the systems of grassland management in spain - Publicaciones del ...

68There are more diffieulties in the Ebro Valley,where ploughing and recent exlension of irrigaledfields are making it more and more diffieult lowinter in the steppe area. Moreover, one cannotforget the poor possibilities of marriage for youngshepherds. In fael, this is a very big social problemwhich can ruin a traditional transhumance.The lwo models of lranshumanee deseribedaboye, one linked to the Mesta and lhe olher to lheCasa de Ganaderos, clearly typify the situation inmany cases. Although diversily of grassIand produetionis slill persisting, unforlunately lhe shepherd'sorganization has disappeared wilhoul beingreplaeed by any modern equivalenl.Faeed wilh sueh a high diversily of grassprodnelion in spaee and lime, the firsl problem willbe a¡ways lo put grazing animals on eaeh pastureal lhe best time. Tradilionally, lhe family nsed lobe divided for half oflhe year, shepherds winleringvery far from home. NevertheIess, lhere are manyunpublished possibilities for overeoming lhis problem.The lypieal M ancolllunidades Ganaderasmighl be evolved and find legal solutions 10facilita te lhese lloek movemenls.On lhe other hand, animal seleetion is mainlydireeted to indoor produetion; we lhink il wouldbe more importanl to seleet for correet behaviour,and look for a good guiding animal. As gregariousbehaviour is normal for lhese animals, it should bepossible lo exploit il.The nexl step eould be a seleetion for makingbeller use of lhe hard grasses and sornetimes of lhebushes or shrubs dominant in every province. Forthis reasan, Qur grassland descriptions wece basedon eharaeteristie animal breeds. Among lhesetraditional speeializations it should be possible loseleet the most effieienl for every siluation, andpartieularly for mobilily.The reeenl teehniques of animal produetioninvolve helerosis by erossing sorne breeds. In ouropinion il wouId be easier to mainlain every breedin ¡ts own environment. As we have emphasized,sueh a genetie and eeologieal bank eould be full ofpossibilities for animal husbandry and grasslandmanagement in Spain.ACKNOWLEDGEMENTSMrs. Vivian Boueher was very helpful doingmosl of the English translalion work and Dr. LuisPEDRO MONTSERRAT 'lld FEDERICO FILLATVillar improved lhe final version. The drawingshave been made by F. Filial.REFERENCESAguiJar, S.A., 1961. Nue~'o Atlas de España. AguiJar, Madrid,455 pp.Aljama, P., 1982. La Raza Retinta. Monle de Piedad y Caja deAhorros de Córdoba, 200 pp.Asso, l., 1779. S)'nopsis sfirpium illdigenarum AragoniaeProefotio. Massiliae, p. XIV.Balcells, E., 1971. El ambiente J' el hombre en la mOl/taña.Conferencia pronunciada en al Patronato Alonso deHerrera del C.S.Le. e14 de febrero de 1971, Madrid.Balcells, E. (Editor), 1978-1982. Estlldio integrado)' ntllltidisciplinariode la Dehesa Salmantina. 1 Estudio Fisiográficodescriptivo,2 fase. 243 pp., 3 fase. 343 pp., 4 fase. 83 pp.UNESCO MaB Projeet No 506. Salamanca-Jaca.Brana, F., Del Campo, J.C. and Palomero, G., 1982. Le loup auversant lIord de la cordillere Cantabriquc. Acta Bio/.Montana, 1: 33-52.Calvo, J.L., 1977. Los Cameros. Instituto de Estudios Riojanos,LogrOlio, Vol. 1: 298 pp. Vol. II: 18 mapas.Cavaillcs, H., 1931. la Vie Pastorale el Agricole dans lesPyrénées des Gm'es, de l'Adour et des Nestes. ArmandColin, Paris, 403 pp.Daumas, M., 1967. "Pardinas" et "masías" dans le HautAragon oriental. Pirinéos, 83-86: J05-1I8.Dal1mas, M., 1976. La I'ie rurale dans le Haute Aragon oriental.C.S.LC. Patronato "José María Quadrado" y "Alonso deHerrera". Instituto de Estudios Oscenses y de GeografiaAplicada, Madrid, 774 pp.De Bolós, O., Molinier, R. and Montserrat, P., 1970. Observa·Hons phytosociologiques dllns I'i1e de Minorque (Com.­S.I.G.M. no. 191). Acta Geob. Barcinonensia, 5: {-I50.De Juana, A. and Zuzuarregui, J., 1966. Ganado Porcino.Ministerio de Agricultura, Madrid, 182 pp.De Miguel, A., 1978. Pasado y presente de las razas vacunassantanderinas de mOlltaíla. Selección de textos y comentarios.An. Inst. Estud. Agropecuarios, 1II: 9-63.De Terán, M., 1947. Vaqueros y cabañas en los Montes de PasoEsrud. Geogr., 28: 7-57.DillZ Fierros, F., 1971. Confribución a la Climatología Agrfcolade Galicia. Universidad de Santiago de Compost~la.Echevarria Belzunegui, T., 1975. Raza vacuna pirenaica.Evolución, situación actual y perspectivas. Imp. DiputaciónForal de Navarra, Pamplona, 197 pp.Febrer, J., 1930. Atlas pluviométric de Catalunya. Mem.Patxot, 1: 523 pp.Fernández Casas, J., 1974 Vegetación y flora de Sierra Nevada.Los borreguiles. Bol. Estac. Central Ecol., 3(5): 29-39.Fillat, F., 1980. De la trashumancia a las "uel'as formas deganaderfa extensil'a. Estudio de los miles de Ansó, Hecho yBenasf}ue. Memoda Doctoral.Filial, F., 1983. Estacionalidad de las precipitaciones enEspaJia: clasificación de zonas homogéneas. v/u Reun.Ponencia de Bioclimatología. Zarago7.a.