HPAI H5N1 Surveillance in Migratory Birds in Egypt - Middle East

Avian Influenza in Migratory BirdsMinistry of Environment of EgyptNaval Medical Research Unit 3

Avian Influenza in Migratory Birds Avian influenza, which is caused by Influenza Aviruses, can affect a variety of domestic and wildbird species. Avian influenza viruses are ubiquitous and aremaintained in nature by aquatic birds, mainly of theorders Anseriformes and Charadriiformes.

Blad4Beantwoording vragen uit de Annex1. Dient het toekomstige toezicht zich naar uw oordeel nog uit te strekkentot andere organisaties dan die welke in de voorgestelde bijlage bij hetwetsvoorstel zijn genoemd?Het plaatsen onder het toezicht betekent in feite een erkenning van debeheersorganisaties. De wetgever zal dit moeten onderbouwen, ook voorhet vrijwillig collectief beheer. Dat betekent dat in de wet criteria moetenworden geëxpliciteerd waaraan collectieve beheersorganisaties moetenvoldoen om erkend te worden en dus met recht en rede bij gebruikers aante komen. Mogelijke criteria zijn dan:− legitimiteit door openbaarmaking van de contracten metrechthebbenden waarin de uitoefening van die rechten door decollectieve beheersorganisatie zijn vastgelegd;−−−−−transparantie t.a.v. wie vertegenwoordigd worden en wie niet;eisen t.a.v. governance: onafhankelijk beheer, representatierechthebbenden / gebruikers bij het interne toezicht op debeheersorganisatie;transparantie in de tariefopbouw, met tarieven gebaseerd op hetfeitelijk gebruik van het recht;transparantie t.a.v. repartitie;normering van de uitvoeringskosten als percentage van de omzet.Indien niet aan deze eisen wordt voldaan, zullen rechthebbenden voor debetaling van de gebruikmaking van hun rechten zijn aangewezen op eenwel erkende organisatie. Nader zal moeten worden bezien of en inhoeverre aanvullend moet worden voorzien in een publiekevangnetvoorziening.De te stellen wettelijke eisen moeten ook gelden voor buitenlandseorganisaties die zich op de Nederlandse markt begeven. In het kader vanhet door Brussel in gang gezette beleid tot liberalisering van collectiefbeheer voor muziekrechten wordt aan auteurs en muziekuitgevers devrijheid gelaten om een collectieve beheersorganisatie uit een anderlidstaat te kiezen voor het beheer in ook Nederland, zonder dat hierbij dehuidige praktijk van wederkerige vertegenwoordiging wordt gebruikt. Ditbetekent dat meer partijen zich op de Nederlandse markt met collectiefmuziekbeheer kunnen gaan bezighouden.

Avian Influenza in Migratory Birds Since its appearance in 1996 in a domestic goose inGuangdong Province, People's Republic of China, avianinfluenza in humans caused by the highly pathogenic avianinfluenza (HPAI) subtype H5N1 has repeatedly beenportrayed as one of the most prominent emerging diseasethreat faced by humanity.

Avian Influenza in Egypt Egypt remains the most affected country outside Asia. Amongthe 379 cases reported globally to WHO by the end of March2008, Egypt represented 12.7% of the global number ofcases, following Indonesia (35%) and Vietnam (28%). The exposure to sick/dead poultry from backyard flocks hasbeen determined for almost all the cases confirmed in Egypt(45/47).

Flyways of migratory birds It has been suggested that migratory birds have played a role inHPAI H5N1 rapid dispersal across continents

Migratory birds surveillance

AI Surveillance in Migratory Birds in Egypt Objective To detect the presence ofHPAI H5N1 in migratorybirds in Egypt. Collaborative effortbetween the Ministry ofEnvironment of Egypt andNAMRU-3

AI Surveillance in Migratory Birds in EgyptCollection sites: Port Said Damietta El Fayoum Al Arish Sharm El Sheik Rasheed Ash Sharqiyah Rashid Aswan

AI Surveillance in Migratory Birds in Egypt1Alexandria52346879= 1 case, 2006= 1 case, 2007= 1 case, 200810Cairo11121 = KafrEl Sheikh2 = Gharbia3 = Menofia4 = Qalubiya5 = Behera6 = Damietta7 = Dakahlia8 = Sharkia9 = Cairo10 = Fayoum11 = BeniSuef12 = Menia13 = Sohag14 = Qena15 = AswanAswan131415Geographical location of theHPAI H5N1 human casesGeographical locations of thecollection sites

Bird TrappingMist nets

Hunter-killed BirdsSharkeya, Egypt

AI Surveillance in Migratory Birds in Egypt

Samples collected: cloacal swabs

Samples collected: oropharyngeal swabs

AI Surveillance in Migratory Birds AI Viral RNA detection Influenza A virus matrixgene is detected by realtime RT-PCR Positive samples arescreened for H5 gene. H5 positive samples arefurther tested for the N1gene.RAPID

Migratory Birds of Egypt:Species Most Frequently SampledCootMallardPintailShovelerTeal

AI Surveillance in Egypt: Species SampledBlack andwhite storksBlackwinged stiltEgyptian gooseMallardPurplegallinuleTealFalconiformes Coot Quail TernCattle egret Gray heron Pochard Sandpiper WadersCormorantCommonmoorhenCommonpigeonGreat and littleegretsPintail Stint WagtailGulls Snipe ShovelerHeronPloverNotdeterminedWhitepelicanSpoonbill

Species Sampled: Percentage of the Total (2003-2008)3530% of the Total2520151050CommontealShoveler Pintail Quail Coot Mallard Wigeon Egrets Cormorant OthersSpecies

AI Surveillance in Migratory Birds: ResultsSeason(Sep-Apr)SamplesCollectedPositivesPercentageof Positives2003-200420471105.4 %2004-200584410312.2 %2005-2006145420514 %2006-200720711557.5 %2007-2008126215812.5 %Total76787319.5 %

Samples Collected per Month per Season12001000# of Samples8006004002003-20042004-20052005-20062006-20072007-20082000Sep Oct Nov Dec Jan Feb Mar AprMonths

Percentage of Positive Samples per Month and Season% of Positives80706050403020102003-20042004-20052005-20062006-20072007-20080Sep Oct Nov Dec Jan Feb Mar AprMonths

Percentage of Positives per Specie per Season30% of Positives252015105CommonTealShovelerPintail02003-2004 2004-2005- 2005-2006 2006-2007 2007-2008Season

AI Surveillance in Migratory Birds: Results Wigeons : 11.5% positives (22 samples) Mallard: 6% positives (204 samples) Coot: 5 % positives(389 samples) Quail: 5.4% positives (407 samples)

Others species found positive Blue throat Wheat eater Egrets Common tern Rock doves 1Reed warbler Tufted ducks Egyptian geese Pied avocet Bar-tailed godwit

AI Surveillance in Migratory Birds:Results Four Spotted eagles and four falconswere negative for Influenza A.

Percentage of Positive Samples by Month and Season8070% of Positives6050403020LPAIH5TEALHPAIH5N1TEALHPAIH5N1EGRET2003-20042004-20052005-20062006-20072007-2008100Sep Oct Nov Dec Jan Feb Mar AprMonthsFirst H5N1case in poultryFirst H5N1human case

AI Surveillance in Migratory Birds: ResultsAI in Damietta:H5 in common teal October 2005: H5 (LPAI) December 2005: H5N1 (HPAI)

AI Surveillance in Migratory Birds: Results The H5N1 isolatedfrom teal was closelyrelated to H5N1viruses isolated fromhumans and poultrycirculating in Egypt.

AI Surveillance in Migratory Birds:Discussion and Conclusions Detection of HPAI H5N1 in a Common Teal just before poultryoutbreaks and human cases in Egypt in December 2005suggested the involvement of migratory birds as possiblevectors for virus introduction in Egypt. However as this bird was trapped and caged by a fisherman,the possibility that it could have been exposed to infecteddomestic poultry could not be rule out with certainty.

Percentage of Positive Samples by Month and Season8070% of Positives6050403020LPAIH5TEALHPAIH5N1TEALHPAIH5N1EGRET2003-20042004-20052005-20062006-20072007-2008100Sep Oct Nov Dec Jan Feb Mar AprMonthsFirst H5N1case in poultryFirst H5N1human case

AI Surveillance in Migratory Birds: Results Fecal samples fromegrets roosting besidethe Cairo Zoo (GreaterCairo Region) werecollected in February2006. HPAI H5N1 wasidentified in thesesamples.

AI Surveillance in Migratory Birds1Alexandria52346879= 1 case, 2006= 1 case, 2007= 1 case, 200810Cairo11121 = KafrEl Sheikh2 = Gharbia3 = Menofia4 = Qalubiya5 = Behera6 = Damietta7 = Dakahlia8 = Sharkia9 = Cairo10 = Fayoum11 = BeniSuef12 = Menia13 = Sohag14 = Qena15 = AswanAswan131415Geographical location of theHPAI H5N1 human casesGeographical locations of thecollection sites

AI Surveillance in Migratory Birds: Conclusions These results showed that HPAI H5N1 was present inEgypt before the first reports of this virus in poultry andhumans. After the identification of HPAI H5N1 in egrets in 2006this virus was also detected in one crow(CLEB/NAMRU-3) in 2007. The presence of HPAI H5N1 was not detected inmigratory birds since February 2006 by this surveillanceproject.

AI Surveillance in Migratory Birds: Conclusions Other mechanisms, most probably movement of poultry andpoultry products related to human activities are implicated invirus maintenance and distribution in the country.

AI Surveillance in Migratory Birds:Discussion and Conclusions These findings highlight the need to optimize: The efficiency of HPAI active surveillance, improving theknowledge regarding the temporal and spatialcharacteristics of the flyways of each species in specificareas, To identify the mating and resting sites for each one ofthem. To determine the most appropriate time of the year andsite for sample collection.

AI Surveillance in Migratory Birds:Discussion and Conclusions There is an urgent need formultidisciplinary studies toexplore the ecology of avianinfluenza viruses in wild birdsand the environment tosupport ecologicalinterpretation of the source ofdisease outbreaks in poultry.

THANK YOUCommon Pintail (Anas acuta)

Avian Influenza Low Pathogenic Avian Influenza Viruses (LPAI): May not cause any illness in wild birds Associated with mild illness in domestic poultry Can evolve into highly pathogenic viruses Associated with poultry outbreaks worldwide Subtypes: H9 High Pathogenic Avian Influenza Viruses (HPAI): May not cause any illness in wild birds High mortality in domestic poultry High risk of disease in people Subtypes: H5, H7