Rice tungro disease management - IRRI books - International Rice ...

More documents

Recommendations

Info

ForewordThe intensification of rice production that began in many countries in Asia during the1960s resulted in clear benefits for both producers and consumers. Significantly highergrain yields led to increased incomes for farmers and the production gains met theneeds of rapidly expanding populations. The new technologies that were associatedwith this process, however created certain unintended consequences. Some pests anddiseases that were previously considered to be unimportant suddenly became majorthreats to the stability of rice production. Large-scale outbreaks of an unknown virusdisease caused massive production losses and seriously affected the livelihoods ofrice farmers. This disease, which came to be known as “tungro,” remains a seriousproblem in intensively cultivated irrigated areas in South and Southeast Asia.The traditional approach to managing rice tungro disease has been through theuse of insecticides to control the leafhopper vector and through the deployment ofresistant varieties. The adverse effects of insecticide applications on human healthand on the environment, however, are well documented and this approach has severelimitations. The development of resistant varieties, in which IRRI played a leadingrole, helped to reduce tungro incidence but in some areas the resistance was shortliveddue to shifts in the virulence of the vector. Consequently, it was recognized adecade ago that new approaches to managing tungro were needed.IRRI has long sought to embrace and promote an ecological approach to pestmanagement. Integrated pest management (IPM) uses a combination of control methodsto achieve a reduction in insect numbers or disease incidence to levels at whichcrop damage is minimized. In line with its efforts to help farmers reduce their dependencyon insecticides, IRRI has been actively researching appropriate IPM strategiesfor tungro disease management. Host-plant resistance remains the cornerstone of suchstrategies and an exciting new development is the availability of advanced lines withresistance to rice tungro viruses. The application of biotechnology to breeding fortungro resistance offers additional opportunities for using diverse mechanisms of resistance.Nevertheless, recent findings on the genetic variability of tungro viruses callfor the strategic deployment and monitoring of genes for tungro resistance.This proceedings summarizes recent research results presented by plant breeders,entomologists, virologists, and sociologists at a workshop on tungro disease managementheld in Los Baños on 9-11 November 1998. Much of this work was conductedby scientists from IRRI and the Natural Resources Institute of the Universityof Greenwich in collaboration with partners from India, Indonesia, and the Philippines.Significant progress has been made in key areas of research and studies havebeen undertaken to ensure that research outputs meet the real needs of rice farmers.Understanding how farmers view tungro, and which factors influence their diseasemanagement decisions, is crucial to the development of effective control strategiesand much useful information has been gained in this area. It was also encouraging towitness in this workshop a move from tactical control methods such as insecticidesprays to strategic approaches to pest management. Coordinated management strate-V
gies implemented by groups of farmers that take into account the whole spectrum ofpest and disease problems in a given locality are needed if substantial impact is to beachieved. These changes reflect the clear commitment of IRRI and its partners toincrease yields and protect farmers’ livelihoods through sustainable production technologies.IRRI is grateful to the Department for International Development of the UnitedKingdom for financial support, which was provided through the Crop ProtectionProgramme under its Renewable Natural Resources Knowledge Strategy.RONALD P. CANTRELLDirector GeneralInternational Rice Research Institutevi
Page 2 and 3: RiceTungro DiseaseManagementEdited
Page 4 and 5: ContentsRice tungro disease in the
Page 8 and 9: PrefaceProviding farmers with optio
Page 10 and 11: Rice tungro disease in the Philippi
Page 12 and 13: Cotabato, and Laguna) during 1995-9
Page 14 and 15: seed growers and farmers to increas
Page 16 and 17: Fig. 2. Incidence of rice tungro di
Page 18 and 19: De los Reyes JB, Cabunagan, RC, Col
Page 20 and 21: Preliminary analysis of genetic var
Page 22 and 23: Fig. 2. Distinct rice tungro bacill
Page 24 and 25: Fig. 4. Dendogram depicting the rel
Page 26 and 27: Preliminary analysis of genetic var
Page 28 and 29: Table 1. Size characteristics of th
Page 30 and 31: varieties and did not seem to exert
Page 32 and 33: Developing breeding lines with RTD
Page 34 and 35: In CES, 28 entries had low tungro i
Page 36 and 37: Table 2. Best rice tungro disease-r
Page 38 and 39: Breeding for rice tungro virus resi
Page 40 and 41: Table 2. Promising lines resistant
Page 42 and 43: Table 4. Rice cultivars used as hyb
Page 44 and 45: Shahjahan MB, Jalani S, Zakri AH, I
Page 46 and 47: Table 1. Initial 19 transgenic line
Page 48 and 49: Table 4. Percent infection of trans
Page 50 and 51: very low level. In fact, transgene
Page 52 and 53: of Agricultural Research (ICAR). Pr
Page 54 and 55: Fig. 2. Mean infection with rice tu
Page 56 and 57:
(RTBV) and rice tungro spherical vi
Page 58 and 59:
Table 4. Percent infection a with r
Page 60 and 61:
GLH numbers were much lower on IR62
Page 62 and 63:
Cabunagan RC, Hibino H, Sama S, Riz
Page 64 and 65:
Prospects of virus-resistant variet
Page 66 and 67:
Tungro in Bali (1987-97)Tungro infe
Page 68 and 69:
Fig. 5. Proportion of varieties gro
Page 70 and 71:
Table 3. Percent incidence of rice
Page 72 and 73:
Evaluating rice germplasm for resis
Page 74 and 75:
Page 76 and 77:
Rice tungro disease resistance andm
Page 78 and 79:
Page 80 and 81:
ecommended vector-resistant variety
Page 82 and 83:
Materials and methodsBatches of ant
Page 84 and 85:
ReferencesClark MF, Adams AN. 1977.
Page 86 and 87:
(e.g., Sokal and Rohlf 1995, p 213;
Page 88 and 89:
Surveillance scheme for tungro fore
Page 90 and 91:
entrusted with implementing the pro
Page 92 and 93:
Table 1. Number of mobile nursery t
Page 94 and 95:
are implemented immediately. The co
Page 96 and 97:
Farmers’ rice tungro managementpr
Page 98 and 99:
Experience with tungroAlthough both
Page 100 and 101:
Table 5. Farmers (%) reporting tung
Page 102 and 103:
Table 7. Farmers’ reported tungro
Page 104 and 105:
Table 9. Mean number (standard devi
Page 106 and 107:
than rice), so they may be reluctan
Page 108 and 109:
Community-based rice pest managemen
Page 110 and 111:
Establishment of farmers’ indigen
Page 112 and 113:
Meanwhile, insects, diseases, and n
Page 114 and 115:
Table 2. Most important diseases fo
Page 116 and 117:
Farmers’ knowledge of pest contro
Page 118 and 119:
ha -1 and above) had a lower RTD in
Page 120 and 121:
Fig. 4. Three major peaks of green
Page 122 and 123:
RBB hill -1 and 4% WSB (Fig. 6). In
Page 124 and 125:
The influence of varietal resistanc
Page 126 and 127:
Limited data exist on how resistant
Page 128 and 129:
tember plantings, reaching 13% and
Page 130 and 131:
Holt J, Chancellor TCB, Reynolds DR
Page 132 and 133:
glh4, respectively. Planting at the
Page 134 and 135:
Results and discussionMinimum unit
Page 136 and 137:
Fig. 4. Transmission efficiency of
Page 138 and 139:
Table 1. Enzyme-linked immunosorben
Page 140 and 141:
Leafhopper control by insecticides
Page 142 and 143:
Fig. 1. Cartoon used for tungro man
Page 144 and 145:
The role of vector control in rice
Page 146 and 147:
To establish relationships between
Page 148 and 149:
Fig. 1. Influence of antifeedants o
Page 150 and 151:
Fig. 4. Tungro incidence before har
Page 152 and 153:
ReferencesAryawan IGN, Widiarta IN,
Page 154 and 155:
Materials and methodsSeedbed protec
Page 156 and 157:
Table 2. Relationship of RTD incide
Page 158 and 159:
Management of rice tungro disease b
Page 160 and 161:
Results and discussionGLH populatio
Page 162 and 163:
Table 4. Field evaluation of foliar
Page 164 and 165:
3.6 to 2.7 t ha -1 . These yields w
show all

Rice tungro disease management - IRRI books - International Rice ...

You also want an ePaper? Increase the reach of your titles

Delete template?

Save as template?