muatturun - Malaysia Geoportal

PENGISIAN, UPLOAD DAN VALIDATEMETADATAMetadata adalah penerangan berkenaan sesuatudata/produk. Dalam aplikasi MyGDI Explorer,pengisian metadata meliputi pengisian metadataberkenaan sesuatu data, servis, dokumen,projek, peta atau sebarang aktiviti yang berkaitangeospatial. Pengisian metadata melalui aplikasiini telah dipermudahkan dengan penyediaantemplate metadata mengikut standard MyGDIMetadata Standard (MMS). Standard ini merujukkepada MS ISO 19115/19139 bagi dataset danMS ISO 19119 bagi web services. Data Publisherhanya perlu mengisi 17 elemen standard yangmandatori daripada 146 elemen. Data Publisheryang ingin mengisi metadata perlu mendaftarterlebih dahulu. Selepas pendaftaran dibuat,data publisher boleh mengisi metadata mengikutstandard yang sesuai dan hantar metadatatersebut. Metadata ini akan disemak dan disahkanoleh administrator MaCGDI serta diterbitkanmelalui aplikasi MyGDI Explorer. Pengguna lainboleh melihat metadata yang telah diisi apabilacarian dibuat.Selain menggunakan kaedah ini, data publisherboleh menggunakan fungsi upload untuk muatnaik metadata dalam format XML. Kebanyakanperisian GIS seperti ArcCatalog 10 akanmenghasilkan metadata dalam bentuk XML.Fail XML ini boleh dimuat naik melalui fungsiupload yang disediakan. Sebelum upload, datapublisher perlu validate terlebih dahulu fail XMLyang upload agar mengikut MyGDI MetadataStandard. Jika fail ini tidak mengikut standard,fail XML tidak boleh upload dan perlu dibetulkanterlebih dahulu. Untuk tujuan ini, pihak MaCGDItelah menyediakan perisian Metadata EditorOffline (METAFOR) yang boleh dimuat turunmelalui aplikasi MyGDI Explorer. Perisian ini bolehdigunakan untuk menyemak dan membetulkanmetadata serta membolehkan pengguna yangtiada capaian kepada internet untuk mengisimetadata secara offline seperti ditunjukkan padaRajah 7 hingga Rajah 9. Metadata yang diisi kelakakan disimpan dalam bentuk XML dan bolehdimuat naik melalui fungsi upload dalam MyGDIExplorer.MyGDI EXPLORER7BULETIN GEOSPATIAL Sektor Awam Edisi 1/2012Rajah 7 : Standard Metadata dalam MyGDI ExplorerRajah 8 : Fungsi Upload dan Validate Metadata

MyGDI EXPLORER8BULETIN GEOSPATIAL Sektor Awam Edisi 1/2012PAPARAN MAP VIEWERRajah 9 : METAFOR untuk pengisian dan penyemakan metadataMap Viewer yang dinamakan MyGDIX Vieweradalah salah satu kemudahan yang disediakanbagi pengguna untuk melihat dan overlay map atauweb service seperti yang ditunjukkan pada Rajah10. Kemudahan ini disediakan bagi penggunayang tiada perisian GIS dan tidak mempunyaipengetahuan tinggi dalam penggunaan teknologiGIS. Map Viewer yang interaktif ini boleh membuatcapaian kepada map service yang disediakandalam aplikasi MyGDI Explorer atau memanggilservis dari sumber luar yang lain.Rajah 10 : MyGDIX ViewerMaCGDI telah menjalankan aktiviti promosidan latihan bagi memastikan semua maklumatgeospatial di negara ini diterbitkan melalui aplikasiMyGDI Explorer. Ini adalah bagi memudahkanpengguna mendapatkan sesuatu maklumatgeospatial dengan mudah dan mengelakkanpertindihan dari segi pengumpulan data geospatialantara agensi kerajaan atau swasta di negara ini.Namun demikian, kerjasama semua pihak dariagensi kerajaan, swasta dan institusi pengajiantinggi diperlukan dalam menjadikan MyGDIExplorer satu gerbang utama bagi penerokaandan perkongsian maklumat geospatial secaraonline di Malaysia.

PENGHASILANCURVE NUMBERPenghasilan Curve Numberuntuk Kajian Hidrologidengan Teknik Sistem Maklumat Geografi dan Penderiaan Jauh(Kes Kajian: Kota Damansara, Selangor)GEOSPATIAL Sektor Awam Edisi 1/20129BULETINDisediakan oleh:Y.S. LiewPusat Kajian SungaiInstitut Penyelidikan Hidraulik Kebangsaan MalaysiaKementerian Sumber Asli dan Alam Sekitarysliew@nahrim.gov.myTel: 03-89382470Faks: 03-89382469Kertas kerja dalam versi Bahasa Inggeris telah dibentangkan di persidangan “9th International Conference on Hydroinformatics” di Tian Jin China(7-11 September 2010)AbstrakKertas kerja ini merumuskan pengaplikasianteknik Sistem Maklumat Geografi (GIS) danPenderiaan Jauh (Remote Sensing) dalampemprosesan dan analisis data bagi kajianhidrologi di Kota Damansara, Selangor yangmerupakan sebuah kawasan perumahanyang bersaiz sekitar 428 hektar. Jenis gunatanah utama di kawasan kajian terdiri daripadakawasan perumahan dan rumah kedai yang telahmenyumbang separuh daripada keseluruhan saizkawasan tadahan. Jenis guna tanah yang lainmerangkumi kawasan hutan simpan, sekolah,kawasan landskap dan padang. Tujuan kajianini adalah untuk memperolehi Curve Number(CN) iaitu satu parameter penting dalam kajianhidrologi yang menggunakan Kaedah UnitedStates Soil Conservation Service Curve Number(SCS CN) untuk setiap sub-kawasan tadahanmelalui integrasi data-data seperti guna tanah,kumpulan hidrologi tanah dan kawasan tadahandengan menggunakan teknik GIS. Teknik GISberupaya mempercepatkan pemprosesan dataserta memudahkan proses analisis data dansememangnya ia amat berguna dalam bidangpenyelidikan dan pembangunan.Kata KunciSistem Maklumat Geografi, Penderiaan Jauh,Curve Number

PENGHASILANCURVE NUMBER10BULETIN GEOSPATIAL Sektor Awam Edisi 1/2012PENGENALANProjek penyelidikan dan pembangunan dalambidang sumber air amat bergantung kepadaperancangan yang rapi termasuklah prosespengumpulan data sehingga projek dilaksanakandan beroperasi. Kebanyakan projek penyelidikandalam bidang sumber air sama ada untuktujuan perancangan atau reka bentuk terperinci,pengumpulan data merupakan satu proses yangpenting dan kualiti data yang dikumpulkan akanmenyumbang kepada kualiti hasil dan keputusankajian tersebut. Seth et al. (2006) menyatakanbahawa penggunaan teknik GIS dalampengumpulan data sesuatu kawasan kajian amatberfaedah. Lanjutan daripada pembangunanTeknologi Maklumat dan Komunikasi yangsemakin pesat, teknik GIS juga digunakansecara meluas untuk menyimpan, memproses,mengurus dan memaparkan sesuatu data.Justeru itu, pengaplikasian teknik GIS danpenderiaan jauh perlu digunakan secara efektifuntuk menggantikan kaedah pemprosesan yangKAWASAN KAJIANKawasan kajian yang dipilih ialah KotaDamansara, Selangor yang terletak lebih kurang10 kilometer dari Tol Sungai Buloh, LebuhrayaUtara-Selatan (PLUS) seperti dalam Rajah 1.Sungai Tambul sepanjang 3.5 kilometer adalahanak Sungai Damansara dan satu-satunyasungai yang mengalir ke dalam kolam takunganlama atau menambahbaik sistem pengumpulandata di lapangan dalam pelbagai peringkat projeksumber air yang berkaitan (Gupta dan Goel,2006).Kaedah SCS CN diguna pakai dalam kajianhidrologi di kawasan kajian. Ia merupakan salahsatu cara untuk menukar kuantiti hujan kepadakadar alir bagi sesuatu kawasan tadahan.Melalui kajian literatur, kaedah SCS CN mampumenghasilkan keputusan secara pantas, mudahuntuk dikemas kini bagi sebarang perubahanguna tanah dan ia senang diaplikasi untukkawasan tadahan yang kekurangan data (Tsheko,2006; Mishra dan Babu, 2008 dan Leow et al.,2009).Objektif utama kajian ini adalah untukmenghasilkan CN bagi setiap sub-tadahanmenggunakan teknik GIS dan penderiaan jauh.yang terletak di Seksyen 6, Kota Damansara.Keluasan kawasan tadahan yang menyumbangaliran ke dalam kolam takungan adalah sekitar428 hektar iaitu terdiri daripada perumahan diSeksyen 5, 6, 7, 10 dan 11. Topografi kawasankajian adalah beralun-alun dengan paras tanahdari 21.72 sehingga 202 meter atas paras laut.Rajah 1: Lokasi kawasan kajian

METODOLOGIPengumpulan DataData yang dikehendaki untuk kajian ini termasuklahdata hujan, jenis guna tanah, kumpulan hidrologitanah dan kandungan kelembapan tanah. Datadatatersebut diperolehi daripada agensi-agensikerajaan seperti Jabatan Pengairan dan SaliranMalaysia (JPS), Jabatan Ukur dan PemetaanMalaysia (JUPEM) dan Jabatan PertanianMalaysia (DOA) atau melalui pengumpulan datadi lapangan. Teknik penderiaan jauh dan GIS telahdigunakan untuk memproses dan menganalisisdata-data yang telah dikumpulkan. Perisian yangdigunakan untuk pemprosesan data dalam bentukGIS adalah ArcGIS versi 9.2.Jenis Guna TanahData guna tanah diperolehi daripada DOA dantelah dikemaskini pada tahun 2002 dan 2004.Peta guna tanah ini adalah kurang terperinci untuktujuan kajian ini, dengan itu proses pendigitantelah dijalankan bagi memperincikan jenis gunatanah di kawasan kajian dengan menggunakanteknik GIS berdasarkan imej satelit (QuickBird)kawasan kajian dengan resolusi 0.6 meter. Rajah2 menunjukkan Imej QuickBird kawasan kajian,Jadual 1 pula menunjukkan kategori guna tanahdan Rajah 3 memaparkan guna tanah kawasantadahan mengikut empat (4) kategori guna tanahutama.PENGHASILANCURVE NUMBER11BULETIN GEOSPATIAL Sektor Awam Edisi 1/2012Rajah 2: Imej QuickBird Kota Damansara(Sumber: NAHRIM, 2004)Jadual 1 : Kategori Guna TanahKategori Guna TanahBanglo/SekolahKawasan Tak Telap (Rumah/Kedai)Padang (Landskap/Tanah Lapang)Kawasan Telap (Hutan/Tasik)JumlahLuas (ha)31.13185.2352.87159.49428.72Luas (%)7.3043.2012.3037.20100.00

PENGHASILANCURVE NUMBER12BULETIN GEOSPATIAL Sektor Awam Edisi 1/2012Kumpulan Hidrologi TanahRajah 3: Guna Tanah Kawasan Tadahan Mengikut Empat (4)Kategori Tanah Utama (Sumber: NAHRIM)Peta Kumpulan Hidrologi Tanah diperolehi daripada DOA, Putrajaya. Rajah 4 menunjukkan dua kumpulanhidrologi tanah untuk kawasan kajian iaitu - Telemong-Akob-Alluvium Tempatan yang dikategorikandalam Kumpulan Hidrologi Tanah A & C, manakala Renggam-Jeranggau dikategorikan dalam KumpulanHidrologi Tanah B.Rajah 4: Peta Kumpulan Hidrologi Tanah(Sumber: DOA)

Kontur dan Kecerunan Kawasan TadahanPeta kontur dibekalkan oleh JUPEM dalam skala1:25000. Peta kontur yang dibekalkan memberigambaran keseluruhan topografi kawasantadahan, namun ia tidak cukup terperinci untuktujuan kajian hidrologi yang perlu dijalankan.Dengan itu, data ketinggian yang lebih terperincidiperolehi daripada data Light Detection andRanging (LiDAR) dengan resolusi 0.5 meter dandata Shuttle Radar Topography Mission (SRTM)dengan resolusi 90 meter juga digunakan untukrujukan. Data LiDAR dengan resolusi yang tinggilebih sesuai diaplikasi dalam bidang kejuruteraanseperti merancang jumlah isipadu kerja tanahyang perlu dikorek untuk pembinaan dan kajianperparitan. Teknologi LiDAR merupakan teknologiyang amat berguna dalam proses pengumpulandata (Baran, 2009). Hunter et al. (2008)berpendapat bahawa data bentuk muka bumidaripada teknologi LiDAR adalah mencukupidaripada segi ketepatannya.Data LiDAR dan SRTM telah digunakan dandiproses menggunakan perisian penderiaanjauh iaitu Erdas Imagine versi 2010. Seterusnyadata LiDAR dan SRTM yang telah diproses akandianalisis menggunakan perisian ArcGIS dalammenentukan sempadan kawasan tadahan dankecerunan kawasan tadahan. Purata kecerunankawasan tadahan adalah 0.027PEMPROSESAN DAN ANALISIS DATAPendigitan Kawasan TadahanSub-kawasan tadahan perlu dibuat pendigitanberdasarkan peta kontur yang dihasilkan daripadadata LiDAR dan kedudukan parit terakhir yangmenerima aliran secara graviti. Hassan (2005)menerangkan bahawa kawasan tadahan perludidigitkan secara manual disebabkan topografikawasan perumahan yang agak rata dan adalahagak rumit sekiranya sub-kawasan tadahandihasilkan secara automatik menggunakanperisian GIS. Sejumlah 177 sub-kawasan tadahantelah didigitkan seperti dalam Rajah 5.PENGHASILANCURVE NUMBER13BULETIN GEOSPATIAL Sektor Awam Edisi 1/2012Rajah 5: Sub-kawasan tadahan daripada Imej LiDAR

PENGHASILANCURVE NUMBER14BULETIN GEOSPATIAL Sektor Awam Edisi 1/2012HASIL DAN PERBINCANGANPenentuan Curve Number MenggunakanKaedah GISKaedah SCS-CN telah dikenal pasti sebagaikaedah untuk menganggarkan kadar alir daripadakawasan tadahan yang mempunyai data yangtidak mencukupi (Yip, 2002; Tsheko, 2006;Kannan et al., 2006 dan Leow et al., 2009). CNdihasilkan menggunakan kaedah penderiaanjauh dan teknik GIS seperti yang dicadangkanoleh Mishra and Babu (2008).Pertama, imej QuickBird kawasan kajian (Rajah2) perlu didigitkan untuk mendapatkan peta gunatanah menggunakan perisian GIS (Rajah 3).Selepas itu, sub-kawasan tadahan seperti dalamRajah 5 didigitkan berdasarkan peta kontur yangdihasilkan daripada data LiDAR dan kedudukanparit yang menjadikan tempat terendah untukaliran dari setiap sub-tadahan.Peta guna tanah yang telah didigitkan dan lapisansub-tadahan akan digabungkan menggunakanGeoprocessing Wizard dalam aplikasi GIS. Iabertujuan untuk mendapatkan peratusan gunatanah berdasarkan setiap sub-kawasan tadahan.Seterusnya, CN yang dicadangkan oleh Chowet al. (1988) dirujuk untuk menentukan CNbagi setiap jenis kategori guna tanah mengikutkandungan kelembapan dan kumpulan hidrologitanah yang berbeza. Jadual 2 menunjukkan CNyang dihasilkan.Langkah terakhir adalah untuk mengaplikasikanCN yang diperolehi untuk sejumlah 177 subtadahan di kawasan kajian dengan mendarabkanperatusan guna tanah mengikut CN dankandungan kelembapan (Antecedent MoistureCondition, AMC) berdasarkan peristiwa hujantertentu. AMC I menunjukkan keadaan tanah yangkering, manakala AMC III menunjukkan keadaantanah yang lembap.Jadual 2: Curve Number untuk setiap guna tanah berbanding kumpulan hidrologi tanah(HSG) dan kandungan kelembapan (AMC) (Chow et al., 1998)KeadaanTanahAMC IAMC IIAMC IIIKumpulanHidrologi TanahABCDABCDABCDBanglo/Sekolah39.6555.7567.2273.7661.0075.0083.0087.0078.2587.3491.8293.9Kawasan Tak Telap(Rumah/ Kedai)77.2682.8586.8188.8689.0092.0094.0095.0094.9096.3697.397.76Padang (Landskap/Tanah Lapang)21.1739.6554.4562.6939.0061.0074.0080.0059.5278.2586.7590.2Kawasan Telap(Hutan/Tasik)12.2833.9249.4958.4425.0055.0070.0077.0043.4073.7684.2988.51

KESIMPULANPenggunaan teknik GIS dan penderiaan jauhdalam kajian ini berjaya membantu dalampenghasilan parameter CN untuk digunakandalam model SCS. Ia menjimatkan masa dankos dalam pelbagai peringkat pemprosesandata. Justeru itu, kaedah GIS dan penderiaanjauh dicadangkan untuk penggunaan yanglebih meluas seperti menyimpan, memproses,menganalisis, mengurus dan memaparkan datadatadengan lebih sistematik dan berkesan bagitujuan projek penyelidikan dan pembangunan didalam bidang sumber air.PENGHARGAANSetinggi-tinggi penghargaan diucapkan kepadaNAHRIM atas peruntukan yang disalurkan dibawah peruntukan Rancangan Malaysia Ke-9bagi melaksanakan projek ini. Jutaan terimakasih juga ditujukan kepada semua rakan sekerjayang terlibat secara langsung atau tidak langsungdalam bersama-sama menjayakan kajian ini.RUJUKANBaran, I. (2009). Technology of Cross Hair. TheGlobal Geospatial Magazine: GIS Development.India: GIS Development Pvt. Ltd. 13(6). Pp. 47.Chow, V.T., Maidment, D.R. dan Mays, L.W.(1988). Applied Hydrology. Singapore: McGraw-Hill. Pp. 2-3, 108, 147-151, 213-214 dan 385-388.Gupta, S.C. dan Goel, R. S. (2006). Applicationof GIS and Remote Sensing Techniques in WaterResources Development. Abstrak daripada GISDevelopment Web.Hassan, J. (2005). River and Floodplain Modellingfor the Development of Flood Risk Map: A CaseStudy of Sungai Selangor. Tesis Master. UniversitiSains Malaysia.Hunter, N. M., Bates, P.D., Neelz, S., Pender, G.,Villanueva, I., Wright, N. G., Liang, D., Falconer,R.A., Lin, B., Waller, S., Crossley, A. J. dan Mason,D.C. (2008). Benchmarking 2D Hydraulic Modelsfor Urban Flooding. Proceeding of the Institutionof Civil Engineers. Water Management. (161)2008. Pp. 13-30.Kannan, N., White, S.N., Worrall, F. dan Whelan,M.J. (2006). Hydrological Modeling of a SmallCatchment using SWAT-2000 – Ensuring CorrectFlow Partitioning for Contaminant Modelling.Journal of Hydrology. (2006). Pp. 64-72.PENGHASILANCURVE NUMBER15BULETIN GEOSPATIAL Sektor Awam Edisi 1/2012Leow, C.S., Abdullah, R., Zakaria, N.A., Ab. Ghani,A. dan Chang, C.K. (2009). Modelling UrbanRiver Catchment: A Case Study in Malaysia.Proceeding of the Institution of Civil Engineers.Water Management. (162) 2009. Pp. 27-36.Mishra, P. dan Babu, R. R. (2008). Estimationof Runoff from Agriculture Watershed in EasternIndia Using Remote Sensing and GeographicInformation System (GIS).Seth, I., Soonthornnonda, P. dan Christensen,E. R. (2006). Use of GIS in Urban Storm-WaterModelling. Journal of Environmetal Engineering.December. Pp. 1550-1552.Tsheko, R. (2006). Comparison between theUnited States Soil Conservation Service (SCS)and the Two Models Commonly Used forEstimating Rainfall-Runoff in South-EasternBotswana. Water Research Commission. SouthAfrica. 32(2006). Pp. 26-36.Yip, H.W. (2002). Flood Runoff Estimationof Ungaged River Catchments using SoilConservation Service Method. Tesis Master.Universiti Sains Malaysia.

SPACE INDUSTRY18BULETIN GEOSPATIAL Sektor Awam Edisi 1/2012The space industry consists of companies whoprovide the technology (the upstream sector),as well as companies that exploit the technology(the downstream sector). The distinction betweenthe upstream and the downstream segmentis not always completely clear, for that therecould be companies whose activities could beincluded in both the upstream and downstream.However, by referring to Diagram 2, we coulddefine the upstream segment as the “Provisionof Technology”, and the downstream as the“Exploitation of Technology”.Upstream companies include those involved inthe space segment prime and their suppliers,as well as those companies involved in groundsegment prime and subsystems and components.Companies who provide support products andservices and research and consultancy to thesecompanies are also included in the upstreamdefinition.The downstream sector includes the parts of thosecompanies involved in satellite broadcasting,satellite communications, and satellite navigation.Organisations involved in earth observation(for example, Meteorology Department) andequipment and support product and serviceproviders also form part of the definition of thedownstream segment.With the achievement of the country NationalSpace Programme such as RazakSat and theAngkasawan Programme, Malaysia is movingtowards developing its space industry potential.The first move is by drafting the National SpacePolicy. The vision of the policy is to embrace theDiagram 1: The global space activity value in 2010space as a strategic sector for national wellbeingtowards achieving a fully develop countryand beyond. The policy aims to develop thecountry’s potential in the space sector to supportthe development of the new economy, andstrengthening the national security. The policywill be having a few strategic thrust to achieve itstargets. The drafted strategic thrusts are laid out;• To strengthen and expand the local spaceindustry for the economic growth of the nationand to enhance the quality of life.• To accelerate space technology andinfrastructure development and create valuefor economic benefits as well as safeguardingnational security.• To strengthen the capacity in research,development and innovation in space scienceand technology, and to maximize potentialfor global commercialization of marketableoutput that will contribute towards nationalcompetitiveness.• Exploring space as a frontier to generate newknowledge that helps shape the scientific andtechnological civilization of the future.• To develop and sustain a comprehensivenational legislative and regulatory frameworkfor peaceful, safe and secure utilization ofouter space.• To ensure an adequate qualified, talented andcompetent workforce to develop and sustainspace sector.• To effectively engage in international relationsand diplomacy to foster and promoteinternational cooperation for the peacefuluses of outer space.

Nurturing a space-based industry in a developingnation is a tough assignment for a government tohandle, but it is not impossible to achieve it withflying colours. Although there are challenges fromall sides, the government is more ready in makingthe first step to venture into the realm of spaceindustry. Development of a space downstreamindustry will be a starting point before venturinginto a major investment in satellite manufacturingand building a launch vehicle.The policy introduced will guide Malaysia inpositioning itself in the space industry as oneof the Asian major player. It also will promotethe right conditions for competitive spaceindustry development; emphasis on educationand talent development of human capital andreinforce industry-academia corporation as wellas increasing the understanding of visibility andmarket influence of space activities.Human capital is a critical issue for developing aspace sector. Creating a framework for skills andtalent pool development for a long term is critical toensure the sustainable of the sector. For example,to create a management trainee programmefor selected and potential entrepreneurs in theindustry for soft skill developments in order tohave the optimum balance between the technicalexpertise staff and management talent.Focusing into a specific area in the spaceindustry development also will be introduced.The focus areas are to ensure the developmentof the selected downstream industries are welldeveloped and sustainable. As an emergingplayer in space industry, a nation must identify itslimited resources while still targeting to achievebest results. Malaysian is aligning its space sectorobjectives and prioritises its focus areas in order tocontribute to the growth of other industrial sector.SPACE INDUSTRY19BULETIN GEOSPATIAL Sektor Awam Edisi 1/2012Diagram 2: The relationship of upstream and downstream space industries

A SURVEY RELATEDTO 3D PROPERTY20BULETIN GEOSPATIAL Sektor Awam Edisi 1/2012A SURVEY RELATED TO3D PROPERTY IN MALAYSIATan Liat Choon and Khadijah Binti HussinSeksyen Polisi dan Garis PanduanPusat Infrastruktur Data Geospatial Negara (MaCGDI)Kementerian Sumber Asli dan Alam SekitarAras 7 & 8, Wisma Sumber AsliNo.25, Persiaran Perdana, Presint 462574 PutrajayaLand Administration and Development DepartmentFaculty of Geoinformation and Real EstateUniversiti Teknologi Malaysia81310 Skudai, Johor, MalaysiaABSTRACTA questionnaire survey was carried out on 114personnel from government authorities andprofessional companies administering cadastreregistration in Penang, Selangor, Kuala Lumpur,Putrajaya and Johore. The aim of the studywas to elicit the opinions of the respondents andto appraise their understanding on five studyareas, viz. land legislation, land administration,cadastre registration, cadastral survey andmapping issues. The respondents were fromsix main groups: State Lands and Mines Office,State District Land Office, Department of Surveyand Mapping Malaysia, Department of DirectorGeneral of Lands and Mines Office, State LocalAuthority (Valuation and Property ManagementDepartment and/or Town Planning andDevelopment Department) and Licensed LandSurveyors. From the present survey, the majority(57.5 %) of the respondents felt that the currentland laws failed to define 3D property rights clearly.A high number (83.9%) of respondents thoughtthat new legislation which integrated 3D aspectsin cadastre registration, survey and mappingissues would address this anomaly. It is timelythat a Cadastral System and Land RegistrationSystem that caters to the needs of 3D propertiesand property rights are instituted in Malaysia.Keywords: land administration, 3D property rights,legislation, cadastre, cadastral survey

INTRODUCTIONForrai and Kirschner (2002) observed that theavailability of land use for future and furtherconstruction would be both expensive and limited.As the demand and competition for space onthe two-dimensional land surface intensifies, thethird dimension in property formation assumesincreasing importance. In recent times, this thirdvertical dimension is seen to play a significant rolein determining the rights of real property, especiallyin areas with multi-level mixed development.One of the important issues with regard to realproperty is the inadequacy of vacant land for rapiddevelopment. Many countries, including Malaysia,do not have enough vacant land on the groundsurface to cater for the rapid development. Thisis particularly true in big cities that see increasingnumbers of mixed settlements amidst modernskyscrapers.Present cadastral mapping is moving towards asystem whereby real property can be manipulated,processed, and managed in a 3D environment.This mapping system that is being contemplatedin Malaysia provides vital information, includinglocation and ownership for real properties.Whereas the current cadastral information servespresent needs, there will be a time when thecurrently compiled information can no longer caterto more advanced and complex situations thatresult from innovative developments of the bigcity. What will inevitably be needed, therefore, is amore advanced system that incorporates suitablelegislative and technical solutions in parallel withthe implementation of 3D property rights.PROBLEMS AND CONSTRAINTSIn Malaysia, there is a lack of proper legislationregarding 3D property in land and cadastral lawto cater for the registration of any related legaland technical aspects. Many conflicts seem toexist between laws and statutes with the currentcadastral status. Therefore, the rights associatedwith this registration should be clear in the registrytitles issued. For example, Strata Title Act 1985(Act 318) & Rules and Order allows land to besubdivided into parcels or land parcels basedon the area occupied, and National Land Code1965 (Act 56 of 1965) & Regulations allow airspace rights above ground surface up to amaximum of 21 years in form ranging from anabsolute conveyance to splitting off individualrights associated with the air space parcel. Thisis always used in a complication urban multi-levelmix development, or in the allocation of propertyrights concerning underground facilities in largeurban areas (Mitrofanova, 2002).property rights are used. Without the possibilityof using 3D properties, other legal rights have tobe used to allow separate parties to use differentparts of one building or property. To make suchrights possible, different and new legal institutionshave to be created, such as mineral and air rights(Sandberg, 2003). Again, 3D property rights cantake on different forms and can vary from fullownership to rights of different extents (Paulsson,2007).In conclusion, there are many aspects to considerin implementing the 3D property rights of a legaland technical nature. Among these aspects,the core of this research attempt to investigateproblems occurs in the Malaysia cadastralsystem on the legal aspect which can be seenas a foundation for 3D property and its technicalaspect. The main legal documents involved areNational Land Code 1965 (Act 56 of 1965) &Regulations; Strata Title Act 1985 (Act 318) &Rules and Order; and Building and CommonProperty (Maintenance and Management) Act2007 (Act 663). Without proper land and cadastrallegislation, such property cannot be formed at all.As a result of this, it has also been necessary tolook into the legal systems of other countries,where 3D property formation is already possibleby law, and to gain information about what kindof problems are faced there and how they havehandled; this is so as to better understand theproblems that may occur for countries introducing3D property rights into their legislation.RESEARCH HYPOTHESISThe hypothesis is that - what contents in general,in the relevant legal documents, documents oftitle and documents of strata title, certified planand certified strata plan have to be amended orin order to translate the legal expression fromtraditional cadastral practice to future cadastralpractice for 3D property - whether a new legislationshould be introduced or only amend the presentlegislation where type of provisions in the new3D property rights’ regulations and practices areneeded to be inserted in the National Land Code1965 (Act 56), Strata Title Act 1985 (Act 318), andthe Building and Common Property (Maintenanceand Management) Act 2007 (Act 663).On the other hand - what kinds of criteria arerequired to establish and implement in cadastralprocedures where these 3D property rights couldaffect the Cadastral and Land AdministrationSystems practices - if the present legislation isadequate, then in regards to the technical aspects.A SURVEY RELATEDTO 3D PROPERTY21BULETIN GEOSPATIAL Sektor Awam Edisi 1/2012There are currently many arguments about thesurface under different categories of land use,subdivision, partition and amalgamation; thesearguments would evidently be different if 3D

A SURVEY RELATEDTO 3D PROPERTY24Percentage100.090.080.070.060.050.040.030.020.010.00.052.836.8Q1310.483.012.34.7Q1464.223.612.381.19.49.493.44.71.98.557.534.0Q16 Q17 Q19 Q20It was found that more than half, 61 (57.5%), of therespondents felt that there were no governmentregulations in place for the 3D property legislationwhile 9 (8.5%) respondents thought otherwise.A large number, 36 (34%), remained unsure.For this reason, a large proportion (83.9%) ofthe respondents was either in agreement (51 or48.1%) or in strong agreement (38 or 35.8%) thatnew laws should emerge to put 3D properties onsounder legal footing (see Figure 4d).BULETIN GEOSPATIAL Sektor Awam Edisi 1/2012YESNONOT SUREFigure 2(b): Respond Rate for Land Legislation(Questions 13, 14, 16, 17, 19 & 20)Figure 4c shows that only 12 (11.3%) of therespondents were very satisfied and 36 (34.0%)respondents were satisfied with the current legalinstitutions in enforcing the land law. Forty-four(41.5%) respondents felt there were sufficient legalinstitutions to enforce land law. Twelve (11.3%)respondents were dissatisfied and 2 (1.9%) verymuch so. It would appear, therefore, that thelegal institutions needed to be further improvedto enforce land law satisfactorily. On top of that,68 (64.2%) respondents felt that the law shouldplace responsibility for maintaining the 3D landregister on a specific government authority while25 (23.6%) respondents did not agree. In thisconnection, 86 (81.1%) respondents consideredthe land administration officials/surveyorssufficiently well versed in the existing land lawsalthough 10 (9.4%) respondents disagreed andanother 10 were not sure.Based on the above survey findings, nearlyhalf, 48 (45.3%), out of 106 respondents weredissatisfied with the Strata Title Act 1985 (Act 318)and National Land Code 1965 (Act 56) regarding3D property, with a further 7 (6.6%) feeling verydissatisfied. Another 33 (31.1%) respondentsfound the situation acceptable while only 18 (17%)of the respondents either very satisfied or satisfiedon this issue. It would seem that these two legaldocuments need further improvement. There wasa strong group of 99 (93.4%) respondents thatsupported the development of a new legislationintegrating 3D properties aspects while theremaining seven (6.6%) respondents either didnot support or were not sure.PercentagePercentage50.045.040.035.030.025.020.015.010.05.00.050.045.040.035.030.025.020.015.010.05.00.011.32.8VerySatisfy35.8StronglyAgree34.0Satisfy48.114.2AgreeAcceptableDissatisfyQ1541.531.113.2ModerateDisagreeQ2111.3Q1845.31.9Very DissatisfyFigure 2(c): Respond Rate for Land Legislation(Questions 15 & 18)1.96.60.9Very DisagreeFigure 2(d): Respond Rate for Land Legislation(Question 21)

A SURVEY RELATEDTO 3D PROPERTY26BULETIN GEOSPATIAL Sektor Awam Edisi 1/2012PercentageAlmost equal numbers of respondents (45 or42.5% and 42 or 39.6%) strongly agreed oragreed respectively that there was a need for alegal registration status of 3D property. Fifteen(14.2%) respondents took a moderate stanceand only a small number of respondent eitherdisagreed or strongly disagreed. A great numberof respondents, 74 (69.8%) either agreed orstrongly agreed, opined that the existing law andguideline for stratum under Part Five (A), Disposalof Underground Land, Section 92A to 92I, NationalLand Code 1965 could be used as a basis for 3Dproperty volumetric land parcel alienation on andabove the ground surface. Twenty five (23.6%)respondents remained uncommitted on this issue.Altogether, 95 (89.6%) respondents respondedthat appropriate new legislation had an importantrole to play in achieving 3D property rights forMalaysia, with only four (3.8%) respondingnegative to the question while the remainingseven (6.6%) respondents were unsure on thismatter.Percentage60.050.040.030.020.010.00.015.1100.0090.080.070.060.050.040.030.020.010.00.042.515.140.6StronglyAgree47.239.654.741.5AgreeQ23 Q25 Q26 Q2834.923.614.223.616.0Moderate9.40.95.71.94.72.80.90.0DisagreeVery DisagreeFigure 3(c): Respond Rate for LandAdministration (Questions 23, 25, 26 & 28)65.1Almost half of the respondents 43 (40.6%) and 44(41.5%) either strongly agreed or agreed that itshould be made compulsory for those obtaining 3Dnew rights in land to register those rights, whetheron, above or below ground surface. At the sametime, there were 17 (16%) who choose to stayuncommitted on this issue. There were another2 (1.9%) respondents who disagreed. Nonestrongly disagreed. A majority of the respondents,69 (65.1%) out of 106, thought that the new 3Dproperty should be registered as leaseholdrather than freehold properties. If leases wereregistered, two thirds of the respondents, totalling73 (68.9%) and 22 (20.8%) felt that the leasesshould run at least 60 or 99 years respctively tomaintain the worth of the asset and for it to beeasily transferable. Eleven (10.4%) respondentsopined that the lease should only be 21 years.Percentage100.0090.080.070.060.050.040.030.020.010.00.010.420.3Q3068.921 years 60 years 99 yearsFigure 3(e): Respond Rate for LandAdministration (Question 30)Many of the respondents considered that a keyproblem with the current legislation that dealtwhich 3D properties lay with the legislators whowere slow to take cognisance of, and respondto the need for changes that were essential fora better system of land registration and propertymanagement. Finally, the respondents felt thatit would allow for a better quality of living in theurban centre, taking advantage of the services andfacilities provided by local authorities, once thelegislation on 3D environment was implemented.FreeholdLeaseholdQ29Figure 3(d): Respond Rate for LandAdministration (Question 29)

Cadastre RegistrationThis section presents the analysis on landcadastre registration and the questions appearingin Table 3. The responses to the questionnaireare shown in Figure 4(a) and Figure 4(b).3334353637Table 3: Questions on CadastreQuestionDoes the legal system recognise the various3D properties?The traditional cadastre system and landregistry that are based on 2D environmenthave been prepared to register property in 3Denvironment.The current cadastre system is not able tohandle the registration of 3D property withinthe legislation.This current cadastre system is understood bysurveyor and land administrator.The main obstacle in adopting cadastrein 3D environment is that the legal andorganisational systems are slow to change.Based on the analysis from the 45 returnedquestionnaire from DSMM and LLS respondingto whether the legal system recognised thevarious 3D properties, 14 (31.1%) answered inthe affirmative whereas nine (20%) disagreed.Nearly half (22 or 48.9%) the respondents skirtedthe issue. Thirty (66.7%) respondents thoughtthat the traditional Cadastre System and landregistry based on the 2D format had not beendesigned to cater for 3D property registration.Only 11 (24.4%) respondents felt that the currentregistry was adequate and 4 (8.9%) remainedunsure. There were two-third, 30 (66.6%) of therespondents who either agreed or strongly agreedthat the current Cadastre System was unable tohandle the registration of 3D properties within theexisting legislation. Small clusters of respondentsdisagreed and strongly disagreed respectively.Other than that, ten (22.2%) respondents stayedneutral on this issue.PercentagePercentage100.090.080.070.060.050.040.030.020.010.00.031.124.4Yes51.148.956.7No20.0Q33 Q34 Q36Cadastral Survey and Mapping20.08.928.9Not SureFigure 4(a): Respond Rate for CadastreRegistration (Questions 33, 34 & 36)50.045.040.035.030.025.020.015.010.05.00.024.444.4StronglyAgree42.233.3AgreeQ3522.217.8ModerateDisagreeQ376.70.0Very DisagreeFigure 4(b): Respond Rate for CadastreRegistration (Questions 35 & 37)4.44.4This section presents the analysis on cadastralsurvey and mapping and the questions appearingin Table 4. The responses to the questionnaire areshown in Figure 5(a) to Figure 5(c).Table 4: Questions on Cadastral Survey andMappingA SURVEY RELATEDTO 3D PROPERTY27BULETIN GEOSPATIAL Sektor Awam Edisi 1/2012Slightly more than half, 23 (51.1%), of therespondents felt that the current CadastreRegistration system was understood by surveyorsand land administrators. However, nine (20.0%)respondents thought otherwise and 13 (28.9%)respondents chose to stay uncommitted onthis issue. About half, 20 (44.4%) respondentsstrongly agreed and 15 (33.3%) respondentsagreed that the main obstacle in adopting 3Dcadastre was that the legal and organisationalsystems were slow to change and adapt. Eight(17.8%) respondents stayed neutral with two(4.4%) respondents strongly disagreeing.3839404142QuestionDepartment of Survey and Mapping Malaysia(DSMM) is the organisation that responsiblefor maintaining the survey and mapping ofregistered 3D properties.Strata Lodgement Module, Electronic StrataSurvey Module and Strata Verification Moduleare the surveying and mapping methods thatare used/have been used in the survey of 3Dproperty.Are the surveying and mapping methodsunderstood by the surveyor and landadministrator?Are all perimeter boundaries of the 3Dproperty identifiable?What other 3D property information iscollected by surveying and mapping?

DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSIONMost traditional cadastral systems are basedon two-dimensional (2D) registers that dealonly with properties on the land surface. Thesesystems are unsuitable for today’s multi-levelreality. To cater to both above and below surfaceconstructions and to enable the registration of realproperties that are not limited to the land surface,it is necessary to amend the legislation. A threedimensional(3D) approach for Cadastral Systemand Land Registration System can provide abetter means to manage our modern world. Theexisting Cadastral Systems do have a numberof inherent advantages like responsibility forproprietary rights, up to date information coverageand good mapping (Benhamu and Doystsher,2003). These advantages notwithstanding, theysuffer from a number of weaknesses arising fromtheir 2D limitations that result in their dealing onlywith properties on the land surface.Specialists from many countries are studyingthe legal status of modern structures andproperties with the objective to define andregister these entities both legally and technically.Inconsistencies and irregularities that may cropup in future can be avoided by registering all realproperty objects, both under and above the groundsurface, as 3D properties in the land registry.Accordingly, the legal and technical aspects ofregistering real property objects incorporating3D methodologies in the Malaysian CadastralSystem should be promulgated as a new fieldof research in both the legislative and technicalframeworks. Research on 3D property rightsand 3D cadastre is being carried out in severalcountries like the Netherlands and Sweden. Thelatter has been practising 3D property formationsince 1st January 2004.ACKNOWLEDGEMENTI would like to express my sincere gratitude to myresearch supervisor Dr. Khadijah Binti Hussin forher remarks and corrections.REFERENCESBenhamu, M. and Doytsher, Y., 2003. Towarda Spatial 3D Cadastre in Israel. Computers,Environment and Urban Systems. 27(2003), 359-374.Chong, S. C., 2006. Towards a 3D Cadastre inMalaysia-An Implementation Evaluation. M.Sc.Thesis. Delft University of Technology, Delft, theNetherlands.Forrai, J. and Kirschner, G., 2002. Transition toa Three-dimensional cadastre: Efficient LandUse and Registration. Report. GIM International,Survey of Israel, Israel.Mitrofanova, E. (2002). Property Rights and3D Determination. In Suchasni dosyagnennyageodezychnoyi nauky ta vyrobnyctva (Modernachievements of geodetic science and production).Zbirnyk naukovyh prac’ (Collection of scientificworks). Liga-Pres, Lviv, Ukraine.Paulsson, J., 2007. 3D Property Rights-AnAnalysis of Key Factor Based on InternationalExperience. Ph.D. Thesis. Royal Institute ofTechnology, Stockholm, Sweden.Sandberg, H. (2003). Three-dimensional Partitionand Registration of Subsurface Space. Israel LawReview, Vol. 37, 120-167.A SURVEY RELATEDTO 3D PROPERTY29BULETIN GEOSPATIAL Sektor Awam Edisi 1/2012From the present survey, the majority (57.5 %) ofthe respondents felt that the current land lawsfailed to define 3D property rights clearly. Alarge number (83.9%) of respondents thoughtthat new legislation that integrated 3D aspects incadastre registration, survey and mapping issueswould address this anomaly. In this connection,government departments and agencies undervarious authorities are currently involved inpreparing for the Cadastral System and LandRegistration System in Malaysia. This is timelyin view of the need for effective registration of 3Dreal properties and the improvement of the legaland technical regulations concerning 3D propertyrights.

GIS SANA-SINISana-Sini30BULETIN GEOSPATIAL Sektor Awam Edisi 1/2012TECHNICAL VISIT FROMSINGAPORE LAND AUTHORITY(SLA) DELEGATION5 th January 2012TO MaCGDIThe Singapore Land Authority (SLA) isa statutory board under the Ministry ofLaw and it is the national land registrationauthority. SLA is responsible for themanagement of State land and buildings,land sales, leases, acquisitions andallocation, developing and marketingland-related information and maintainingthe national land information database.

GIS SANA-SINI31They were particularlyinterested in enhancingSingapore’s SDI and togain knowledge fromMaCGDI on how MyGDI’smechanism has helped SDIdevelopment throughoutthe nationThe delegation was lead by Mr. Vincent Hoongand 6 staff under the Ministry of Law. They wereparticularly interested in enhancing Singapore’sSDI and to gain knowledge from MaCGDI on howMyGDI’s mechanism has helped SDI developmentthroughout the nation. This opportunity givesMaCGDI and SLA the chance to improve SDI inthe South East Asia Region. Many suggestionswere brought to the table on how to develop andinspiring new innovation on SDI.BULETIN GEOSPATIAL Sektor Awam Edisi 1/2012

GIS SANA-SINIBULETIN GEOSPATIAL Sektor Awam Edisi 1/2012LAWATAN SAMBIL BELAJAR32 MAHASISWA TAHUN 3 SARJANA MUDA SAINS REMOTE SENSINGFAKULTI GEOINFORMASI DAN HARTANAH,UNIVERSITI TEKNOLOGI MALAYSIA (UTM) ke MaCGDIObjektif:• Mengetahui peranan MaCGDIdalam pelaksanaan GIS diMalaysia• Memupuk minat para pelajaruntuk terus maju dalam bidangSistem Maklumat Geospatial.Tarikh16 Februari 2012LAWATAN SAMBIL BELAJARBACHELOR KEJURUTERAAN PERTANIAN & BIOSISTEMUNIVERSITI PUTRA MALAYSIA (UPM) ke MaCGDIObjektif:• Memantapkan lagi prosespembelajaran dan pemahamanpelajar berkenaan SistemMaklumat Geografi• Memahami aspek berkaitanGIS dalam bidang kejuruteraanpertanian.Tarikh26 April 2012

BULETIN GEOSPATIALSEKTOR AWAMFORMAT DAN GARIS PANDUAN SUMBANGAN ARTIKELBuletin Geospatial Sektor Awam diterbitkan dua (2) kali setahun oleh Pusat Infrastruktur DataGeospatial Negara (MaCGDI). Sidang Pengarang amat mengalu-alukan sumbangan sama adaberbentuk artikel atau laporan bergambar mengenai perkembangan Sistem Maklumat Geografi (GIS) diAgensi Kerajaan, Badan Berkanun dan Institusi Pengajian Tinggi.GARIS PANDUAN UNTUK PENULIS1. Manuskrip boleh ditulis dalam Bahasa Melayu atau Bahasa Inggeris.2. Setiap artikel perlu mempunyai abstrak dan perlu ditulis dengan huruf condong (italic).3. Format manuskrip adalah seperti berikut:Jenis huruf (font) : ArialSaiz huruf bagi tajuk : 12Saiz huruf : 10Langkau (spacing) : singleMargin: Atas, bawah, kiri dan kanan = 2.5 cmJustifikasi teks : KiriLajur (column) : Satu lajur setiap mukasurat4. Sumbangan hendaklah dikemukakan dalam bentuk softcopy dalam format Microsoft Word.5. Semua imej grafik hendaklah dibekalkan dalam format .tif atau .jpg dengan resolusi tidak kurangdaripada 150 d.p.i.6. Segala pertanyaan dan sumbangan hendaklah dikemukakan kepada :Ketua EditorBuletin Geospatial Sektor AwamPusat Infrastruktur Data Geospatial Negara (MaCGDI)Kementerian Sumber Asli dan Alam SekitarAras 7 & 8, Wisma Sumber AsliNo. 25, Persiaran Perdana, Presint 462574 PutrajayaTel : +603-88861111Faks : +603-88894851Email : bgsa@macgdi.gov.my