Academic year 2003/2004 Second semester Test No. 2 *A11 the ...

REZEKNE HIGHER EDUCATION INSTITUTIONFACULTY OF HUMANITIES AND LAW SCIENCESSPECIALTY OF LAW SCIENCES1st YEARAcademic year 2003/2004Second semesterTest No. 21. Written homework:*A11 the exercises have to bo completed tor setting the exam of tlie second semesterComplete the following exercises:Law and order: in court;The verdict is yours;Verbs to do with crime 1;Verbs to do with crime 2;Other useful words to do with crime.2. Oral exercise:Learn the legal terminology from the texts "Punishment takes many forms", "The Latvian legal system" andexercises of the written homework.3. Speak on the following themes:Forms of PunishmentThe Latvian Legal System4. Grammar (in class):Complete the following exercises:The continuous tenses (DarbTbas varda ilgstoSie laiki)The perfect tenses (DarbTbas varda saliktie laiki)

1. Written homework:Complete the following exercises:Law and order: in court;The verdict is yours;Verbs to do with crime 1;Verbs to do with crime 2:Other useful words to do with crime.Law and order: In courtFill in the missing words in the passage below. Choose from thefollowing and note that two of the words are used twice.accusedacquittedbarristersCrown CourtdefencedockevidencefineguiltyimprisonmentjudgejuryJustice of the PeaceMagistrates Courtoathprosecutionput on probationsentencetestimonytrialverdictwitness boxwitnessesThere are two main courts of law in Britain - the (1)for minor offences, such as speeding, shoplifting, etc. and the(2) for more serious offences such as fraud andmurder. The magistrate or (3)who tries cases in thelower court does not have special education or training in law anddoes not get a salary. (The job is voluntary and part-time.)At a (4) at a Crown Court, the (5) ordefendant stands in the (6)while lawyers question(7) who have to say what they have seen or know andwho stand in the (8)They have to swear an(9) to 'tell the truth, the whole truth and nothing butthe truth.' What they say is known as their (10)There are usually two lawyers or (11) _ in thecourtroom. One is known as Counsel for the (12) ,who speaks for the defendant, and the other as Counsel for the(13) This person has to try to prove that the personaccused of the crime really committed it.The (14)sits in a large seat facing the defendantand wears a special gown and wig. He or she does not decidewhether an accused person is guilty or not. This is left to the(15) , made up of twelve members of the public, to72

decide. During the trial they sit in silence, listening carefully to allthe (16)Then, they are locked away until theycan decide whether the person is (17)or not(18) This decision is called the (19)The (20) now decides the punishment or(21) as it is called. If the person is innocent, he or sheis (22), which means that he or she is releasedimmediately and is free to go home. If the person is guilty and thecrime is serious, he or she could be given several years(23) However, if it is a first offence, the person mightbe given a (24)instead, for example £1,000, or(25)The verdict is yoursWork in pairs or groups of three. You are going to be judges. Readthrough the list of crimes below and then decide the type of sentenceyou think the person ought to get. Before starting, here is a list ofpossible sentences. You can choose from these or decide on your own.The death penaltyYou could sentence the person to death (by hanging, the deathchamber, electric chair, guillotine, etc.) Note: the death penaltyhas been abolished in the U.K.Life imprisonmentYou could imprison the person for life.ImprisonmentYou could imprison the person for a set period (decide how manymonths or years).FinesYou could fine the person (decide the amount).Put on probationYou could put the person on probation, e.g. for 3 years. (Thismeans you don't go to prison. Instead you have to keep out oftrouble and report to a probation officer every week during theperiod of the sentence.)73

74Suspended sentenceYou could give the person a suspended sentence, e.g. 2 yearssuspended sentence. (This means the person is given a two yearprison sentence but only has to serve it if he or she commitsanother crime during that period.)Acquit I let offYou could let the person off with a caution.Do community serviceYou could give the person community service. (He or she has todo socially useful work, e.g. helping handicapped children or oldpeople instead of going to prison).Driving ban I endorsementIf a driving offence, you could ban the person from driving(decide how long) or endorse his or her licence, which means thatyou mark in it that the person has broken the law.01 A person who robbed a shop and wounded the owner with aknife.2 A person who set fire to his or her flat for the insurance money.3 A person in the Government who has been spying for a foreignpower.4 A person who took a bar of chocolate from a shop without payingfor it.5 A person who bought a camera with a false cheque.6 A person who murdered a policeman in cold blood.7 A person who kidnapped a small child and held him to ransom.(The child was unhurt.)8 A person who hi-jacked a plane. In the rescue attempt onepassenger died of a heart attack.9 A person caught selling cocaine and heroin.10 A person who saw a woman being attacked, went to her aid andaccidentally killed her attacker.11 A person who refuses to do military service.12 A person who stole a car, then crashed into another one,seriously injuring the driver.13 A football supporter who threw a brick at a referee during afootball match. (The brick struck the referee on the leg.)

14 A person who drove through a traffic light when it was showingred.15 A person who got married when he already had a wife.When you have finished, compare your verdicts with other pairs orgroups.Verbs to do with crime 1Match the verbs on the left 1-16 with a suitable phrase a-p. Writeyour answers in the boxes on the next page.1 accuse someone a in cold blood2 arrest someone b into custody3 ban c a witness4 break d telephone boxes5 charge someone e for armed robbery6 commit f a prison sentence7 cross-examine g a case75

8 hijack9 hold up10 murder someone11 pinch12 serve13 sound14 take someone15 try16 vandalizeh with murderi smoking in public placesj of shopliftingk the alarm1 a crimem some moneyn a planeo the lawp a bank1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16Verbs to do with crime 2Fill in the missing verbs in the sentences below. Choose from thefollowing and make any changes where necessary. Use each verbonce only.acquitassaultblackmailburgleconvictdefrauddeportdouble-crossembezzleimprisoninterrogatekidnapmugpilferprosecuteprovereprieverobshopliftsmugglesueswindlethreatentrespass

1 An armed gang the Kingsway Road branch ofBarclays bank yesterday afternoon and got away with nearly£90,000.2 The salesman was very persuasive and managed tothe elderly couple out of their life savings.3 Tourists have been advised to avoid going off into the mountainsas six people have beenin the past month. As yet,no-one has been freed.4 The man was from Britain to Germany where hewill face charges of terrorism and murder.5 The youths were fined £300 for on Governmentproperty and deliberately causing damage to expensivemachinery.6 She had pleaded not guilty throughout the trial, so it was a reliefwhen the jury finally • her.7 The judge him for ten years for fraud.8 The prisoner was just hours before he was due tobe executed.9 The robbers to shoot anyone who tried to soundthe alarm.10 The politician was being by a man who claimed hehad photographs of him accepting bribes.11 Blake the others in the gang and escaped to SouthAmerica with most of the money from the robbery.12 The cleaner was caught towels and glasses fromthe hotel.13 He threatened to her for every penny she had ifshe tried to break her contract.14 It would be easy to my father's house as he alwaysleaves his bedroom window open during the day.15 As the man left the shop, the store detective stopped him andaccused him ofHe had been caught on camerastuffing three ties into his briefcase.77

7816 He was so disappointed that his team were losing that he ranonto the pitch andthe opposing team's goalkeeper,hitting him several times in the face.17 He made large sums of money refugees intoBritain, Holland and Germany.18 The post office clerk nearly £5,000 over a period oftwo years.19 She was walking through the park in broad daylight when amanher, stealing her handbag containing nearly£200.20 Although the police knew he was guilty, they were unable toit - they just didn't have sufficient evidence.21 She was of manslaughter and sent to prison forfive years.22 The detectives the suspect for nearly ten hoursbefore finally letting him go.23 The two directors the company of nearly £2million.24 There was a large sign on the outside of the building which said:'Trespassers will be'.Other useful words to do with crimeFill in the missing words in the sentences below. Choose from thefollowing:abolishedalibiamnestybailcluescoronercustodydamageseuthanasiaillicitinquestinternmentjudicialjusticelaw-abidinglootmartial lawon parolestatementwarderconviction injunction legislation warrant

1 The of political prisoners is quite common in somecountries. Britain tried it unsuccessfully in Northern Ireland tocombat the IRA.2 The government is thinking of introducingmaking it compulsory for every citizen to carry an identitycard.3 A person who looks after prisoners is called a prison officer or a4 Since there was something very suspicious about the man'ssudden death, thewas called in and anwas held at the Town Hall.5 In Britain, capital punishment in the form of death by hangingwas in 1969..6 The court issued an forbidding the newspaperfrom publishing any more photographs of the Princess of Walesat a private Health Club.7 The police have issued a for her arrest.8 Trial by jury is an important part of the British system of9 The new governor issued a general to all therebels.10 After the unsuccessful attempt to overthrow the government,the whole country was put underfor a month.11 His for the night of the murder was that he hadbeen at his girlfriend's, watching TV.12 He successfully sued the newspaper for libel and was awardednearly £50,000 in13 The judge refused to grant him , as it was fearedthat he would try to leave the country before his trial came up.14 Before the police took him away, the thief told his wife where hehad hidden the .15 They were prosecuted for dealing in substances.16 The doctor was found guilty of when he turned offthe life-support system of a patient who was terminally ill withcancer.79

17 The police took down the man's , read it back tohim, then asked him to sign it.18 Detectives still haven't found any as to thewhereabouts of the two missing 13-year-old schoolchildren.19 The robbers were taken to the police station and held inuntil their trial.20 She couldn't possibly have done it. She's the most honest,citizen I've ever met.21 This was his seventh for stealing cars.22 Not all countries have the same political orsystems.23 He was released to go to his mother's funeral.

2. Oral exercise:Learn the legal terminology from the texts "Punishment takes many forms", "The Latvian legal system" andexercises of the written homework.3. Speak on the following themes:Forms of PunishmentThe Latvian Legal System

PART IIIIII. The Latvian Legal System^y *1. The Latvian Court Svstemj The Constitution (1918)The Lau on Judicial Power(passed in December 1992)The reform process (completedin 1995)! the Latvian judicial system;I a three level court system:| - district town court (39)i j - regional court (5)- the Supreme Court:Constitutional Court (created inJune 1996).The Latvian judicial system is based on the Constitution and the Law OnJudicial Power. The Law provides for a comprehensive reformation of thejudicial system according to the international standards. The reform processwas completed in 1995 by establishing a three level court system with.• district/town court as inferior courts of the first instance. They havejurisdiction to hear civil, criminai and administrative cases.• regional court as appellate courts with divisions for civil, criminal andadministrative cases;• the Supreme Court as appellate court and the court of revision (causation).It has a Senate composed of the three departments - Civil Law, CriminalLaw and Administrative Law Departments. The Plenum of the Supreme Courtcan adopt regulations on the application of law. The Supreme Court ispositioned at the top of the hierarchy of the judicial system.No courts specialize in hearing special categories of cases except theConstitutional Court. It reviews the cases submitted by the President, theGovernment and the Saeima members. The Constitutional Court regards theconformity of the laws and Government acts, international treaties, the Saeimadecrees etc. The Court consists of seven judges, nominated by the Saeima.government and the Supreme Court. Certain categories of cases fail onlyunder the jurisdiction of the regional courts. These categories are as following:civil - adoption, patent, trademark, contractual relationship of the claimexceeding 5000 Lats, real estate disputes, enterprise insolvency andbankruptcy cases;39

criminal - crimes against the Republic, humanity, genocide, banditism,aggravated smuggling, counterfeit currency, murder or aggravated murder,rape, robbery etc.The district/town and regional court judges are nominated by theMinister of Justice and elected by the Saeima for an indefinite tenure after thejudge has successfully withstood the trial period of two years.The maximum age for judges is 65 years (for Supreme Court judges it isso: .it 70 years) and can be extended for up to five years.The institution responsible for the administrative supervision of thecourts is the Ministry of Justice.Regular training for judges and court personnel is provided at the JudicialTraining Centre, established in April 1995. The Bar Association administersthe legal requirements as to which lawyers become sworn advocates and theirassistants.Clients have the right to freely choose a lawyer to depend and representtheir interests.The General Public Prosecutor is nominated by the Supreme CourtChairman. He is appointed for a seven - year term by the Saeima to supervisethe work of the Public Prosecutors offices thought out Latvia. The Prosecutorsupervises and underakes pre-trial investigations.Vocabular: The Latvian Court SstemLatvijas tiesu sistemaa judicial systeminterior court of the firstinstancea district/town courts;i regional courta court panel:he Sunreme Courtthe Constitutional Courtconformityto submit (a case)io noir.ina;etenure-L-ni esiaietiesu sistemapirmas instances tiesarajona (pilsetas) tiesaapgabaltiesatiesu oalataAuastaka '.iesaKonstitucionala tiesaatbilstlbaic.snieu! (lietas pieteikumu)ixraudzltnodarbosanas u/ noteiktu laikuncKushimais ipasurnscyfle6Hafl cwcreMacyfl nepsoM nHciaHunnpatfOHHblM (rOpOflCKOft)CVAOKpVXHOU CVflcyne6Ha« na/iaraBepxoBHbiti cyaKoHCTuryunoHHbiM cyAcooTBercTBueno/;aB3Tb aane^eHHe HapaccMOTpenne a cyAHa3HaM3Tb (8bl6upaTb)33Hpyne HaonpeneneHHbii/iH6ABUXHMOCTbCDOK4(1

j insolvency maksainespeja i HennaTexecnccc6HCCTr' the Bar AssociationI the Latvian Judges'' AssociationadvokaturaLatvijas tiesnesu asociacijai aABOxarypaI Accounauns cyAewj /laTBHH2. The Judges in the Latvian CourtsThe court system of the Republic of Latvia consists of Latvia of theSupreme Court, the Court of Appeal, district courts and local courts. In Latviaonly citizens of the republic of Latvia may be judges and the judges shall beindependent and bound only by law. The basic principle of courts and judgesis that all citizens shall be equal before the Law and the Courts.Judges may not hold any other elected or appointed posts, and may notbe employed in any business, commercial, or other private institution orcompany. They are also not permitted to receive any remuneration other thanthe salary established for judges as well as payments for educational,scientific, or creative activities. Judges may not participate in the activities ofpolitical parties and other political organizations.Court judges of the Republic of Latvia shall be dismissed from officeaccording to the procedure established by law in the following cases:• at their own will• upon expiration of their powers or upon reaching pensionable age asdetermined by law• for reasons of health• upon appointment to another office or upon voluntary transference toanother place of officeThe Constitutional Court shall decide whether the laws and other legalacts adopted by Parliament are in conformity with die Constitutional and legalacts adopted by the President and the Government, do not violate theConstitution and laws. The Constitution ^ourt consists of 9 judges appointedfor an non-renewable term of 9 years. In fuitilling their duties, the judges ofthe Constitutional Court shall act independently of any other State institution,person or organization and shall observe only the Constitution of the Republicof Latvia. Before entering office, judges of the Constitutional Court shall inthe Parliament swear to be faithful to the Republic of Latvia and theConstitution. The restrictions on work and political activities which areimposed on court judges shall also apply to judges of the Constitutional Court.4!

3. The Latvian Judges' AssociationThe Latvian Judges' Association is one of the oldest and richest in thetradition of the European judges' associations, because it was founded shortlyafter the judges' associations of Austria (1907), Germany (1909) and France.In Estonia and Lithuania, judges associations were created at the beginning ofthe !990's after the Latvian Judges' Association renewed its activities.In November 1928, during a regular meeting of the magistrates at theRiga District Court, the idea to found a Latvian Judges' Association wasexpressed. The Chairman of the Riga District Court Jekabs Strumbergsprepared the statutes of the association. On April 2, 1929, the foundingmeeting of the Latvian Judges' Association took place at the premises of theRiga District Court. There ere elected seven judges from Riga and eightjudges from the rest of the country (from Latgale, Kurzeme, Vidzeme andZemgale) to the Board of Trustees of the Association. The Associationprepared and approved documents which were called the Memorandum of theLatvian Judges' Association.During the 1920's and 1930's the Latvian Judges' Association workedsimilar by to the other Baltic states judges organizations. It helped to organisethe conference of the Latvian lawyers in 1932.For the first two years of its existence the Association was headed byJekabs Strumbergs. In 1931 he was replaced by Senator Fricis Zilbers.The years of Soviet occupation had a direct impact on the Latvianlawyers and judges: 20% of them were deponed to Siberia and died there, therest were scattered all over the world. The carefully tended Court system ofLatvia was destroyed.On April 23, 1991 the Latvian Judges' Association renewed its activities.The Latvian Judges' Association works closely with the Judges'Associations of the Baltic countries and representatives of the American BarAssociation in Latvia. The association works towards increasing of theprofessional level of judges. It assisted to the foundation of the LatvianJudicial Training Centre. The Latvian Judges' Association has joined theInternational Judges' Association in Rome.

4. Composition of Court Panels and Appointment of Judges inLatviaa lay judgeproceedinga tenurea judgementan intentionalvvalidto nominateto convictto committo extendThe district (town) court panel consists of one professional judge and twolay judges or of a single judge according to the type of proceedings and thekind of the case. The district (town) court judges are nominated by theMinister of Justice and elected by the Parliament for an indefinite tenure. Thejudges cannot be removed except on the basis of a valid court judgementconvicting him/her for committing an intentional crime.The maximum age limit for district (town) court judges is 65 years andcan be extended for up to 5 years.Vocabulary: Composition of Court Panels and Appointment of Judges inLatviaa lay judgea proceedingto nominatea tenurevalida iudaenientto convictto commit a crimean intentional crimeto extend (a term)Tiesu palatu sastavs un tiesnesu iecelsana amataCocraB cy.qe6Hbixna.naT ntiesas piesedetajstiesvedlbaizvirzlt, ieccltatrasanas amatalikumlgs. speka esossspriedumsnotiesatizdant nozicsumutiis noziegumspagarinat (lerrninu)npucaxHbJwcy,ne6Hoepa36npaTe;ibCTBOH33HaHHTb, BbiflBUHVTbHaxoxflenne Ha nocry3aKOHHblMnpuroBOpOCVflHTbcoBepjunTb npeciyn/ieHneyMblLU/ieHHCenoecTvnneHnenpoA/^nTb (CCOK)43

5. Administrative Supervision in Latviaan administrativesupervisionjudiciarya proposala regulationa qualificationa court bailifflegislative actsjudicial practiceresponsibleto stipulateThe institution responsible for the administrative supervision of thecourts is the Ministry of Justice. The relationship of the Ministry of Justice ofLatvia with the judiciary and the courts is regulated by the Law on JudicialPower which stipulates that the Ministry of Justice shall:1) select candidates for the position of judges for regional and district (town)courts;2) draw proposals on elections of lay judges;3) draft regional and district (town) courts governing regulations;4) supervise functioning of regional and district (town) courts;5,1 organise upgrading of regional and district (town) court judgesqualification;6) select candidates for the position of court bailiffs;7) organise statistical analysis of the judicial practice;8) systematise and catalogue legislative acts and judicial practice;9) handle financial means to ensure the functioning of regional and district(town) courts, and supply the courts with necessary equipment;!0) see to the construction of court buildings and their maintenance inorder., an administrativei supervisioni iudiciarvi a proposal! a regulation: qualificationVocabulary: Administrative supervision in Latvia! adminisiratTva uzraudzlba1| tiesnesisi priekslikumsI prieksraksts] kv.ilifikacijaAdministratTva uzraudzlbaAGMMHUCTpaTHBHblft H3fl30pcmMMHMCTpaTMBfHbIM H3A30Pcyflbflnpe^noxeHnenpeanncaHne

a court bailiffa legislative ac:judicial practiceresponsibleto stipulateI tiesas izpildTtaislikumdosanas aktstiesu prakseatbildlgSizvirzTt (par noteikumu)cyAeoHbiii ncnonHnre/ibaKT aaKOHOAare/ibCTsa; cyfleonafl noaKTUKSiOTBeTCB6HHblMBbiaonHyrb6. The Constitutional Court in Latviaa mandateconformitvan international treatva decreea requirementmajoritypermanentto createto review ,to submitThe Constitutional Court is not a part of the ordinary courts systems. TheConstitutional Court was created by law in (June 1996). Its mandate is toreview cases submitted by the President, the government, or at least one-thirdof the Saiema members regarding:1) the conformity of laws and government regulations, signed internationaltreaties, decrees of Saiema, the President or the Prime Minister with therequirements of the Constitution;2) the conformity of other governmental or local government normative artswith the Constitution, other laws or government regulation;3) the conformity of national legal norms with international treaties.The Prosecutor General or local governments may also submit cases forreview. The Court consists of seven judges (three nominated by theParliament, two by the government, and two by the Supreme Court) who areappointed by an absolute majority (5! votes) of the Saiema for ten year terms.On December 11, 1996 the Minister of Justice chaired over the first meetingof the Constitutional Court which elected its permanent chairman as well asdecided upon other organisational matters.45

a mandateconformityan international treatya decreea requirementmajoritypermanentto createto review;o submitVocabulary: The Constitutional Court in Latviamandatssaskana. aibiisubastarptautisks ITgums,vienosanisdekretsprasfha. vajadzFbavairakumspastavTus. ilgstossradlt. izraisTtizskatlt. parbaudltiesniegtKonstitucionala tiesaKOHCTHTyUHCHHbll/i CVflMannarcooTBeicBueMexAynapOflHbiti AoroeopflCKperHyx^aGc/ibiLieHCTBOnOCTOflHHblilBb!3BaTbnepecMCtperb,npoeeciiTbnoaaibprohibitiona lawyeran attorney7. Latvian Bar Associationswornto administerto appearto detainto interfereThe right to defence is guaranteed by the Law on Judicial Power and theLaw on the Advokatzra (27 April 1993). The Bar Association administers thelegal requirements as to which lawyers become sworn advocates and swornadvocate assistants which are the allowed to represent individuals and legalentities in the courts of Latvia.Advocates appear before any court pre- trial investigation agency asrepresentative of a specific party in the matter, of the accused or of otherparticipants in a court case (clients).Clients have the right to freely choose a lawyer to defend and representtheir interests and to meet freely with their lawyer. All detained or arrestedpersons, all criminal defendants must be provided with the opportunity, timeand means to contact their lawyer in order to receive legal assistance or tomeet with lawyer in private without distraction, interruption or censure and incomplete confidence.46

The advocate shall be independent.The laws set forth various prohibitions against activities which wouldinterfere with independence of the advocate in representing his/her client,protecting the attorney - client relationship.The Latvia College of Sworn Advocate is an independent, professionalassociation of Latvia's sworn advocates, subject to public law, and resolves al!questions regarding the activities of the Advckatura.a lawvcru defendanta prohibitionan attorneysworn10 administerto appearto detainto interfereVocabulary: Latvia Bar AssociationjuristiaosudzetaisajzUegunupiinvarotais. advokats7,vennatssniegt (palldzibu)uzstatiesaizturet. paturetapcietinajumaiejaukties. traucet kavetAdvokatura LatvijaAaBOKarypa aKDCUCT. aABOKBTOOBUHWeMbiMsanoerVnO/lHOMGMeHHblM, 3ZIBOK3TnpuHaeuju^ npucnrynoMorarbBbicrynHTbaaaepxaib, Aepxaib HCAapecroMBMetL'arbca, Meaiatbi

PUNISHMENTtakes many formsJvrry /-/JMSOM /nvesf/#iifesimprisotmienl cine/ itsalternatives.Once again, rising crime and ihe workings ofilie penal syslem are hack in the news.I'ailiamcnl has recently voted on capitalpunishment, police chiefs have voiced liieiiconcern at the growth of violent publicdisorder and there have been riots at severalMulish jails.Meanwhile, Ihe British Nome Office hasbeen criticised over the rising prisonpopulation and overcrowding. Forced to dealwith a steady increase in convictions forviolent crime, it has launched an extensiveprison-building programme. Providing morejails, however, merely tackles the symptoms,for the si/.e ol the prison population is affectedby two factors: the numlxrr of offenders, andthe sentencing policy of the courts. Thus thegovernment has also had to consider ways toleduce (he prison population through the useof non-custodial alternatives.The most widely-used device lor reducingthe number of prisoners in jail is the remissionami parole syslem. This enables prisoners

who have hehavecl themselves to 'earn' theirrelease be lore their original sentence has heencompleted. Some theorists believe that theover-use of (his system has encouraged (heMi iii:,h courts to impose sentences of up to athird longer than they might have previously,in order to compensate lor potential earlyrelease.The courts also have (he power lo impose asus|)cndcd sentence. Thus, if a suspendedsentence ol, lor example, two years isimposed, the offender will not have lo go toprison; hut if he or she is convicted ol anothercrime within these two years, then the new.sentence ir/JJ have the original sentenceaddi-d lo i(. There is some evidence thai ihesus|>cnded sentence is used too ficqucntly,with Ihe result (hat (he number of prisonersactually increases. Some repot Is indicate thatas many as half of Ihose given suspendedsentences would not have been given a jailsentence for their first offence, and areconsequently sentenced twice over for theirsecond offence.Another option is Ihe Community ServiceOrder, whereby the judge can sentence acriminal to a maximum of 240 hours ofcomimmily-based practical work. This servesboth as a way of making amends lo societyand of avoiding the potentially haimfulconsequences of a period in prison.The most common alternative to jail is aline. Although appropriate for minoroffences, lines are seen by the public as loo

lenient a punishment lor those pnliy olviolent crime. Judges who impose lines,however swingeing (hey may he, airliequenily (he target ol hitter criticism in thepiess, and are therefore reluctant lo use llii',cost-effective and straight forward lonn olpunishment.One or two ideas have suifaccd in the lastlew years, ihc most revolutionary being UKuseol electronic lagging. Ministers havedecided lo introduce a pilot scheme wherebyBritish offenders will be forced lo wear anelectronic device while they are on probation,enabling their whereabouts lo be monitoredby police. There arc also plans lo extend thecommunity service order to include help lorthe aged and sick.However, all these initiatives illnsliale ,munderlying dilemma: by building new pi isonsand by encouraging the com Is lo imposealternative punishments, the government istrying lo pursue Iwo contradictory policies .alonce. The problem with increasing thenumber ol 'prisons is thai more places lend toresult in more prison sentences. Researchrecently published in the United Stalesindicates that those stales which embarked (>nprison building programmes ended 'ipincreasing their prison populations, while(hose which closed down a number oi prisonsactually reduced Ihc number of people in jailto proportionally lower levels.

DARBIBAS VARDA ILGSTOSIE LAIKIDARBIBAS VARDS (THE CONTINUOUS TENSES) ILG-STOSA LAIKA izsaka ilgstosu, nepabeigtu darbfbu, kas notiekvai nu runasanas bridf, vai ari ilgstosaka laika perioda ka taqadne,pagatne, ta ari nakotne.ILGSTOSO LAIKU formas veido ar palfgdarbibas varda BEatbilstosajam vienkarsajam formam + patstaviga darbibasvarda ING-formu:23^ vienkarsaja tagadne: am, is, are patstaviga^^iBE-»•-vienkarsaja pagatne: was, were —j— darbibas varda^vienkarSaja nakotne: will beING-formaIng-formu veido, darbibas varda 1. pamatformai (t. i., nenoteiksmei)pievienojot galotni -ing: work + ing = working,help + ing = helping.Veidojot ing-formu,a) infinitiva galotni -eparasti atmet;) ja nenoteiksme beidzasar fsu, uzsvertu patskani+ vienu lidzskani, tadlidzskanis dubultojas;writesmileshinebeginrunsetwritingsmilingshiningbeginningrunningsetting43

ci iegaumejiet. kaie —> yliedietielyingdyingtyingDarbibas vardus ilgstosajos laikos latviesu valoda tulko arvienkarso iaiku formam.24 ILGSTOSA TAGADNEHe is writing a letter.Vins pasreiz raksia vestuli, t.L, tiesisajabridi raksta.workingJAUTAJUMA FORMU veido, izmainot vardu kartibu, bet NO-LIEGUMA FORMU veido ar nolieguma vardinu not.am, is. are (to be).ko liek ai2He is reading.Vins (pasreiz) lasa.Is he reading?I/a/ vins (pasreiz)lasa?He is not (isn't) reading.Vins (pasreiz) nelasa.44

ILGSTOSIE LAiK!Apgalvojumaforma1 am workingyou are workinghe is workingshe is workingit is workingwe are workingyou are workingthey are workingJautajumaformaam 1 working?are you working?is he working?is she working?is it working?are we working?are you working?are they working?Noiiegumaforma1 am not workingyou are not workinghe is not workingshe is not workingit is not workingwe are not workingyou are not workingthey are not workingILGSTOSO TAGADNI parasti lieto kopa ar sadiem laika apstakliem:PIEMERAM:now - pasreizat present - pasreizat the present moment -pasreizeja bridlatthemoment- pasreizeja bridiThe children are sleeping now. -Berni pasreiz gul.At present he is working in the garden. -Pasreiz vins strada darza.24. A VINGRINAJUMSDotos teikumus parveidojiet par jautajuma un noiieguma teikumiem!He is waiting there. —> Is he waiting there?—> He is not waiting there.1. I am working hard. 2. He is writing a ooem. 3. She is making salad. 4. Pat isreading a paper. 5. You are waiting for me. 6. BOD is drawing a picture. 7. It israining hard. 8. He is speaking English. 9. She is playing the piano. 10. We aretelling the truth.45

As a class, you are going to discuss and decide whichtypes of punishment the four criminals describedbelow should receive. The five possible methods ofpunishment are:;i imprisonment.I) community service.c a suspended sentence/probation.d capiial punishment.L- a line.Read each criminal's details carefully, then follow thestages described below.Stage 1: In small groups, discuss the four criminals anddecide on a suitable punishment.Stage 2: Report your group's recommendations to thewhole class.Stage 3: As a class, discuss all the recommendations foreach criminal and try to agree four sentencesto recommend to judges.

1 Martin Smedley. Terrorist, aged 24. Unmarried. Helpedplant a bomb which killed three scientists at a Londoncosmetics laboratory. Belongs to a fanatical group whichbelieves that scientists should not use animals inexperiments. No previous criminal record.8 Rachel O'Rourke. Forger, aged 36. Married with twoteenage children. Used her specialist printing knowledge toprint fake £50 notes. Attempted to spend them at adepartment store on luxury presents for her family. Twoprevious prison sentences for the same offence.3 Sam Cooper. Kidnapper, aged 19. Unmarried. Kidnappedthe daughter of a wealthy businessman at knifepoint, lockedher in a basement with no food for three days anddemanded a million pounds from her family. He was broughtup in an orphanage. One previous conviction for stealingmoney from a telephone box.4 Piers D'Ortez. Confidence trickster/thief, aged 25.Unmarried. Convinced a rich old lady that he was a jewelexpert, 'borrowed' her diamonds 'to have themprofessionally valued' and tried to catch a plane to Brazil.Good family background and private education but wasexpelled from school for cheating at exams. No previouscriminal record.

ILGSTOSIE LAIKI24. B VINGRINAJUMSPabeidziet atbildes, ipasvardus aizvietojot ar personu vietniekvardiem!1. Are you working? No, I am not.2. Is Tom coming? Yes, he is.3. Are they singing? Yes.4. Is Liz waiting? No,5. Are we staying? Yes.6. Are you listening? Yes,7. Is Ken sleeping? No,8. Is Eve laughing? Yes,9. Is it raining? Yes,10. Are they washing? No,11. Is Ted swimming? No12. Are you leaving? Yes.13. Is Rose playing? No14. Are you reading? Yes,24. C VINGRINAJUMSDarbibas vardus, kas atrodas iekavas, lietojiet ilgstosas tagadnesforma!I. Listen! I think the telephone (ring). 2. Mrs Smith (play) the piano in the hall.3. Grandmother (have) a rest in her bedroom. 4. Be quiet, I (think). 5. Jane (notwork), she (read) a book. 6. I see that you (wear) your new skirt today. 7. Jack isnot in his room, he (have) a bath. 8. I (wait) for my boss. 9. Who (make) that terriblenoise? - It's Roger. He (practise) the violin. 10. I am busy, I (write) a letter.II. It (snow), put on your coat. 12. The plane (fly) at 3,000 metres.24. D VINGRINAJUMSDarbibas vardus, kas atrodas iekavas, lietojiet vienkarsastagadnes vai ilgstosas tagadnes forma!Atcerieties, ka darbibas vardus vienkarsaja tagadne lieto,lai izteiktu atkartotas, ierastas darbibas, bet ilgstosaja tagadne —darbibas, kas notiek runasanas bridi!1. Usually the children (play) with their toys in the morning but now they (watch)TV. 2. I think he (sleep) now. He always (go) to bed early. 3. After work we usually(do) the shopping. 4. Mrs Lewis (wear) a hat today because the sun is very hot.46

ILGSTOSIE LAIKI5. It is eight o'clock. Brenda and Cliff (have) breakfast. 6. The kettle (boil), I'llmake the tea. 7. I usually (drink) coffee but now I (drink) tea. 8. This hat (cost)fifty pounds. 9. I (save) up because I (want) to go abroad in May. 10. Look, theboys (play) football. 11. Lucy is not here, she (work) in the garden. 12. You usually(walk) quite slowly but today you (walk) very fast. 13. Julia already (speak)Spanish and French, now she (learn) Italian. 14. David usually (stay) in a hotelwhen he comes to town but tonight he (stay) with us. 15. Run upstairs, mother(wait) for you there. 16. He (read) a newspaper, he always (read) it at breakfast.\ILGSTOSO LAIKU FORMAS parasti nelieto1)darblbas vardus, kas apzlme uztveres speju, sajutas unjutas: see. hear. know, want, love, hate. like, understand u.c.We see a train. - Mes redzam vilcienu.I hear a strange noise. - Es dzirdu savadu troksni.2) darblbas vardus seem, belong, possess, appear u.tml.:He seems tired. - Skiet, ka vins irnoguris.Now this book belongs to me. -Tagad sigramata pieder man.25. A VINGRINAJUMSKur iespejams, darbibas vardu lietojiet ilgstosas tagadnes forma!1. Richard (take) a shower. 2. Betty (understand) it very well. 3. John (sit) at hisdesk. 4. Now he (love) Sarah. 5. Emily (lay) the table. 6. Jack (know) all about it.7. I (like) this ring. 8. The baby (cry) because it is hungry. 9. I (believe) you.10. I (hear) a beautiful song. 11. She (look) for her pen. 12. Nigel (learn) German.DARBIBAS VARDA go ilgstosas tagadnes formu parasti lieto,lai izteiktu1)planotu darblbu tuvakaja nakotne:I am going to learn German. - Es macisos vacu valodu.(Es gatavojos macities vacu valodu.)2) noteiktu darblbu tuvakaja nakotne:It is going to rain soon. -Driz Us.47

ILGSTOSIE LAIKI26. A VINGRINAJUMSParveidojiet teikumus, izmantojot darbfbas varda go ilgstosastagadnes formu!I intend to try again. —> I am going to try again.1. I intend to buy a new TV set. 2. They intend to stay for a week. 3. Bob intendsto leave Oxford tomorrow. 4. They intend to have a party on Sunday. 5. Dickintends to sell his car. 6. I intend to meet them on Monday. 7. We intend to spendour holiday in Paris. 8. Ted intends to take Joy to the theatre. 9. Sne intends tosay "No". 10. Grace intends to learn Estonian. 11.1 intend to tell him tomorrow.12. We intend to have lunch at once.26. B VINGRINAJUMSNakotni izsakiet ar darbibas varda go ilgstosas tagadnes pa-Hdzibu!It will rain tomorrow. —> It is going to rain tomorrow.1. They will lose the match. 2. It's very cold, I think it will snow. 3. Look at thesedark clouds. We will have a storm. 4. We will get wet. 5. He's very careless. I'mafraid he will have an accident. 6. My cat will have kittens soon. 7. This medicinewill do you good. 8. I'm afraid we will miss the train.26. C VINGRINAJUMSIzmantojot doto planu, pastastiet, ka Dzenija gatavojas pavaditnakamo nedeju! Lietojiet darbibas varda go ilgstosas tagadnesformu!Teikumu saciet sadi: "On Monday Jenny is going to ..."Jenny's plan for next week:MonBuy Christmas presentsTue Meet Brenda at 5WedGo to the theatre with ColinThuFriSatSunWork at the libraryPlay tennis with SallyWrite letters and Christmas cardsVisit Aunt Sarah48

ILGSTOSIE LAIKIILGSTOSA PAGATNE 27workingJAUTAJUMA FORMU veido, mainot vardu kartibu. NOLIE-GUMA FORMU veido ar nolieguma vardinu not, ko liek aizwas,were (to be pagatne):Apgalvojumaforma1 was workingyou were workinghe was workingshe was workingit was workingwe were workingyou were workingthey were workingJautajumaformawas 1 working?were you working?was he working?was she working?was it working?were we working?were you working?were they working?Noliegumaforma1 was not workingyou were not workinghe was not workingshe was not workingit was not workingwe were not workingyou were not workingthey were not workingILGSTOSO PAGATNI LIETO ar sadiem laika apstakjiem:then - tad: saja/taja laikaat that time - taja laikathis time yesterday - vakar saja laikathis time last week - saja laika pagajusaja nedejaat (six) o'clock - plkst. sesosat (six) on (Sunday) - svetdien plkst. sesoswhen (you came) - tad, kad tu atnaci49

50ILGSTOSIE LA1K!PIEMERAM:At six on Sunday I was playing the piano. -Svetdien plkst. sesos es speleju klavieres.This time yesterday she was baking a cake. -Vakar saja laika vina cepa kuku.When Bobby came we were reading newspapers. -Kad Roberts atnaca, mes lasijam avizes.27. A VINGRINAJUMSVeidojiet iztrukstosas formas!I was singing I was not singing was I singing?you were singinghe was singingwe were singingthey were singingshe was not singingwere you singing?27. B VINGRINAJUMSDarbfbas vardus, kas atrodas iekavas, lietojiet ilgstosas pagatnesforma!1. When the bell rang Jane (have) a bath. 2. At that time Mr Smith (live) in thecountry. 3. When Bob came Jenny (write) a letter. 4. When I arrived they (have)supper. 5. At 7 on Friday we (watch) TV. 6. When Peter went out the sun (shine).7. When I met her yesterday she (wear) a new hat. 8. When the light went out I(make) a cake. 9. When they came we (drink) tea. 10. This time yesterday Larry(take) the dog for a walk. 11. When I entered the boys (play) cards. 12. When theguests arrived we (sleep).27. C VINGRINAJUMSDarbfbas vardus iekavas lietojiet vienkarsas pagatnes vai ilgstosaspagatnes forma!1. I was alone in the house at that time because Peggy (shop) and the children(play) in the park. 2. Yesterday at 5 I was not at home, I (read) an article at thelibrary. 3. The train (stop) and we (get) off. 4. Their car was empty but the engine(run). 5. I (have) a shower when the phone (ring). 6. He (write) a cheque when he(rememoer) that he (have) nothing in the bank. 7. They (live) in Brooklyn at that

ILGSTOSIE LAIKitime. 8. The burglar (open) the safe when he (hear) footsteps. He at once (put) outhis torch and (crawl) under the desk. 9. When he (learn) to drive he had lots ofaccidents. 10. When I first met her she (work) in a restaurant.ILGSTOSA NAKOTNE 28I will beyou will behe will beshe will beit will bewe will beyou will bethey will beworkingApgalvojumaformaI will be workingyou will be workinghe will be workingshe will be workingit will be workingwe will be workingyou will be workingthey will be workingJautajumaformawill I be working?will you be working?will he be working?will she be working?will it be working?will we be working?will you be working?will they be workingNoliegumaformaI will not be workingyou will not be workinghe will not be workingshe will not be workingit will not be workingwe will not be workingyou will not be workingthey will not be workingILGSTOSO NAKOTNI lieto reti, parasti ar sadiem laika apstakliem:this time tomorrow - rlt saja laikatomorrow at (five) -rit p/kst. piecosnext (Friday) at (five) - nakamaja (piektdiena) plkst. (piecos)when (you come) - kad tu atnaksi51

ILGSTOSIE LAIKIPIEMERAM:This time tomorrow I will be working. _Pit saja laika es stradasu.When you come the children will be sleeping. _Kad tu parnaksi, berni gules.28. A VINGRINAJUMSVeidojiet iztrukstosas formas!I will be sleeping I will be waiting I will be readingyou will be sleepinghe will be sleepingwe will be sleepingthey will be sleepingshe will be waitingyou will be reading28. B VINGRINAJUMSDarbibas vardus iekavas lietojiet vienkarsas nakotnes forma!1. She (work) for at least another two hours. 2. When we return the baby (sleep).3. At half past ten I (have) a bath. 4. Jack (read) the whole afternoon. 5. Whenyour train arrives I (wait) at the station. 6. This time tomorrow we (play) tennis.7. At six o'clock on Saturday Rose (watch) TV. 8 This time next week I (work) inmy office. 9. We (camp) in the mountains all next week. 10. At five the family(have) tea. 11.1 (wait) for you on Sunday. 12. In two hours I (sit) in the bus.13. This time next week they (lie) on the beach. 14. When you come back from thecinema we (have) supper.VINGRINAJUMI ATKARTOSANAI29 | ILGSTOSO LAIKU UN VIENKARSO LAIKU LIETOSANA29. A VINGRINAJUMSVeidojiet jautajuma teikumus!The baby is playing with a doll. —>—> Is the baby playing with a doll?They went on holiday. —> Did they go on holiday?52

ILGSTOSIE LAIKI1. BOD likes to play football. 2. He will finish the letter this afternoon. 3. Tom isteaching his son to ride a bike. 4. He was telling the truth. 5. The child is crying.6. Mr Jones worked in an office. 7. Lucy found her friend in the park. 8. Susancame with us. 9. Mother is cooking the dinner. 10. The boys were waiting for theirteacher. 11. Katie goes to school every weekday. 12. The last train left at 11.30.13. Hilary plays chess very well. 14. She had a piece of chocolate cake.29. B VINGRINAJUMSVeidojiet nolieguma teikumus!They went on holiday. —> They did not go on holiday.The baby is crying. —> The baby isn't crying.1. They go out every afternoon. 2. He was waiting for Julia. 3. Steve will comewith you. 4. His friend lives in New York. 5. Diana brushes her hair every night.6. He was holding a bottle of whisky in his hand. 7. Sally always agrees with you.8. Peter wears very strong glasses. 9. I'll read it tomorrow. 10. At the moment Roseis playing the piano in the other room. 11. The police caught the thief. 12. I hateyou. 13. He is joking. 14. Susan lost her purse.29. C VINGRINAJUMSDarbibas vardus, kas ir iekavas, lietojiet pareizaja laika!1. Tomorrow I (meet) my colleagues. 2. Rembrandt (paint) this portrait in 1650.3. When they arrived we (have) breakfast. 4. She (forget) you soon. 5. Please helpme, I (look) for my pen. 6. I (remember) this day all my life. 7. Graham normally(drink) tea at five o'clock. 8. He (drink) eight cups of tea last afternoon. 9. I (know)the results of the test next week. 10. This book (cost) four pounds. 11.1 (dine) atthe Savoy next Friday. 12. Yesterday she (eat) her lunch quickly and (leave) atonce. 13. If I have time I (visit) them tomorrow. 14. I (see) you at nine tomorrow.29. D VINGRINAJUMSDarbibas vardus, kas atrodas iekavas, lietojiet pareizaja laika!1. I (see) the film last night. 2. Mr Green (wait) for his wife now. 3. I think it (snow)tonight. 4. Last year she (lie) on a beach in Spain while I (work) in my office inLondon. 5. Most children (like) sweets. 6. I hope they (sing) it again. 7. LastSunday we (go) to a concert. 8. Colin always (go) to work by bus. 9. Now thishouse (belong) to Joe. 10. I normally (get) up at 7. 11.1 (sleep) very little lastnight. 12. The letter (arrive) yesterday. 13. Last week she (go) to a party withoutme. 14. Before his marriage Harry (smoke) a lot.53

DARBIBAS VARDA SALIKTIE LAIKI(THE PERFECT TENSES)Darbibas vards SALIKTAJA TAGADNE (The Present Perfect)norada, ka darbiba ir notikusi. Darbibas vards SALIKTAJAPAGATNE (The Past Perfect) un SALIKTAJA NAKOTNE (TheFuture Perfect) norada, ka darbiba bija vai bus pabeigta lidzkadam noteiktam pagatnes vai nakotnes bridim.SALIKTOS LAIKUS veido ar paligdarbibas vardu HAVE unpatstaviga darbibas varda 3. pamatformu:y salikta tagadne: have, has patstavfgar*^ salikta pagatne: had — |— darbibas varda^' salikta nakotne: will have 3. pamatformaDARBJBAS VARDA 3. PAMATFORMU (pagatnes divdabi)parasti veido, nenoteiksmei pievienojot -ed. Ta ir tada pati kadarbibas varda 2. pamatforma (vienkarsa pagatne).'• • ". ' " •Nenoteiksme 3. pamatformaplayfinishbelongplayedfinishedbelonged61

Especificaciones de diseño5.6 Sistemas de cubiertas5.6.1 Cubierta sobre vigas:Kalzip perpendicularesa la base de acero trapezoidalUna base trapezoidal portante que formala subestructura de la cubierta, cubriendolas luces entre viga y viga en sentidoparalelo a los aleros. Los clips van fijadosdirectamente a la parte superior de lasgrecas de la base trapezoidal o indirectamentepor medio de espaciadores. Lospuntos de fijación son visibles pordebajo de la base trapezoidal de acero.Los clips se distribuyen diagonalmentesobre la base de acero, de manera quetodas las ondas de la chapa base esténsoportando cargas. Los clips debenestar situados siguiendo una especialmodulación para asegurar una distribuciónuniforme de la carga sobre la basede acero trapezoidal, tanto en el casode cargas positivas (debida a la nieve)como de cargas negativas (debidas alviento o a la succión aerodinámica).• Se debe fijar una fila continua de clipsa lo largo de la cumbrera y los aleros.• El número y colocación de los clips,así como del de los elementos deunión, están indicados en el esquemade montaje.• Los clips se disponen diagonalmenteentre ellos. Las distancias entre losclips depende del estudio de cargas,del ancho de las bandejas Kalzip,de la pendiente de la estructura y delespacio entre apoyos de la chapabase trapezoidal.• Dependiendo de las cargas que sepuedan prever, puede ser necesarioreducir a la mitad el espacio entre losclips en las esquinas y a lo largo delos bordes de la cubierta.(Véanse las tablas de dimensiones)Kalzip perpendicular sobre estructurade madera(véase el diagrama de la página 17)5.6.1 Aplicar de forma similar.Los clips se fijan directamente al reves timientode madera. Los clips deben sercolocados sobre el revestimiento demadera de acuerdo con el diagrama decolocación 1 ó 2. Si los clips se han decolocar unos junto a otros, entonces labase de madera y su fijación a la subestructuradebe ser estáticamente verificada.Un refuerzo de carpintería no essuficiente.Esquema de colocación 1Clips de aluminio / Clips de acero y PAEsquema de colocación 2Clips de aluminio / Clips de acero y PADistancia entre nervios Capa portanteCierre decubiertaAncho de bandeja KalzipCumbreraClipAleroDistancia entre nervios Capa portanteCierre decubiertaCumbreraClipAleroSeparaciónentre vigasSeparaciónentre vigasAncho de bandeja KalzipSeparaciónentre vigasSeparaciónentre vigasd = distancia entre clipsd = distancia entre clipsLas separaciones no están a escala38 Kalzip Spain S.L.U.

SAL:KT;E LAIK:SALIKTATAGADNE35finishedJAUTAJUMA FORMU veido, mainot vardu kartfbu. NOLIEGUMAFORMU veido ar noiieguma vardinu net, ko liek aiz have, has:Apgalvojumaforma1 have workedyou have workedhe has workedshe has workedit has workedwe have workedyou have workedthey have workedNoiiegumaformahave 1 worked?have you worked?has he worked?has she worked?has it worked?have we worked?have you worked?have they worked?Jautajumaforma1 have not workedyou have not workedhe has networkedshe has not workedit has not workedwe have not workedyou have not workedthey have not workedSarunvaloda prieksroku dod SAISINATAJAM FORMAM:I have = I'vehe has = he'sshe has = she'sit has = it'sISAS NOLIEGUMA FORMAShave net = haven'thas not = hasn twe have = we'veyou have = you'vethey have = they've63

SALIKTIE LAIKISALIKTO TAGADNI lieto1)biezi (bet ne vienmer) tajos gadljumos, ja teikuma ir sadnenoteikta laika apstakla vardi:already (jau)visbiezak sastopams apgalvojuma teikumosteikuma atrodas starp have, has un 3. pamatformu:She has already arrived. Vina irj'au ieradusies.He has already done a lot. Vins irjau daudz izdarfjis.yet (jau, vel)parasti sastopams nolieguma un jautajumateikumos:Has she arrived yet? Vai vina irjau ieradusies?He has not done much yet. Vins vel nav daudz izdarfjis.ever (kadreiz)Have you ever been to Canada? Vai tu kadreiz esi bijusiKanada?never (nekad)ieprieksejo teikumu parveido nolieguma teikuma:I have never been to Canada. Es nekad neesmu bijusiKanada.before (agrak)We have met before. Mes agrak esam tikusies.Have you met her before? Vai tu agrak esi vinu saticis?lately (pedeja laika)I haven't seen Jim lately. Pedeja laika es neesmuDzimu satikusi2) ar vardiem, kas apzfme ilgaku laika posmu:today (sodien)I haven't seen him today. Es neesmu vinu sodien redzejusi.this week (sonedej)The weather has been fine this week. Sonedej laiks bija (irbijis) jauks.this month (somenes)It has been warm this month. Somenes bija (ir bijis) silts.64

SALIKTIE LAIKIATCERIETIES, ja teikuma ir apstakli, kas izsaka pagajusu laikaposmu (piemeram, yesterday, last week, in 1988. five yearsago), tad jalieto vienkarsa pagatne.I saw him yesterday. Es redzeju vinu vakar.3)biezi ar laika apstakliem, kuri sakas ar prievardiem sinceun for:I haven't seen him since July. Kops julija es neesmuvinu redzejusi.He has lived here for five years. Vins irnodzfvojis seit piecusgadus.Present Perfect laiku latviesu valoda tuiko ar salikto tagadni vaivienkarso pagatni.35. A VINGRINAJUMSHave you paid the bill? —> Yes, I have.Has Tim posted my letter? —> No, he has not.1. Have you washed the cups? Yes,2. Has Steve passed the exam? No,3. Have you heard the news? No.4. Have they gone out? Yes,5. Has Rose made coffee? Yes,6. Have you spoken to her? Yes,7. Have they lived here long? No,8. Has the post come? No,9. Has she bought a new hat? Yes,10. Have they had lunch? Yes,35. B VINGRINAJUMSDarbibas vardu iekavas lietojiet saliktas tagadnes forma!1. Frank (buy) two English books. 2. They (go) out together. 3. She (be) to Oxfordbefore. 4. Daisy (change) very much. 5. The boys (eat) all the cakes. 6. I (notmeet) Sharon for a long time. 7. The secretary (type) the letter. 8. She (not see)Frank since last winter. 9. Bruce (post) the letter. 10. I (live) in this flat for a fewweeks already. 11. We (be) to several good concerts lately. 12. Mary (buy) somenew dresses. 13. She (not come) yet. 14. They (have) their supper already.15. You (not change) at all.65

SALIKT1E LAIK!35. C VINGRINAJUMSDotos teikumus parveidojiet par jautajuma teikumiem! Alreadyvieta lietojiet yet!He has already read this book. —>—> Has he read this book yet?1. He has already seen this film. 2. You have already sought a present for Rose.3. Nora has already gone to bed. 4. Joy has already finished her work. 5. Ronaldhas already found a new job. 6. Frank has already sold his car. 7. You havealready written to Sen. 8. Steve has already paid his dents. 9. He has alreadycome. 10. You have already had lunch.35. D VINGRINAJUMSPan/eidcjiet teikumus atbi/stosi mcde/im!He is still washing the cups. —>—> He hasn't washed the cups yet.1. He is still making the bed. 2. He is still sweeping the floor. 3. He is still feedingthe baoy. 4. She is still reading the paper. 5. She is still drinking her tea. 6. Weare still having our breakfast. 7. Bill is still watering the tomatoes. 8. Sally is stillpainting the walls. 9. The teacher is still cleaning the blackboard.finishing my comoosition.10. I am still35. E VINGRINAJUMSDarbibas vardus iekavas lietojiet vai nu vienkarsas pagatnes, vaisa/iktas tagadnes forma!1. I (know) her for years. 2. Yesterday Bob (play) football in the park. 3. He (like)to play football since he was a child. 4. Mr Taylor (drive) me to the airport iastnignt. 5. Peter (fall) from the tree yesterday. 6. John (paint) this portrait two yearsago. 7. Sarah (come) to see us last Monday. 8. I like this book very much. I (read)it twice. 9. We (go) to a concert iast night. 10. I ;'mt meet) him since he leftEngland.11. Yesterday I (go) to bed at midnight. 12. His 'amily (live) in this smallvillage for ten years. 13. Shakesoeare (write) a lot of plays. 14. Bob (not finish)his ietter yet.66

SALIKT1E LAiK!SALIKTO PAGATNI veido ar paligdarcibas varaa have pagatnesformu had un patstaviga darbibas varaa 3. pamatfcrmu.finishedJAUTAJUMA FORMU veido. izmainot vardu kartibu. NOLIE-GUMA FORMU veido ar nolieguma vardinu not. ko liek aizhad.Apgalvojumaforma1 had workedyou had workedhe had workedshe had workedit had workedwe had workedyou had workedthey had workedJautajumaformahad 1 worked?had you worked?had he worked?had she worked?had it worked?had we worked?had you worked?had they worked?Noliegumaforma1 had not workedyou had not workedhe had not workedshe had not workedit had not workedwe had not workedyou had not workedthey had not workedSarunvaloda lieto sadas ISAS FORMAS:I had = I'dwe had = we'dhe had = he'dyou had = you'dshe had = she'dthey had = they'dISA NOLIEGUMA FORMAhad not = hadn't67

SALIKTIE LAIK1SALIKTA PAGATNE izsaka darbibu, kas notikusi pirms kadascitas darbibas vai brlza pagatne, biezi kopa ar sadiem vardiem:he said. I hoped, they thought.He said that he had had his lunch.Tom knew that he had madea mistake.I was sure I had seen that ladybefore.Vins teica, ka vins jau irpaedis.Toms zinaja, ka vins irpie ja vis kludu.Es biju parliecinata, ka sodamu esmu jau redzejusi.Parasti Past Perfect latviesu valoda tuiko ar salikto pagatni, arivienkarso pagatni. Sajos teikumos — ar salikto tagadni.36. A VINGRINAJUMSDarbibas vardu iekavas lietojiet saliktas pagatnes forma!1. Lucy said that she (receive) that letter the day before. 2. I wanted to see thepainting, I (not see) it yet. 3. By 7 o'clock the people (gather). 4. He posted theletter as soon as he (finish) it. 5. Jane believed that she (meet) the man before.6. By Saturday everybody (hear) the news. 7. Joe saw that they (take) the wrongroad. 8. By 1990 they (live) in Estonia for twelve years. 9. No one went to the cinemaas everybody already (see) the film. 10. Steve showed them the picture he(paint) the previous month. 11. By that time the first snow (go). 12.When I arrivedSusan just (leave). 13. I discovered that I (spend) all my money on books. 14. Tomtoid them the joke he (hear) at the pub.37 j SALIKTA NAKOTNEI will haveyou will have'X,he will haveshe will haveit will havewe will haveyou will havethey will havefinished68

SALIKT1E LAIKI69Jautajuma formawill I have worked?will you have worked?will he have worked?will she have worked?will it have worked?will we have worked? xwill you have worked?will they have worked?Nolieguma formaI wilt not have workedyou will not have workedhe will not have workedshe will not have workedhe will not have workedwe will not have workedyou will not have workedthey will not have workedDarbibas vards SALIKTAJA NAKOTNE norada, ka darbibabus pabeigta lidz kadam noteiktam nakotnes brldim.By August he will havefinished his work.Lidz augustam vins buspabeidzis savu darbu.37. A VINGRINAJUMSDarbibas varciu iekavas lietojiet saliktas nakotnes forma!By next February they (work) here for ten years. 2. By this time Bill (leave) theBy the ond Of May he (pass) all his exams. 4. I (finish) my work before it5 - B V this time next year I (save) a thousand dollars. 6. By the end ofle year sho (road) all twenty volumes. 7. By next autumn they (build) three newi this street. 8. By this time tomorrow I (finish) this book.38] Darbibas vards SALIKTAJOS ILGSTOSAJOS LAIKOS norada,ka darbiba kada tagadnes, pagatnes vai nakotnes bridl velturpinas.SALIKTOS ILGSTOSOS LAIKUS veido ar pallgdarbibasvarda BEperfekta formam un patstavlga darbibas varda 4 pamatformu— ing-formu>sahkta ilgstosa have been patstaviga/ tagadne: has been , darbibasBE^salikta ilgstosa pagatne: had been I varda-ingsahkta ilgstosa nakotne: will have been forma

SALIKTIE LAIKISALIKTOS ILGSTOSOS LAIKUS sarunvaloda lieto reti, iznemotsalikto ilgstoso tagadni, kuru lieto biezak.I have been workingyou have been workinghe has been workingshe has been workingit has been workingwe have been workingyou have been workingthey have been workingJAUTAJUMA FORMU veido, mainot vardu kartlbu (have I beenworking?), bet NOLIEGUMA FORMU veido ar nolieguma vardinunot, kuru liek aiz have, has, t. i., pirma pallgdarbibasvarda (I have not been working).PIEMERI, kuros paradlta saliktas ilgstosas tagadnes lietosana:He has been living herefor four months.They have been discussingit for an hour already.I have been writing letterssince 10 o'clock.Vins dzivo seit jau cetrusmenesus.Vini apspriez to jauveselu stundu.Es rakstu vestules jaukops plkst. desmitiem.38. A VINGRINAJUMSDarbibas vardus iekavas lietojiet saliktas ilgstosas tagadnesforma!1. The potatoes (boil) for twenty minutes. 2. They (work) all day long. 3. The boys(play) basketball for some hours already. 4. Bob (fish) for three hours. 5. Ken(live) here since 1990. 6. Miss Smith (teach) English since 1970. 7. I (wait) forabout an hour. 8. Martin (study) English for three years. 9. It (rain) since morning.10. The girls (argue) for more than an hour.70

SALIKT1E LAIK138. B VINGRINAJUMSDarbibas varda saliktas tagadnes formu nomainiet ar salikto ilgstosotagadni! Rezultata teikums iegust citu noskanu.It has snowed all day long. —>—> It has been snowing all day long.1. Ben has travelled all over Europe. 2. They have lived in Paris since June. 3. Hehas spoken for thirty minutes already. 4. We have walked for three hours. I'mexhausted. 5. The boys have talked for more than an hour. 6. He has slept sincenine o'clock. 7. They have worked very hard this week. 8. It has rained for an hour.9. She has taught Spanish for five years.VINGRINAJUMI DARBIBASVARDA LAIKU ATKARTOSANAI39. A VINGRINAJUMSVeidojiet jautajuma teikumus!Jack loves Jill. —> Does Jack love Jill?39^1. She speaks French. 2. Bob has met your sister. 3. The wind was blowing hard.4. He has played tennis for two years now. 5. I am right. 6. She brought him aglass of water. 7. They came to a village. 8. The children have had breakfast.9. You have heard of him. 10. She will do her best. 11. The cat was lying underthe table. 12. She knows English well.39. B VINGRINAJUMS.Jautajuma teikumus parveidojiet apgalvojuma teikumos!Does he love her? —> He loves her.1. Will they come tonight? 2. Has Tom painted this portrait? 3. Do you want to goto Paris? 4. Have the girls gone home? 5. Did they go home at six o'clock? 6. Hashe drunk all the whisky? 7. Does Graham speak Spanish? 8. Have they sold theirold car? 9. Did she visit Tom every day? 10. Has she changed much?71

SALIKTIE LAIKI39. C VINGRINAJUMSLietojiet pareizas darbibas varda laiku formas!1. We (go) to the theatre quite often. We (go) to the theatre twice last month andwe (be) there three times this month.2. Jane is not at home now, she (go) for a walk. She (return) in a hour.3. I (know) Jack since 1988. We (work) together in the same office for two years.Now we (be) close friends.4. I (visit) Dora last night and (ask) her to come to the cinema with me. She (notwant) to go to the cinema because she (see) the film already.5. I (do) some English exercises every day. I (do) only one exercise yesterday but I(do) three today.6. At three on Sunday I (read) a book in my garden. My dog (lie) beside me.39. D VINGRINAJUMSLietojiet pareizas darbibas varda laiku formas!My brother Roy is in the United States. He (be)/1/ there for three years already.He (be)/2/ an engineer and he (work)/3/ for a big firm there. He already (visit)/4/ agreat number of different places in the US. He (buy)/5/ an American car. Soon he(buy)/6/ a house in Los Angeles.Dick Wheeler (work)/7/ in a bank five years ago but now he (work)/8/ in a lawyer'soffice. He (get)/9/ a good salary but he (like)/107 to borrow money from his friends.He never (pay)/11/ it back.Jack Turner spends a lot of money on records. He (buy)/12/ one or two newrecords every week. He (stay)/13/ at home in the evenings and (listen)/14/ tomusic. He often (lend)/15/ his records to his friends. Sometimes his friends(keep)/16/ them. Jack (lose)/17/ many records in this way.39. E VINGRINAJUMSNolieguma teikumus parveidojiet par apga/vojuma teikumiem!He didn't tell me the truth. —> He told me the truth.I. Lucy doesn't agree with you. 2. Jack didn't listen to her. 3. Bill hasn't taken hismedicine. 4. Ted won't come with us. 5. I haven't read the instructions. 6. Theyhaven't gone away. 7. Sally didn't want to change her JOD. 8. You won't get thereon time. 9. It wasn't cold in December. 10. He won't have finished it by six.II. She hasn't given them those books. 12. Pat didn't go to the party.72

SALIKTIE LAIK!39. F VINGRINAJUMSLietojiet pareizas darbibas varda laiku formas!Yesterday Peter had a very bad day. Everything (go)/1/ wrong. When he (hang)/2/out the washing it (start)/2/ to rain. Then he (decide)/4/ to clean the kitchen. Whilehe (wipe)/5/ the top shelf of the kitchen cupboard he (lose)/6/ his balance and(fall)/?/ off the stool. When he (wash)/8/ the kitchen floor the dog (rush)/9/ in and(knock)/10/ over the bucket of water. And he also (cut)/11/ his finger when he(peel)/12/ the potatoes. It (be)/13/really a rotten day!39. G VINGRINAJUMSLietojiet pareizas darbibas varda laiku formas!One afternoon, only a week after she had passed her driving test and got herdriving license Helen (decide)/!/ to drive to town. When she (come)/2/ to the firsttraffic lights she (see)/3/ that they (be)/4/ red and so she (stop)/5/ the car abruptly.But when the lights (change)/6/ to green again she could not start the car. She(look)/7/ in the rear mirror and (see)/8/ that a long line of cars (form)/9/ behind hercar. A policeman (stand)/10/ on the street corner. He (look)/11/ in her direction.Helen (get)/12/ very nervous.quickly.At last the car (start)/13/ and Helen (drive)/14/ off39. H VINGRINAJUMSTulkojot lietojiet pareizas darbibas varda laiku formas!1. Merija un Georgs dzivo Londona. 2. Peteris runa franciski. 3. Sandra pasreizspeie tenisu. 4. Es neesmu sodien Annu redzejusi. 5. Vai vini aizgaja majasplkst. sesos? 6. Pols piecelas. uzlika cepuri un aizgaja. 7. Vins jau ir izlasijis sogramatu. 8. Sodien spid saule, bet vakar bija apmacies. 9. Vai mate ir jauparnakusi? 10. Seila gaida tevi virtuve. 11. Vini aizbrauca uz Afriku 1988. gada.12. Es satiku vinus uz ielas. 13. Es parasti celos plkst. septinos, bet sodien esguleju ilgak. 14. Mes esam daudz stradajusi. 15. Es nekad neesmu bijis Parize.16. Tomijs vel neiet skola. 17. Dzeks jau ir noskatijies so filmu. 18. Rit vinsapciemos savu sievasmati.