nebaliidae Paranebalia sp.1 . . . . . . . 0.13
Nebalia sp.1 . . . 0.2 . . . .
Oedicerotidae Oedicerotid sp.2 . . . . . . . 0.07
Paguridae Pagurid sp.1 . . . . 0.07 . . .
Paguristes tuberculatus . . . . . + . 0.07
Strigapagurus strigmanus . . . . . + . .
Palaemonidae Macrobrachium intermedium . . . 0.93 3.33 + . 0.27
Pandalidae Parapandalus leptorhynchus . . . . 0.27 . . .
Paranthuridae Paranthura acacia . . . . . . 0.11 2.87
Acculathura gigas . . . . . . . 0.2
Bullowanthura pambula . . . . . . . 1.67
Pasiphaeidae Leptochela sydniensis . . . . . . 0.11 0.07
Philomedidae Philomedid sp.2 . . . . . . . 0.13
Euphilomedes sp.1 . . . . . . . 0.47
Philomedid sp.1 . . . . . . . 0.67
Phoxocephalidae Brolgus tattersalli . . . . . . . 0.07
Birubius panamunus . . . . . . . 1
Birubius cartoo . . . . . . . 0.07
Pinnotheridae Pinnotheres hickmani 0.06 . . . . . . 0.07
Platyischnopidae Tomituka doowi . . . . . . . 0.07
Portunidae Nectocarcinus tuberculosus . . . . 0.07 . . .
Carcinus maenas * . . 0.07 . . . . .
Ovalipes australiensis . . . . . + . .
Nectocarcinus integrifrons . . 0.4 . 0.13 . . .
Sarsiellidae Sarsiella sp.1 . . . . . . . 0.33
Sarsiella magna . . . . . . . 0.27
Scalpellidae Smilium peronii . . . . . + . .
Sergestidae Leucifer sp.1 . . . . . . . 0.07
Serolidae Serolis cf. bakeri . . . . . . . 0.07
Heteroserolis australiensis . . . . . . . 0.13
Sphaeromidae Cymodoce gaimardii . . . . . . . 3.07
Exosphaemora sp.2 . . . . . . . 0.6
Cilicaea crassicaudata 0.17 . . . . . . 0.07
Ceratocephalus grayanus . . . . . . . 0.13
Exosphaemora sp.1 . . . . . . . 0.47
Squillidae Austrosquilla osculans . . . . . . 0.11 0.47
Squilla miles . . . . 0.07 . . 0.07
Synopiidae Tiron sp.1 . . . . . . . 15.93
Tanaidae Leptochelia sp.1 . . . . . . . 0.07
Paratanais ignotus . . . . . . . 1.27
Unknown Brachyura megalops sp.2 . . . . . . . 0.13
Brachyura megalops sp.5 . . . . . . . 0.13
Upogebiidae Upogebia dromana . . . . . . 0.11 0.67
Xanthidae Pilumnus tomentosus 0.17 . . . . + . .
Pilumnus monilifer 0.28 . . . . + . .
Echinodermata Amphiuridae Ophiothrix caespitosa 0.06 . . . . . . .
Amphiura elandiformis . . . . . . 0.11 0.27
Ophiocentrus pilosus . . . . . . 0.11 0.33
Amphipholis squamata . . . . . . 0.22 .
Amphiura constricta . . . . . . 0.22 6.27
Asteriidae Allostichaster polyplax . . . . . + . .
Cidaridae Goniocidaris tubaria . . . . . + . .
Goniasteridae Tosia magnifica . . . . . + . .
Nectria ocellata . . . . . + . .
Strongylocentrotidae Heliocidaris erythrogramma . . . . . + . .
Temnopleuridae Holopneustes inflatus . . . . . + . .
Echiura Bonelliidae Metabonellia haswelli . . . . . . 0.11 0.4
Mollusca Acanthochitonidae Acanthochitona pilsbryi 0.17 . . . . . . .
Arcidae Anadara trapezia . . . . . + . 0.27
Aricidae Barbatia pistachia . . . . . + . .
Buccinidae Cominella eburnea . . . 0.13 . . . .
38

Appendix 1. (Cont.)
PHYLUM FAMILY SPECIES NAME PYLON NET TRAPS SLED CORES GRABS
SCRAPING SEINE CRAB SCAVENGER SHRIMP
n=18 n=6 n=15 n=15 n=15 n=6 n=9 n=15
Mollusca Calyptraeidae Calyptraea (Sigapatella) calypt . . . . . + . 2.93
Cardiidae Fulvia tenuicostata . . . . . . . 1.87
Pratulum thetidis . . . . . . 0.22 0.13
Carditidae Venericardia bimaculata . . . . . + 0.89 4.93
Chromodorididae Chromodoris cf. epicuria 0.06 . . . . . . .
Columbellidae Demtimitrella pulla . . . 0.13 . . . .
Dentimitrella sp.1 . . . . 0.07 . . .
Corbulidae Corbula gibba . . . . . . 0.11 .
Cyamiidae Cyamiomactra mactroides . . . . . . 0.22 1.6
Cymatiidae Cymatiella verrucosa . . . 0.07 . . . 0.13
Dorididae Dorid sp.2 0.06 . . . . . . .
Dorid sp.1 . . . . . . . 0.07
Eulimidae Strombiformis topaziaca . . . . . . . 1.2
Fasciolariidae Pleuroploca australasia . . . . . + . .
Hamineidae Liloa brevis . . . . . . . 0.07
Hiatellidae Hiatella australis 0.11 . . . . . . .
Hiatella subulata . . . . . . . 0.13
Kelliidae Melliteryx acupunctum . . . . . . 0.22 2.07
Leptochitonidae Leptochiton collusor . . . . . . . 0.2
Limidae Limatula strangei . . . . . . . 0.07
Lucinidae Bellucina crassilirata . . . . . . 0.11 0.13
Myrtea mayi . . . . . . 0.22 0.13
Mactridae Mactra jacksonensis . . . . . . 0.56 .
Notospisula cf. trigonella . . . . . . 0.67 0.6
Marginellidae Marginella sp.1 . . . . . . . 0.07
Mitridae Amoria undulata . . . . . + . .
Montacutidae Mysella donaciformis . . . . . . . 1.53
Muricidae Bedeva paivae . . . . . . . 0.13
Thais orbita 0.17 . . . . . . .
Myochamidae Myadora albida . . . . . . 0.22 0.87
Mytilidae Mytilus edulis planulatus 0.06 . . . . . . .
Musculista senhousia . . . . . . . 0.4
Gregariella barbatus . . . . . . . 0.07
Nassariidae Niotha pauperata . . . 11.2 0.87 . . 0.53
Nassarius burchardi . . . 3 . . 0.11 0.07
Nasssaridae Nassarius (Zeuxis) pyrrhus . . . 0.47 0.33 . . 0.2
Naticidae Polinices sordidus . . . . . . . 0.47
Nuculidae Nucula obliqua . . . . . . 1.11 .
Nucula pusilla . . . . . . . 0.73
Octopodidae Octopus australis . 0.17 . . . . . .
Octopus sp.1 . . . . . + . .
Omnastrephidae Nototodarus gouldi . 1.5 . . . . . .
Ostreidae Ostrea angasi . . . . . + . .
Pectinidae Cyclopecten cf. favus . . . . . . 0.11 6.73
Periplomatidae Offadesma angasi . . . . . . . 0.27
Philinidae Philine angasi . . . . . . . 0.07
Pholadidae Pholas australasiae . . . . . + . 15.27
Schizochitonidae Loricella angasi . . . . . + . .
Scissurellidae Sinezona atkinsoni . . . . . . . 0.07
Semelidae Theora cf. lubrica . . . . . . 0.22 .
Sepiidae Euprymna tasmanica . . . . . . . 0.07
Solenidae Solen vaginoides . . . . . + 0.11 0.33
Stiliferidae Stilifer petterdi . . . . 0.07 . . .
Tellinidae Tellina (Macomona) mariae . . . . . . 0.11 0.07
Thraciidae Eximiothracia modesta . . . . . . . 1.07
Trigoniidae Neotrigonia margaritacea . . . . . + 0.44 5.33
Trochidae Clanculus limbatus . . . . 0.07 . . .
Cantharidella tibiana . . . . 0.07 . . 0.13
Veneridae Chioneryx cardioides . . . . . . . 0.07
Notocallista diemenesis . . . . . + 0.11 5.47
Vulsellidae Vulsella spongiarum 0.06 . . . . . . .
Nematoda Monhysteridae Monhysterid sp.1 . . . . . . 0.33 1.2
Nemertea Unknown Nemertean sp.5 . . . . . . . 0.13
Platyhelminthes Unknown Turbellarian sp.1 . . . . . . 0.11 0.07
Porifera Aplysillidae Dendrilla cf. rosea 0.06 . . . . . 0.11 .
Halichondriidae Halichondria sp.2 0.33 . . . . . . .
Halichondria sp.3 0.06 . . . . . . .
Haliclonidae Haliclona sp.2 . . . . . + . .
Haliclona sp.3 0.06 . . . . . . .
Haliclona sp.1 0.06 . . . . + . .
Psammascidae Psammascid sp.2 0.11 . . . . . . .
Psammascid sp.1 0.06 . . . . . . .
Suberitidae Suberitidae sp.1 0.11 . . . . . . .
Tethyidae Tethya sp.1 0.11 . . . . + . .
Unknown Demospongiae sp.6 . . . . . + . .
Demospongiae sp.7 . . . . . + . .
Demospongiae sp.8 . . . . . + . .
Haplosclerid sp.1 0.06 . . . . . . .
Sycon sp.1 . . . . . . . 0.07
Sycon sp.2 0.06 . . . . . . .
Poecilosclerid sp.1 0.11 . . . . . . .
Poecilosclerid sp.2 + . . . . . . .
Poecilosclerid sp.3 + . . . . . . .
Dictyoceratid sp.1 0.56 . . . . . . .
Dictyoceratid sp.2 0.06 . . . . . . .
39

Appendix 1. (Cont.)
PHYLUM FAMILY SPECIES NAME PYLON NET TRAPS SLED CORES GRABS
SCRAPING SEINE CRAB SCAVENGER SHRIMP
n=18 n=6 n=15 n=15 n=15 n=6 n=9 n=15
Porifera Unknown Sycon sp.3 + . . . . . . .
Demospongiae sp.4 + . . . . + . .
Demospongiae sp.5 0.06 . . . . . . .
Rhodophyta Delesseriaceae Hymenena sp.1 + . . . . . . .
Gracilariaceae Gracilaria sp.2 + . . . . . . .
Rhodomelaceae Rhodophyta #2 + . . . . . . .
Unknown Rhodophyta #1 + . . . . . . .
Sarcodina Elphidiidae Elphidium sp.1 . . . . . . . 0.4
Miliolidae Triloculina affinis . . . . . . 50.78 932.27
Quinqueloculina sp.1 . . . . . . 0.11 0.73
Triloculina cf. oblonga . . . . . . 5.89 11.07
Polymorphinidae Sigmoidella sp.1 . . . . . . 0.33 1.13
Guttulina sp.1 . . . . . . 0.44 1.13
Sipuncula Golfingiidae Themiste sp.2 . . . . . . . 0.13
Phascolosomatidae Phascolosoma annulatum 0.06 . . . . . . .
Phascolion sp.2 0.06 . . . . . . .
40

Appendix 2. Percentage occurance of species in Port of Hastings obtained using different sampling methods. Exotic
species (7) are shown in bold type. ABWMAC target species are marked with an asterisk.
PHYLUM FAMILY SPECIES NAME PYLON NET TRAPS SLED CORES GRABS
SCRAPING SEINE CRAB SCAVENGER SHRIMP
n=18 n=6 n=15 n=15 n=15 n=6 n=9 n=15
Annelida Ampharetidae Lysippides sp.1 . . . . . . . 47
Isolda sp.1 . . . . . . 22 80
Ampheretidae Ampharete sp.1 . . . . . . 11 7
Capitellidae Notomastus sp.1 . . . . . . 67 80
Capitellid sp.1 . . . . . . 33 .
Notomastus sp.2 . . . . . . 33 47
Cirratulidae Chaetozone sp.1 . . . . . . 11 7
Tharyx sp.1 . . . . . . . 53
Caulleriella sp.1 . . . . . . 11 7
Tharyx sp.2 . . . . . . 11 33
Dorvilleidae Dorvillea australiensis . . . . . . 11 20
Eunicidae Marphysa sp.1 . . . . . . . 67
Eunice cf. australis . . . . . . . 7
Eunice sp.2 28 . . . . . . 7
Glyceridae Glycera cf. americana . . . . . . 11 47
Goniadidae Goniada cf. emerita . . . . . . . 27
Hesionidae Nerimyra longicirrata . . . . . . . 7
Hesionid sp.2 . . . . . . . 7
Lumbrineridae Lumbrineris cf. latreilli . . . . . . . 40
Lumbrineris sp.2 . . . . . . 56 87
Magelonidae Magelona cf. dakini . . . . . . . 7
Maldanidae Asychis glabra . . . . . . . 20
Maldanid sp.1 . . . . . . 11 33
Clymenella sp.1 . . . . . . . 27
Nephtyidae Nephtys inornata . . . . . . 22 73
Nereidae Simplisetia amphidonta 22 . . . . . . 7
Platynereis dumerillii antipoda . . . 7 . . . 47
Neridae Nereis sp.1 . . . . . . 11 7
Onuphidae Onuphid sp.1 . . . . . . . 40
Opheliidae Travisia sp.1 . . . . . . . 7
Ophellidae Armandia cf. intermedia . . . . . . 56 93
Orbiniidae Haploscoloplos sp.1 . . . . . . . 7
Leitoscolopolos bifurcatus . . . . . . 22 27
Orbinia sp.2 . . . . . . . 13
Paraonidae Aricidea sp.1 . . . . . . 22 47
Phyllodocidae Phyllodoce sp.1 . . . . . . 22 53
Eulalia sp.1 . . . . . . . 13
Polynoidae Harmothoe spinosa . . . . . . . 13
Polyonidae sp.1 6 . . . . . . .
Sabellidae Euchone variabilis . . . . . . 11 7
Euchone sp.3 . . . . . . . 13
Sabella sp.2 . . . . . . . 7
Sabellastarte sp.1 . . . . . . . 13
Sabella sp.1 44 . . . . . . 7
Serpulidae Serpulid sp.2 . . . . . . . 7
Spionidae Polydora sp.1 . . . . . . 11 .
Prinospio aucklandica . . . . . . . 7
Syllidae Syllis sp.4 . . . . . . . 7
Syllis sp.2 . . . . . . . 53
Terebellidae Amaenna trilobata . . . . . . 22 27
Terebellid sp.1 . . . . . . . 40
Eupolymnia koorangia 6 . . . . . . 7
Terebella cf. ehrenbergi 22 . . . . . . 7
Trichobranchidae Artacamella dibranchiata . . . . . . 11 .
Terebellides sp.1 6 . . . . . . .
Brachiopoda Terebratellidae Magellania australis . . . . . 33 33 20
Bryozoa Bugulidae Bugula neritina 11 . . . . . . .
Bugulidea Bugula dentata 72 . . . . . . .
Cabereidae Caberea glabra 72 . . . . . 67 .
Tricellaria sp.1 22 . . . . . . .
Reteporidae Triphyllozoon moniliferum 72 . . . . . 56 .
Unknown Cheilostome #3 6 . . . . . 44 .
Cheilostome #4 . . . . . . 11 .
Cheilostome #1 56 . . . . 67 . .
Vesiculariidae Amathia sp.1 39 . . . . . 11 .
Watersiporideae Watersipora cf. subtorquata 6 . . . . . 11 .
Chelicerata Ammotheidae Ammotheid sp.1 . . . . . . . 7
Chlorophyta Caulerpaceae Caulerpa brownii 6 . . . . . . .
Caulerpa cactoides 6 . . . . . . .
Chordata Apogonidae Vincentia conspersa . . 7 . . . . .
Aracanidae Aracana ornata . 17 7 . . . . .
Aracana aurita . 17 . . . . . .
Arripidae Arripis georgiana . 50 . . . . . .
Ascidiidae Ascidia sydneyensis . . . . . . . 7
Ascidia sp.1 6 . . . . . . .
Ascidia sp.2 11 . . . . . . .
Atherinidae Atherinosoma microstoma . 33 7 . 20 . . .
Blenniidae Parablennius tasmanianus 6 . . . . . . .
Carangidae Pseudocaranx dentex . 33 . . . . . .
Clavelinidae Sycozoa cerebriformis 28 . . . . 50 . .
Clinidae Cristiceps argyropleura . 33 . . . . . .
Didemnidae Didemnum sp.1 78 . . . . . . .
Didemnum sp.2 22 . . . . . . .
Diodontidae Diodon nicthemerus . 50 . . . . . .
Gobiesocidae Aspasmogaster tasmaniensis . . . . . . . 7
41

Appendix 2. (Cont.)
PHYLUM FAMILY SPECIES NAME PYLON NET TRAPS SLED CORES GRABS
SCRAPING SEINE CRAB SCAVENGER SHRIMP
n=18 n=6 n=15 n=15 n=15 n=6 n=9 n=15
Chordata Hemiramphidae Hyporhamphus melanochir . 33 . . . . . .
Holozoidae Ascidian #13 11 . . . . . . .
Ascidian #14 39 . . . . . . .
Labridae Notolabrus fucicola . . 13 . . . . .
Molgulidae Ascidian #10 6 . . . . . . .
Molgula sp.1 67 . . . . 17 . .
Monacanthidae Acanthaluteres spilomanurus . 17 . . 13 . . .
Meuschenia freycineti . . 7 . . . . .
Scobinichthys granulatus . 17 . . . . . .
Thamnaconus degeni . . 7 . . . . .
Moridae Pseudophycis barbata . . 13 . . . . .
Mugilidae Myxus elongatus . 33 . 7 . . . .
Aldrichetta forsteri . 33 . . . . . .
Odacidae Haletta semifasciata . . 7 . . . . .
Pleuronectidae Rhombosolea tapirina . 17 . . . . . .
Polycitoridae Ascidian #16 17 . . . . . . .
Polyzoinae Amphicarpa meridiana 83 . . . . 83 11 .
Pyuridae Halocynthia hispida 39 . . . . . . .
Pyura stolonifera 11 . . . . 83 . 20
Microcosmus squamiger 44 . . . . . . .
Herdmania momus 11 . . . . . . .
Pyura australis 6 . . . . 17 . .
Rhinobatidae Trygonorrhina guanerius . 50 . . . . . .
Scorpaeniformes Gymnapistes marmoratus . 33 7 . 7 . . .
Scyliorhinidae Asymbolus analis . . 7 . . . . .
Sillanginidae Sillaginodes punctata . 50 . . . . . .
Styelidae Cnemidocarpa sp.1 6 . . . . . . .
Cnemidocarpa etheridgii . . . . . 17 . .
Syngnathidae Syngnathus phillipi . . . . . 33 . 7
Tetraodontidae Tetractenos glaber . 100 . . . . . .
Contusus brevicaudus . 33 . . . . . .
Cnidaria Campanulariidae Obelia cf. geniculata 11 . . . . . . .
Eudendriidae Eudendrium cf. generale 6 . . . . . . .
Melithaeidae Mopsella zimmeri 6 . . . . . . .
Plumulariidae Algaophenia cf. plumosa 22 . . . . . 11 .
Crustacea AcanthonotozomatidaeCypsiphimedia sp.1 . . . . . . . 7
Alpheidae Alpheus sp.1 72 . . . 7 . 11 33
Ampeliscidae Ampelisca euroa . . . . . . . 60
Byblis mildura . . . . . . 22 60
Amphipoda Tethygeneia sp.1 . . . 7 . . . .
Anthuridae Amakusanthura pimelia . . . . . . . 20
Haliophasma cribense . . . . . . . 7
Haliophasma canale . . . . . . . 33
Aoridae Aora mortoni . . . . . . . 20
Apseudidae Apseudes sp.2 . . . . . . . 13
Apseudes sp.1 . . . . . . 11 27
Astacillidae Neastacilla deducta . . . . . . . 20
Axiidae Axiopsis werribee . . . . . . . 7
Bodotriidae Zenocuma rugosa . . . . . . . 60
Glyphocuma bakeri . . . . . . . 20
Callianassidae Callianassa arenosa . . . . . . 33 33
Neocallichirus limosus . . . . . . 11 7
Corophiidae Gammaropsis sp.2 . . . . . . . 13
Xenocheira fasciata . . . . . . . 47
Cheiriphotis sp.1 . . . . . . 22 20
Gammaropsis sp.3 . . . . . . 11 27
Rhinoecetes robustus . . . . . . . 7
Photis sp.1 . . . . . . . 80
Gammaropsis sp.1 . . . . . . . 87
Crangonidae Pontophilus intermedius . . . . . . 11 13
Cylindroleberidae Asteropterygion magnum . . . . . . . 27
Empoulsenia sp.1 . . . . . . 33 33
Cypridinidae Cypridinidae sp.2 . . . 40 . . . 7
Cypridinidae sp.1 . . . . . . . 27
Dexaminidae Paradexamine lanacoura . . . . . . 11 60
Diastylidae Cumacean #1 . . . . . . . 7
Gynodiastylis mutabilis . . . . . . . 7
Gynodiastylis ambigua . . . . . . 11 7
Dimorphostylis cottoni . . . . . . . 7
Dicoides fletti . . . . . . . 13
Dromiidae Dromiidea globosa . . . . . 17 . .
Austrodromidia australis . . . . . 33 . .
Eurydicidae Natatolana woodjonesi . . . 33 33 . 11 33
Natatolana corpulenta . . . 7 . . . 20
Eurydice tarti . . . . 7 . . 13
Eusiridae Paramoera sp.1 . . . . . . . 7
Gammaridae Maera mastersi . . . . . . . 53
Ceradocus serratus . . . . . 17 . 47
Goneplacidae Hexapus granuliferus . . . . . . . 13
Grapsidae Paragrapsus gaimardii . . 20 . 27 . . .
Haustoriidae Acanthohaustorius sp.1 . . . . . . . 7
Hymenosomatidae Halicarcinus rostratus . . . . . . . 40
Halicarcinus ovatus 6 . . 7 7 . . 40
Idoteidae Austrochaetilia capeli . . . . . . . 13
Kalliapseudidae Kalliapseudes sp.1 . . . . . . 44 67
42

Appendix 2. (Cont.)
PHYLUM FAMILY SPECIES NAME PYLON NET TRAPS SLED CORES GRABS
SCRAPING SEINE CRAB SCAVENGER SHRIMP
n=18 n=6 n=15 n=15 n=15 n=6 n=9 n=15
Crustacea Leuconidae Hemileucon levis . . . . . . . 7
Leucosiidae Phlyxia intermedia . . . . . 17 11 33
Philyra undecimspinosa . . . . . 17 . .
Leucothoidae Leucothoe assimilis . . . . . . . 47
Leucothoe commensalis 6 . . . . . 11 7
Liljeborgiidae Liljeborgia sp.2 . . . . . . . 13
Liljeborgia sp.4 . . . . . . . 20
Liljeborgia dubia . . . . . . . 53
Lysianassidae Ichnopus cribensis . . . . 7 . . .
Sheardella tangaroa . . . . . . . 20
Hippomedon denticulatus . . . . . . . 27
Amaryllis macrophthalmus . . . 13 7 . 11 67
Lysianassid sp.1 6 . . 40 20 . . 60
Lysianassid sp.2 . . . 13 7 . . 13
Lysianassid sp.3 . . . 7 7 . . 20
Lysianassid sp.4 . . . 20 . . . 7
Lysianassid sp.5 . . . 7 . . . .
Majidae Leptomithrax gaimardii 17 . . . . 83 . .
Melitidae Dulichiella australis . . . . . . 11 13
Melphidippidae Hornellia micramphopus . . . . . . . 7
Cheirocratus bassi . . . . . . . 7
Mysidae Australomysis incisa . . . . . . . 7
Tenagomysis sp.1 . . . . . . 11 7
Paranchialina angusta . . . . . . . 40
Nebaliidae Paranebalia sp.1 . . . . . . . 13
Nebalia sp.1 . . . 20 . . . .
Oedicerotidae Oedicerotid sp.2 . . . . . . . 7
Paguridae Pagurid sp.1 . . . . 7 . . .
Paguristes tuberculatus . . . . . 33 . 7
Strigapagurus strigmanus . . . . . 33 . .
Palaemonidae Macrobrachium intermedium . . . 47 73 17 . 7
Pandalidae Parapandalus leptorhynchus . . . . 7 . . .
Paranthuridae Paranthura acacia . . . . . . 11 73
Acculathura gigas . . . . . . . 13
Bullowanthura pambula . . . . . . . 47
Pasiphaeidae Leptochela sydniensis . . . . . . 11 7
Philomedidae Philomedid sp.2 . . . . . . . 7
Euphilomedes sp.1 . . . . . . . 13
Philomedid sp.1 . . . . . . . 33
Phoxocephalidae Brolgus tattersalli . . . . . . . 7
Birubius panamunus . . . . . . . 60
Birubius cartoo . . . . . . . 7
Pinnotheridae Pinnotheres hickmani 6 . . . . . . 7
Platyischnopidae Tomituka doowi . . . . . . . 7
Portunidae Nectocarcinus tuberculosus . . . . 7 . . .
Carcinus maenas * . . 7 . . . . .
Ovalipes australiensis . . . . . 17 . .
Nectocarcinus integrifrons . . 20 . 13 . . .
Sarsiellidae Sarsiella sp.1 . . . . . . . 13
Sarsiella magna . . . . . . . 20
Scalpellidae Smilium peronii . . . . . 17 . .
Sergestidae Leucifer sp.1 . . . . . . . 7
Serolidae Serolis cf. bakeri . . . . . . . 7
Heteroserolis australiensis . . . . . . . 7
Sphaeromidae Cymodoce gaimardii . . . . . . . 27
Exosphaemora sp.2 . . . . . . . 13
Cilicaea crassicaudata 11 . . . . . . 7
Ceratocephalus grayanus . . . . . . . 13
Exosphaemora sp.1 . . . . . . . 13
Squillidae Austrosquilla osculans . . . . . . 11 33
Squilla miles . . . . 7 . . 7
Synopiidae Tiron sp.1 . . . . . . . 47
Tanaidae Leptochelia sp.1 . . . . . . . 7
Paratanais ignotus . . . . . . . 27
Unknown Brachyura megalops sp.2 . . . . . . . 13
Brachyura megalops sp.5 . . . . . . . 13
Upogebiidae Upogebia dromana . . . . . . 11 27
Xanthidae Pilumnus tomentosus 17 . . . . 17 . .
Pilumnus monilifer 22 . . . . 17 . .
Echinodermata Amphiuridae Ophiothrix caespitosa 6 . . . . . . .
Amphiura elandiformis . . . . . . 11 13
Ophiocentrus pilosus . . . . . . 11 20
Amphipholis squamata . . . . . . 22 .
Amphiura constricta . . . . . . 22 67
Asteriidae Allostichaster polyplax . . . . . 17 . .
Cidaridae Goniocidaris tubaria . . . . . 83 . .
Goniasteridae Tosia magnifica . . . . . 33 . .
Nectria ocellata . . . . . 17 . .
Strongylocentrotidae Heliocidaris erythrogramma . . . . . 50 . .
Temnopleuridae Holopneustes inflatus . . . . . 17 . .
Echiura Bonelliidae Metabonellia haswelli . . . . . . 11 7
Mollusca Acanthochitonidae Acanthochitona pilsbryi 17 . . . . . . .
Arcidae Anadara trapezia . . . . . 33 . 27
Aricidae Barbatia pistachia . . . . . 17 . .
Buccinidae Cominella eburnea . . . 13 . . . .
43

Appendix 2. (Cont.)
PHYLUM FAMILY SPECIES NAME PYLON NET TRAPS SLED CORES GRABS
SCRAPING SEINE CRAB SCAVENGER SHRIMP
n=18 n=6 n=15 n=15 n=15 n=6 n=9 n=15
Mollusca Calyptraeidae Calyptraea (Sigapatella) calypt . . . . . 100 . 67
Cardiidae Fulvia tenuicostata . . . . . . . 40
Pratulum thetidis . . . . . . 11 7
Carditidae Venericardia bimaculata . . . . . 17 44 93
Chromodorididae Chromodoris cf. epicuria 6 . . . . . . .
Columbellidae Demtimitrella pulla . . . 13 . . . .
Dentimitrella sp.1 . . . . 7 . . .
Corbulidae Corbula gibba . . . . . . 11 .
Cyamiidae Cyamiomactra mactroides . . . . . . 11 27
Cymatiidae Cymatiella verrucosa . . . 7 . . . 7
Dorididae Dorid sp.2 6 . . . . . . .
Dorid sp.1 . . . . . . . 7
Eulimidae Strombiformis topaziaca . . . . . . . 33
Fasciolariidae Pleuroploca australasia . . . . . 50 . .
Hamineidae Liloa brevis . . . . . . . 7
Hiatellidae Hiatella australis 11 . . . . . . .
Hiatella subulata . . . . . . . 7
Kelliidae Melliteryx acupunctum . . . . . . 22 33
Leptochitonidae Leptochiton collusor . . . . . . . 7
Limidae Limatula strangei . . . . . . . 7
Lucinidae Bellucina crassilirata . . . . . . 11 13
Myrtea mayi . . . . . . 22 13
Mactridae Mactra jacksonensis . . . . . . 11 .
Notospisula cf. trigonella . . . . . . 22 20
Marginellidae Marginella sp.1 . . . . . . . 7
Mitridae Amoria undulata . . . . . 33 . .
Montacutidae Mysella donaciformis . . . . . . . 40
Muricidae Bedeva paivae . . . . . . . 7
Thais orbita 17 . . . . . . .
Myochamidae Myadora albida . . . . . . 11 20
Mytilidae Mytilus edulis planulatus 6 . . . . . . .
Musculista senhousia . . . . . . . 13
Gregariella barbatus . . . . . . . 7
Nassariidae Niotha pauperata . . . 40 27 . . 13
Nassarius burchardi . . . 13 . . 11 7
Nasssaridae Nassarius (Zeuxis) pyrrhus . . . 20 20 . . 7
Naticidae Polinices sordidus . . . . . . . 27
Nuculidae Nucula obliqua . . . . . . 22 .
Nucula pusilla . . . . . . . 27
Octopodidae Octopus australis . 17 . . . . . .
Octopus sp.1 . . . . . 17 . .
Omnastrephidae Nototodarus gouldi . 67 . . . . . .
Ostreidae Ostrea angasi . . . . . 17 . .
Pectinidae Cyclopecten cf. favus . . . . . . 11 47
Periplomatidae Offadesma angasi . . . . . . . 20
Philinidae Philine angasi . . . . . . . 7
Pholadidae Pholas australasiae . . . . . 33 . 47
Schizochitonidae Loricella angasi . . . . . 33 . .
Scissurellidae Sinezona atkinsoni . . . . . . . 7
Semelidae Theora cf. lubrica . . . . . . 22 .
Sepiidae Euprymna tasmanica . . . . . . . 7
Solenidae Solen vaginoides . . . . . 17 11 13
Stiliferidae Stilifer petterdi . . . . 7 . . .
Tellinidae Tellina (Macomona) mariae . . . . . . 11 7
Thraciidae Eximiothracia modesta . . . . . . . 47
Trigoniidae Neotrigonia margaritacea . . . . . 100 22 80
Trochidae Clanculus limbatus . . . . 7 . . .
Cantharidella tibiana . . . . 7 . . 7
Veneridae Chioneryx cardioides . . . . . . . 7
Notocallista diemenesis . . . . . 33 11 60
Vulsellidae Vulsella spongiarum 6 . . . . . . .
Nematoda Monhysteridae Monhysterid sp.1 . . . . . . 22 40
Nemertea Unknown Nemertean sp.5 . . . . . . . 7
PlatyhelminthesUnknown Turbellarian sp.1 . . . . . . 11 7
Porifera Aplysillidae Dendrilla cf. rosea 11 . . . . . 11 .
Halichondriidae Halichondria sp.2 50 . . . . . . .
Halichondria sp.3 11 . . . . . . .
Haliclonidae Haliclona sp.2 . . . . . 50 . .
Haliclona sp.3 33 . . . . . . .
Haliclona sp.1 6 . . . . 17 . .
Psammascidae Psammascid sp.2 22 . . . . . . .
Psammascid sp.1 11 . . . . . . .
Suberitidae Suberitidae sp.1 11 . . . . . . .
Tethyidae Tethya sp.1 11 . . . . 17 . .
Unknown Demospongiae sp.6 . . . . . 33 . .
Demospongiae sp.7 . . . . . 17 . .
Demospongiae sp.8 . . . . . 17 . .
Haplosclerid sp.1 11 . . . . . . .
Sycon sp.1 . . . . . . . 7
Sycon sp.2 39 . . . . . . .
Poecilosclerid sp.1 22 . . . . . . .
Poecilosclerid sp.2 11 . . . . . . .
Poecilosclerid sp.3 6 . . . . . . .
Dictyoceratid sp.1 56 . . . . . . .
Dictyoceratid sp.2 17 . . . . . . .
44

Appendix 2. (Cont.)
PHYLUM FAMILY SPECIES NAME PYLON NET TRAPS SLED CORES GRABS
SCRAPING SEINE CRAB SCAVENGER SHRIMP
n=18 n=6 n=15 n=15 n=15 n=6 n=9 n=15
Porifera Unknown Sycon sp.3 6 . . . . . . .
Demospongiae sp.4 11 . . . . 33 . .
Demospongiae sp.5 6 . . . . . . .
Rhodophyta Delesseriaceae Hymenena sp.1 17 . . . . . . .
Gracilariaceae Gracilaria sp.2 17 . . . . . . .
Rhodomelaceae Rhodophyta #2 28 . . . . . . .
Unknown Rhodophyta #1 6 . . . . . . .
Sarcodina Elphidiidae Elphidium sp.1 . . . . . . . 7
Miliolidae Triloculina affinis . . . . . . 100 87
Quinqueloculina sp.1 . . . . . . 11 20
Triloculina cf. oblonga . . . . . . 100 53
Polymorphinidae Sigmoidella sp.1 . . . . . . 11 27
Guttulina sp.1 . . . . . . 22 40
Sipuncula Golfingiidae Themiste sp.2 . . . . . . . 13
Phascolosomatidae Phascolosoma annulatum 6 . . . . . . .
Phascolion sp.2 6 . . . . . . .
45