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seed growers and farmers to increase the registered seed requirements of the country.The area covered by SeedNet increased from 95 ha in 1994 to 354 ha in 1996. SeedNetcontinues to be an important partner of the PhilRice program to sustain grain productionand distribute registered seed requirements of seed growers and farmers all overthe country. Among the 10 preferred irrigated lowland varieties, IR62, IR74, PSB Rc10, PSB Rc 18, and PSB Rc 34 were in great demand in Mindanao because of theirtolerance for the RTD vector.PhilRice’s Communication and Training Division and Seed Production Divisionhave collaborated in coordinating training courses on seed production and producingtechnical data sheets and information on agrocharacteristics of varieties recommendedfor different rice ecosystems.Technology promotionRTD management is a part of the integrated pest management (IPM) curriculum inthe Rice Technology Demonstration (Techno Demo) Project of the Gintong Ani RiceProgram of the Department of Agriculture. This project was established to demonstratethe latest rice farming technologies in different locations with high-yieldingvarieties, nutrient and pest management, and farm machinery components. It is spearheadedby PhilRice in collaboration with other agencies of the DA, local governmentunits (LGU), state colleges and universities, and farmers’ groups. Macasieb et a1 (1996)and Javier (1999) describe the project’s technical, coordinating, and implementingprotocols, as well as the salient features of the technology package. The initial phasestarted with 1,000 technology demo farms (1 ha each) in 1995 and expanded to 1,469in 1996 and 2,940 in 1997, with the size reduced to 0.5 ha each. The project wasimplemented by farmer-cooperators chosen and supervised by municipal agriculturalofficers and technicians. The supervisors were graduates of the Season-Long RiceSpecialist Course and Training of Trainers on IPM Course. They conducted/facilitatedthe Farmers’ Field School for farmer-cooperators and other farmers. The demonstrationfarms served as venues for farmer-participants to discuss and try out newtechnologies. The FFS aims to promote the manipulation of the agroecosystem tominimize the disturbance of natural elements in the ecosystem through integratedpest management (Rola et a1 1998). From 1993 to 1996, 2,410 rice FFS were established.Survey data from 308 FFS showed that rice farmers who practiced synchronousplanting increased from 57% before the project was implemented to 75%. Theirpreferred varieties were IR60, IR64, IR74, PSB Rc 10, and PSB Rc 18.One strategic plan of the second phase of the project started in 1998 to focus onsynchronous planting as a fundamental step in pest management. This is now carriedout on 207 20-ha “compact” and eight villagewide inbred rice demonstration farms,and on eleven 20-ha hybrid rice farms nationwide. As a backup, PhilRice’s CropProtection Division, in collaboration with its Communication and Training Division,has prepared a series of simple technical materials on different components of IPM toenrich the FFS curriculum. These technical bulletins will be translated into local dialectsand made into posters by PhilRice.Rice tungro disease 5
Cultural practices in RTD managementCultural practices are the most realistic way to manage RTD because these activitiesare close to farmers’ experiences. An awareness of synchronous planting among farmersin the community is the key to the success of pest management. Synchrony can onlybe achieved with sufficient irrigation water. Most farmers in irrigated lowlands innortheastern and northwestern Luzon, where dry and wet seasons are distinct (climatictype I), have been effectively practicing synchronous planting. Planting of thefirst crop begins in December/January, followed by the nonrice crop/fallow period;the second begins in May/June. Irrigation water is provided only during the 4-moplanting period. Farmers could produce high yields even from susceptible varieties.Even in nonendemic locations in Luzon, staggered planting increased the GLH populationat later planting dates (Fig. 1A-F). Accordingly, the cumulative incidence ofRTD also increased in late planting months (Fig. lG, H). On the other hand, staggeredplanting tended to increase GLH densities earlier in the following crops, resultingin high RTD incidence (Fig. 2).Fig. 1. Population fluctuation of green leafhoppers at different planting dates in the 1994-95 dryseason (A-C) and in the 1995 wet season (PF) and the cumulative incidence of rice tungro disease(G and H for dry and wet seasons, respectively) at the PhilRice Experimental Station, Maligaya,Nueva Ecija.6 Truong et al
Page 2 and 3: RiceTungro DiseaseManagementEdited
Page 4 and 5: ContentsRice tungro disease in the
Page 6 and 7: ForewordThe intensification of rice
Page 8 and 9: PrefaceProviding farmers with optio
Page 10 and 11: Rice tungro disease in the Philippi
Page 12 and 13: Cotabato, and Laguna) during 1995-9
Page 16 and 17: Fig. 2. Incidence of rice tungro di
Page 18 and 19: De los Reyes JB, Cabunagan, RC, Col
Page 20 and 21: Preliminary analysis of genetic var
Page 22 and 23: Fig. 2. Distinct rice tungro bacill
Page 24 and 25: Fig. 4. Dendogram depicting the rel
Page 26 and 27: Preliminary analysis of genetic var
Page 28 and 29: Table 1. Size characteristics of th
Page 30 and 31: varieties and did not seem to exert
Page 32 and 33: Developing breeding lines with RTD
Page 34 and 35: In CES, 28 entries had low tungro i
Page 36 and 37: Table 2. Best rice tungro disease-r
Page 38 and 39: Breeding for rice tungro virus resi
Page 40 and 41: Table 2. Promising lines resistant
Page 42 and 43: Table 4. Rice cultivars used as hyb
Page 44 and 45: Shahjahan MB, Jalani S, Zakri AH, I
Page 46 and 47: Table 1. Initial 19 transgenic line
Page 48 and 49: Table 4. Percent infection of trans
Page 50 and 51: very low level. In fact, transgene
Page 52 and 53: of Agricultural Research (ICAR). Pr
Page 54 and 55: Fig. 2. Mean infection with rice tu
Page 56 and 57: (RTBV) and rice tungro spherical vi
Page 58 and 59: Table 4. Percent infection a with r
Page 60 and 61: GLH numbers were much lower on IR62
Page 62 and 63: Cabunagan RC, Hibino H, Sama S, Riz
Page 64 and 65:
Prospects of virus-resistant variet
Page 66 and 67:
Tungro in Bali (1987-97)Tungro infe
Page 68 and 69:
Fig. 5. Proportion of varieties gro
Page 70 and 71:
Table 3. Percent incidence of rice
Page 72 and 73:
Evaluating rice germplasm for resis
Page 74 and 75:
Table 2. Percent infection a with r
Page 76 and 77:
Rice tungro disease resistance andm
Page 78 and 79:
Table 1. Percent infection a with r
Page 80 and 81:
ecommended vector-resistant variety
Page 82 and 83:
Materials and methodsBatches of ant
Page 84 and 85:
ReferencesClark MF, Adams AN. 1977.
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(e.g., Sokal and Rohlf 1995, p 213;
Page 88 and 89:
Surveillance scheme for tungro fore
Page 90 and 91:
entrusted with implementing the pro
Page 92 and 93:
Table 1. Number of mobile nursery t
Page 94 and 95:
are implemented immediately. The co
Page 96 and 97:
Farmers’ rice tungro managementpr
Page 98 and 99:
Experience with tungroAlthough both
Page 100 and 101:
Table 5. Farmers (%) reporting tung
Page 102 and 103:
Table 7. Farmers’ reported tungro
Page 104 and 105:
Table 9. Mean number (standard devi
Page 106 and 107:
than rice), so they may be reluctan
Page 108 and 109:
Community-based rice pest managemen
Page 110 and 111:
Establishment of farmers’ indigen
Page 112 and 113:
Meanwhile, insects, diseases, and n
Page 114 and 115:
Table 2. Most important diseases fo
Page 116 and 117:
Farmers’ knowledge of pest contro
Page 118 and 119:
ha -1 and above) had a lower RTD in
Page 120 and 121:
Fig. 4. Three major peaks of green
Page 122 and 123:
RBB hill -1 and 4% WSB (Fig. 6). In
Page 124 and 125:
The influence of varietal resistanc
Page 126 and 127:
Limited data exist on how resistant
Page 128 and 129:
tember plantings, reaching 13% and
Page 130 and 131:
Holt J, Chancellor TCB, Reynolds DR
Page 132 and 133:
glh4, respectively. Planting at the
Page 134 and 135:
Results and discussionMinimum unit
Page 136 and 137:
Fig. 4. Transmission efficiency of
Page 138 and 139:
Table 1. Enzyme-linked immunosorben
Page 140 and 141:
Leafhopper control by insecticides
Page 142 and 143:
Fig. 1. Cartoon used for tungro man
Page 144 and 145:
The role of vector control in rice
Page 146 and 147:
To establish relationships between
Page 148 and 149:
Fig. 1. Influence of antifeedants o
Page 150 and 151:
Fig. 4. Tungro incidence before har
Page 152 and 153:
ReferencesAryawan IGN, Widiarta IN,
Page 154 and 155:
Materials and methodsSeedbed protec
Page 156 and 157:
Table 2. Relationship of RTD incide
Page 158 and 159:
Management of rice tungro disease b
Page 160 and 161:
Results and discussionGLH populatio
Page 162 and 163:
Table 4. Field evaluation of foliar
Page 164 and 165:
3.6 to 2.7 t ha -1 . These yields w
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