diversity, richness, and patterns of radiation among gall-inducing ...

More documents

Recommendations

Info

60 Oriental Insects Vol. 41induces galls on the flowers of Terminalia arjuna (Combretaceae), Kandasamy (1986)has remarked that species of Teminalia appear as the most preferred host species ofTriozidae. Mycopsylla gardenensis (Bhanotar, Ghosh, & Ghosh) (Homotomidae) is a singularnon-triozid species recorded as a gall inducer on Ficus religiosa (Moraceae) insouthern India (Kandasamy, 1986). Several species of Indian figs (Ficus spp., Moraceae)preferentially host several species of Homotomidae (e.g., Dynopsylla, Homotoma,Macrohomotoma) and Paurocephalinae (e.g., Paurocephala). Only two Triozidae (e.g.,Ceropsylla, Pauropsylla) are also associated with Ficus-species as gall inducers (Hodkinson,1986).A comparison of distribution and host relations of gall-inducing psyllid taxa betweenIndia and Taiwan offers several insights into the associations between particular psyllidgenera and specific plant families. For example, Calophyidae (e.g., Apsylla and Calophya)are associated with Sapindales (Anacardiaceae, Burseraceae, and Rutaceae) andCecidopsylla with Ericales (Theaceae) (Mathur, 1975; Yang, 1984; Burckhardt & Basset,2000). The diversification of the Indo-Australian genus Cecidopsylla demonstrates a distinctpattern: the Asian species of Cecidopsylla developed primarily on the Himalayanelement Schima wallichii (Theaceae; Asterids: Ericales) and has diversified simultaneouslywith the trans-Himalayan diversification and spread of S. wallichii (Hu, 1980),whereas the Australian species of Cecidopsylla developed on Proteaceae (Eudicots: Proteales)and Rutaceae (Eurosids II: Sapindales), because they occurred outside the geographicalrange of Schima, separated by the oceanic barrier. The Asian Cecidopsylla induceleaf-roll galls, whereas the Australian Cecidopsylla induce pit galls (Burckhardt,1991). Diversification of Dynopsylla (Homotomidae) appears strongly aligned with Ficus;D. grandis Crawford induces galls on the leaves of Ficus talbolti King (Moraceae) inIndia (Mani, 1973; Mathur 1975) and D. pinnativena (Enderlein) induces galls on theleaves of F. nervosa Heyne (Moraceae) in Taiwan (Yang, 1984). Livia khaziensis Heslop-Harrison (Liviinae) occurs on Juncus bufonius Linn. (Juncaeae) in Indian Himalaya; L.khaziensis (recorded as L. nigra Klimaszewski) occurs on J. prismatocarpus R.Br. in theeastern Palearctic (Hodkinson, 1986). Phacopteron lentiginosum Buckton (Phacopterinidae)induces complex, two-tier galls on the leaflets of Garuga pinnata (Burseraceae)(Raman, 1987) and is distributed extensively in India, irrespective of local climate vagaries;Neophacopteron euphoriae Yang (Phacopterinidae) induces simple pit galls on theleaves of Euphoria longan Lam. (Sapindaceae) in Taiwan (Yang, 1984; Yang et al.,2006). What is striking is that both Phacopterinidae share gall-inducing behavior and theyinfest species belonging to Sapindales (Eurosids II). Nonetheless, Pseudophacopteronalstonia Yang & Li induces galls on Alstonia scholaris R. Br. (Apocynaceae; Euasterids I:Gentianales) in China, Ps. canarium Yang & Li on Canarium album Raeusch (Burseraceae;Asterids: Ericales), Ps. floccosum (Crawford) on Aglaia roxburghiana Wight &Arnold (Meliaceae; Eurosids II: Sapindales) in Sri Lanka and the central-Pacific Islands,and Ps. tuberculatum (Crawford) on AlstoniaTable 3. Gall-inducing Triozidae in the Indian SubcontinentTrioza species Host plant Plant family ReferenceT. eugenoides Not known Ramakrishna, 1924T. hirsuta Terminalia alata Combretaceae Mani, 1948T. lobata Duabanga grandiflora Mathur, 1975T. malloticola Mallotus phillippiensis Euphorbiacceae Mani, 1973T. serrata* Sabia paniculata Sabiaceae Mathur, 1975
2007 Yang & Raman: Gall-inducing psyllids (Hemiptera: Psylloidea) 61T. pitiformis Mallotus phillippiensis Euphorbiacceae Mathur, 1975T. vitiensis Syzygium jambolana Myrtaceae Mani, 1959T. analis Not known Mathur, 1975T. beesoni* Litsea spp. Lauraceae Mathur, 1975T. bifurcate* Populus sp. Salicaceae Mathur, 1975T. brevigenae Ficus sp. Moraceae Mathur, 1975T. camphorae Cinnamomum camphora Lauraceae Mani, 1973T. fletcheri Trewia nudiflora Euphorbiaceae Mathur, 1975T. fletcheri minor Terminalia spp. Combretaceae Mathur, 1975T. fusca Syzygium cumini Myrtaceae Mathur, 1975T. gigantea Vaccinium neilgherrense Ericaceae Kandasamy, 1986T. jambolanae Syzygium cumini Myrtaceae Mani, 1973T. longiantennata* Populus euphratica Salicaceae Mathur, 1975T. obsolete Diospyros melenoxylon Ebenaceae Mathur, 1975T. spinulata Syzygium cumini Myrtaceae Mathur, 1975T. simplifica* Terminalia travancorensis Combretaceae Kandasamy, 1986T. urticae* Urtica spp. Urticaceae Mathur, 1975*Species that occur restricted to Indo-Gangetic plains and the Himalaya. Unasterisked species occurthroughout the Indian subcontinent irrespective of climatic variations.scholaris R. Br. (Apocynaceae; Euasterids I: Gentianales) in India (Mathur, 1975; Hodkinson,1983; Yang & Li, 1983). Whereas gall-inducing behavior is retained among theOriental taxa of Phacopteridae * , Ps. tuberculatum and Ps. alstonia have radiated on toplant families that are not related to Sapindales. The capability of Ps. tuberculatum andPs. alstonia to invade A. scholaris, a taxon of Apocynaceae, and induce galls on them isstriking, given that the latex of Apocynaceae includes strong compounds that are toxic tophytophagous insects (Uysal et al., 2005).ConclusionDocumented information on gall-inducing psyllids of the Orient and the easternPalearctic points them to be highly specific to their recorded host plants. However, thiscomment needs to be viewed with considerable caution, because modest oligophagyamong adult insects of central-European Triozidae and Neotropical Calophyidae isknown (Burckhardt & Basset, 2000; Burckhardt & Lauterer, 2002). Moreover, severalpredatory insects from Anthocoridae, Miridae, Syrphidae, and Chrysopidae (Hodkinson& Flint, 1971) and parasitic insects from Encyrtidae, Eulophidae, Eupelmidae, Eurytomidae,Pteromalidae, Torymidae, and Chalcodoidea (Jansen, 1957) are associated with gallinducingpsyllids and their galls in the western Palearctic and Nearctic; unfortunately, noreliable data from the Orient and eastern Palearctic are available. Triozidae appears todominate as the principal gall-inducing family in the Orient and eastern Palearctic, whichis followed by relatively fewer species of the Calophyidae and Phacoteronidae. Variationin morphologies of galls induced by the Oriental psyllids ranges from simple leaf-marginrolls induced by Diaphorininae (e.g., Diaphorina truncata on Strychnos nux-vomica) atone extreme to complex two-tier galls induced by Phacopteronidae (e.g., Phacopteronlentiginosum on Garuga pinnata) on the other. Species of Triozidae induce galls that fitbetween the two above-identified extremes by inducing spherical and protruding galls on* D. Burckhardt, while reviewing this manuscript (pers. comm.. email: 14 June 2007) commented: “This is not true forthe world fauna: nearly half of the species of Pseudophacopteron from Cameroon induce galls and the other half donot.”
Page 1 and 2: Oriental Insects, Vol. 41: 55-65, 2
Page 3 and 4: 2007 Yang & Raman: Gall-inducing ps
Page 5: 2007 Yang & Raman: Gall-inducing ps
Page 9 and 10: 2007 Yang & Raman: Gall-inducing ps
Page 11: 2007 Yang & Raman: Gall-inducing ps

diversity, richness, and patterns of radiation among gall-inducing ...

You also want an ePaper? Increase the reach of your titles

Delete template?

Save as template?