by SENS and SWICO - Ecotic

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PCB’s in Small Capacitors from Waste Electrical and Electronic EquipmentsTable 9: Estimation of the PCB fl ows 2006 from small capacitors in diverse categories of wasteelectrical and electronic equipmentsDevice Category Capacitors 2006 8 [ t ] PCB Content [ mg/kg ] PCB Flows 2006 [ kg/a ]LHA 62 1’500–16’500 Ca. 90–1’020SHA 51 350–440 Ca. 20Fluorescent tube lamps 13 24’500–250’000 Ca. 330–3’330Cooling and freezingappliances1.5 5 0IT/CE 33 1’080–1’900 Ca. 40–60Total Ca. 500–4’4008The amount of capacitors per category has been estimated on the total; the amount of fl uorescent tube lamps, however, is very uncertain.4.2 Annual PCB FlowsPCB values measured and yearly amounts of processeddevices and capacitors allow the estimate of PCB fl owsfrom small capacitors in electrical and electronic equipments.Most notably, the amount of capacitors percategory is evaluated, as the companies are not differentiatingthem according to the categories. The rangesshown in Table 9 come from the analytical uncertainties(see paragraph 4.1). Obviously, > 95 % of the PCB fl oworiginates from large household appliances (90 –1’020 kg/a) and ballasts in fl uorescent tube lamps(330 – 3’330 kg/a). This annual fl ow of 500 – 4’400 kg/afrom WEEE is to be related with fl ows in the environmentand earlier consumption data. Distinctly lower PCBfl o ws result from small household appliances, IT andCE. With regard to the very small PCB concentrations incapacitors from cooling and freezing appliances, thisfl o w is insignifi cant. In Table 9, the annual PCB fl ows2006 are compiled.According to a study by the Swiss Federal Offi c e for theEnvironment (BUWAL 1994), the total yearly atmosphericPCB deposition is rated 2’000 – 8’000 kg/a. For a majorpart, this deposition emanates from the remobilisationof already present environmental contaminations.Ballasts from fl uorescent tube lamps, contaminated oilsfrom motors, transformers and switches, contaminatedfl o ors in scrap treatment plants and former PCB usersare cited as primary anthropogenic sources for a possiblenew entry. In this study, small capacitors fromhousehold appliances are considered as insignifi cantsources, and the load due to waste electronic equipment(IT/CE) is rated as minor.Basing upon offi c ial statistical enquiries, net imports,consumption fi gures and waste exports of PCB forSwitzerland in 1975-1984 are registered in Fig. 3. Thetotal consumption in the course of these 10 years rangedaround 600 t. The latter are not including the importedsmall capacitors (BUWAL 1994). In this same study,the consumption of PCB’s in ballasts in fl uorescent tubelamps has been derived from German conditions. Thus,a yearly total averaging 50 t was supposedly used in thetime span 1959 –1980 for this purpose exclusively. Infl u orescent tube lamps disposed of under control, approximate5 % of the former consumption are supposedto be dealt with about 50 years later. Taking into accountthe fact that nearly 50 % of the capacitors in ballastsoriginate from the bulk sample between 1960 and 1980(see Annex C), the calculated fl ow of 0.3 – 3 t/a is verysmall – a further indication that the largest share of fl u-orescent tube lamps is being disposed of uncontrolledlywith the metal scrap. On 29.7.1983, the production ofPCB-containing small capacitors was stopped (BUWAL1994).14
Fig. 3 Import and use of PCB’s in Switzerland; small capacitors imported in devices are not covered by thestatistical data (BUWAL 1994)180160140120net importswaste exports (t)use in devices (t)tons/year100806040200-201975 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1983 1984According to a PCB mass balance for Austria by the Umweltbundesamt(Austrian Federal Environment AgencyUBA-AU 1996), the whole PCB inventory 1995 in closedsystems amounted to 481– 571 t. As rendered by thisstudy, an essential share of the estimated stock inventoryof 47– 56 % is to be derived from small capacitors indevices and electronics. The annual emission potentialin the year 2006 from old washing machines and fl uorescenttube lamps is rated at 9’700 kg, with over 99 % ofthe capacitors coming from ballasts in fl uorescent tubelamps. By considering the relative rejection rates, theannual emission potential was calculated from 1960 to2020 (see Fig. 4).Fig. 4: Annual potential level of PCB emissions in tons, from small capacitors in fl uorescent tube lamps andwashing machines – projections for Austria (UBA-AU 1996); error range 20 %tons PCB40353025201510501961 1965 1969 1973 1977 1981 1985 1989 1993 1997 2001 2005 2009 2013 2017year15
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