Introduction-to-Statistics-and-Quantitative-Research-Methods

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Variables• In research, the characteristic or phenomenon that can bemeasured or classified is called a variable. There are 4 levels ofvariables:• Nominal• Ordinal• Interval• Ratio
Levels of Data• Nominal= categorical• E.g. Apples and pears, gender, eye colour, ethnicity.• Data that is classified into categories and cannot be arranged inany particular order.– Nominal=Categorical=Dichotomous• Ordinal= data ordered, but distance between intervals notalways equal. E.g. Low, middle and high income, or rating abrand of soft drink on a scale of 1-5.• Interval= equal distance between each interval. E.g. 1,2,3.Arbitrary zero point (ex. Fahrenheit scale for temperature -temperature does not cease to exist at 0 degrees.• Ratio= similar to interval scale, but has true zero point E.g.Weight, salary ($0=$0).
Page 1 and 2: Introduction toStatistics andQuanti
Page 3 and 4: Statistics Defined• Statistics is
Page 6 and 7: Research Methods• Research is str
Page 8 and 9: Research begins when there is aques
Page 12 and 13: Types of Variables• Variables can
Page 14 and 15: ExampleA researcher wants to study
Page 16 and 17: 5 minute group exercise1) Researche
Page 18 and 19: Descriptive Statistics DefinedMeanW
Page 20 and 21: MedianA median is the middle of a d
Page 22 and 23: Skewed distributions• Normal dist
Page 24 and 25: Why square deviations?To calculate
Page 26 and 27: Normal Distribution• In a normal
Page 28 and 29: Inferential Statistics• Inferenti
Page 30 and 31: HypothesesNull hypothesis: A hypoth
Page 32 and 33: AlphaAlpha level, or significance l
Page 34 and 35: Beta• Beta is the probability of
Page 36 and 37: Statistical SignificanceWhat is sta
Page 38 and 39: What if there is an effect?• Odds
Page 40 and 41: Power• If findings are statistica
Page 42 and 43: Parametric vs. Non-ParametricSome A
Page 44 and 45: Non-Parametric Tests• Use when al
Page 46 and 47: Types of Analyses• Univariate ana
Page 48 and 49: Types of Analyses• Multivariate a
Page 50 and 51: Basic Research DesignSelecting the
Page 52 and 53: Examples of Tests• T-Test• Allo
Page 54 and 55: Examples of Tests• Correlation•
Page 56 and 57: What have you learned?1) Basic stat
Page 58 and 59: ResourcesGreat resources:• Statis

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