Introduction-to-Statistics-and-Quantitative-Research-Methods

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Basic Research DesignSelecting the appropriate statistical test requires several steps.• The level of variable is a major component in deciding whattest to use.• Test selection should be based on:1) What is your goal: Description? Comparison? Prediction?Quantify association? Prove effectiveness? Prove causality?2) What kind of data have you collected?3) Is your data normally distributed? Can you use aparametric or non-parametric test?4) What are the assumptions of the statistical test you wouldlike to use? Does the data meet these assumptions?
Assumptions• There are various assumptions for each test.• Before you select a test, be sure to check the assumptions ofeach test.• You will need to contact a consultant, or reviewstatistical/research methods resources to find this information.• Some examples of common assumptions are:– The dependent variable will need to be measured on a certain levelE.g. Interval level.– The independent variable(s) will need to be measured on a certainlevel E.g. Ordinal level.– The population is normally distributed (not skewed).• If your data do not meet the assumptions for a specific test, youmay be able to use a non-parametric test instead.
Page 1 and 2: Introduction toStatistics andQuanti
Page 3 and 4: Statistics Defined• Statistics is
Page 6 and 7: Research Methods• Research is str
Page 8 and 9: Research begins when there is aques
Page 10 and 11: Variables• In research, the chara
Page 12 and 13: Types of Variables• Variables can
Page 14 and 15: ExampleA researcher wants to study
Page 16 and 17: 5 minute group exercise1) Researche
Page 18 and 19: Descriptive Statistics DefinedMeanW
Page 20 and 21: MedianA median is the middle of a d
Page 22 and 23: Skewed distributions• Normal dist
Page 24 and 25: Why square deviations?To calculate
Page 26 and 27: Normal Distribution• In a normal
Page 28 and 29: Inferential Statistics• Inferenti
Page 30 and 31: HypothesesNull hypothesis: A hypoth
Page 32 and 33: AlphaAlpha level, or significance l
Page 34 and 35: Beta• Beta is the probability of
Page 36 and 37: Statistical SignificanceWhat is sta
Page 38 and 39: What if there is an effect?• Odds
Page 40 and 41: Power• If findings are statistica
Page 42 and 43: Parametric vs. Non-ParametricSome A
Page 44 and 45: Non-Parametric Tests• Use when al
Page 46 and 47: Types of Analyses• Univariate ana
Page 48 and 49: Types of Analyses• Multivariate a
Page 52 and 53: Examples of Tests• T-Test• Allo
Page 54 and 55: Examples of Tests• Correlation•
Page 56 and 57: What have you learned?1) Basic stat
Page 58 and 59: ResourcesGreat resources:• Statis

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