Report - UNDP Russia

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governments to spend much more budgetmoney on investments in the economy.Moscow’s budget revenues account for 20% of allrevenues of Russian regions, because Moscowgathers profit tax from all major corporationsregistered in the country. Revenues of theTyumen regional budget increased by six timesin 2003–2008 (from 27 to 163 billion rubles),compared with threefold growth in other regionsof Russia. These figures are not merely reflectionsof economic growth, but also of institutionaladvantages: the Tyumen regional budgetreceives some of the taxes from its residentautonomous districts with their oil & gas wealth,Moscow obtains tax from large oil & gascompanies registered there, etc.Regional budgets have highly variedpriorities in financing of social items. The biggestshares of spending on education (a quarter of allbudget spending) are in Perm Territory, TomskRegion, Republic of Tatarstan, Republic ofBashkortostan, Komi Republic and NenetsAutonomous District. On average regions spendabout 21% of their budgets on education, but inTyumen Region this figure is only 11% and inAstrakhan Region it is 16%. Health care and sporthave top priority in Khanty-Mansi AutonomousDistrict (20% of all spending, compared with 13%average for all regions), while Tomsk Region andthe Nenets Autonomous District spend only 8%of their budgets on these items, and TyumenRegion and Krasnoyarsk Territory give them a10% share. Social policy spending is highest inKomi Republic and in Samara Region (15%against average 12% for all regions) and twothirds of these funds are spent as social paymentsto individuals and families. Housing & utilitieshave top priority in the federal cities and inYamal-Nenets Autonomous District (21-29% ofbudget spending compared with 16% averagefor all regions). But this is a forced priority:regional governments are postponing reform ofthe housing & utility sectors because of concernabout social consequences.These figures reflect social priorities ofregional governments, but a more preciseassessment of regional investments in humandevelopment can be obtained by studying percapita social expenditures. In order to make a justcomparison, they need to be adjusted for pricedifferences between regions and objectivedifferences in the cost of budget services basedon climate, remoteness, population density, etc.The Ministry of Finance uses a speciallydeveloped Budget Expenditures Index, whichtakes account of all these differences, and RosstatFigure 2.3Share of social and housing & utilities spending in all expenditures of consolidated budgets of Russianregions in 2008, %Social expendituresSocial expenditures and housing & utilities expenditures8070605040302010058 57 56 5553 52 52 51 50 50 50 49 49 49 49 47 47Republic of UdmurtiaKhanty-Mansi Autonomous DistrictPerm TerritoryKomi RepublicRepublic of BashkortostanOrenburg RegionSakhalin RegionSamara RegionKemerovo RegionKrasnoyarsk TerritoryRepublic of TatarstanRF national averageYamal-Nenets Autonomous DistrictTomsk RegionAstrakhan RegionSt. PetersburgNenets Autonomous District36 33MoscowTyumen Region32 National Human Development Report in the Russian Federation 2009
(the Federal State Statistics Service) hasdeveloped a coefficient for interregionalcomparisons, which reflects differences in thecost of a fixed list of commodities and services.These two correcting coefficients differ from eachother to a considerable extent, especially fornorthern and eastern regions and the federalcities, so that adjustments made using themproduce different results. Table 2.3 shows percapita budget expenditures, including socialexpenditures, calculated by three methods:nominal, using the Rosstat coefficient, and usingthe Budget Expenditures Index.The choice between types of adjustmenthas major impact on the final result, so per capitabudget comparisons are relative. But someconclusions can be drawn, despite thedivergences. First, per capita financing of socialexpenditures is much higher in the three northernautonomous districts, with large fuel resourceproduction and scant population, as well as in thefederal cities. But most fuel & energy regions donot have strong advantages in their fiscal capacityand cannot spend much more on social items thanother regions, which have the benefit of largesubsidies from the federal budget.The lowest per capita socialexpenditures are in Bashkortostan, Udmurtiaand Orenburg Region, but they also have lessfiscal capacity. Tyumen Region stands out byhaving the biggest gap between overall percapita expenditures and per capitaexpenditures on social items (a threefolddifference). The Region was one of the first inTable 2.3Per capita expenditures of consolidated regional budgets and per capita social expenditures*of Russian regions in 2008 (thousand rubles per capita)Per capita budget expenditures, total Of which, per capita social expendituresAdjusted Adjusted Adjusted AdjustedNominal using the using the Nominal using the using theRosstat coefficient Budget Rosstat coefficient BudgetExpendituresExpendituresIndexIndexNenets Autonomous District 233 153 147 110 72 69Yamal-Nenets Autonomous 150 102 96 74 50 47DistrictKhanty-Mansi Autonomous 124 89 79 71 51 45DistrictSakhalin Region 100 68 46 52 35 24Moscow 126 89 134 45 32 48St. Petersburg 79 73 97 37 35 46Tyumen Region (withoutautonomous regions) 111 110 71 36 36 23Krasnoyarsk Territory 54 51 40 27 26 20Komi Republic 46 39 30 25 22 16RF regional average 44 44 44 22 22 22Republic of Tatarstan 39 47 47 20 23 24Perm Territory 35 34 38 20 19 21Kemerovo Region 40 48 44 20 24 22Tomsk Region 38 37 28 19 18 14Astrakhan Region 36 41 46 18 20 22Samara Region 35 33 42 18 17 21Orenburg Region 31 37 35 16 19 18Republic of Udmurtia 28 34 32 16 19 18Republic of Bashkortostan 27 31 29 14 16 15* Education, health care, fitness and sport, social policy and mass media33
Page 1 and 2: National Human Development Reportin
Page 3 and 4: National Human Development Reportin
Page 5 and 6: ACKNOWLEDGEMENTSThe authors express
Page 7 and 8: Dear Reader,You have before you the
Page 9 and 10: PREFACEThis is the 13 th National H
Page 11 and 12: country’s fuel & energy regions r
Page 13 and 14: environmental degradation and enhan
Page 15 and 16: Chapter 1The Energy Sector,the Econ
Page 17 and 18: By 2008 Russia had increased its sh
Page 19 and 20: the share of energy in the national
Page 21 and 22: exported, increased. However, this
Page 23 and 24: elimination of structural and terri
Page 25 and 26: • Establishment of competitive me
Page 27 and 28: number of developed countries, incl
Page 29 and 30: Although the United Nations Climate
Page 31 and 32: industrial region of the Urals - Sv
Page 33: 2.2. Budget capacityand structure o
Page 37 and 38: Immigration by young and highly ski
Page 39 and 40: energy regions exacerbate the incom
Page 41 and 42: Khanty-Mansi and Yamal-Nenets Auton
Page 43 and 44: the Ministry for Regional Developme
Page 45 and 46: various other long-term problems in
Page 47 and 48: is also associated with the fuel an
Page 49 and 50: Republic of Mordovia 8051 0.732 68.
Page 51 and 52: Legislative control of impact audit
Page 53 and 54: Chapter 3Personal Incomes, the Ener
Page 55 and 56: than any other sources of income -
Page 57 and 58: Are wages now the main instrument f
Page 59 and 60: comparison of month-on-month develo
Page 61 and 62: • The unemployed, people who aree
Page 63 and 64: Employment in the energy sector acc
Page 65 and 66: The share of household expenditures
Page 67 and 68: subsidization practices in the regi
Page 69 and 70: in power use between regions now de
Page 71 and 72: Electricity prices for households h
Page 73 and 74: • Steady decrease in the percenta
Page 75 and 76: 1. The number of graduates with eng
Page 77 and 78: As well as requiring better fuelcom
Page 79 and 80: Box 4.1. The village of Kolvain Uss
Page 81 and 82: continue to use solid fuel for a lo
Page 83 and 84: Box 4.3. Ambient air pollution andp
Page 85 and 86:
either by large power generating fa
Page 87 and 88:
Box 4.6. A city at riskNovocherkass
Page 89 and 90:
In order to assess impact of thesee
Page 91 and 92:
generation facilities through safer
Page 93 and 94:
achieved in developed countries. So
Page 95 and 96:
equires 2-6 times more capital inve
Page 97 and 98:
government) should set targets and
Page 99 and 100:
networks. In 2007 government budget
Page 101 and 102:
enhancement is also important. Ener
Page 103 and 104:
energy efficiency of the transport
Page 105 and 106:
Box 5.1. Programme of the Ministry
Page 107 and 108:
educational and informational suppo
Page 109 and 110:
mechanism for using national quota
Page 111 and 112:
Figure 6.2Share of electricity gene
Page 113 and 114:
One of the major benefits of renewa
Page 115 and 116:
odies; outdoor air; rocks and soil;
Page 117 and 118:
Design and construction of geotherm
Page 119 and 120:
Box 6.3. Prospects for nuclear powe
Page 121 and 122:
consists of out-dated equipment at
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ConclusionThe world’s nuclear pow
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7.1. Impact of the fuel& energy sec
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Table 7.5Solid waste from productio
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Table 7.7Areas of disturbed and rec
Page 131 and 132:
nature of the impact (atmospheric e
Page 133 and 134:
Further, the economic cost ofenviro
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trends continued the damage would a
Page 137 and 138:
What the government needs to do ino
Page 139 and 140:
Figure 7.2.1Specific atmospheric em
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money value of industrial output) c
Page 143 and 144:
Figure 7.2.4Trends in specific atmo
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Chapter 8The Energy Industry and Su
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eing equal) it only reflects that p
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(MDGs), issued by the UN in 2000. T
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8.4. The energy factorin integral i
Page 153 and 154:
Canada, the USA and Great Britain h
Page 155 and 156:
Box 8.2. Energy efficiencyindicator
Page 157 and 158:
Box 8.4. Energy efficiency rating o
Page 159 and 160:
41 Penza Region 116.0 -35.2 -4.542
Page 161 and 162:
Appendix to Chapter 1Table 1.1. GDP
Page 163 and 164:
Attachment to Chapter 4Table 4.1Rus
Page 165 and 166:
Attachment to Chapter 4Volga Federa
Page 167 and 168:
Attachment to Chapter 4Belovo Belov
Page 169 and 170:
The previous National Human Develop
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Report - UNDP Russia

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