diversity, richness, and patterns of radiation among gall-inducing ...

58 Oriental Insects Vol. 41Table 1. Gall-inducing Psyllid families and their hosts in Japan 1Psyllid familyPlant group 2 Calophyidae Psyllidae TriozidaeTotalMagnoliids - 1 3 4Monocots - 1 - 1Eudicots - 4 2 6Rosids - - - -Eurosid I - 7 12 19Eurosid II 1 - - 1Euasterids II - - - -Euasterids II - - 3 3Asterids - - 7 7Unknown - 1 3 4Total 1 14 30 451 Adapted from Yukawa & Masuda, 1996.2 Phylogenetic categories of plant families are in accordance with Angiosperm Phylogeny Group (2003).Richness and diversity of gall-inducing psyllidsin the Indian subcontinent and TaiwanTaiwanNearly two decades ago, 19 gall-inducing psyllid species were recorded by Yang(1984). In this record, Triozidae included 17 species placed in Cecidotrioza, Eustenopsylla,Homotrioza, Neophacopteraon, Parastenopsylla, Pseudotrioza, and Trioza,Phacopteronidae included one species of Pseudophacopteron, and Psyllidae included onespecies of Psylla (Yang, 1984). These species have been reported to be inducing galls onleaves (e.g., pit galls, leaf folds, leaf rolls, marginal folds, spherical protruding galls) ofspecies of Daphniphyllaceae, Burseraceae, Theaceae, Lauraceae, Symplocaceae, Sapindaceae,Ericaceae, Euphorbiaceae, Pittosporaceae, Flacourtiaceae, Elaeocarpaceae, andMyrtaceae. A recent survey (Yang et al., 2006) has revealed a more extensive range ofplant families that host gall-inducing psyllids. In addition to those reported by Yang(1984), the Yang et al. (2006) report refers to the following plant families that host gallinducingpsyllids: Lardizabalacaeae, Sabiaceae, Proteaceae, Clusiaceae, Pittosporaceae,Fabaceae, Fagaceae, Moraceae, Ulmaceae, Meliaceae, Actinidiaceae, Ebenaceae, Sapotaceae,Styracaceae, Acathaceae, Aquifoliaceae, Araliaceae, Pittosporaceae, Asteraceae, andCaprifoliaceae, with 75% of the recorded galls induced on leaves, and the remainder oneither shoot axes (17.5 %) or flowers and fruits (7.5%). The Yang et al. (2006) report,however, clarifies that Lauraceae (e.g., Machilus, Cinnamomum) and Moraceae (e.g., Ficus)hosted the maximum number of gall-inducing psyllids. Notwithstanding the fact thatYang et al. (2006) have not listed the psyllid taxa, a comparison of Yang (1984) and Yanget al. (2006) reports reveals the following (Table 2):• a majority of gall-inducing psyllids occur on the relatively primitive tree speciesbelonging to Lauraceae (Magnoliids: Laurales) and Myrtaceae (Rosids: Myrtales)