SALCO - Who, If, When to Marry -The Incidence of Forced Marriage in Ontario (Sep 2013)

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individual get a job (so the person is eligible to sponsor someone) are also commonly seen warning signs. 6One of the most telling signs of the mental anguish and pressure faced by victims of FM is suicidal ideation.In fact, according to Buckeridge, almost every FM client she dealt with had suicidal ideation or thoughts ofself-harm. 7Figure 8: Types of Violence Experienced by Individualsin Forced Marriage SituationsPERCENTAGE OF CASES80706050403020100Physical ViolenceSexual ViolenceMental or Social PressureThreatening BehaviourStalkingImprisonmentAbductionThreatening Immigration SponsorshipDemeaning and Controlling BehaviourRestrictions on LfestyleFamily Member Threatend to Self-HarmOppressive Financial ControlTYPES OF VIOLENCEOtherContextual understanding of patriarchy is necessary in order to understand FM. The survey results provideclear evidence that FM, as is the case with all forms of domestic violence, is an expression of patriarchy.Gender, ethnicity and culture also increase women’s vulnerability to subjection to patriarchal control. 8 Thefact that FM is mostly imposed on women and is not bound by any particular geographical region, culture,or religion speaks to the universality of culture of violence and patriarchy. Moreover, the high frequencyof violence reported particularly physical, emotional and sexual violence, as well as the influence maleheads of the family have in FM situations further reifies and implicates the role of patriarchal ideologies thatcontinue to persist in Canadian society. 9Findings on violence were troubling and raise concerns. Victims of FM have a clear need for counselling duringand post-FM situations. Clients remain vulnerable to serious mental and physical health risks that flow fromthe trauma of the FM. The data supports a significant need for health / counselling services for victims of FM.6 Forced/non-consensual marriages: a toolkit for service providers (2010, p. 16).7 Forced marriages and gaps in services: interview with Jakki Buckeridge (2012).8 Forced marriage: the risk factors and the effect of raising the minimum age for a sponsor,and of leave to enter the UK as a spouse or fiancé(e) (2007, p. 29).9 Mattoo & Sekhar (2012) state that men who find themselves in forced marriage situations are alsovictims of patriarchy, though the extent of pressure they encounter differs (p. 429).18
11%11%11% 1%1%1%1% 12%12%12%9%9%11% 9%4%13%13%13%2%9%9%9%1%1%13%13%13%5%11%11%1%1%12%12%1%6%4%4%were referred through community organizations (26%) followed by self-referrals 4% (13%). A significant number1%1%1%2%2% 25%9%9%of self-referrals suggest that individuals going through FM in Canada are actively 2% seeking assistance.11%11%11%4%4%13%13%4%5%5%5%6%6%TeacherCommunityHealthSelf 6%Figure 9: Source of Referral 2%2%2% for Forced Marriage Member Clients Professional1%1%5%5%11%11%1%1%12%12%5%6%6%Community 6%CounsellorLawyer 25%25%OtherOrganisation25%11%11%1%4%4%11%12%TeacherTeacherCommunityCommunityTeacherCommunityHealthHealthHealthMemberMemberMemberProfessionalProfessional2%2%9%9%Friend 25%25% Family25%Co-WorkerProfessionalUnknownMember13%13%5%5%CommunityCommunity6%6%TeacherTeacherCommunityCommunityTeacherCommunityHealthHealthCounsellorCounsellor HealthSelfSelfCommunityCounsellorLawyerLawyerMemberMemberSelfMemberProfessionalProfessionalProfessional OrganisationOrganisationLawyer9%Organisation13%1%1%CommunityCommunityFamilyFamilyCounsellorCounsellor CommunityFriendFriend25%25%CounsellorLawyerLawyerLawyer Family OtherOtherFriendCo-WorkerCo-WorkerOrganisationOrganisation11%11%MemberMember OtherOrganisationCo-WorkerMember4%4%TeacherTeacherCommunityCommunityHealthHealthSelfSelfMemberMemberProfessionalProfessional2%2%FamilyFamilyFriendFriendFamilyFriendCo-WorkerCo-WorkerCo-WorkerUnknownUnknownMemberMemberUnknownMember1%5%5%CounsellorCounsellor 11%CommunityCommunity 6%6%LawyerLawyerOtherOther4%OrganisationOrganisation2%FamilyFamilyFriendFriend 25%25%MemberMemberCo-WorkerCo-WorkerUnknownUnknown5%6%TeacherTeacherCommunityCommunityHealthHealthMemberMemberProfessionalProfessionalSelfSelf12ReferralsFM clients were referred to the organizations surveyed through a variety of means. The majority of the casesCounsellorCounsellor25%CommunityCommunityOrganisationOrganisationLawyerLawyerOtherOtherFamilyFamilyTeacherCommunity FriendFriend HealthSelf Co-WorkerCo-WorkerUnknownUnknownMemberProfessional MemberMemberSelf-referred FM clients continue to face some barriers to accessing service. According to Mattoo, manyindividuals may search for assistance but as FM is not included in the definition of domestic violence,CommunityCounsellorLawyerOtherclients often do not access Organisation mainstream assistance for victims of family / domestic violence. 10 They do notrelate those services to their own FM situations because of this disconnect. Lack of recognition of FM hasFamilybecome Friend a barrier in accessing services. Co-Worker UnknownMemberThe next largest source of referrals was teachers (12%). This is not surprising given the prevalence of FMin individuals between the ages of 12 to 24 (school-aged). Limited referrals also came from Canada BorderServices Agency (CBSA), airport authorities, DFAIT, and the police.13Follow-up58% of the survey respondents had 4 or more contacts with their FM clients. In slightly more than a quarterof the cases reported (27%), the service providers had only one to two contacts with their FM clients. Datarevealed that a large portion of FM clients were “lost” for a variety of reasons, including lack of resources torespond, clients had been taken out of the jurisdiction of the survey respondent, FM client had resolved10 Forced marriages and gaps in services: interview with Deepa Mattoo (2012).19
Page 1 and 2: South Asian Legal Clinic of Ontario
Page 3 and 4: ACKNOWLEDGEMENTSSALCO would like to
Page 5: TABLE OF CONTENTSIntroduction 1Hist
Page 9 and 10: HISTORY OF SALCO’SFORCED MARRIAGE
Page 11 and 12: FORCED MARRIAGE:LEGISLATION IN CANA
Page 14 and 15: CASESTUDYRicky was born and raised
Page 16 and 17: 2 AgeThe survey found that the majo
Page 18 and 19: 4Citizenshipand Length of Time in C
Page 20 and 21: There was no measure included in th
Page 22 and 23: 9Perpetrators of Forced MarriageFro
Page 26 and 27: the situation or fled. Although all
Page 28 and 29: Another significant challenge noted
Page 30 and 31: CASESTUDYEver since Nina turned 16,
Page 32 and 33: RISK ASSESMENTRecommendation #3: De
Page 34 and 35: Recommendation #8: Better protectio
Page 36 and 37: WORKS CITEDBuckeridge, J. (2012, Au
Page 38 and 39: 2% 1% 1%Figure 1: Age of Individual
Page 40 and 41: 15%15%2% 3%Figure 5: Level of Educa
Page 42 and 43: 13%1%4%11%Figure 9: Level of Educat
Page 44 and 45: INFORMATION AND CONSENT FORMThis is
Page 46 and 47: Level of education:High School Dipl
Page 48 and 49: APPENDIX CInterview Questions42
Page 50: APPENDIX DConference Report44

SALCO - Who, If, When to Marry -The Incidence of Forced Marriage in Ontario (Sep 2013)

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