Carbonate environments

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More on ramps• Below FWB reworking is reduced. Storms transportbioclastics to prduces wackestone, packstone, andgrainstone. +/- HCS. +/- patch reefs, mud-mounds.• Below SWB, redeposited mudstone and wackestone.+/- turbidite. Distally steepened ramps (merges into asteeper slope at the margin) and homoclinal ramps(gentle continuation of slope- little reworking by massflows)
Distribution of Facies: Rimmed<strong>Carbonate</strong> shelves• Distinct break in slope from shallower inner shelf to outer zone. Thispoint is very high energy, receiving the full force of wave and stormenergy. (Hermatypic corals here, away from muddy input) Theseform barrier reefs. (can also have oolitic/ skeletal buildups here).• Behind barrier is the shelf lagoon. Low energy.a) Closed lagoon-limited circulation. Lime mud. +/- hypersaline=restricted fauna. +/- Sabkha.b) Open lagoon- subject to tides and waves. Higher energy (shoals,lenses grain/packstone) Coarse facies are commonest on the sideof lagoon nearest to reef as material is reworked from the reed intothe lagoon.Coastal facies are low energy tidal flats (usually), beach barriers candevelop if enough energy.
Page 1 and 2: Carbonate environmentsEnvironments
Page 3 and 4: Carbonate environmentsvery differen
Page 5 and 6: Taphonomic feedback• Biogenic car
Page 7: • Usually dominant: range from hu
Page 10 and 11: Foramol association• Temperate wa
Page 12: Controls on associations
Page 15 and 16: Scleractinian Corals (Modern),Frame
Page 17 and 18: Homotrema Rubrum:Foraminifera• Mi
Page 19 and 20: Non-skeletal grains• Association
Page 21 and 22: Climate• Skeletal grains are depe
Page 23: Flux of calcium carbonate from surf
Page 26 and 27: Modern distribution ofcarbonates an
Page 28: Dunham’s classification
Page 31 and 32: Organisms and SedimentProducers
Page 33 and 34: Shallow Marine CarbonateSediments
Page 38 and 39: Fiji, High Tide
Page 42 and 43: Epeiric Platform Facies• Tidal an
Page 44 and 45: Reef facies• High energy. Wave im
Page 46 and 47: Reef composition• Framework, cons
Page 48 and 49: Environments of Different growthfor
Page 50 and 51: Reef succession
Page 52 and 53: Modern Reef Environment
Page 54 and 55: Cementation by aragonite
Page 56 and 57: Later Burial (Dolomite dependanton
Page 58 and 59: Recognition of fossil reefs• Can
Page 60 and 61: Build-up classification
Page 62 and 63: Fossil reef structure• Core: mass
Page 64 and 65: Facies in the record
Page 66 and 67: Another interpretationof history of
Page 69 and 70: Lower-Middle CambrianArchaeocyaths
Page 71 and 72: Ordovician/Silurian build-ups• E.
Page 73 and 74: StromatactisTypical component - spa
Page 75 and 76: Gotland Stromatoporoid buildupsKupp
Page 77 and 78: Waulsortian mud mounds• Very hard
Page 79 and 80: Common in Ireland…MoundOverlyingb
Page 81: Typical rudist buildup,Northern Sin

Carbonate environments

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