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Shahjahan MB, Jalani S, Zakri AH, Imbe T. Othman O. 1990. Inheritance of tolerance of ricetungro bacilliform virus (RTBV) in rice ( Oryza sativa L.). Theor. Appl. Genet. 8:513-517.Suprihatno B. 1985. Pewarisan Sifat Ketahanan Varietas Terhadap Penyakit Tungro. In: Tungro.Risalah temu lapang pengendalian penyakit tungro di daerah Banyumas. Jawa Tengah,18-19 September 1985. p 26-32.NotesAuthors’ address: A.A. Daradjat, N. Widiarta. and A. Hasanuddin, Research Institute for Rice,J1. Raya IX Sukamandi 41256 Subang. West Java. Indonesia.Acknowledgments: We appreciate the help of Dr. M.D. Moentono and Dr. Suparyono in reviewingthe manuscript.Citation: Chancellor TCB, Azzam O, Heong KL. editors. 1999. Rice tungro disease management,Proceedings of the International Workshop on Tungro Disease Management, 9-11November 1998, IRRI, Los Baños, Philippines. Makati City (Philippines): InternationalRice Research Institute. 166 p.Breeding for rice tungro virus 37
Genetic engineering of ricefor tungro resistanceO. Azzam, A. Klöti, F. Sta. Cruz, J. Fütterer, E.L. Coloquio, I. Potrykus, and R. HullGenes encoding sense and antisense viral coat proteins, polymerases,and proteases have been successfully used to engineer resistance to severalplant viruses. In this study, viral genes of rice tungro bacilliform virusand the coat protein 3 of rice tungro spherical virus were used to engineerresistance in rice against tungro infection. Rice varieties such as IR64,TN1, Taipei 309, and Kinuhikari were successfully transformed and fertiletransgenic plants were evaluated at T1 and T2 generations for their abilityto confer protection against tungro infection using insect inoculation assays.Unfortunately, none of the 71 transgenic lines tested provided protectionagainst tungro infection. Possible factors for the lack of protectionare discussed.Genetic engineering approaches expand the gene pool from which new and novelvirus resistance genes can be selected. For complex diseases of rice, such as tungro,these approaches offer two advantages: (1) the ability to transfer single genes withoutany linkage to undesirable traits, and (2) the ability to introduce novel genes that havenot been explored before in nature and that have potential to increase the durability ofresistance. Rice tungro disease incidence is unpredictable, but when it occurs, it cancause catastrophic yield losses in farmers’ communities in the irrigated rice ecosystem.For the last 15 yr, several institutions have invested substantial research effortsin studying the molecular biology of the two viruses that cause tungro, rice tungrobacilliform virus (RTBV) and rice tungro spherical virus (RTSV), and to geneticallyengineer tungro resistance in rice. In this study, we report on the resistance tests doneusing insect inoculation assays to evaluate several of these antiviral strategies designedagainst both RTBV and RTSV. The transgenic rice plants were produced at theInstitute of Plant Sciences, ETH, Zurich, Switzerland and John Innes Centre (JIC),Norwich. England, and the evaluation was done at the transgenic CL4 greenhousefacility at IRRI.Materials and methodsTables 1 and 2 describe the first 19 transgenic lines from ETH and 20 lines from JIC,respectively. Some additional 32 lines from ETH carrying the antisense RNA constructsof RTBV ORF4 were also evaluated. Seeds from each transgenic line, positivecontrols (inoculated nontransgenic plants). and negative controls (uninoculatedtransgenic plants) were sown in sterile soil and seedlings were grown in the CL4facility at IRRI. At 7–11 d after sowing (DAS), seedlings were inoculated with bothtungro viruses by insect feeding using viruliferous green leafhoppers (3–5 insectsseedling -1 ). Inoculated plants were then monitored for symptom expression and assayedfor the presence or absence of virus particles at 20 and 40 d postinoculation(DPI). For the evaluation of the first 19 transgenic lines from ETH, two sources of
Page 2 and 3: RiceTungro DiseaseManagementEdited
Page 4 and 5: ContentsRice tungro disease in the
Page 6 and 7: ForewordThe intensification of rice
Page 8 and 9: PrefaceProviding farmers with optio
Page 10 and 11: Rice tungro disease in the Philippi
Page 12 and 13: Cotabato, and Laguna) during 1995-9
Page 14 and 15: seed growers and farmers to increas
Page 16 and 17: Fig. 2. Incidence of rice tungro di
Page 18 and 19: De los Reyes JB, Cabunagan, RC, Col
Page 20 and 21: Preliminary analysis of genetic var
Page 22 and 23: Fig. 2. Distinct rice tungro bacill
Page 24 and 25: Fig. 4. Dendogram depicting the rel
Page 26 and 27: Preliminary analysis of genetic var
Page 28 and 29: Table 1. Size characteristics of th
Page 30 and 31: varieties and did not seem to exert
Page 32 and 33: Developing breeding lines with RTD
Page 34 and 35: In CES, 28 entries had low tungro i
Page 36 and 37: Table 2. Best rice tungro disease-r
Page 38 and 39: Breeding for rice tungro virus resi
Page 40 and 41: Table 2. Promising lines resistant
Page 42 and 43: Table 4. Rice cultivars used as hyb
Page 46 and 47: Table 1. Initial 19 transgenic line
Page 48 and 49: Table 4. Percent infection of trans
Page 50 and 51: very low level. In fact, transgene
Page 52 and 53: of Agricultural Research (ICAR). Pr
Page 54 and 55: Fig. 2. Mean infection with rice tu
Page 56 and 57: (RTBV) and rice tungro spherical vi
Page 58 and 59: Table 4. Percent infection a with r
Page 60 and 61: GLH numbers were much lower on IR62
Page 62 and 63: Cabunagan RC, Hibino H, Sama S, Riz
Page 64 and 65: Prospects of virus-resistant variet
Page 66 and 67: Tungro in Bali (1987-97)Tungro infe
Page 68 and 69: Fig. 5. Proportion of varieties gro
Page 70 and 71: Table 3. Percent incidence of rice
Page 72 and 73: Evaluating rice germplasm for resis
Page 76 and 77: Rice tungro disease resistance andm
Page 80 and 81: ecommended vector-resistant variety
Page 82 and 83: Materials and methodsBatches of ant
Page 84 and 85: ReferencesClark MF, Adams AN. 1977.
Page 86 and 87: (e.g., Sokal and Rohlf 1995, p 213;
Page 88 and 89: Surveillance scheme for tungro fore
Page 90 and 91: entrusted with implementing the pro
Page 92 and 93: Table 1. Number of mobile nursery t
Page 94 and 95:
are implemented immediately. The co
Page 96 and 97:
Farmers’ rice tungro managementpr
Page 98 and 99:
Experience with tungroAlthough both
Page 100 and 101:
Table 5. Farmers (%) reporting tung
Page 102 and 103:
Table 7. Farmers’ reported tungro
Page 104 and 105:
Table 9. Mean number (standard devi
Page 106 and 107:
than rice), so they may be reluctan
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Community-based rice pest managemen
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Establishment of farmers’ indigen
Page 112 and 113:
Meanwhile, insects, diseases, and n
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Table 2. Most important diseases fo
Page 116 and 117:
Farmers’ knowledge of pest contro
Page 118 and 119:
ha -1 and above) had a lower RTD in
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Fig. 4. Three major peaks of green
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RBB hill -1 and 4% WSB (Fig. 6). In
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The influence of varietal resistanc
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Limited data exist on how resistant
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tember plantings, reaching 13% and
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Holt J, Chancellor TCB, Reynolds DR
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glh4, respectively. Planting at the
Page 134 and 135:
Results and discussionMinimum unit
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Fig. 4. Transmission efficiency of
Page 138 and 139:
Table 1. Enzyme-linked immunosorben
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Leafhopper control by insecticides
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Fig. 1. Cartoon used for tungro man
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The role of vector control in rice
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To establish relationships between
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Fig. 1. Influence of antifeedants o
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Fig. 4. Tungro incidence before har
Page 152 and 153:
ReferencesAryawan IGN, Widiarta IN,
Page 154 and 155:
Materials and methodsSeedbed protec
Page 156 and 157:
Table 2. Relationship of RTD incide
Page 158 and 159:
Management of rice tungro disease b
Page 160 and 161:
Results and discussionGLH populatio
Page 162 and 163:
Table 4. Field evaluation of foliar
Page 164 and 165:
3.6 to 2.7 t ha -1 . These yields w
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