egions the poverty rate is higher, though notmuch higher, than the national average (Figure2.6). Orenburg Region is in the worst situation,with a poverty rate of 18%, due to a large share ofrural population.Human development depends on healthand education as well as on income levels.Educational coverage of children and youngpeople and improvement of educationalinfrastructure are particularly important. TomskRegion is beyond compare with respect to highereducation. The number of students per 10,000population in Tomsk Region is 1.7 times higherthan the national average. In Tatarstan this indexis 14% higher than the national average.However, most fuel & energy regions do not havelarge university centers. Vocational secondaryeducation is relatively well provided in AstrakhanRegion (the number of students at this level per10,000 population is 1.5 times higher than thenational average), and also in Bashkortostan,Perm and Krasnoyarsk Territories and inOrenburg Region (about 25% higher than thenational average).In Soviet times the northern autonomousdistricts received inputs of skilled labor fromother regions. Since 1990 the districts have seena boom in paid education. Many highereducational establishments from elsewhere inFigure 2.6Poverty rate in regions specialized in fuel & energy production, %<strong>Russia</strong> opened branches in the districts, offeringvery low teaching standards. Regionalgovernment in Khanty-Mansi District thenbacked creation of a network of local educationalinstitutions as part of an innovationaldevelopment policy, gradually forcing out thebranches. Three educational districts wereorganized with centers in Khanty-Mansi, Surgutand Nizhnevartovsk. This increased access tohigher, vocational secondary and vocationalelementary education for young people fromrural areas and towns. Each center has aspecialization: environment (Khanty-Mansi), oil &gas exploration (Surgut), construction and thepower industry (Nizhnevartovsk). Thisprogramme placed a heavy financial burden onthe regional budget, and some institutionalfunding problems had to be resolved: since 2005<strong>Russia</strong>n law has made higher education thejurisdiction of the federal government andstipulates that funding should come from thefederal budget. Nevertheless, the number ofstudents in Khanty-Mansi Autonomous Districtgrew by 10 times between 1995 and 2008,compared with national average increase of 2.5times.Capacity problems in pre-school andschool education are unresolved in most regions,though the problem is less acute in schools. Only402000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 200735302520151050Yamal-Nenets Autonomous DistrictNenets Autonomous DistrictKhanty-Mansi Autonomous DistrictRepublic of TatarstanTyumen RegionKemerovo RegionSakhalin RegionRepublic of BashkortostanRF national averageTomsk RegionPerm TerritoryKomi RepublicSamara RegionAstrakhan RegionKrasnoyarsk TerritoryOrenburg Region38 National Human Development <strong>Report</strong> in the <strong>Russia</strong>n Federation 2009
Khanty-Mansi and Yamal-Nenets AutonomousDistricts are forced to accommodate a larger shareof school pupils in special afternoon shifts (25-29%, compared with a national average of 13.5%).This is a long-standing problem of the northerndistricts, reflecting their underdeveloped socialinfrastructure and young population. In Soviettime pupils in the districts had to beaccommodated in three shifts. A high share ofschool pupils studying in the afternoon inKemerovo Region (22%) reflected long-termdeterioration of social infrastructure in coalminingcities. While problems with school capacityare the exception, shortage of pre-school facilitiesis a common problem for all regions of <strong>Russia</strong>. Butit is particularly acute in northern and easternterritories, where women are more economicallyactive and more likely to be in employment.Kindergartens are most overcrowded in SakhalinRegion (118 children for 100 places), in Tomsk andKemerovo regions (116) and in Khanty-MansiAutonomous District (113).Health, which is the second majorcomponent of human development, can bemeasured in various ways, and they present arather confusing picture of the situation in fuel &energy regions. The most important healthindicator – life expectancy at birth – is highest inthe autonomous districts of Tyumen Region(69.3-70.2 years in 2007 vs. the national averageof 67.5 years). Life expectancy for men in thesedistricts (63.8-66.6 years) is even higher than thenational average (61.4 years). High per capitaincomes enable better diet and recreation, andhigh levels of budget funding ensure goodqualitymedical care. Strong competition forhighly-paid jobs also motivates a healthy lifestyle.This ‘carrot and stick’ effect has proved effective inachieving high life expectancy.Nevertheless, even high-income regionshave some intractable health problems. Thelowest life expectancy among oil & gas regions isin the Nenets Autonomous District (62 years),where a quarter of the population is indigenousminorities of the Far North, living mostly in ruralareas. Male life expectancy in rural areas isextremely low at 48 years, due to widespreadalcoholism. Other fuel & energy regions in theeast of <strong>Russia</strong>, with a longer history ofindustrialization and underdeveloped socialinfrastructure, also have low life expectancies:coal-mining Kemerovo and Chita Regions (63-64years), Sakhalin Region (64.5 years) and PermTerritory (65 years). Male life expectancy isparticularly low (57-58 years) due to unhealthylife styles in industrial towns and settlements, aswell as in rural areas. People’s incomes in theseregions are not as high as in Tyumen, and budgetfunding is much lower.Tuberculosis is a common problem ineastern parts of the country, but the explanationis in high concentration of penitentiaryinstitutions, adverse climate and anunderdeveloped health care system, rather thanthe fuel & energy specialization of regionaleconomies. HIV/AIDS is a typical problem formany export-oriented resource manufacturingregions. Higher personal incomes, combinedwith underdeveloped social environment,promote drug addiction, which in turn promotesHIV/AIDS. Data of the AIDS Prevention andControl Center for the period from 1989 to mid-2009 shows particularly high levels of infectionin Samara Region (1171 per 100,000 people),especially in Togliatti. In large fuel & energyregions the worst situation is in Orenburg (912per 100,000) and in Khanty-Mansi AutonomousDistrict (852 per 100,000).Infant mortality is the most tellingindicator for standards of health care and healthcare funding, though differences in livingstandards and ethno-cultural factors also play animportant role. Priority funding of health careand creation of special high-tech medical centershave helped to bring down infant mortality andkeep it at low levels in Khanty-Mansi District(Figure 2.7).Analysis shows that only regions withvast fuel resources, where personal incomesand budget revenues are consequently veryhigh, have been able to increase life expectancyand reduce infant mortality. But even highincomes are not enough to overcome socialdiseases. The whole social environment and39
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- Page 5 and 6: ACKNOWLEDGEMENTSThe authors express
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- Page 9 and 10: PREFACEThis is the 13 th National H
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generation facilities through safer
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achieved in developed countries. So
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equires 2-6 times more capital inve
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government) should set targets and
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networks. In 2007 government budget
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enhancement is also important. Ener
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energy efficiency of the transport
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Box 5.1. Programme of the Ministry
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educational and informational suppo
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mechanism for using national quota
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Figure 6.2Share of electricity gene
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One of the major benefits of renewa
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odies; outdoor air; rocks and soil;
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Design and construction of geotherm
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Box 6.3. Prospects for nuclear powe
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consists of out-dated equipment at
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ConclusionThe world’s nuclear pow
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7.1. Impact of the fuel& energy sec
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Table 7.5Solid waste from productio
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Table 7.7Areas of disturbed and rec
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nature of the impact (atmospheric e
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Further, the economic cost ofenviro
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trends continued the damage would a
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What the government needs to do ino
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Figure 7.2.1Specific atmospheric em
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money value of industrial output) c
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Figure 7.2.4Trends in specific atmo
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Chapter 8The Energy Industry and Su
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eing equal) it only reflects that p
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(MDGs), issued by the UN in 2000. T
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8.4. The energy factorin integral i
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Canada, the USA and Great Britain h
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Box 8.2. Energy efficiencyindicator
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Box 8.4. Energy efficiency rating o
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41 Penza Region 116.0 -35.2 -4.542
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Appendix to Chapter 1Table 1.1. GDP
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Attachment to Chapter 4Table 4.1Rus
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Attachment to Chapter 4Volga Federa
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Attachment to Chapter 4Belovo Belov
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The previous National Human Develop