nutrition and physical activity in our schools - Environment & Human ...

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The State of Nutrition and Physical Activity in Our SchoolsFigure 1. Prevalence of childrenwith BMIs exceeding the 95thpercentile for selected periodsbetween 1963 and 2000. (Datasource: CDC, 2004).16OVERWEIGHT PREVALENCE128401963–70 1971–74 1976–80 1988–94 1999–20006–11 yrs.12–19 yrs.Disparities in prevalenceBetween 1976 and 1994, overweight and obesity prevalenceincreased in both genders, across all races and ethnicities, andacross all age groups. 9, 10 However, disparities in overweight andobesity prevalence do exist based on race, ethnicity, gender, andsocioeconomic status.Data from the NHANES III survey, collected from 1988-1994,demonstrated that Mexican-American boys had a higherprevalence of overweight than did non-Hispanic black and non-Hispanic white boys. 11, 12 In addition, Hispanic girls and non-Hispanic black girls have shown a higher prevalence of13, 14, 15, 16overweight than non-Hispanic white girls.7
The State of Nutrition and Physical Activity in Our SchoolsWhat is childhood obesity, and howdoes it differ from childhoodoverweight?Childhood obesity isdefined as the presenceof excess adipose tissue,while childhoodoverweight simplymeans having too muchweight.... Regardless ofdifficulties in preciselydefining childhoodobesity, it is clear thatmillions of Americanchildren are overweightor obese, and that thisproblem is increasing atan alarming rate.Childhood obesity is defined as the presence of excess adiposetissue, 17, 18 while childhood overweight simply means havingtoo much weight. The BMI described earlier is currently thepreferred method for evaluating weight status in children, anda BMI greater than the gender- and age-specific 95thpercentile is strongly indicative of obesity in children andadolescents.It should be noted that only criteria based on measures of fatnessor adiposity can classify individuals as obese. Weight-basedmeasures, including the BMI, are only indirect measures ofadiposity. This is particularly relevant in populations ofchildren who are growing and developing muscle, and mayvary widely even within the same age and gender groupings. 19Thus, the NHANES survey described previously makes noreference to childhood obesity, and confines its results tochildhood overweight prevalence.However, other researchers have argued that the associationbetween obesity and high BMI is quite strong, 20 and in amajority of studies, a BMI greater than the 95th percentile isconsidered obese. 21 Regardless of difficulties in preciselydefining childhood obesity, it is clear that millions of Americanchildren are overweight or obese, and that this problem isincreasing at an alarming rate.8
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ENVIRONMENT AND HUMAN HEALTH, INC.B
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