12th International Conference on Harmful Algae

INTERNATIONAL SOCIETYFOR THE STUDY OF HARMFUL ALGAE<strong>12th</strong> <strong>International</strong> <strong>Conference</strong>on Harmful AlgaePROGRAMME and ABSTRACTSCopenhagen, Denmark4-8 September 2006

INTERNATIONAL SOCIETY FOR THE STUDY OF HARMFUL ALGAE12 th <strong>International</strong> <strong>Conference</strong> on Harmful Algae, Copenhagen, Denmark, 4-8 September 200612 th <strong>International</strong> <strong>Conference</strong>on Harmful AlgaePROGRAMME AND ABSTRACTS1

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INTERNATIONAL SOCIETY FOR THE STUDY OF HARMFUL ALGAE12 th <strong>International</strong> <strong>Conference</strong> on Harmful Algae, Copenhagen, Denmark, 4-8 September 2006Table of ContentsPage no.ISSHA <strong>Conference</strong> Committee & Local Organising Committee 4Exhibitors 6Venue Map 7Programme Outline 8Oral Presentation Programme 10Oral Abstracts 25Symposia, Wednesday 6 September 82Poster Programme 86Poster Abstracts 118Social Programme 315ISSHA General Assembly and Auction 319ISSHA Auction Catalogue 328Practical Information 329List of Restaurants 331List of Participants 335Author Index 361For your own notes 397<strong>Conference</strong> Proceedings 4023

INTERNATIONAL SOCIETY FOR THE STUDY OF HARMFUL ALGAE12 th <strong>International</strong> <strong>Conference</strong> on Harmful Algae, Copenhagen, Denmark, 4-8 September 2006ISSHA CONFERENCE COMMITTEEDon Anderson, USAAllan Cembella, GermanyBarrie Dale, NorwayGreg Doucette, USAHenrik Enevoldsen, IOCGustaaf Hallegraeff, AustraliaKC Ho, China/Hong KongJane Lewis, UKØjvind Moestrup, DenmarkPat Tester, USAMingjiang Zhou, ChinaAdriana Zingone, ItalyLOCAL ORGANISING COMMITTEEØjvind Moestrup (Convener)Per AndersenThyra BjergskovKirsten ChristoffersenGertrud CronbergNiels DaugbjergLars EdlerMarianne EllegaardHenrik EnevoldsenAnna GodheEdna GranéliGert HansenPer Juel HansenPeter HenriksenKevin JørgensenJacob LarsenNina LundholmKarin RengeforsHelge A. Thomsen4

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INTERNATIONAL SOCIETY FOR THE STUDY OF HARMFUL ALGAE12 th <strong>International</strong> <strong>Conference</strong> on Harmful Algae, Copenhagen, Denmark, 4-8 September 2006EXHIBITORSIn foyer area:Fluid Imaging Technologies IncFluid Imaging Technologies, Inc.258 Cross Point RoadEdgecomb, ME 04556Tel: +1 207-882-1100Fax: +1 207-882-4800www.fluidimaging.comSatlantic Inc.Halifax, Nova ScotiaCanadainfo@satlantic.comTel: +1-902-492-4780Fax: +1-902-492-4781www.satlantic.comElsevierRadarweg 291043 NX AmsterdamThe NetherlandsTel: +31 20 485 3787Fax: +31 20 485 3809email: n.tzanikian@elsevier.comTropical Technology Centre Ltd5-1 Suzaki UrumaOkinawa 904-2234, JapanTel: +81-98-982-1100Fax: +81-98-982-1101Email: tikehara@ttc.co.jpHeinz Walz GmbHEichenring 691090 EffeltrichGermanyTel: +49-(0)9133/7765-22Fax: +49-(0)9133/5395E-mail: omeyerhoff@walz.comwww.walz.comSpringer-Verlag GmbHTiergartenstr. 1769121 HeidelbergGermanyTel: +49 (0)6221 / 487 8993Fax: +49 (0)6221 / 487 8916http://www.springer.comAquanetFinnedalsvej 162770 Kastrup DenmarkEmail: aquanet@haukrogh.dkGEOHABwww.geohab.info<strong>International</strong> Society for the Studyof Harmful Algae (ISSHA)www.issha.orgIntergovernmental OceanographicCommission of UNESCOIOC Science and CommunicationCentre on Harmful AlgaeUniversity of CopenhagenØster Farimagsgade 2D1353 Copenhagen KDenmarkTel.: +45 33134446Fax.: +45 33134447http://ioc.unesco.org/hab6

INTERNATIONAL SOCIETY FOR THE STUDY OF HARMFUL ALGAE12 th <strong>International</strong> <strong>Conference</strong> on Harmful Algae, Copenhagen, Denmark, 4-8 September 2006VENUE MAPAlexandrium Room: Main lecture room and location for plenaries, ISSHA Assemblyand AuctionPseudo-nitzchia Room: Second lecture roomNodularia Room: Poster SessionsSlide Room: This is where you submit you Power Point files and where you cancontact the Organisers.To access the Slide Room go up the stairs from the lobbyarea.7

INTERNATIONAL SOCIETY FOR THE STUDY OF HARMFUL ALGAE12 th <strong>International</strong> <strong>Conference</strong> on Harmful Algae, Copenhagen, Denmark, 4-8 September 2006PROGRAMME 12 TH INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON HARMFUL ALGAETIME MONDAY 4 SEP TUESDAY 5 SEP WEDNESDAY 6 SEP THURSDAY 7 SEP FRIDAY 8 SEP08.30-10.30 08.00-09.15 Registration 8.30-9.05 Plenary III: E. Granéli, Symposia8.30-9.05 Plenary V: B. Dale,(MondayTop-down bottom-up control ofAnthropogenic input and08.00- OpeningHAB dynamicsclimate change: effects on10.30)harmful algae9.50-10.30 Plenary I:P. Hess: What’s new intoxins?9.10-10.30 Session 5: Populationdynamics 1Session: 6: Toxicology 1• HABs as ecosystemdisrupters• Health aspects• Taxonomy-the speciesconcept• Clay and HAB mitigation• Toxicology of toxinanalogues9.10-10.30Session 13: Life cyclesSession 14: Food chains8.30-9.05 Plenary VII:V. Armbrust, Diatomgenomics: new insightsinto diatom toxicology9.10-10.30Session 17: GenomicsSession 18: Ecology andoceanography 110.30-11.00 Health break Health break Health break Health break Health Break11.00-13.00 Sessions 1: ToxinSession 7: Toxin analysis 1 Cont.Session 19: Monitoring 2synthesisSession 2: Ecophysiology1Session 8: Population dynamics211.00-11.35 Plenary VI:D. Mann, Previous neglect,reasoned accommodation, ortransformation? Coping withchanging species concepts inmicroeukaryotes11.40-13.00 Session 15:TaxonomySession 16: Monitoring 113.00-14.15 Lunch Lunch Excursions Lunch LunchSession 20: Regionalevents14.15-16.15 14.15-14.50 Plenary II:P. Hoagland, The publicpolicy of harmful algalblooms14.15-14.50 Plenary IV:U. Tillmann, Allelopatic effects ofbioactive compounds producedby harmful algaeCont. Poster session 14.15-14.50 Plenary VIII:R. Raine, Physical andoceanographic control ofHABs14.55-16.15 Session 3:Public health14.55-16.15 Session 9:Allelopathy14.55-15.35 Session 21:Ecology andOceanography 2Session 4: Ecophysiology2Session 10: Toxin analysis 2Session 22: Toxicology 316.15-16.40 Health break Health break Cont. Health break Health Break 15.35-16.00Session 11: GeneticsCont.16.40-18.00 16.40-17.30: PostersessionEvening18:00 Reception at theCopenhagen Town HallSession 12: Toxicology 218.00-21.00 Poster session MERHAB PCRWS Workshop(BI)ISSHA Assembly, vote on2010 venueISSHA Auction and bar inAlexandrium Room16.00-16.30 D. Anderson:Summing-up16.30-16.50 M Zhou, KCHo: HAB in China19.00 Dep. tour boats19.45: Mermaid DinnerParty8

INTERNATIONAL SOCIETY FOR THE STUDY OF HARMFUL ALGAE12 th <strong>International</strong> <strong>Conference</strong> on Harmful Algae, Copenhagen, Denmark, 4-8 September 2006NEW RELEASE:Manual on aquatic cyanobacteriaA photo guide and a synopsis of their toxicologyGertrud Cronberg & Heléne AnnadotterLund University, SwedenPotentially harmful cyanobacteriaoccur widespread in the aquaticenvironment and this manual treatstheir taxonomy, identification, andtoxicology across freshwater,brackish and marine environments.Published August 2006110 pagesISBN 87-990827-0-5Order at: www.issha.org9

INTERNATIONAL SOCIETY FOR THE STUDY OF HARMFUL ALGAE12 th <strong>International</strong> <strong>Conference</strong> on Harmful Algae, Copenhagen, Denmark, 4-8 September 2006ORAL PRESENTATION PROGRAMMEVERY IMPORTANT:All oral presentations must be submitted to the secretariat ( 1 st floor close to entrance) well inadvance:• Presentations for the morning sessions no later than 15.00 pm the day before• Presentations for the afternoon programme no later than 10.00 am the same dayORAL PROGRAMMEMONDAYSESSION: PLENARY I – TOXINSDate of session: Monday 4 Sep 2006Start of session: 9:50:00 AMEnd of session: 10:30:00 AMVenue: Alexandrium RoomWhat’s new in toxinsHessConvener: MoestrupPL.01PL.01-01SESSION: TOXIN SYNTHESIS O.01Date of session: Monday 4 Sep 2006Start of session: 11:00:00 AMEnd of session: 1:00:00 PMVenue: Pseudo-nitzschia RoomConvener: DoucetteOn NtcA and Fur in microcystin production in Microcystis aeruginosa PCC7806, and their expression under varying nutrient regimes O.01-01Root, NeilanThe role of transposition in cyanobacterial toxin variation and distribution:implications for toxic bloom monitoringRoberts, NeilanGenetic and physiological analysis of a toxin gene cluster in two freshwatercyanobacteria, Anabaena circinalis and Cylindrospermopsis raciborskii T3Cavaliere, Kellmann, Pomati, NeilanComparative study of the paralytic shellfish toxin-producing dinoflagellates,Alexandrium tamarense and Gymnodinium catenatum, by 2-DE and massspectrometryChiu, Chan, GuApplication of saxitoxin-conjugated affinity gel for the detection ofmacromolecules involved in toxin dynamics in scallopsWatanabe, Nakaji, OshimaO.01-02O.01-03O.01-04O.01-0510

INTERNATIONAL SOCIETY FOR THE STUDY OF HARMFUL ALGAE12 th <strong>International</strong> <strong>Conference</strong> on Harmful Algae, Copenhagen, Denmark, 4-8 September 2006Amphidinols and karlotoxins – brothers in arms part deux: structuralsimilaritiesPlace, Adolf, Bachvaroff, Peng, HamannO.01-06SESSION: ECOPHYSIOLOGY 1 O.02Date of session: Monday 4 Sep 2006Start of session: 11:00:00 AMEnd of session: 1:00:00 PMVenue: Alexandrium RoomConvener: EllegaardUtilization of DOM by Prymnesium parvum from anthropogenic sources,detected by stable isotopes, and effects on cell toxicityLindehoff, GranéliSlimy threads, sneaky feeding, and other secrets of an invasive raphidophyteRengefors, Pålsson, Figueroa, HanssonGrowth and survival of Dinophysis acuminata, a phototrophic marinedinoflagellate causing diarrhetic shellfish poisoningYih, Kim, Myung, Kang, Kim, ParkBroad predator-prey relationship among the mixotrophic red-tidedinoflagellatesJeong, Yoo, Kang, Song, Kim, Yih, ParkDistribution and ecology of toxic and non-toxic strains of Microcystispopulations in North American lakesGobler, Berry, Davis, Boyer, WilhelmDinoflagellate and raphidophyte blooms and the 15 °C barrierSmaydaSESSION: PLENARY II - PUBLIC POLICYDate of session: Monday 4 Sep 2006Start of session: 2:15:00 PMEnd of session: 2:55:00 PMVenue: Alexandrium RoomThe public policy of harmful algal bloomsHoaglandConvener: CembellaO.02-01O.02-02O.02-03O.02-04O.02-05O.02-06PL.02PL.02-0111

INTERNATIONAL SOCIETY FOR THE STUDY OF HARMFUL ALGAE12 th <strong>International</strong> <strong>Conference</strong> on Harmful Algae, Copenhagen, Denmark, 4-8 September 2006SESSION: PUBLIC HEALTH O.03Date of session: Monday 4 Sep 2006Start of session: 3:00:00 PMEnd of session: 4:20:00 PMVenue: Pseudo-nitzschia RoomConvener: CembellaDietary uptake of dinoflagellate-derived saxitoxins in non-toxic puffer-fish:implications for global seafood safetyDeeds, Etheridge, Gieseker, Cheely, Reimschuessel, Abbott,Kawabata, Landsberg, HallHuman dimensions research needs for HAB mitigation: a Washington coastexampleBauer, AyresA 5-day follow-up study after exposure to Karenia brevis toxic aerosolsKirkpatrick, Bean, Fleming, Reich, Akers, Backer,Dalpra, Pierce, Henry, BadenO.03-01O.03-02O.03-03SESSION: ECOPHYSIOLOGY 2 O.04Date of session: Monday 4 Sep 2006Start of session: 3:00:00 PMEnd of session: 4:20:00 PMVenue: Alexandrium RoomConvener: RengeforsExopolymeric secretions in HABs: how flow, diffusion and bioengineeringdepends on lengthscaleJenkinson, WyattDo variations in pH and carbon levels affect the growth of potentially toxicdiatoms?Lundholm, Kotaki, HansenExamination of the relevance of micropredatory dinoflagellates toichthyotoxicity in the natural environmentLovko, VogelbeinLinking organic nutrients to HAB bloom dynamics: ELF as a tool formonitoring enzyme activities in cultures and field populationsHaley, Orchard, Strojsova, DyhrmanO.04-01O.04-02O.04-03O.04-0412

INTERNATIONAL SOCIETY FOR THE STUDY OF HARMFUL ALGAE12 th <strong>International</strong> <strong>Conference</strong> on Harmful Algae, Copenhagen, Denmark, 4-8 September 2006TUESDAYSESSION: PLENARY III - TOP-DOWN, BOTTOM-UPDate of session: Tuesday 5 Sep 2006Start of session: 8:30:00 AMEnd of session: 9:10:00 AMVenue: Alexandrium RoomTop-down bottom-up control of HAB dynamicsGranéliConvener: HallegraeffPL.03PL.03-01SESSION: POPULATION DYNAMICS 1 O.05Date of session: Tuesday 5 Sep 2006Start of session: 9:10:00 AMEnd of session: 10:30:00 AMVenue: Alexandrium RoomConvener: HallegraeffDiscrimination and dynamics of naturally occurring mixed Alexandriumpopulations using rRNA targeted fluorescent oligonucleotide probesTouzet, RaineArtificial neural network approaches to one-step weekly prediction ofDinophysis acuminata blooms in Huelva (Western Andalucia, Spain)Velo, Gutiérrez-EstradaTemporal changes in microcystin-producing and non-microcystin-producingMicrocystis populations of a Japanese LakeYoshidaVertical migration: an key strategy for the ecological success of the toxicdinoflagellate Gymnodinium catenatum in south east Tasmania, AustraliaBlackburn, Wild-Allen, Doblin, Armstrong, Bolch, Thompson,HallegraeffO.05-01O.05-02O.05-03O.05-04SESSION: TOXICOLOGY 1 O.06Date of session: Tuesday 5 Sep 2006Start of session: 9:10:00 AMEnd of session: 10:30:00 AMVenue: Pseudo-nitzschia RoomConvener: Edler13

INTERNATIONAL SOCIETY FOR THE STUDY OF HARMFUL ALGAE12 th <strong>International</strong> <strong>Conference</strong> on Harmful Algae, Copenhagen, Denmark, 4-8 September 2006Early life exposure to domoic acid leads to “silent” neurologic manifestationsin juveniles and adultsRamsdell, Tiedeken, LevinThe fate of dissolved domoic and okadaic acid in presence of bacteria,copepod faecal pellets and mussel faecal matterHagström, GranéliOstreopsis siamensis and palytoxin-related compounds in New Zealand: a riskto human health?Rhodes, Munday, Briggs, Holland, Miles, Loader,Jensen, CooneyEffects of algal-produced neurotoxins on brain activity in atlantic salmon(Salmo salar)Bakke, HorsbergO.06-01O.06-02O.06-03O.06-04SESSION: TOXIN ANALYSIS 1 O.07Date of session: Tuesday 5 Sep 2006Start of session: 11:00:00 AMEnd of session: 1:00:00 PMVenue: Pseudo-nitzschia RoomConvener: MilesDevelopment of simple and rapid assays for diarrhetic shellfish toxins andyessotoxins based on enzyme inhibition and ELISASekiguchi, Suzuki, Takahashi, Yamamoto, Watai, Suzuki,YasumotoComparison of the accumulation of lipophilic marine biotoxins in passivesamplers, transplanted mussels and indigenous mussels on the Irish coastFux, Bire, HessGenoa 2005 Outbreak. Determination of a putative palytoxin in MediterraneanOstreopsis ovata by a new LC/MS MethodCiminiello, Dell'Aversano, Fattorusso, Forino, Magno, Tartaglione,Grillo, MelchiorreLC-MS for detection of paralytic shellfish poisoning (PSP) toxins in shellfishTurrell, Stobo, LacazeAnatoxin contamination of freshwater resources in New ZealandHolland, Selwood, Wood, Smith, McNabb, RasmussenThe Biosense ASP ELISA - an early warning tool for the environmentalmonitoring of domoic acid in phytoplankton and seawaterKleivdal, Kristiansen, Campbell, DavidsonO.07-01O.07-02O.07-03O.07-04O.07-05O.07-0614

INTERNATIONAL SOCIETY FOR THE STUDY OF HARMFUL ALGAE12 th <strong>International</strong> <strong>Conference</strong> on Harmful Algae, Copenhagen, Denmark, 4-8 September 2006SESSION: POPULATION DYNAMICS 2 O.08Date of session: Tuesday 5 Sep 2006Start of session: 11:00:00 AMEnd of session: 1:00:00 PMVenue: Alexandrium RoomConvener: ZingoneDomoic acid production is not linked to silicate limitation in naturalpopulations of Pseudo-nitzschiaCochlan, Wells, Trainer, Trick, Lessard, HickeyThe nature of the Juan de Fuca eddy: the rise and fall of domoic acid to theWashington State coastTrainer, Cochlan, Hickey, Lessard, MacFadyen, Trick,WellsThe role of grazer-induced toxin production in harmful algal bloom formationSelander, Arnqvist, Bergkvist, PaviaThe impacts of viral infection on Heterosigma akashiwo bloomsLawrenceTrigger factors of Alexandrium catenella blooms in Hong KongHoA massive bloom of Alexandrium fundyense in the Gulf of Maine:mechanisms and future implicationsAnderson, Keafer, Norton, He, McGillicuddy, Jr, Pilskaln, CoutureO.08-01O.08-02O.08-03O.08-04O.08-05O.08-06SESSION: PLENARY IV - ALLELOPATHYDate of session: Tuesday 5 Sep 2006Start of session: 2:15:00 PMEnd of session: 2:55:00 PMVenue: Alexandrium RoomPL.04Convener: Juel HansenAllelopathic effects of bioactive compounds produced by harmful algaeTillmann, John, Krock, CembellaPL.04-0115

INTERNATIONAL SOCIETY FOR THE STUDY OF HARMFUL ALGAE12 th <strong>International</strong> <strong>Conference</strong> on Harmful Algae, Copenhagen, Denmark, 4-8 September 2006SESSION: ALLELOPATHY O.09Date of session: Tuesday 5 Sep 2006Start of session: 3:00:00 PMEnd of session: 4:20:00 PMVenue: Alexandrium RoomConvener: Juel HansenMarine phytoplankton allelochemicals affect growth and composition ofbacterioplanktonLegrand, BouvierAllelopathic interactions modulate brevetoxin production in the red tidedinoflagellate Karenia brevisKubanek, Prince, Myers, NaarAllelopathy in Karenia mikimotoi: a case studyGentienSpirolide variability and biological activity of natural products from the marinedinoflagellate Alexandrium ostenfeldiiCembella, Kantu, Krock, Jaekisch, Cañete, Caillaud,Diogène, Tilmann, JohnO.09-01O.09-02O.09-03O.09-04SESSION: TOXIN ANALYSIS 2 O.10Date of session: Tuesday 5 Sep 2006Start of session: 3:00:00 PMEnd of session: 4:20:00 PMVenue: Pseudo-nitzschia RoomConvener: JørgensenSuccessful production of antibodies against azaspiracidsSamdal, Briggs, Miles, Forsyth, Nguyen, Xu, Rundberget, SandvikLaboratory evaluation and method development of solid phase adsorbents forhydrophilic phycotoxins in marine and freshwater applicationsRobertson, Reeves, Capling, Garnett, QuilliamKarenia concordia (Dinophyceae) as a brevetoxin-producer and comparisonwith two closely related species K. brevisulcata and K. mikimotoiChang, Bourdelais, Baden, Gall, Hulston, WebbImpact of environmental factors on growth, toxicity and toxin production ofharmful algae Chattonella marina (Kagoshima strain)HaqueO.10-01O.10-02O.10-03O.10-0416

INTERNATIONAL SOCIETY FOR THE STUDY OF HARMFUL ALGAE12 th <strong>International</strong> <strong>Conference</strong> on Harmful Algae, Copenhagen, Denmark, 4-8 September 2006SESSION: GENETICS O.11Date of session: Tuesday 5 Sep 2006Start of session: 4:40:00 PMEnd of session: 6:00:00 PMVenue: Alexandrium RoomConvener: ArmbrustThe genetic basis for the biosynthesis of PSTs in cyanobacteria and algaeKellmann, Jeon, Mihali, Cavaliere, NeilanMicrosatellite markers reveal population genetic structure in the noxious redtide-causing algae Heterosigma akashiwo (Raphidophyceae) in Japanesecoastal watersNagai, Yamaguchi, Lian, Matsuyama, ItakuraGenetic differentiation and phenotypic characteristics of geographicallyseparated populations of the Alexandrium tamarense North American ribotypeAlpermann, John, Tillmann, Evans, Nagai, Anderson, CembellaGenetic differences between Karlodinium veneficum strains: using DNAvariation to understand strain variation at the bloom, regional and worldwidelevelBachvaroffO.11-01O.11-02O.11-03O.11-04SESSION: TOXICOLOGY 2 O.12Date of session: Tuesday 5 Sep 2006Start of session: 4:40:00 PMEnd of session: 6:00:00 PMVenue: Pseudo-nitzschia RoomConvener: CronbergIn vivo exposure to microcystins induced DNA damage in haemocytes of thezebra mussel as measured with the Comet assayJuhel, O'Halloran, Culloty, O'Riordan, Davenport, O'Brien,James, Furey, AllisToxic effects of nodularin to the brown alga Fucus vesiculosus in relation tooxidative stress responsePflugmacher, Kankaanpää, OlinCytotoxic and genotoxic effects of microcystins in mammalian cell linesDias, Pereira, Batoréu, Jordan, SilvaEcological implications of cylindrospermopsin in freshwatersSeifertO.12-01O.12-02O.12-03O.12-0417

INTERNATIONAL SOCIETY FOR THE STUDY OF HARMFUL ALGAE12 th <strong>International</strong> <strong>Conference</strong> on Harmful Algae, Copenhagen, Denmark, 4-8 September 2006THURSDAYSESSION: PLENARY V – CLIMATIC CHANGEDate of session: Thursday 7 Sep 2006Start of session: 8:30:00 AMEnd of session: 9:05:00 AMVenue: Alexandrium RoomAnthropogenic influence and climatic change: effects on harmful algaeDaleConvener: AndersenPL.05PL.05-01SESSION: LIFE CYCLES O.13Date of session: Thursday 7 Sep 2006Start of session: 9:10:00 AMEnd of session: 10:30:00 AMVenue: Alexandrium RoomConvener: DaleDifferent seeding strategies within harmful algal bloom (HAB)-causingdinoflagellates and diatomsItakura, Nagai, YamaguchiLife cycle of Pyrodinium bahamense var. compressum (Dinophyceae) incultureSakamoto, Yamaguchi, FurioLife cycle traits and population dynamics of Pseudo-nitzschia multistriata inthe Gulf of Naples (Mediterranean Sea)D'Alelio, Amato, Lüdeking, Ribera d’Alcalà, Sarno, Zingone,MontresorAsexual and sexual reproduction in Protoperidinium steidingerae(Dinophyceae)Gribble, Coats, AndersonO.13-01O.13-02O.13-03O.13-0418

INTERNATIONAL SOCIETY FOR THE STUDY OF HARMFUL ALGAE12 th <strong>International</strong> <strong>Conference</strong> on Harmful Algae, Copenhagen, Denmark, 4-8 September 2006SESSION: FOOD CHAINS O.14Date of session: Thursday 7 Sep 2006Start of session: 9:10:00 AMEnd of session: 10:30:00 AMVenue: Pseudo-nitzschia RoomConvener: ChristoffersenPhysiological stress responses of Daphnia magna to cyanobacteria andcyanobacterial compoundsWiegandAccumulation and transfer of the amnesic shellfish poisoning toxin domoicacid in the marine food web off the Portuguese coastCosta, Garrido, Rosa, Sequeira, Brotas, SampayoGrazing, prey selectivity and toxin content of the calanoid copepodsEurytemora affinis and Acartia bifilosa feeding on Dinophysis spp.assemblagesSopanen, Setälä, AutioKarlotoxins mediate interactions between the mixotrophic dinoflagellate,Karlodinium veneficum, its prey, and its predatorsAdolf, Krupatkina, Bachvaroff, PlaceO.14-01O.14-02O.14-03O.14-04SESSION: PLENARY VI - TAXONOMYDate of session: Thursday 7 Sep 2006Start of session: 11:00:00 AMEnd of session: 11:35:00 AMVenue: Pseudo-nitzschia RoomPerilous neglect, reasoned accommodation, or transformation? Coping withchanging species concepts in microeukaryotesMann, Evans,Convener: LarsenPL.06PL.06-01SESSION: TAXONOMY O.15Date of session: Thursday 7 Sep 2006Start of session: 11:40:00 AMEnd of session: 1:00:00 PMVenue: Pseudo-nitzschia RoomConvener: LewisCharacterization of NW Mediterranean Karlodinium spp. (Dinophyceae) strainsusing morphological, molecular, chemical and physiological methodologiesGarcés, Fernandez, Penna, van Lenning, Gutierrez, ZapataO.15-0119

INTERNATIONAL SOCIETY FOR THE STUDY OF HARMFUL ALGAE12 th <strong>International</strong> <strong>Conference</strong> on Harmful Algae, Copenhagen, Denmark, 4-8 September 2006Potential harmful cyanobacteria in drinking water reservoirs of Ho Chi MinhCity, Vietnam - toxicity and molecular phylogenyChristensen, Daugbjerg, Moestrup, Annadotter, CronbergGenetic and phenotypic differences among species and strains of potentialfish-killing raphidophytes in the MediterraneanKloepper, John, Tillmann, Zingone, CembellaHow many different species are in the Alexandrium tamarense / catenella /fundyense complex?Fraga, Figueroa, Bravo, Sampedro, Franco, Penna,Ramilo, Fernández-VillamarínO.15-02O.15-03O.15-04SESSION: MONITORING 1 O.16Date of session: Thursday 7 Sep 2006Start of session: 11:00:00 AMEnd of session: 1:00:00 PMVenue: Alexandrium RoomConvener: HoA domoic acid immunosensor onboard the Environmental Sample Processor:the first steps toward remote, sub-surface phycotoxin detectionDoucette, Scholin, Mikulski, Marin III, Jensen, Roman,Greenfield, King, Feldman, Massion, ElliottThe detection of toxic algae by a new developed rRNA biosensor (EU-ProjectALGADEC)Diercks, Metfies, MedlinIdentifying and detecting harmful algal bloom species using a color imagingflow cytometer (FlowCAM®)Poulton, Nelson, SierackiQuantitative Real-time PCR detection of harmful algaede Salas, BolchO.16-01O.16-02O.16-03O.16-0420

INTERNATIONAL SOCIETY FOR THE STUDY OF HARMFUL ALGAE12 th <strong>International</strong> <strong>Conference</strong> on Harmful Algae, Copenhagen, Denmark, 4-8 September 2006FRIDAYSESSION: PLENARY VII - GENOMICSDate of session: Friday 8 Sep 2006Start of session: 8:30:00 AMEnd of session: 9:05:00 AMVenue: Alexandrium RoomDiatom genomics: new insights into diatom toxicityArmbrustConvener: NeilanPL.07PL.07-01SESSION: GENOMICS O.17Date of session: Friday 8 Sep 2006Start of session: 9:10:00 AMEnd of session: 10:30:00 AMVenue: Pseudo-nitzschia RoomConvener: NeilanNutrient-regulated transcriptional changes in Aureococcus anophagefferensidentified with long-SAGE (serial analysis of gene expression)Dyhrman Haley, Wurch, OrchardEST-based gene discovery and expression analysis in AlexandriumHackett, AndersonIdentification of cellular stress and death-associated genes in Karenia brevisas potential biomarkers for bloom terminationvan Dolah, Lidie, Morey, Monroe, RyanA genomic approach towards a better understanding of domoic acidproduction in the marine diatom Pseudo-nitzschia multistriataLuedeking, Kooistra, Montresor, D'Alelio, JohnO.17-01O.17-02O.17-03O.17-04SESSION: ECOLOGY & OCEANOGRAPHY 1 O.18Date of session: Friday 8 Sep 2006Start of session: 9:10:00 AMEnd of session: 10:30:00 AMVenue: Alexandrium RoomConvener: PitcherInter-annual variability of Alexandrium blooms in Cork Harbour, IrelandNí Rathaille, Touzet, RaineO.18-0121

INTERNATIONAL SOCIETY FOR THE STUDY OF HARMFUL ALGAE12 th <strong>International</strong> <strong>Conference</strong> on Harmful Algae, Copenhagen, Denmark, 4-8 September 2006Eutrophication and HABs - a global change perspectiveGlibert, Seitzinger, Howarth, BurkholderThin layers of Pseudo-nitzschia spp. and the fate of Dinophysis acuminataduring an upwelling-downwelling cycle in a Galician riaReguera, Velo, González-Gil, Gentien, Lunven, Bechemin,Fernand, RainePositive feedback and the development and persistence of ecosystemdisruptive algal bloomsSunda, HardisonO.18-02O.18-03O.18-04SESSION: MONITORING 2 O.19Date of session: Friday 8 Sep 2006Start of session: 11:00:00 AMEnd of session: 1:00:00 PMVenue: Alexandrium RoomConvener: RegueraField applications for remote detection of harmful algae using theEnvironmental Sample Processor: Spring-Summer 2006Greenfield, Scholin, Jensen, Marin, Roman, Massion,DoucetteMonitoring of lipophilic shellfish toxins using SPATT (Solid Phase AdsorptionToxin Tracking) in Nova Scotia, CanadaGarnett, Rafuse, Lewis, Kirchhoff, Cullen, QuilliamDeveloping operational capabilities for nowcasts and forecasts of harmfulalgal bloomsStumpf, TomlinsonEarly warning of cyanobacteria in water reservoirsGarde, Jurczak, Izydorczyk, Schlüter, KaasPhytoplankton community composition observed by autonomous underwatervehicleKirkpatrick, Moline, Lohrenz, SchofieldRetrospective GIS analyses of the Florida red tide databaseSteidinger, Tustison, HeilO.19-01O.19-02O.19-03O.19-04O.19-05O.19-06SESSION: REGIONAL EVENTS O.20Date of session: Friday 8 Sep 2006Start of session: 11:00:00 AMEnd of session: 1:00:00 PM22

INTERNATIONAL SOCIETY FOR THE STUDY OF HARMFUL ALGAE12 th <strong>International</strong> <strong>Conference</strong> on Harmful Algae, Copenhagen, Denmark, 4-8 September 2006Venue: Pseudo-nitzschia RoomConvener: FukuyoA harmful algal bloom occurrence in Barangay Kirayan Norte, Miagao, Iloilo,PhilippinesPeralta, Garibay, Noble, Espina, NuallaCochlodinium blooms in Sabah, MalaysiaAnton, Teoh, Mustaffa, NordinMassive fish kills in the Philippines caused by Cochlodinium andProrocentrumAzanzaAlexandrium fundyense - red tides, PSP shellfish toxicity, salmon mortalitiesand human illnesses in 2003-04 - before and afterMartin, Martin, Page, LeGresleyDynamics of blooms of cf Chattonella verruculosa in the Skagerrak and theKattegatKarlson, Almroth, Andersen, Eilola, Kuylenstierna, NaustvollRole of short-term climate change on outbreak and succession of large scaleHABs along east Chinese coast in 2005Zhou Zhu, Wang, Zhu, Lv, Lu,Shi, ZhangO.20-01O.20-02O.20-03O.20-04O.20-05O.20-06SESSION: PLENARY VIII – PHYSICAL CONTROL of HABsDate of session: Friday 8 Sep 2006Start of session: 2:15:00 PMEnd of session: 2:50:00 PMVenue: Alexandrium RoomPL.08The physical oceanographic control of harmful algal bloomsPL.08-01RaineConvener: GentienSESSION: ECOLOGY & OCEANOGRAPHY 2 O.21Date of session: Friday 8 Sep 2006Start of session: 2:55:00 PMEnd of session: 3:35:00 PMVenue: Alexandrium RoomConvener: Godhe23

INTERNATIONAL SOCIETY FOR THE STUDY OF HARMFUL ALGAE12 th <strong>International</strong> <strong>Conference</strong> on Harmful Algae, Copenhagen, Denmark, 4-8 September 2006The multi-species nature of the 2005 Karenia bloom: implications formanagement and monitoring in FloridaHeil, Truby, Wolny, Pigg, Richardson, Garrett,Haywood, Petrik, Flewelling, Cook, Stone, Steidinger, LandsbergWind patterns and HABs in upwelling systemsPitcher, Fawcett, Bernard, Cembella, KudelaO.21-01O.21-02SESSION: TOXICOLOGY 3 O.22Date of session: Friday 8 Sep 2006Start of session: 2:55:00 PMEnd of session: 3:35:00 PMVenue: Pseudo-nitzschia RoomConvener: TesterFirst evidence for the implication of nitric oxide in Ciguatera Fish PoisoningPauillac, Vernel-Pauillac, Kumar-Roine, Sauviat, Benoit, Chinain, LaurentImplications of saxitoxins for public health and natural resources in FloridaLandsberg, Abbott, Flewelling, Scott, WolnyO.22-01O.22-02SESSION: SUMMING UPDate of session: Friday 9/8/2006Start of session: 4:00:00 PMEnd of session: 4:30:00 PMVenue: Alexandrium RoomAndersonSESSION: HAB in ChinaDate of session: Friday 8 Sep 2006Start of session: 4:30:00 PMEnd of session: 4:50:00 PMVenue: Alexandrium RoomZhou, Ho24

INTERNATIONAL SOCIETY FOR THE STUDY OF HARMFUL ALGAE12 th <strong>International</strong> <strong>Conference</strong> on Harmful Algae, Copenhagen, Denmark, 4-8 September 2006ORAL ABSTRACTSPL.01What’s new in toxinsSession: PL..01 - Plenary I - ToxinsPresentation time: 09:50 - 10:30P HessMarine Institute, GALWAY, IrelandToxins are at the heart of theproblem of harmful algal bloomsand therefore many disciplinesaround HABs and food safety relyon chemical data to facilitate amultitude of approaches. Thispresentation will illustrate the role ofchemistry knowledge through thereview of recent developments instructure elucidation, toxicology,analysis and ecological studies.Recently discovered compoundsand their relevance to food safetywill be described, with particularfocus on derivatives of knownparent toxins. The impact of basicknowledge on the behaviour oftoxins in shellfish tissues on riskassessment and management willbe discussed at the example of arecent review of azaspiracids andother lipophilic toxins.The potential of novel liquidchromatographic techniques for thefast and cost-effective analysis ofshellfish toxins will be outlined at theexample of ultra-high pressure liquidchromatography. Recentdevelopments on tools for qualitycontrol, including standards andreference materials will bediscussed as well as results fromrecent proficiency testing exercises.Finally, the usefulness of chemicalanalysis to field studies will bediscussed at the example of thedistribution of lipophilic toxinsbetween the water column andshellfish during a toxic event inIreland in 2005.O.01-01On NtcA and Fur in microcystinproduction in Microcystisaeruginosa PCC 7806, and theirexpression under varyingnutrient regimesSession: O.01 - Toxin synthesisPresentation time: 11:00 - 11:20HR Root, BA NeilanUniversity of New South Wales, SYDNEY,AustraliaToxic cyanobacteria present aworldwide challenge of bloommanagement and prediction of toxicevents, involving toxins about whichthere is little understanding. Therole and function of the hepatotoxinmicrocystin in cyanobacteriacontinues to be under debate. Themode of transcriptional regulation ofmicrocystin, incorporating DNAbinding proteins was investigated.The nitrogen and iron dependenttranscription factors NtcA and Furwere identified from M. aeruginosaPCC 7806, over-expressed in E.coli, and utilised by mobility shiftassay to determine their bindingcharacteristics to the microcystinsynthetase gene cluster promoter,mcyA/D.M. aeruginosa PCC 7806 cultureswere grown under varying iron andnitrogen regimes in order to observethe expression of the transcriptionfactors NtcA and Fur over thegrowth cycle, utilising real-timePCR. This data was also comparedto the expression of the toxin geneMcyB over the same growth period,in addition to measurement ofculture toxicity.25

INTERNATIONAL SOCIETY FOR THE STUDY OF HARMFUL ALGAE12 th <strong>International</strong> <strong>Conference</strong> on Harmful Algae, Copenhagen, Denmark, 4-8 September 2006These studies suggested a role foriron and nitrogen in thetranscriptional control of microcystinsynthesis. By identifying theexpression characteristics of NtcAand Fur under varying nutrientregimes, a greater understanding ofthe link between nutrient levels inthe environment and microcystinproduction in the cyanobacteriapresent may be possible.O.01-02The role of transposition incyanobacterial toxin variationand distribution: implications fortoxic bloom monitoringSession: O.01 - Toxin synthesisPresentation time: 11:20 - 11:40AA Roberts, BA NeilanUniversity of New South Wales, SYDNEY,AustraliaMany cyanobacteria are capable ofproducing toxins such asmicrocystin and nodularin. Thesetoxins are produced via a multienzymecomplex which is encodedby a toxin gene cluster.Cyanobacterial toxicity is arbitrarilydistributed across species andgenera, as there are both toxic andnon toxic strains withinmorphologically identical species.The identification of putativetransposases downstream of everysequenced toxin gene clustersuggests the involvement oftransposition in the lateral genetransfer (LGT) of toxicity betweenspecies. This is significant in termsof bloom management as presentlynon-toxic strains could potentiallyacquire toxicity via LGT. The aim ofthis project was to use PCR andtranscriptional analysis to betterunderstand the mechanisms ofgenetic rearrangements anddistribution of toxicity incyanobacteria. Investigation ofregions flanking the Microcystisaeruginosa PCC7806 microcystingene cluster suggested thatrecombination events may haveoccurred. However, transcriptionalanalysis indicated that under normalculture conditions the putativetransposases associated with themicrocystin and nodularin geneclusters were not transcribed.Therefore cultures were exposed toUV light, nutrient stress and heatshock to determine conditions whichinduced transcription of thetransposases and thus may haveled to toxin gene clustermobilisation.O.01-03Genetic and physiologicalanalysis of a toxin gene cluster intwo freshwater cyanobacteria,Anabaena circinalis andCylindrospermopsis raciborskiiT3Session: O.01 - Toxin synthesisPresentation time: 11:40 - 12:00Rosalia Cavaliere, Ralf Kellmann,Francesco Pomati, Brett NeilanUniversity of Sydney, SYDNEY, AustraliaBlooms of cyanobacteria are acommon feature of many fresh andmarine water bodies world-wide,and have been observed throughouthistory. Infestation of cyanobacteriain sediment which are rich incalcium and phosphorus has beenreported. Cyanobacterial bloomsare often characterised by thepresence of various toxins.Saxitoxin and its analogues(paralytic shellfish toxins) are one ofthese groups, recognized as amajor health risk. Toxicity is highlyvariable and unpredictable and mayaffect water bodies that are used asa source of drinking water and for26

INTERNATIONAL SOCIETY FOR THE STUDY OF HARMFUL ALGAE12 th <strong>International</strong> <strong>Conference</strong> on Harmful Algae, Copenhagen, Denmark, 4-8 September 2006recreational purposes. In view ofthis there is a need to understandthe genetics and physiology thatcontrols the production of thesetoxins.Recently the molecular geneticbasis for the production of PSPtoxinshas been elucidated. Theaims of this work were thecharacterisation of the transcriptorganisation of the PSP-toxincluster in the cyanobacteriaAnabaena circinalis andCylindrospermopsis raciborskii andto study the effects of phosphorusdepletion on PSP-toxin geneexpression and toxin production.Depletion of phosphorus in themedia has been shown to increasethe toxin production indinoflagellates and cyanobacteria.The PSP-toxin cluster operon isbidirectionally transcribed from acentral promoter region containingseveral regulatory motifs.O.01-04Comparative study of theparalytic shellfish toxinproducingdinoflagellates,Alexandrium tamarense andGymnodinium catenatum, by 2-DE and mass spectrometrySession: O.01 - Toxin synthesisPresentation time: 12:00 - 12:20Ellen Chiu 1 , L Chan 2 , JD Gu 2HONG KONG, Hongkong2 The University of Hong Kong, POKULAM,HongkongSeveral genera of dinoflagellates,including Alexandrium,Gymnodinium and Pyrodinium, areknown to produce paralytic shellfishpoisoning toxins (PST). However,chemical intermediates and specificenzymes have not been identifiedand the full biosynthetic pathway forPST remains unresolved. In thisstudy, the proteomes of toxic andnon-toxic strains of Alexandriumtamarense were compared by twodimensionalgel electrophoresis (2-DE). Differentially expressedproteins found in the toxic strain butnot in the non-toxic strain arethought to be related to PSTproduction. Further validations ofthese proteins involved:(1) comparison with anotherphylogenetically distant toxicspecies, Gymnodinium catenatum,to eliminate those proteins notrelated to toxin production; and (2)determination of internal amino acidsequences by MALDI TOF-MS/MSspectra of the tryptic peptides ofproteins of interest. Results showedapproximately 400 commonproteins spots found in both toxicand non-toxic strains ofAlexandrium tamarense, and 150protein spots were unique to eachstrain. Preliminary results showedthe protein profile of Alexandriumtamarense was more complex thanGymnodinium catenatum. However,some common proteins wereidentified between the toxic strain ofAlexandrium tamarense andGymnodinium catenatum, which arecurrently investigated to elucidatetoxin biosynthesis. This studysuggests proteomics is a robusttechnique in protein differentiation.O.01-05Application of saxitoxinconjugatedaffinity gel for thedetection of macromoleculesinvolved in toxin dynamics inscallopsSession: O.01 - Toxin synthesisPresentation time: 12:20 - 12:40R Watanabe, K Nakaji, Y OshimaTohoku University, SENDAI, Japan27

INTERNATIONAL SOCIETY FOR THE STUDY OF HARMFUL ALGAE12 th <strong>International</strong> <strong>Conference</strong> on Harmful Algae, Copenhagen, Denmark, 4-8 September 2006It is highly possible thatmacromolecules are involved in thetransportation and the accumulationof saxitoxins in marine organisms.As an efficient tool to detect themacromolecules having affinity tosaxitoxins, we developed saxitoxinconjugatedaffinity gel. In thispaper, we report the 1st trial to testits efficiency using the extract ofscallop Patinopecten yessoensis.The mantle was chosen as thetarget organ because it retained thetoxins much longer than otherorgans.The affinity gel and a controlacetylated gel without toxin-ligandwere prepared according to thepreviously reported procedures.The extracts of toxic and non-toxicscallop samples were fractionatedwith two types of gel in spincolumnsand the retained proteinswere compared by SDS-PAGE.Several specific bands detected inthe samples were analyzed withpeptide-mass fingerprinting methodand identified by the search engineMS-Fit based on NBCInr. database.So far, tropomyosins were found ascandidate proteins. The actual toxinbinding properties and the role intoxin accumulation of them are nowunder investigation. Since theprocedure is simple and requiresonly short period, it will be aneffective tool as the first screeningfor saxitoxin-binding proteins.O.01-06Amphidinols and karlotoxins –brothers in arms part deux:structural similaritiesSession: O.01 - Toxin synthesisPresentation time: 12:40 - 13:00AR Place 1 , JE Adolf 1 , TR Bachvaroff 1 ,JE Peng 2 , MT Hamann 21 University of Maryland Biotechnology Ins,BALTIMORE, MARYLAND, United Statesof America2 University of Mississippi, UNIVERSITY,MS 38677, United States of AmericaAmphidinols have commonstructural features characterized by2 ether rings, 7 double bondsinvolving a conjugated triene and anexomethylene, a branching methyl,an olefinic methyl, and polyhydroxylgroups. We recently finished theplanar structure of karlotoxin-2(KmTx2) which was found to have amolecular formula ofC67H121ClO24. KmTx2 contained2 ether rings, 5 double bondsinvolving a conjugated diene andexomethylene, a branching methyl,and polyhydroxyl groups. Noolefinic methyl group was found. Asulphated derivative of KmTx2 (inthe hydrophilic segment) was alsoisolated and found to be significantlyless toxic. The determination of therelative and absolute configurationof the polyhydroxyl linear molecularof KmTx2 remains to be completedand will be reported in due course.Given these extensive structuralsimilarities the biological activities ofamphidinols and karlotoxins arealso remarkably similar. Both toxinsshow sterol dependent antifungal,cytotoxic and hemolytic activities inthe submicromolar range.Karlotoxins are also ichthyotoxic atconcentrations less than 0.2 µg/ml.Based on experimental datagathered from Karlodinium wehypothesize that both groups oftoxins have evolved to assist inpredator avoidance and preycapture for mixotrophic growth.28

INTERNATIONAL SOCIETY FOR THE STUDY OF HARMFUL ALGAE12 th <strong>International</strong> <strong>Conference</strong> on Harmful Algae, Copenhagen, Denmark, 4-8 September 2006O.02-01Utilization of DOM byPrymnesium parvum fromanthropogenic sources, detectedby stable isotopes, and effects oncell toxicitySession: O.02 - Ecophysiology 1Presentation time: 11:00 - 11:20E Lindehoff, E. GranéliUniversity of Kalmar, KALMAR, SwedenThe ichthyotoxic haptophytePrymnesium parvum is a knownphagotroph, however itsosmotrophic behaviour is practicallyunknown. After cultivating P.parvum cells under nitrogen andphosphorus sufficient and deficientconditions concentrates of highmolecular weight (>1kDa) dissolvedorganic matter (DOM) containing20µM of dissolved organic nitrogen(DON) were added to the cultures.We used DOM concentrate fromriverine, rainwater and sewageeffluent (P removed chemically).Cell toxicity was measured andpreliminary results showed thattoxicity decreased when DOM wasadded to nitrogen and phosphorusdeficient cultures. Delta 15-Nanalysis showed an uptake of DONfrom all DOM sources by nitrogendeficient P. parvum cells withdecreased values when rainwaterDOM was provided and increasedvalues with additions of DOM fromsewage and riverine waters. Uptakeof carbon from rainwater andsewage DOM concentrates wastraced in the nitrogen deficient P.parvum cells by decreasing delta13-C values. In this experiment weshow that P. parvum is able toutilize DON from three testedanthropogenic sources and that theassimilation rate and effect ontoxicity is dependent on the nutrientstatus of the cell.O.02-02Slimy threads, sneaky feeding,and other secrets of an invasiveraphidophyteSession: O.02 - Ecophysiology 1Presentation time: 11:20 - 11:40K Rengefors 1 , C Pålsson 1 , RIFigueroa 2 , L Hansson 11 Lund University, LUND, Sweden2 Instituto Español de Oceanografía, VIGO,SpainDuring the past decades, theinvasive and bloom-formingraphidophyte Gonyostomum semenhas been spreading to forest lakesthroughout Scandinavia. Theblooms have increased both infrequency and magnitude, andcause skin irritation to bathers aswell as clogging of pipes. However,very little is know aboutGonyostomum’s ecology and why itdominates in humic lakes.Suggested explanations have beenits ability to migrate vertically,resting cysts, ability to utilize humicsubstances, or resistance tograzing. We have investigated itslife cycle, as well as growth withprey and humic substances . Wefound that Gonyostomum canproduce both temporary cysts aswell as sexually produced restingcysts. Growth experiments showedthat both cell density and growthrate were highest whenGonyostomum was grown togetherwith the small alga Rhodomonas.Moreover, cells grown with humicacids grew better than controls, andgrowth rates were highest intreatments with highest humic acidcontent. Ingestion rate experimentsshowed that Rhodomonasdisappeared when exposed toGonyostomum. However, we foundno evidence of ingestion. Wesuggest that Gonyostomum is29

INTERNATIONAL SOCIETY FOR THE STUDY OF HARMFUL ALGAE12 th <strong>International</strong> <strong>Conference</strong> on Harmful Algae, Copenhagen, Denmark, 4-8 September 2006mixotrophic, and that this abilitytogether with grazer resistance,may in part explain its competitiveadvantage.O.02-03Growth and survival ofDinophysis acuminata, aphototrophic marinedinoflagellate causing diarrheticshellfish poisoningSession: O.02 - Ecophysiology 1Presentation time: 11:40 - 12:00W Yih 1 , S Kim 1 , G Myung 1 , YG Kang 1 ,HS Kim 2 , MG Park 31 Kunsan National University, KUNSAN,South Korea2 Ministry of Maritime Affairs & Fisheries,KUNSAN, South Korea3 Chonnam National University, GWANGJU,South KoreaMany scientists have attempted tocultivate dinoflagellate Dinophysisspecies using various culture mediaand potential prey organismswithout any reported success. Toinvestigate the growth of Dinophysisspecies, we isolated D. acuminatacells from seawater samplescollected at Masan Bay, Korea andincubated the isolate under growthconditions (60 µmol m -2 s -1 , L/Dcycle of 14:10) supplying potentialprey species including Teleaulaxsp., a cryptophyte. Further, to knowthe effect of starvation on growth ofD. acuminata, we incubated theculture in the absence of preyorganisms under the light:dark cycleas well as continuous darkcondition, and monitored cellabundance of D. acuminata overtimes. In this study, quantitativeimportance of potential preyorganism for the growth andsurvival of D. acuminata will bediscussed.O.02-04Broad predator-prey relationshipamong the mixotrophic red-tidedinoflagellatesSession: O.02 - Ecophysiology 1Presentation time: 12:00 - 12:20HJ Jeong 1 , YD Yoo 1 , NS Kang 1 , JYSong 2 , TH Kim 2 , WH Yih 2 , JY Park 11 Seoul National University, SEOUL, SouthKorea2 Kunsan National University, KUNSAN,South KoreaWe investigated predator-preyrelationship among phototrophicred-tide dinoflagellates. There arebroad predator and preyrelationships among red-tidedinoflagellates (Akashiwosanguinea, Alexandrium tamarense,Amphidinium carterae,Gymnodinium catenatum, G.impudicum, Heterocapsa triquetra,Lingulodinium polyedrum,Prorocentrum donghaiense, P.micans, P. minimum, P. triestinum,and Scrippsiella trochoidea).Akashiwo sanguinea and L.polyedrum were able to ingest thesmall red-tide dinoflagellates P.minimum, H. triquetra, S.trochoidea, and A. tamarense.Maximum specific growth rates of L.polyedrum on P. minimum and S.trochoidea were 0.254 and 0.303 d -1 , respectively, under a 14:10 hlight-dark cycle of 50 µmol m -2 s -1 ,while their growth rates withoutadded prey were 0.157 and 0.182 d -1 , respectively. Maximum ingestionrates of L. polyedrum on S.trochoidea and P. minimum were0.20-0.36 ngC grazer -1 d -1 . Thecalculated grazing coefficients of L.polyedrum on small Prorocentrumspp. and S. trochoidea were up to0.026 and 0.011 h -1 , respectively.The results of the present studysuggest that L. polyedrumsometimes have a potentially30

INTERNATIONAL SOCIETY FOR THE STUDY OF HARMFUL ALGAE12 th <strong>International</strong> <strong>Conference</strong> on Harmful Algae, Copenhagen, Denmark, 4-8 September 2006considerable grazing impact onpopulations of small Prorocentrumspp. and S. trochoidea. The feedingby larger red-tide dinoflagellates onsmaller red-tide dinoflagellates maybe a driving force for succession ofdominant species during serial redtides.O.02-05Distribution and ecology of toxicand non-toxic strains ofMicrocystis populations in NorthAmerican lakesSession: O.02 - Ecophysiology 1Presentation time: 12:20 - 12:40CJ Gobler 1 , DL Berry 1 , TW Davis 1 , GLBoyer 2 , SW Wilhelm 31 Stony Brook University, SOUTHAMPTON,United States of America2 SUNY College of Environmental Science,SYRACUSE, United States of America3 University of Tennessee, KNOXVILLE,United States of AmericaHarmful algal blooms oftencomprises toxic and non-toxicstrains of the same phytoplanktonspecies, which cannot bedifferentiated microscopically. Theidentification of the operonresponsible for the synthesis ofmicrocystin (microcystin synthetasegenes, mcyA-E) has allowed for thequantification of toxicsubpopulations of cyanobacteriawithin mixed field populations. Wequantified the densities of toxic andnon-toxic Microcystis populations inwestern Lake Erie, USA, during thesummer of 2005 using the 16S andmcyD genes in a quantitative PCRformat. While total Microcystis celldensities ranged from 10 3 to 10 5cells/ml, toxic cells with the mcyDgene were typically only fraction ofthis population (1 – 55%). Thehighest levels of microcystin(0.5μg/L) were found in regions withthe highest densities of toxic cells,suggesting sub-populationdynamics may influence ecosystemtoxicity. Experimental incubationsindicated that inorganic nutrientenrichment (both nitrate andphosphate) was capable ofsignificantly enhancing total algalbiomass and non-toxic Microcystiscell densities but did not significantlyalter toxic cell densities, suggestinginorganic nitrogen and phosphorusmay not directly stimulate bloomtoxicity. The effects ofenvironmental factors on thedynamics of toxic and non-toxicstrains of Microcystis from otherNorth American lakes will also bepresented.O.02-06Dinoflagellate and raphidophyteblooms and the 15°C barrierSession: O.02 - Ecophysiology 1Presentation time: 12:40 - 13:00TJ SmaydaGraduate School Oceanography,KINGSTON, RI, United States of AmericaExperimental data on thetemperature-cell divisionrelationships are analyzed for ca. 30dinoflagellate and raphidophytespecies representative of varioustoxicity modes, bloom patterns andLife-form Types recognized bySmayda and Reynolds (2001). A 15°C barrier to bloom development ofmajor, harmful flagellates, with twodistinct groups separated by this'bloom threshold' temperature, isevident. Temperatures below ornear 15 °C suppress cellular growthof the raphidophytes and almost alltoxic dinoflagellates examined, theiroptimal growth temperatures usually• 20 °C. Dinoflagellates inhibited at •15 °C cluster in Life-form TypesIV,V, VI. Dinoflagellate speciescapable of cell division below 15 °C,31

INTERNATIONAL SOCIETY FOR THE STUDY OF HARMFUL ALGAE12 th <strong>International</strong> <strong>Conference</strong> on Harmful Algae, Copenhagen, Denmark, 4-8 September 2006and which often bloom close to thistemperature, are primarily Life-formTypes I, II, III. Such 'cold watertolerant' species tend to be nontoxicor, if toxic, ichthyotoxic.Alexandrium tamarense is aconspicuous transitional specieswhich bridges the 15 °C barrier.Some ecological consequences ofthe 15 °C barrier and the effect oftemperature on motility areconsidered, including the corollarythat temperature, not biophysics orecology, generally constrainsflagellate blooms to periods whenstratified waters prevail.PL.02The public policy of harmful algalbloomsSession: PL..02 - Plenary IIPresentation time: 14:15 - 14:50Porter HoaglandWoods Hole Oceanographic Institution,WOODS HOLE, United States of AmericaHarmful algal blooms (HABs) arenatural hazards that have beenrecognized as threats to humanhealth and welfare worldwide.Arguments have been made in thescientific literature that HABs havebecome more widespread, even ashuman coastal populations continueto expand, suggesting that thepotential for adverse impacts isintensifying. In the face of suchthreats, national and localgovernments must make decisionsabout potential policy responses.These decisions must beundertaken subject to significantbudget constraints and in thecontext of the need to respond tothreats from other types of naturaland human hazards. Economicanalysis may be useful in assistingdecision-makers in their choice ofthe most appropriate policyresponse to any specific HAB event.All too often, however, a looseaccounting of potential financiallosses due to HABs is usedinappropriately to argue for the needfor specific policy responses. Idiscuss the problems with theseapproaches, and outline methodsfor compiling and undertakinganalyses of the data that can behelpful in making rational decisionsabout policy responses to HABs. Iconclude with the observation thatthere is a need for a closercollaboration between HABsscientists and marine resourceeconomists in this field.O.03-01Dietary uptake of dinoflagellatederivedsaxitoxins in non-toxicpuffer-fish: implications forglobal seafood safetySession: O.03 - Public HealthPresentation time: 14:55 - 15:15JR Deeds 1 , SM Etheridge 1 , CGieseker 1 , CS Cheely 1 , RReimschuessel 1 , JP Abbott 2 , KKawabata 2 , JH Landsberg 2 , S Hall 11 US Food and Drug Administration,LAUREL, MARYLAND, United States ofAmerica2 Fish and Wildlife Research Institute, ST.PETERSBURG, FLORIDA, United Statesof AmericaBetween 2002-2004, 28 fishpoisoning cases were caused bythe consumption of southern pufferfish(Sphoeroides nephelus), fromthe Indian River Lagoon (IRL),Florida, USA. Saxitoxin, nottetrodotoxin, was reported fromunconsumed filets after the firstcases. Pyrodinium bahamense isnow considered the putative toxinsource. In contrast to reports fortetrodotoxic fish, southern puffermuscle contained high levels oftoxin (up to 5000 µg STX/100 g)32

INTERNATIONAL SOCIETY FOR THE STUDY OF HARMFUL ALGAE12 th <strong>International</strong> <strong>Conference</strong> on Harmful Algae, Copenhagen, Denmark, 4-8 September 2006with little to no toxin in liver. Wehave shown that non-toxic northernpuffer-fish (S. maculatus)accumulate saxitoxins fromnaturally and artificiallycontaminated feed in the sametissue distribution pattern as foundin toxic IRL southern puffer-fish.We have further demonstrated thatnorthern puffer-fish accumulatedietary tetrodotoxin in skinepidermal sacciform cells asdescribed for naturally tetrodotoxicTetraodon sp. The toxicity ofcertain puffer-fish species has beenwell known for thousands of years.Globally, deaths continue to occurdue to the consumption of variouspuffer species, even in Japan wherestrict regulations exist. But not allpuffer species are toxic. In the US,northern puffer-fish were harvestedcommercially for decades. Severalpuffer-fish species possess theability to accumulate dietarysaxitoxin as well as tetrodotoxin,which has implications for seafoodsafety world-wide.O.03-02Human dimensions researchneeds for HAB mitigation: aWashington coast exampleSession: O.03 - Public HealthPresentation time: 15:15 - 15:55M Bauer 1 , DL Ayres 21 NOAA, SILVER SPRING, United States ofAmerica2 WA State Dept. of Fish & Wildlife,MONTESANO, WA, 98563, United Statesof AmericaHuman impacts of HABs includeillness and mortality, lost revenueand jobs, and disruption ofsubsistence and cultural practices.Preventing and mitigating impactsrequires human dimensions (HD)research, e.g., to guide riskcommunication, identify susceptiblepopulations, assess socioeconomicimpacts, improve diseasesurveillance, and coordinateagencies and stakeholders. A newreport based on the US NationalHAB plan and led by NOAA’sNational Centers for Coastal OceanScience, Harmful Algal Researchand Response: a HumanDimensions Strategy (HARR-HD),charts a course to achieve theseand other priorities. We describethe interdisciplinary and multiagencyprocess for developingHARR-HD, illustrate HD researchneeds through case stud(ies), andset the stage for open discussion ofHD efforts and lessons learnedacross agencies/nations. A casestudy will focus on the US PacificCoast. Governmental closures,necessary to protect public health,can cause an annual loss of up to400,000 razor clam-digging trips,effectively disrupting therecreational traditions of tens ofthousands, diminishing thecollective identity of communities,causing roughly $10 million in lostannual income, and degrading thefragile trust between regulated andregulating communities.Washington Department of Fish andWildlife is a key partner indeveloping HARR-HD.O.03-03A 5-day follow-up study afterexposure to Karenia brevis toxicaerosolsSession: O.03 - Public HealthPresentation time: 15:55 - 16:15B Kirkpatrick 1 , JA Bean 2 , LE Fleming 3 ,A Reich 4 , R Akers 2 , LC Backer 5 , DDalpra 1 , R Pierce 1 , M Henry 1 , DGBaden 61 Mote Marine Laboratory, SARASOTA,United States of America33

INTERNATIONAL SOCIETY FOR THE STUDY OF HARMFUL ALGAE12 th <strong>International</strong> <strong>Conference</strong> on Harmful Algae, Copenhagen, Denmark, 4-8 September 20062 Children's Hospital Medical Center,CINCINNATI, United States of America3 University of Miami, RSMAS, MIAMI,United States of America4 Florida Department of Health,TALLAHASSEE, United States of America5 Center for Disease Control, ATLANTA,United States of America6 UNCW Marine Science, WILMINGTON,United States of AmericaBlooms of the toxic dinoflagellate,Karenia brevis, occur annuallyaround the Gulf of Mexico. Aunique feature of this organism isthe incorporation of the toxins intothe marine aerosol. Animals,including humans, then inhale thetoxins which cause respiratoryirritation. Recent studies havedemonstrated acute changes inboth symptoms and spirometry inasthmatics after a 1-h exposure tothese toxic aerosols. This studyinvestigated if there were latent orsustained effects after the initialbeach exposure during and notduring a documented Florida redtide. Asthmatics who participated inthe 1-h exposure study were askedto keep a symptom diary and tomeasure their peak flow daily for 5days after exposure. Environmentalair samplers were placed on aninland transect line to documentcontinuing toxic marine aerosols.Although there was no statisticalchange in the peak flowmeasurements over the 5 days,when the number of symptomswere scored, a significant increasein symptoms occurred over the 5-day exposure period compared tothe non exposure period. Thesefindings suggest that asthmaticsexposed to K. brevis aerosols maycontinue to have symptoms lastinglong after their initial beachexposure to the Florida red tidetoxin aerosols.O.04-01Exopolymeric secretions inHABs: how flow, diffusion andbioengineering depends onlengthscaleSession: O.04 - Ecophysiology 2Presentation time: 14:55 - 15:15IR Jenkinson 1 , T Wyatt 21 Agency for Consult Research Oceanogr,LA ROCHE CANILLAC, France2 CSIC, Instituto de Ciencias Marinas,VIGO, SpainWe all have intimate experience ofexopolymeric secretions (EPSs),and other mixtures of biomaterials,like faeces or food. Such materialsare neither solids nor liquids, andtheir study is called Rheology.Some HABs use EPSs to gel thewater and engineer theirenvironment at lengthscales (LSs)£1µm to ~1m, trapping bubbles,producing 'jelly' colonies, etc.Marine snow (LSs ~1mm) andAdriatic aggregates (LS ~1m) arealso gels. The viscosity ŋ of suchstructures is many times higher thanthat of pure seawater at the shearrates concerned, but it changes withshear rate, γ. ŋ is (usually) positivelyrelated to chlorophyll aconcentration (chl), confirming itsalgal origin. Homeowners know thatfor a given head of water andconcentration of the biomixture,sewage, narrow sewer pipes clogmore readily than wide ones. Yetonly recently have general modelsbeen validated, that incorporate LSin flows of heterogeneous materials.In sewage sludge flowing in tubes, ŋgets bigger with smaller tubediameter (and smaller γ). We willpresent the basis of rheology, andalso new insights into how to treatrheology as a function oflengthscale [f(LS)] in heterogeneousmaterials. Next we will show how34

INTERNATIONAL SOCIETY FOR THE STUDY OF HARMFUL ALGAE12 th <strong>International</strong> <strong>Conference</strong> on Harmful Algae, Copenhagen, Denmark, 4-8 September 2006f(LS) can help show howbioengineering affects flow anddiffusion in HABs, particularly atsmall scales.O.04-02Do variations in pH and carbonlevels affect the growth ofpotentially toxic diatoms?Session: O.04 - Ecophysiology 2Presentation time: 15:15 - 15:35Nina Lundholm 1 , Yuichi Kotaki 21 University of Copenhagen,COPENHAGEN, Denmark2 Kitasato University School of Fisheries,IWATE, JapanPH level and concentration ofinorganic carbon has been found tovary in coastal marine areas. Theeffects of these variations oncoastal diatoms are poorly known.We hence examined the effects ofvariations in inorganic carbonconcentrations and pH on costalbloom forming diatoms like thepotentially toxic species Pseudonitzschiamultiseries and Nitzschianavis-varingica at conditions wherenutrients were not limiting growth.The diatoms were studied usingsemicontinous experimental set-upsat stable pH and carbon levels or asbatch culture experiments where pHand carbon was allowed to drift. Forall diatoms, the main factor limitinggrowth was found to be pH, causedby levels of pH that one can expectto find in the field. For N. navisvaringicaour studies did not supportan effect of inorganic carbonconcentrations on growth. For P.multiseries, however, inorganiccarbon may be limiting growth inproductive brackish waters, wherepH levels are high and carbonconcentrations low.O.04-03Examination of the relevance ofmicropredatory dinoflagellates toichthyotoxicity in the naturalenvironmentSession: O.04 - Ecophysiology 2Presentation time: 15:35 - 15:55VJ Lovko, WK VogelbeinVirginia Institute of Marine Science,GLOUCESTER POINT, United States ofAmericaSpecies of the dinoflagellate familyPfiesteriaceae have beendemonstrated to feedmyzocytotically on the tissues of livefish, resulting in severe epidermalerosion and death. This process ofmicropredation has been identifiedas the primary causativemechanism of fish mortality inlaboratory bioassays withPseudopfiesteria shumwayae andPfiesteria piscicida, speciespreviously thought to produce apotent ichthyotoxin. However, therelevance of this behaviour in thenatural environment has not beenexamined. Here, we describe theresults of studies aimed atdetermining the role, if any, thatmicropredatory dinoflagellates havein ichthyocidal activity in the naturalenvironment. It has been suggestedthat loss of or damage to theepidermis of fish results inincreased risk of exposure to otherpathogenic agents, including toxinsand secondary microbial infections.To examine this potentialrelationship, we exposed fish to ahighly micropredatory strain ofPseudofiesteria shumwayae (CCMP2089) followed by subsequentexposure to various algal toxins(including whole-cell Karlodiniumveneficum cultures, K. veneficumlysate, and purified or partiallypurified phycotoxins, includingsaxitoxin, domoic acid and35

INTERNATIONAL SOCIETY FOR THE STUDY OF HARMFUL ALGAE12 th <strong>International</strong> <strong>Conference</strong> on Harmful Algae, Copenhagen, Denmark, 4-8 September 2006brevetoxin) or microbial pathogens(Vibrio sp., Aphanomycesinvadans). Preliminary resultsindicate that sub-lethal exposure tomicropredatory dinoflagellates cansignificantly increase susceptibilityto secondary pathogenic agents.O.04-04Linking organic nutrients to HABbloom dynamics: ELF as a toolfor monitoring enzyme activitiesin cultures and field populations.Session: O.04 - Ecophysiology 2Presentation time: 15:55 - 16:15ST Haley, ED Orchard, A Strojsova, STDyhrmanWoods Hole Oceanographic Institution,WOODS HOLE, United States of AmericaThe dynamics of harmful algalblooms (HAB) can be dramaticallyinfluenced by nutrient supply, and itis widely accepted that both thequantity and quality of the nutrientpool can impact HAB formation,persistence, and decline. Dissolvedorganic forms of nitrogen andphosphorus comprise a nutrientpool that is often not readilybioavailable to phytoplanktonwithout enzymatic hydrolysis toinorganic forms. One way ofassessing nutrient availability, andperhaps enabling greaterunderstanding of the cues whichallow HAB to form, is to use cellspecificenzyme assays to monitorcellular physiology. Recentadvances, such as enzyme labeledfluorescence (ELF), now allow us tospecifically monitor the enzymeactivities associated with harmfulspecies in complex communities.We have screened a series ofcultures and field samples foralkaline phosphatase and N-acetylglucosaminidase activity usingELF to assess the presence ofthese activities and the extent towhich they are nutrient-regulated.In the case of the dinoflagellateKarenia brevis, greater than 80% ofthe cells in samples from the Floridacoast had alkaline phosphataseactivity. These data and ourongoing sampling underscore theimportance of the organic nutrientpool to HAB dynamics.PL.03Top-down bottom-up control ofHAB dynamicsSession: PL..03 - Plenary IIIPresentation time: 08:30 - 09:05Edna GranéliKalmar University, KALMAR, SwedenThe systematic overexploitation ofmarine resources through fishinghas led to changes at the top of thefood chains. These changes havecascaded down the food chains.From lakes it has been known sincearound 1980 that a reduction in thenumber and size of larger,piscivorous (predators on smallerfishes) diminish, leads to anincrease in the biomass of smaller,planktivorous fishes. This, in turn,leads to a higher predation pressureon larger zooplankton and as aconsequence the grazing pressureon phytoplankton will decrease.This mechanism is especially strongin nutrient-rich waters. Thus, overfishingand eutrophication may worksynergistically to increasephytoplankton biomass. HABspecies, in addition, have theadvantage over other phytoplanktongroups in being -to a variableextent - grazing-resistant by beingunpalatable (from the production oftoxins and/ or through bodyshape/size). Diminished grazing incombination with increasingamounts of nutrients may thusselect for HAB species. I argue that36

INTERNATIONAL SOCIETY FOR THE STUDY OF HARMFUL ALGAE12 th <strong>International</strong> <strong>Conference</strong> on Harmful Algae, Copenhagen, Denmark, 4-8 September 2006changes caused by overfishing candiminish grazing, directly affectingthose HAB species positively thatare not totally grazer resistant, whileincreased nutrient availability(through eutrophication) will divertnutrients from grazing-sensitive tograzer- resistant (HAB)phytoplankton species.O.05-01Discrimination and dynamics ofnaturally occurring mixedAlexandrium populations usingrRNA targeted fluorescentoligonucleotide probesSession: O.05 - Population dynamics 1Presentation time: 09:10 - 09:30N Touzet, R RaineNational University of Ireland Galway,GALWAY, IrelandField investigations in Cork Harbour,Ireland have revealed a mixedpopulation of Alexandriumcomprising a non-toxic form of A.tamarense (West Europeanribotype) and a PSP toxin-producingA. minutum (Global Clade). Thelatter species is now confirmed asthe causative organism responsiblefor historical occurrences of PSPcontamination of shellfish in thearea. The morphological similaritybetween these species has madecomparative dynamics studiesdifficult when using conventionalmethodologies. This problem iscompounded by the requirement tounderstand the processes involvedin lifecycle transitions in order todetermine the mechanisms thatgovern the initiation and terminationphases of blooms. Here we reportthe use of LSU rRNA targeted taxaspecificfluorescent oligonucleotideprobes for studies on comparativebloom dynamics of these twospecies within the same estuary. Inaddition, particular emphasis isgiven to the potential of FISHprobes as a tool for thedifferentiation between vegetativecells and advanced stageplanozygotes. Morphologicalobservations carried out with bothculture and field material arereported.O.05-02Artificial neural networkapproaches to one-step weeklyprediction of Dinophysisacuminata blooms in Huelva(Western Andalucia, Spain)Session: O.05 - Population dynamics 1Presentation time: 09:30 - 09:50L Velo 1 , JC Gutiérrez-Estrada 21 Instituto Español de Oceanografía, VIGO,Spain2 Universidad de Huelva, HUELVA, SpainThe Atlantic coasts of Andalucia areaffected by chronic spring-summer(March to June) Diarrhetic ShellfishPoisoning (DSP) outbreaksassociated with proliferations ofDinophysis acuminata Claparèdeand Lachmann. Artificial NeuralNetworks (ANN) have beensuccessfully used to model primaryproduction and has recently beentested for the prediction of harmfulalgae blooms. In this study, weevaluated the performance of feedforward ANN models trained topredict Dinophysis acuminataproliferations. ANN models weretrained and tested using weeklydata (five previous weeks) of D.acuminata cell counts from 8stations of the Andalusian HABmonitoring programme in the coastsof Huelva between 1998 and 2004.Principal Component Analyses(PCA) were previously carried out tofind out possible similarities withintime series from each zone with theaim to reduce the number of areas37

INTERNATIONAL SOCIETY FOR THE STUDY OF HARMFUL ALGAE12 th <strong>International</strong> <strong>Conference</strong> on Harmful Algae, Copenhagen, Denmark, 4-8 September 2006to model, and further the number ofsampling stations. Our results showthat ANN models, with a lownumber of input variables, are ableto reproduce trends in D. acuminatapopulation dynamics.O.05-03Temporal changes inmicrocystin-producing and nonmicrocystin-producingMicrocystis populations of aJapanese LakeSession: O.05 - Population dynamics 1Presentation time: 09:50 - 10:10Mitsuhiro YoshidaFukui Prefectural University, OBAMA,JapanTemporal changes in hepatotoxinmicrocystin-producing and nonmicrocystin-producingMicrocystisaeruginosa populations wereexamined in Lake Mikata, Japan. Tomonitor densities of the total M.aeruginosa population andpotentially microcystin-producingcells, we used quantitative real-timePCR assays targeting thephycocyanin intergenic spacer (PC-IGS) and the microcystin synthetasegene (mcyA), respectively. Duringthe sampling period, the ratios ofcell numbers of mcyA genotypes tothe total M. aeruginosa variedconsiderably with the range from0.005 to 0.35. When surface nitrateconcentrations increaseddramatically, there was an apparentrise in cell number ratios of mcyAgenotypes. As an alternativeapproach, the 16S-23S rDNAinternal transcribed spacer (16S-23S ITS) genotyping was employedfor the identification of potentiallymicrocystin-producing and nonmicrocystin-producinggenotypes innatural communities. Thephylogenetically closely related butdistinct microcystin genotypes werefound between different sampleswhen ratios of cell numbers of mcygenotypes were relatively high.Thus, our data suggest that multipleecotypes, which are adapted toecological parameters, mightcoexist within the M. aeruginosacommunity.O.05-04Vertical migration: an keystrategy for the ecologicalsuccess of the toxicdinoflagellate Gymnodiniumcatenatum in south eastTasmania, AustraliaSession: O.05 - Population dynamics 1Presentation time: 10:10 - 10:30SIE Blackburn 1 , K Wild-Allen 1 , MADoblin 2 , PA Armstrong 3 , CJ Bolch 4 , PAThompson 1 , GM Hallegraeff 41 CSIRO, HOBART, Australia2 University of Technology, SYDNEY,Australia3 University of Tasmania, Aquafin CRC,LAUNCESTON, Australia4 University of Tasmania, LAUNCESTON,AustraliaThe toxic dinoflagellateGymnodinium catenatum hasformed recurrent blooms in theHuon Estuary, south east Tasmaniasince the mid 1980s. The estuary ischaracterised by humic-ladensurface river flow and micro-tidalsalt wedge estuarine circulation. Adistinctive feature of the blooms isdiurnal vertical migration (DVM), upto 20 metres of the water column.Laboratory studies using verticallystratified columns demonstrate thatDVM facilitates nutrient retrieval atdepth. In addition, G. catenatumgrows equally well on nitrate,ammonium or urea and, in the field,G. catenatum utilises whichever ofthese nitrogen sources are availableduring DVM. This indicates an38

INTERNATIONAL SOCIETY FOR THE STUDY OF HARMFUL ALGAE12 th <strong>International</strong> <strong>Conference</strong> on Harmful Algae, Copenhagen, Denmark, 4-8 September 2006advantage for G. catenatum in itsability to access a continuoussupply of nitrogen through verticalmigration. A 3D-coupledhydrodynamic-ecological modellingstudy demonstrates that theinteraction of DVM with theestuarine circulation provides aphysical mechanism for theretention and accumulation of thespecies in the estuary. Thesecombined laboratory, field andmodelling approaches demonstratethat vertical migration is a keystrategy for the ecological successof G. catenatum in south eastTasmania.O.06-01Early life exposure to domoicacid leads to ‘silent’ neurologicalmanifestaions in juveniles andadultsSession: O.06 - Toxicology 1Presentation time: 09:10 - 09:30JS Ramsdell 1 , JA Tiedeken 1 , ED Levin 21 NOAA-National Ocean Service,CHARLESTON, United States of America2 Duke University, DURHAM, United Statesof AmericaDomoic acid is a rigid analog of theexcitatory amino acid glutamateproduced by the diatom genusPseudo-nitzschia, and a wellcharacterizedneurotoxin in adultanimals. However, the impact ofdomoic acid exposure early indevelopment is by comparisonpoorly understood. Toxicityoccurring during development oftentakes on a different set ofparameters, because effects ondevelopmental processes cancause 'silent' changes that result inincreased susceptibility toneurological disorders later in thelife span. We will present recentfindings how in utero domoic acidexposure in rats leads to 'silent'neurologic manifestations in juvenileand adult offspring. Thesemanifestations take the form ofaltered performance in learning andmemory tasks as well as diminishedcognitive reserve as evident inresponse to drugs. In parallel, wewill present a model that useszebrafish (Danio rerio) as analternative species to complementour developmental studies in rat.Zebrafish embryos microinjectedwith domoic into the yolk sac displaytypical domoic acid symptoms ofseizures and stereotypic behaviorsin rats. The zebrafish model is nowbeing used to characterizesusceptibility of domoic acidexposedembryos to seizurecausingdrugs later in life toevaluate how domoic may cause'silent' effects that predispose adultsto neurological disorders.O.06-02The fate of dissolved domoic andokadaic acid in presence ofbacteria, copepod faecal pelletsand mussel faecal matterSession: O.06 - Toxicology 1Presentation time: 09:30 - 09:50JA Hagström, E GranéliUniversity of Kalmar, KALMAR, SwedenIn this work, we examined some ofthe biotic factors that could beinvolved in degradation of the toxinsdomoic acid (DA) and okadaic acid(OA) during decay of toxic algalcells. Toxin standard in surfaceseawater was incubated during 69days with: 1) natural bacterialabundance from a known bloom siteof toxigenic Pseudo-nitzschia spp.or Dinophysis spp., 2) 4-foldconcentration of natural bacterialabundance, 3) copepod faecalpellets and 4) mussel faeces andpseudo-faeces. Degradation ratesof dissolved DA in the two bacterial39

INTERNATIONAL SOCIETY FOR THE STUDY OF HARMFUL ALGAE12 th <strong>International</strong> <strong>Conference</strong> on Harmful Algae, Copenhagen, Denmark, 4-8 September 2006treatments were 2.2% and 3.6%day -1 , respectively. Copepod faecalpellets had no effect on DA whereasdegradation was as high as 50%day -1 in the mussel faecal mattertreatment. Degradation of OA wasonly found with 4-fold bacteriaabundance and at low rate (0.9%day -1 ). Even after 69 daysexposition to copepod and musselsfaecal matter did not result in OAdegradation. Therefore, OA is amuch more resistant toxin than DA.As the data suggests that somebacteria and digestive enzymesaggregated within mussel faecalmatter shorten the degradation timeof DA, degradation of OA inpresence of other shellfish speciesfaecal matter should be studied.O.06-03Ostreopsis siamensis andpalytoxin-related compounds inNew Zealand: a risk to humanhealth?Session: O.06 - Toxicology 1Presentation time: 09:50 - 10:10LL Rhodes 1 , R Munday 2 , LR Briggs 2 ,PT Holland 1 , CO Miles 2 , J Loader 2 , DJensen 2 , J Cooney 21 Cawthron, NELSON, New Zealand2 AgResearch, HAMILTON, New ZealandOstreopsis siamensis occurs in NewZealand’s sub-tropical waters andproduces potent novel toxins withsome characteristics of palytoxin.Summer blooms of O. siamensishave been linked to massiveseaweed diebacks and to seaurchin (Evechinus chloroticus)mortalities in the far north of NewZealand over the last few years.Optimisation of growth of O.siamensis in vitro, using 30 litrecapacity plastic bags heldhorizontally in light and temperaturecontrolled tanks, has allowed massproduction of the micro-alga forpartial chemical characterisation ofthe toxic compound. Fractionationof the active extracts was guided bya haemolytic neutralisation assay(HNA) for palytoxin. Larvalbioassays using sea urchins andGreenshell musselsTM (Pernacanaliculus) indicated toxicity andextensive acute toxicological studiesusing small mammals confirmedtoxicity by intraperitoneal injection.The assays, including comparativeHNA results, indicate that the novelcompound has an equivalenttoxicity to palytoxin itself. O.siamensis cells were fedincrementally (46 x106 cells overthree days) to shellfish and seaurchins in order to simulate bloomconcentrations and to determine therisk to humans of seafoodcontamination. Results (HNA) wereGreenshell mussels (wholeshellfish), 14.5 µg/kg; scallops(minus hepatopancreas; Pectennovaezealandiae), 7.7 µg/kg; seaurchins, 1.2 µg/kg.O.06-04Effects of algal-producedneurotoxins on brain activity inatlantic salmon (Salmo salar)Session: O.06 - Toxicology 1Presentation time: 10:10 - 10:30Marit Bakke, TE HorsbergNorges Veterinærhøgskole, OSLO, NorwayIn addition to being lethal at highconcentrations, toxins releasedduring harmful algae blooms mayhave implications for fish also insublethal concentrations. Thecellular mechanisms of the toxinsused in this study are welldescribed, however, little is knownabout the effects on the centralnervous system in fish. This studyaimed to look for changes in40

INTERNATIONAL SOCIETY FOR THE STUDY OF HARMFUL ALGAE12 th <strong>International</strong> <strong>Conference</strong> on Harmful Algae, Copenhagen, Denmark, 4-8 September 2006metabolic activity in different partsof the brain of Atlantic salmon afterexposure to sublethal doses ofthree different neurotoxins.Seawater adapted postsmolts (93.4g ± 1.9 g) were randomly selectedto four groups for i.p. injection ofsaline (control) or one of theneurotoxins saxitoxin (10 µg STX/kgbw), brevetoxin (68 µg BTX/kg bw)or domoic acid (6 mg DA/kg bw).After 30 minutes, 14Cdeoxyglucose(200 µCi/kg bw) wasinjected i.m., and the fish weresacrificed after an additional 30minutes whereupon the head wasinstantly frozen in liquid propane.Sections of the brain (20 µm) weresubjected to autoradiographicalexamination and theautoradiograms were analyzeddigitally. Preliminary results suggestthat all studied neurotoxins have aneffect on the metabolic activity invarious parts of the brain. Possibleimplications of the findings will bediscussed.O.07-01Development of simple and rapidassays for diarrhetic shellfishtoxins and yessotoxins based onenzyme inhibition and ELISASession: O.07 - Toxin analysis 1Presentation time: 11:00 - 11:20R Sekiguchi 1 , M Suzuki 1 , N Takahashi 1 ,M Yamamoto 1 , M Watai 1 , T Suzuki 2 , TYasumoto 11 Japan Food Research Laboratories,TAMA-SHI, TOKYO, Japan2 Tohoku National Fisheries Research Insti,SHIOGAMA, MIYAGI, JapanIn an ongoing project to developscreening methods suitable for onsiteuse, we evaluated theperformance of our PP2A inhibitionassay kits developed by using acatalytic subunit of PP2A fromwhelks. More than 500 samples ofscallops and mussels were assayedand the resultant OA contentsshowed a good correlation(R2=0.9797) those obtained by LC-MS analysis. Next, we prepared aprototype microplate assay kit forYTXs using polyclonal anti-YTXantibodies. After optimizing theassay conditions, we assayed morethan 500 samples and comparedthe results with thoset of LC-MS. Agood linearity was observedbetween the ELISA and LC-MSresults (R2=0.740). However, thevalues obtained by ELISA were 8times higher than those calculatedby LC-MS for YTX, indicating ahigher cross-reactivity of 45-OH-YTX and other analogs against theantibody. Nevertheless, the goodlinearity observed between the twoassays pointed to the usefulness ofthe ELISA assay as an on-sitescreening method for YTXs.O.07-02Comparison of the accumulationof lipophilic marine biotoxins inpassive samplers, transplantedmussels and indigenous musselson the Irish coastSession: O.07 - Toxin analysis 1Presentation time: 11:20 - 11:40EE Fux, R Bire, P HessMarine Institute, ORANMORE, IrelandThe use of polymeric resin aspassive sampling for an earlywarning system was recentlypublished and referred to as SolidPhase Adsorption Toxin Tracking(SPATT). This technique involvesthe immersion of resin filled sachetsin the seawater and was usedduring the summer 2005 on thewest coast of Ireland in shellfishproductions areas. Live musselswere placed next to the SPATTbags to compare toxins41

INTERNATIONAL SOCIETY FOR THE STUDY OF HARMFUL ALGAE12 th <strong>International</strong> <strong>Conference</strong> on Harmful Algae, Copenhagen, Denmark, 4-8 September 2006accumulated in shellfish and ontothe resin. Furthermore, all dataobtained by LC-MS were comparedto the toxin levels in indigenousmussels. The SPATT bags showedthe ability to adsorb a wide range oflipophilic toxins (AZAs, OA, DTX2,PTX2, and YTX) even when nomajor toxic events occurred. Therelocated mussels that were placednear the SPATT bags accumulatedtoxins (OA, DTX2, OA esters, DTX2esters, AZA1 and AZA2) to agreater extent than the indigenousmussels. The SPATT bags allowthe detection of toxins in the waterbut did not provide an early warningseven days prior the toxic event.The use of passive sampling hadmajor advantages over currentmonitoring methods which useshellfish, as it enables thequantification of parent toxins ratherthan their metabolites and offeredhigh sensitivity.O.07-03Genoa 2005 outbreak.Determination of a putativepalytoxin in MediterraneanOstreopsis ovata by a new LC/MSmethodSession: O.07 - Toxin analysis 1Presentation time: 11:40 - 12:00P Ciminiello 1 , C Dell'Aversano 2 , EFattorusso 2 , M Forino 2 , GS Magno 2 , LTartaglione 2 , C Grillo 3 , N Melchiorre 31 Università di Napoli 'Federico II', NAPOLI,Italy2 Università di Napoli 'Federico II', NAPOLI,Italy3 ARPAL, LA SPEZIA, ItalyDuring Summer 2005, symptoms ofrhinorrhea, cough, fever,bronchoconstriction with milddyspnea were observed in about200 people exposed to marineaerosols on the beach of Genoa(Italy). The toxic outbreak wascorrelated with the co-occurrence ofan unusual proliferation of thetropical microalga Ostreopsis ovata.Some Ostreopsis strains are provento produce analogues of palytoxin.Thus, the need arose to develop ananalytical method for detectingpalytoxin in order to investigatewhether the O. ovata bloomingduring the Genoa event wasproducing the toxin.A new LC/MS method for palytoxinwas set up on a turbo ionspray(TSI)- triple quadrupole MSinstrument operating in selected ionmonitoring (SIM) and multiplereaction monitoring (MRM)acquisition modes (positive ions).The minimum detection levels formatrix-free toxin on-column, whichwere estimated to be 17 pg (3.4ng/mL) and 29 pg (5.8 ng/mL) inMRM and SIM mode, respectively,make the method suitable formonitoring program.Application of the method to theanalysis of a plankton samplecollected along Genoa coastsduring the toxic event,demonstrated for the first time thepresence of a putative palytoxin inItalian waters and pointed to thistoxin as the causative agent of theGenoa outbreak.O.07-04LC-MS for detection of paralyticshellfish poisoning (PSP) toxinsin shellfishSession: O.07 - Toxin analysis 1Presentation time: 12:00 - 12:20EA Turrell, L Stobo, J-P LacazeFisheries Research Services, ABERDEEN,United KingdomThe combination of hydrophilicinteraction chromatography (HILIC)and tandem liquid chromatographymassspectrometry (LC-MS/MS)42

INTERNATIONAL SOCIETY FOR THE STUDY OF HARMFUL ALGAE12 th <strong>International</strong> <strong>Conference</strong> on Harmful Algae, Copenhagen, Denmark, 4-8 September 2006provides a high degree of selectivityand sensitivity for the determinationof paralytic shellfish poisoning(PSP) toxins (Dell'Aversano et al.,2005). At Fisheries ResearchServices, a HILIC LC-MS methodfor the detection of PSP toxins(STX, NEO, dcSTX, GTX1 to GTX4,dcGTX2 and dcGTX3) has beendeveloped using a singlequadrupole LC-MS for the detectionof these toxins in UK shellfish.Calibration range and linearity wereacceptable (0.5 to 5 µM, R2 > 0.99)and a detection limit of ~0.5 µM wasachieved. Unfortunately, sensitivitywas at least ten times lessfavourable when compared withvalidated high performance-liquidchromatography with fluorescencedetection (HPLC-FLD), which canbe prone to interference fromendogenous fluorescent matrixcompounds. In order to increasesensitivity of the LC-MS, we arecurrently developing methods forimproved sample preparation, usingsolid phase extraction (SPE) andwe will present our preliminaryfindings.Dell'Aversano et al. / J. Chromatogr.A (2005) 190-201O.07-05Anatoxin contamination offreshwater resources in NewZealandSession: O.07 - Toxin analysis 1Presentation time: 12:20 - 12:40PT Holland 1 , AI Selwood 1 , SA Wood 1 ,K Smith 1 , P McNabb 1 , P Rasmussen 21 Cawthron Institute, NELSON, NewZealand2 Australian Water Quality Centre,BOLIVAR, SA, AustraliaCyanobacterial blooms in NewZealand water resources have beensurveyed and, in response to strictnew standards for drinking water,more intensive monitoring forcyanotoxins has been initiated. Afilamentous bloom-formingcyanobacterium from a lake hasbeen shown to be a potent producerof anatoxin-a. Phylogenetic analysisof the 16S rRNA and rpoB genesequences classified the organismas Aphanizomenon issatschenkoi.Benthic samples of Oscillatoria sp.and Phormidium sp. from severalrivers were shown to produceanatoxin-a and homoanatoxin-a,and were conclusively associatedwith illness and death of dogs.These findings are the firstconfirmed reporting of anatoxinproducingspecies in the SouthernHemisphere and the first report ofanatoxin-a production by A.issatschenkoi. An isolate of thelatter was brought into culture and,during LC-MS assays for anatoxin-aproduction, an unstable biosyntheticprecursor was found in freshsamples of the culture.Characterisation of the precursor isdescribed and implications foraccurate analysis of anatoxin-a inwater samples are discussed. TheNew Zealand Drinking WaterStandards (2005) includeprovisional maximum allowablevalues (PMAVs) for anatoxin-a,homoanatoxin-a,cylindrospermopsin andmicrocystins of 6, 2, 1 and 1 µg/Lrespectively. The validation ofsuitable test methods to enforcethese low limits is presented.O.07-06The Biosense ASP ELISA - anearly warning tool for theenvironmental monitoring ofdomoic acid in phytoplanktonand seawaterSession: O.07 - Toxin analysis 143

INTERNATIONAL SOCIETY FOR THE STUDY OF HARMFUL ALGAE12 th <strong>International</strong> <strong>Conference</strong> on Harmful Algae, Copenhagen, Denmark, 4-8 September 2006Presentation time: 12:40 - 13:00H Kleivdal 1 , SI Kristiansen 1 , CCampbell 2 , K Davidson 21 Biosense Laboratories AS, BERGEN,Norway2 Scottish Association for Marine Science,OBAN, United KingdomThe monitoring of potential harmfulalgae in coastal waters often relieson species determination and anestimation of their respective cellcounts. There is no clear correlationbetween toxin levels and cellnumbers for many toxin-producingspecies, and it is difficult to predictthe effects of an upcoming bloom assome algae may be harmful at lowabundance. A parallel routinedetermination of actual toxin levelsis therefore important tocomplement the phytomonitoring aspart of an effective early warningsystem. Until recently, the analysisof toxins in phytoplankton has beenperformed in centralizedlaboratories with costly andadvanced instrumentation far fromthe sampling sites. As simple rapidassays for marine biotoxins becomeavailable, the analysis ofphytoplankton and seawatersamples can be performed close tothe sampling site and provide a 'realtime' monitoring of the toxin level incoastal waters. We have evaluatedthe Biosense ASP ELISA for directanalysis of domoic acid (DA) inseawater and several cultured andnatural Pseudo-nitzschia sp.samples, using a simple samplepreparation protocol. The ASPELISA allows precise and accuratequantitation of DA at lowconcentrations in particulate anddissolved fractions, with anestimated limit of detection at 50pg/mL.O.08-01Domoic acid production is notlinked to silicate limitation innatural populations of PseudonitzschiaSession: O.08 - Population dynamics 2Presentation time: 11:00 - 11:20WP Cochlan 1 , ML Wells 2 , VL Trainer 3 ,CG Trick 4 , EJ Lessard 5 , BM Hickey 51 Romberg Tiburon Center, SFSU,TIBURON, United States of America2 University of Maine, ORONO, UnitedStates of America3 Northwest Fisheries Science Center,NOAA, SEATTLE, United States ofAmerica4 Department of Biology, University of Wes,LONDON, Canada5 University of Washington, SEATTLE,United States of AmericaA central paradigm in the study oftoxigenic diatoms is that silicatelimitation induces intense cellularproduction of domoic acid. Wetested this hypothesis during a 2004ECOHAB-PNW cruise in the coastalwaters off Washington State andBritish Columbia where toxigenicPseudo-nitzschia typically occur.Our results show that the highestlevels of cellular toxin (5-64 pg/cell)correlate poorly with ambient silicateconcentrations and occur wheredissolved silicate concentrations are5-50 µM. None of the ~400particulate analyses showedelevated cellular toxinconcentrations at < 4 µM Si. Theseconcentrations are well above thatconsidered limiting for Si uptake andgrowth of most neritic diatoms.Cellular toxin levels also did notcorrelate with N or P concentrations,indicating that toxin production in Ispp. is not governed bymacronutrient availability. A similarresult was found during the intensetoxic Pseudo-nitzschia bloom inMonterey Bay, 1998. The mostestablished correlate for elevateddomoic acid levels in 2004 was the44

INTERNATIONAL SOCIETY FOR THE STUDY OF HARMFUL ALGAE12 th <strong>International</strong> <strong>Conference</strong> on Harmful Algae, Copenhagen, Denmark, 4-8 September 2006distribution of low dissolved ironconcentrations; a finding consistentwith laboratory culture experimentsand our field incubation studies inthis region. These findings provideperhaps the most detailed insight todate into the triggers for toxinproduction in natural populations ofPseudo-nitzschia.O.08-02The nature of the Juan de Fucaeddy: the rise and fall of domoicacid to the Washington StatecoastSession: O.08 - Population dynamics 2Presentation time: 11:20 - 11:40VL Trainer 1 , WP Cochlan 2 , BM Hickey 3 ,EJ Lessard 3 , A MacFadyen 3 , CG Trick 4 ,ML Wells 51 NOAA Fisheries, SEATTLE,WASHINGTON, United States of America2 San Francisco State University, SANFRANCISCO, CA, United States ofAmerica3 University of Washington, SEATTLE, WA,United States of America4 University of Western Ontario, LONDON,ONTARIO, Canada5 University of Maine, ORONO, ME, UnitedStates of AmericaThe Juan de Fuca eddy is aretentive summer feature located offWashington State, U.S.A. whoselocation and size is dependent onwind as well as freshwater outflowfrom the adjacent strait. Althoughdomoic acid-producing Pseudonitzschiaspecies have beenrecorded in this region since 1996,their abundance and toxicity varyfrom year to year in a manner that isat present unpredictable. Over thelast 3 years, ECOHAB PacificNorthwest researchers haveperformed 5 synoptic cruises tocharacterize the strength andvariation in the biological, physicaland chemical factors pertinent toHAB success. The interdisciplinarydata indicate that the eddy can becontrasted to the coastal upwellingzone by the following: (1) higherspecific cellular toxicities, especiallyin Pseudo-nitzschia found aroundits edges, (2) a greater degree ofiron limitation (3) a more persistentmacronutrient supply. The shiftingphysiological health of Pseudonitzschiacells in transit from theeddy also points to its uniqueness.In spite of a well developed eddy inSeptember 2004 featuring highlevels of both particulate (up to 95nM) and dissolved domoic acid (upto 20 nM), this HAB never reachedthe coast, illustrating that toxicevents require both toxin productionand onshore transport.O.08-03The role of grazer induced toxinproduction in harmful algalbloom formationSession: O.08 - Population dynamics 2Presentation time: 11:40 - 12:00E Selander, A Arnqvist, J Bergkvist, HPaviaGöteborg University, STRÖMSTAD,SwedenWaterborne cues from severalspecies of copepod grazers induceincreased paralytic shellfish toxin(PST) production in thedinoflagellate Alexandriumminutum. The induction is densitydependent and more PST is formedwhen more waterborne cues fromgrazers is present. Here, waterborne cues from the copepodgrazer Acartia tonsa was used tomanipulate cell specific PST contentin cultures of A. minutum. Theresulting A. minutum culturesranged in toxicity from 8 fmol PSTcell -1 in control cultures to 48 fmolPST cell -1 in cultures that receivedmost waterborne cues from grazers.The A. minutum cultures of different45

INTERNATIONAL SOCIETY FOR THE STUDY OF HARMFUL ALGAE12 th <strong>International</strong> <strong>Conference</strong> on Harmful Algae, Copenhagen, Denmark, 4-8 September 2006toxicity were subsequently used infeeding preference experimentswith copepod grazers and differentnon-toxic alternative phytoplanktonprey. The results showed thatcopepods discriminated againstmore toxic A. minutum andsignificantly less A. minutum wasingested in treatments were induced(more toxic) A. minutum werepresent. Discriminate feeding ofcopepods resulted in a shift towardsA. minutum dominated speciescomposition in experiments withinduced, more toxic, A. minutum. Itis suggested that inducedresistance to grazers maycontribute to the formation ofharmful algal blooms.O.08-04The impacts of viral infection onHeterosigma akashiwo bloomsSession: O.08 - Population dynamics 2Presentation time: 12:00 - 12:20JE LawrenceUniversity of New Brunswick,FREDERICTON, CanadaA number of viruses infect theharmful bloom-forming raphidophyteHeterosigma akashiwo such asHaNIV, HaRNAV and a novelsystem in which two distinct virusesco-infect a host cell. These lyticviruses are distinct in theirbiochemical composition; theycontain different nucleic acids andproteins and are thereforegenetically diverse. Lytic infectionsin general are marked by a numberof events: replication of progeny,lysis of the host and theconcomitant release of progeny andorganic material. This cycleinherently means viruses impacthost abundance and nutrientcycling. However, a number offactors are specific to viruses andtherefore result in diverse impacts ofviral infection in phytoplanktonpopulation dynamics in situ. Forexample the lytic cycle length, burstsize and bloom density interact toinfluence the rate of propagation ofinfection, and therefore thedevelopment or demise of H.akashiwo blooms. In addition, thehost range of each virus clone andpermissiveness of each host strainshape the genetic composition of H.akashiwo populations. Thesefactors will be examined and usedto demonstrate the role of virus inphytoplankton blooms, and theimportance of isolating andcharacterizing novel viruses tounderstand the role of viruses inphytoplankton mortality.O.08-05Trigger factors of Alexandriumcatenella blooms in Hong KongSession: O.08 - Population dynamics 2Presentation time: 12:20 - 12:40KC HoOpen University of Hong Kong, HONGKONG, HongkongThe environmental data collected inHong Kong waters during the past20 years were reviewed andstatistically analysed. Resultsshowed that the ranges of watertemperature, solar intensity, salinityand wind and current directionsduring the periods of Alexandriumcatenella bloom were significantly(p

INTERNATIONAL SOCIETY FOR THE STUDY OF HARMFUL ALGAE12 th <strong>International</strong> <strong>Conference</strong> on Harmful Algae, Copenhagen, Denmark, 4-8 September 2006bioassay in environmentalchambers revealed that the yield ofA. catenella was maximized whenambient TIN ranged from 0.05-0.1mg-N/L and N:P atomic ratioranged from 18-22. Analysis ofmeteorological data shows thatblooms of A. catenella happened atearly February to March when thecoastal water of Hong Kong isprominent by the intruded oceanicwater from Taiwan Strait. It issuggested that the vegetative cellsof A. catenella were seeded fromthe Kuro Shio Current and bloomswas triggered by the relatively lowtemperature (18-22 °C) and relativehigh N:P atomic ratio in coastalembayment.O.08-06A massiv bloom of Alexandriumfundyense in the Gulf of Maine:mechanisms and futureimplicationsSession: O.08 - Population dynamics 2Presentation time: 12:40 - 13:00DM Anderson 1 , BA Keafer 1 , K Norton 1 ,R He 1 , DJ McGillicuddy, Jr 1 , CHPilskaln 2 , D Couture 31 Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution,WOODS HOLE, United States of America2 Bigelow Laboratory of Ocean Sciences,WEST BOOTHBAY HARBOR, ME, UnitedStates of America3 Maine Department of Marine Resources,WEST BOOTHBAY HARBOR, ME, UnitedStates of AmericaA massive bloom of Alexandriumfundyense affected southern NewEngland in 2005, closing nearshoreshellfish beds from Maine toMassachusetts and 40,000 km 2 ofoffshore federal waters. This wasthe largest regional bloom in over30 years. Observations suggestthree factors in bloom development:1) historically high cyst abundance;2) strong storm activity withnortheast winds; and 3) heavyrainfall and snowmelt inputs. Aphysical/biological model was usedto hindcast the bloom andinvestigate the relative importanceof these factors. Simulationsindicate that high cyst abundancewas a critical factor in the bloom’ssize, perhaps the most important ofthe three. Wind forcing was alsoimportant, however, as episodicbursts of northeast windsaccelerated along-shore flow andcaused onshore advection ofoffshore populations. While affectingcell abundance in southern waters,buoyant plumes formed fromelevated river runoff were confinedto the coast and had limited impacton the broad, gulf-wide bloomdistribution. Based on historicaltoxicity patterns in shellfish and highnumbers of cysts observed in theregion in 2004 and 2005 (pre- andpost bloom), we hypothesize a 'newregime' with more frequent andintense toxicity in western Maineand southern New England over thenext decade or more.PL.04Allelopathic effects of bioactivecompounds produced by harmfulalgaeSession: PL..04 - Plenary IV - AllelopathyPresentation time: 14:15 - 14:50Urbann Tillmann, U John, B Krock, ACembellaAlfred Wegener Institute, BREMERHAVEN,GermanyAllelopathy may be defined as 'anyprocess involving secondarymetabolites produced by plants,microorganisms, virus and fungi thatinfluence the growth anddevelopment of natural systems'(<strong>International</strong> Allelopathic Society).Such chemical interactions havebeen widely studied in terrestrialecology but are less well known in47

INTERNATIONAL SOCIETY FOR THE STUDY OF HARMFUL ALGAE12 th <strong>International</strong> <strong>Conference</strong> on Harmful Algae, Copenhagen, Denmark, 4-8 September 2006marine ecosystems, especiallyamong protists. In the marineplankton, temporal and spatialchanges of biomass and speciescomposition have traditionally beenthought to be mainly regulated byresource availability and abioticfactors. However, there isincreasing evidence that interspecificinteractions in the planktonplay a major role in succession,food web structure and bloomdevelopment. Many HAB speciesare regarded as rather poorexploitation competitors in terms ofgrowth rate and/or resource uptakecapabilities. There is someevidence for the hypothesis that anumber of HAB species may gaindominance by the production ofbioactive compounds, secondarymetabolites that affect growth orelicit other physiological responsesin other organisms. Suchallelochemicals may be targeted toexclude competitors from exploitinglimited resources (interferencecompetition), as well as toavoid/reduce predation.HABspecies with allelopathicpotency include variouscyanobacteria, haptophytes anddinoflagellates. Although thecausative substances are poorlydescribed, such allelochemicalsseem to be distinct from thecommonly known phycotoxins.O.09-01Marine phytoplantonallelochemicals affect growthand composition ofbacterioplanktonSession: O.09 - AllelopathyPresentation time: 14:55 - 15:15C Legrand 1 , T Bouvier 21 University of Kalmar, KALMAR, Sweden2 University of Montpellier II,MONTPELLIER, FranceChemical interactions amongmarine microbes are an adaptationto avoid predation and to eliminatecompetitors. Recently, theimportance of allelopathicinteractions among phytoplanktonand heterotrophic protists has beendemonstrated. Potentially,phytoplankton allelochemicals couldalso affect other microbes. Thetraditional view is thatbacterioplankton benefit from DOMproduced by phytoplankton.However, during high density algalblooms, bacterial biomass is oftenlower than expected in relation toalgal DOM. We tested thehypotheses that phytoplanktonallelochemicals would affectbacterioplankton composition andgrowth. The allelopathic effect of theprymnesiophyte Prymnesiumparvum was tested on a wide rangeof bacterial isolates belonging to 5different groups and on naturalpopulations. Results showed thatalgal allelochemicals selectivelyinhibited different bacterial targetswith different efficiency, rangingfrom 5-10% for Actinobacteria to>60% Proteobacteria. Bacteroideteswere not affected byallelochemicals. The allelopathiceffect on natural bacterialcommunities was proportional to theconcentration of allelochemicals,indicating that the inhibition ofbacterioplankton may increaseduring bloom formation. Thecomposition of naturalbacterioplankton was significantlyaffected by allelochemicals. Weconclude that algal allelochemicalsmust be considered, along withresources, bacterivory and virallysis, as a fundamental controlfactor of marine bacterial growth,48

INTERNATIONAL SOCIETY FOR THE STUDY OF HARMFUL ALGAE12 th <strong>International</strong> <strong>Conference</strong> on Harmful Algae, Copenhagen, Denmark, 4-8 September 2006composition and potentially alsoactivity.O.09-02Allelopathic interactionsmodulate brevetoxin productionin the red tide dinoflagellateKarenia brevisSession: O.09 - AllelopathyPresentation time: 15:15 - 15:35J Kubanek 1 , EK Prince 1 , T Myers 1 , JNaar 21 Georgia Institute of Technology,ATLANTA, United States of America2 University of North Carolina at Wilmingt,WILMINGTON, United States of AmericaThe production and release ofcompounds that inhibit competitors,a process known as allelopathy, ishypothesized to be importantamong phytoplankton, especiallythose that occur in dense blooms.We previously found that the redtide dinoflagellate Karenia brevis isallelopathic towards several Gulf ofMexico competitors, and thatbrevetoxins are responsible forsuppressing one competitor,Skeletonema costatum. Recentlaboratory and field experimentshave led to the finding that S.costatum retaliates by inhibitingbrevetoxin production in K. brevis.Natural bloom samples of K. brevislose their allelopathic effect whenexposed to S. costatum. Overall,chemically-mediated competitiveinteractions in the marine planktonappear to be complex, multidirectional,and part of an ongoingco-evolutionary battle over limitingresources.O.09-03Allelopathy in Karenia mikimotoi:a case studySession: O.09 - AllelopathyPresentation time: 15:35 - 15:55Patrick GentienIFREMER, PLOUZANÉ, FranceKarenia mikimotoi is a widelydistributed potent fish killer. Thiscontribution summarizes the worksconducted on its allelopathicproperties. This property has beendemonstrated in laboratory culturesand confirmed in situ. The minimumlevel for repression in diatom growthwas estimated ca. 10 4 cells · l -1 ,indicating that allelopathy canfavour the bloom development. Oneof the allelopathic agents (a labilefatty acid : 18:5n3) was identified inthe cells and in the cultures media.To understand the mode of action ofthe toxic agent, it was synthetizedfrom 22:6n3. This fatty acid inhibitsin a non-specific way membraneATPases, rendering biologicaltargets unable to regulate their ionexchanges. The short half-life time(30 min) of this toxin explains that itdoesn’t saturate the medium andthat cells transport their allelopathic.Scaling arguments lead to anestimation of a action spherearound each cell is ca. 175 µm. Theconsequence is that allelopathy isacting only by proximity. It wasrecently demonstrated that a tradeoffhas been established betweenthe advantage gained by allelopathyand the sensitivity of K. mikimotoi toits own allelopathic agent. Somegeneral conclusions are proposedon the basis of this case study.O.09-04Spirolide variability andbiological activity of naturalproducts from the marinedinoflagellate AlexandriumostenfeldiiSession: O.09 - AllelopathyPresentation time: 15:55 - 16:1549

INTERNATIONAL SOCIETY FOR THE STUDY OF HARMFUL ALGAE12 th <strong>International</strong> <strong>Conference</strong> on Harmful Algae, Copenhagen, Denmark, 4-8 September 2006AD Cembella 1 , C Kantu 2 , B Krock 1 , NJaeckisch 1 , E Cañete 3 , A Caillaud 3 , JDiogène 3 , U Tilmann 1 , U John 11 Alfred Wegener Institute,BREMERHAVEN, Germany2 MPI for Marine Microbiology, BREMEN,Germany3 IRTA Centre d’Aquicultura, SANTCARLES DE LA RAPITA, SpainThe marine dinoflagellateAlexandrium ostenfeldii produces awide diversity of macrocyclic iminetoxins known as spirolides.Biosynthetic studies with stableisotope labeling and NMRspectroscopy support a commonpolyketide origin for spirolides. Wehave also identified several putativepolyketide synthases (PKS) inlimited genomic studies of A.ostenfeldii. Exposure to A.ostenfeldii cells elicits anallelochemical response in certainprotist species. To determinepharmacological activity ofspirolides and other bioactivesubstances produced by A.ostenfeldii, neuroblastoma (N2a)cell lines were exposed to crude cellextracts and pure des methyl Cspirolide. Cytotoxicity tests showedthat crude extracts caused largeblebbings within hours in a dosedependantmanner. Cells exposedto des methyl C spirolide inducedonly small blebbings, with no furtherchanges observed over longerexposure times (24 h).Transcriptional analysis with apathway targeted DNA microarrayyielded evidence of many more'down regulated' than 'up regulated'genes upon exposure to spirolidesand crude cell extracts, particularlygenes involved innecrosis/apoptosis/stress (e.g. 'heatshock proteins') andgrowth/senescence. Nevertheless,the differences observed inexpression patterns between desmethyl C spirolide and spirolidecontainingA. ostenfeldii extractssuggest that the toxic effects are notdue only to spirolides but also toother bioactive substances.O.10-01Successful production ofantibodies against azaspiracidsSession: O.10 - Toxin analysis 2Presentation time: 14:55 - 15:15IA Samdal 1 , LR Briggs 2 , CO Miles 2 , CJForsyth 3 , ST Nguyen 3 , J Xu 3 , TRundberget 1 , M Sandvik 11 National Veterinary Institute, OSLO,Norway2 AgResearch, HAMILTON, New Zealand3 University of Minnesota, MINNESOTA,United States of AmericaAzaspiracids have recurredregularly in Northern Europeanshellfish since their discovery inNovember 1995 in Irish mussels.Their presence in shellfish poses arisk of acute nausea, vomiting andsevere diarrhoea in humanconsumers and chronic effects aresuspected. There is an urgent needfor sensitive, simple, rapid,affordable methods with a highsample throughput. Here we reportthe first production of antibodiesagainst azaspiracids.A synthetic hapten representing thecommon C-28–C-40 domain of allthe known azaspiracids wassynthesised in Minnesota,conjugated to a carrier protein, andused to immunise sheep forantibody production in both Norwayand New Zealand. Preliminaryresults indicate that the resultingantibodies recognise a range ofazaspiracids. The antibodies havebeen utilised to develop an ELISAfor azaspiracids and immunoaffinitycolumns. Further optimisation of theapplication of the antibodies inimmunoassays is under way.50

INTERNATIONAL SOCIETY FOR THE STUDY OF HARMFUL ALGAE12 th <strong>International</strong> <strong>Conference</strong> on Harmful Algae, Copenhagen, Denmark, 4-8 September 2006Progress to date and potentialapplications will be summarised.O.10-02Laboratory evaluation andmethod development of solidphase adsorbents for hydrophilicphycotoxins in marine andfreshwater applicationsSession: O.10 - Toxin analysis 2Presentation time: 15:15 - 15:35A Robertson, KL Reeves, J Capling, CGarnett, MA QuilliamNational Research Council of Canada,HALIFAX, CanadaSolid phase adsorption toxintracking (SPATT) is a relatively newtechnology that was developed tofacilitate routine monitoring oflipophilic toxins. We have nowsought to evaluate adsorbents thatcould be applied to SPATT forhydrophilic phycotoxins includingparalytic shellfish toxins (PSTs) anddomoic acid (DA). During laboratoryscale experiments, we investigatedthe removal of a variety of PSTsfrom water using three differentactivated carbons (ActCs). Cell freeextracts of Alexandrium tamarensewere added to both distilled waterand filtered seawater. All ActCsubtypes tested effectively removedPSTs from the water including STX,NeoSTX, dcSTX, GTX 2, GTX 3,dcGTX 2, dcGTX 3 and C-toxins.Likewise, water spiked with DAcontainingshellfish extracts resultedin complete adsorption to the ActC.To optimize toxin recoveries, avariety of extraction procedureswere examined and one ActCsubtype proved promising forsubsequent experiments. This ActChad the advantage of combiningtoxin capture, concentration andclean-up in one step with consistentrecovery of individual PSTs. Incontrast, sub-optimal recoverieswere observed for DA therefore avariety of alternative adsorbentswere assessed. We aim to validatethe use of these adsorbents forsample clean-up strategies, potablewater applications and tocomplement HAB monitoringprograms.O.10-03Karenia concordia (Dinophyceae)as a brevetoxin-producer andcomparison with two closelyrelated species K. brevisulcataand K. mikimotoiSession: O.10 - Toxin analysis 2Presentation time: 15:35 - 15:55FH Chang 1 , AJ Bourdelais 2 , DGBaden 2 , M Gall 1 , D Hulston 1 , V Webb 11 National Inst. Water & Atmosph. Res.,WELLINGTON, New Zealand2 Univ. of North Carolina, Wilmington,NORTH CAROLINA, United States ofAmericaIn New Zealand a non-thecatedinoflagellate, K. concordia,reported as a causative organism ofthe 2002 toxic events on the northeastcoast, has for the first timebeen unequivocally confirmed as abrevetoxin-producer. Subsequentanalysis using high resolution LC-MS revealed the presence of fivebrevetoxin derivatives, with Pb-Tx-2as the dominant toxin. Using HPLCtechnique, pigments of K. concordiawere compared with two closelyrelated species, K. brevisulcata andK. mikimotoi. The pigment profile ofK. concordia differed from the othertwo species, but was most like thatof K. brevisulcata. Toxins of allthree species elicited distincttoxicological responses fromneuroblastoma single cell lines andorganisms from six different classesof microalgae to brine shrimps.Although all three dinoflagellatespecies exhibited haemolytic51

INTERNATIONAL SOCIETY FOR THE STUDY OF HARMFUL ALGAE12 th <strong>International</strong> <strong>Conference</strong> on Harmful Algae, Copenhagen, Denmark, 4-8 September 2006activities, toxins produced by K.concordia and K. brevisulcata actedmuch faster than that of K.mikimotoi. Unlike K. mikimotoi, bothK. concordia and K. brevisulcata arelethal nearly to all organsims tested.The potential for using thebioassays developed as diagnostictests for the differenthaemolytic/neurotoxic toxins arediscussed.O.10-04Impact of environmental factorson growth, toxicity and toxinproduction of harmful algaeChattonella marina (Kagoshimastrain)Session: O.10 - Toxin analysis 2Presentation time: 15:55 - 16:15Shahroz M HaqueBagladesh Agricultural University,MYMENSINGH, BangladeshGrowth, toxin profile and intensity oftoxicity of the red tide-formingphytoflagellate Chattonella marina(Kagoshima Strain) wereinvestigated at differenttemperatures and light intensities.The optimal growth range was at25-30 °C and a light intensity of100-150 µmol m -2 s -1 .Ichthyotoxicities at differenttemperatures and light intensitieswere found to vary immensely, thehighest toxicity was found at 20 °Cand 150 µmol m -2 s -1 . Chattonellamarina contained the toxincomponents CmTx-I, CmTx-II,CmTx-III and CmTx-IV,corresponding to PbTx-2, PbTx-9,PbTx-3 and oxidized PbTx-2. Toxinyields varied markedly withtemperature and light intensity. Thetoxic components CmTx-I, CmTx-IIand CmTx-III peaked at 20 °C withyields of 0.35, 0.30 and 2.5 pg cell -1 ,but the highest yield (0.7 pg cell -1 ) ofCmTx-IV was at 30 °C. The yieldsof all CmTx components decreasedsharply at temperatures exceeding20 °C. The highest amount of thetoxin CmTx-IV (0.70 pg cell -1 ) wasalso at 150 µmol m -2 s -1 . Anegative correlation between growthrate and toxin production was foundin the strain.O.11-01The genetic basis for thebiosynthesis of PSTs incyanobacteria and algaeSession: O.11 - GeneticsPresentation time: 16:40 - 17:00R Kellmann 1 , YJ Jeon 2 , TK Mihali 2 , RCavaliere 2 , BA Neilan 21 University of Bergen, BERGEN, Norway2 University of New South Wales, SYDNEY,AustraliaResearch efforts are growingworldwide in an attempt tounderstand the ecophysiologicalmechanisms involved in theformation, control and spread oftoxic blooms, however little is knownabout the biosynthesis of algaltoxins, the identity of genes andenzymes involved, and how theyare regulated. Saxitoxin and itsanalogues, which are responsiblefor paralytic shellfish poisoning, areone of the most enigmatic groups ofalgal toxins. Although they aresynthesised by a complex andunique pathway, organisms fromtwo kingdoms, which are thedinoflagellates and cyanobacteria,are capable of producing the sametoxins. In spite of efforts over thelast 30 years, the identity of genesinvolved in this pathway haveremained a mystery. Here wepresent the genes that areresponsible for the biosynthesis ofsaxitoxin analogues incyanobacteria from the genera52

INTERNATIONAL SOCIETY FOR THE STUDY OF HARMFUL ALGAE12 th <strong>International</strong> <strong>Conference</strong> on Harmful Algae, Copenhagen, Denmark, 4-8 September 2006Anabaena, Cylindrospermopsis,Aphanizomenon, and Lyngbya. Theevolution and possible horizontaltransfer of these genes betweencyanobacteria and dinoflagellates,and how the production of thesetoxins is regulated on the geneticlevel have also been investigated.Based on the structural genomicinformation and the catalyticactivities of heterologouslyexpressed saxitoxin biosynthesisgenes, the previously proposedbiosynthetic pathway for saxitoxinhas been revised.O.11-02Microsatellite markers revealpopulation genetic structure inthe noxious red tide-causingalgae Heterosigma akashiwo(Raphidophyceae) in Japanesecoastal waters.Session: O.11 - GeneticsPresentation time: 17:00 - 17:20Satoshi Nagai 1 , S Yamaguchi 1 , CLLian 2 , Y Matsuyama 1 , S Itakura 11 Fisheries Research Agency of Japan,HIROSHIMA, Japan2 University of Tokyo, TOKYO, JapanWe isolated 13 polymorphicmicrosatellites from the noxious redtide-causing algae, Heterosigmaakashiwo. These loci provide aclass of highly variable geneticmarkers as the number of allelesranged from 3 to 12 and theobserved and expectedheterozygosity ranged from 0.286 to0.926 and from 0.314 to 0.888,respectively. Each locus showedeither one or two bands for eachindividual, indicating homozygous orheterozygote state in a diploid. Herewe present the genetic analysis ofH. akashiwo populations fromseveral sites along the Japanesecoastal waters. We finished themicrosatellite analysis at 3 areas ofJapan thus far and the analysisshowed that highly significantdifferentiation was detected in all 3pairwise comparisons afterBonferroni correction in the Fisher’stest and that genetic distance (Nei1972) was ranged from 0.27 to0.61, showing remarkably higherthan those seen in Alexandriumtamarense populations (0.07-0.29).These results clearly indicate thatgenetic isolation and restricted geneflow via natural dispersal throughtidal currents has occurred amongthe populations. The microsatelliteanalysis of another local populationsis now undertaken and we wouldlike to present the more detailinformation on genetic structure inH. akashiwo populations inJapanese costal waters at theconference.O.11-03Genetic differentiation andphenotypic characteristics ofgeographically separatedpopulations of the Alexandriumtamarense North AmericanribotypeSession: O.11 - GeneticsPresentation time: 17:20 - 17:40T Alpermann 1 , U John 1 , U Tillmann 1 ,KM Evans 2 , S Nagai 3 , DM Anderson 4 ,AD Cembella 11 Alfred Wegener Institute,BREMERHAVEN, Germany2 Royal Botanic Garden, EDINBURGH,United Kingdom3 National Research Institute of Fisheries,HIROSHIMA, Japan4 Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution,MASSACHUSETTS, United States ofAmericaThe ‘Alexandrium tamarensespecies complex’ containsprominent paralytic shellfishpoisoning (PSP) toxin producersthat can be further discriminatedeither on the basis of morphological53

INTERNATIONAL SOCIETY FOR THE STUDY OF HARMFUL ALGAE12 th <strong>International</strong> <strong>Conference</strong> on Harmful Algae, Copenhagen, Denmark, 4-8 September 2006characteristics or by DNA sequencedivergence. The North Americanclade, as defined by its LSUribosomal DNA sequence, is themost widely distributedrepresentative of the PSP toxinproducingA. tamarense clades.Populations of this clade causerecurrent blooms in many regions ofthe world. Natural populations fromNorth America, Northern Europeand Japan exhibit notable geneticdifferentiation that can be detectedby molecular markers with differentresolution properties. Whereasmolecular sequence analysis ofribosomal DNA yields only a coarseresolution pattern of regionalsubclades, mitochondrial DNAsequences and microsatellites, aswell as Amplified Fragment LengthPolymorphism (AFLP) analysis,allow the estimation of geneticdifferentiation between contiguouspopulations. No congruence of anyof the genetic markers were foundbetween the expression of PSPtoxin phenotypes or allelochemicalproperties that can affect grazers orcompeting algal species, but interpopulationdifferences in PSP toxinprofile were apparent on a broadgeographical scale. The variableexpression of the allelopathicphenotype within a population fromNorthern Europe was used toexperimentally test the protectivebenefit of allelochemical propertieson bloom formation.O.11-04Genetic differences betweenKarlodinium veneficum strains:using DNA variation tounderstand strain variation at thebloom, regional and worldwidelevelSession: O.11 - GeneticsPresentation time: 17:40 - 18:00TR BachvaroffUMBI, BALTIMORE, United States ofAmericaKarlodinium veneficum is a toxicbloom forming dinoflagellate foundin estuarine systems throughout theworld. Strains from the U. S. Atlanticcoast (24 strains), the North Sea (3)and the Pacific (3) as well as asingle Mediterranean strain wereused to understand the geneticbasis of the wide range of karlotoxintypes and cellular quotas observedamong strains of K. veneficum. Thephenotype is expressed asdifferences in toxin (pg) per cell,toxin type, and pigment tochlorophyll ratios. Differences ingenotype were determined usinggenetic loci isolated from a library ofenriched repeat sequences. TheITS sequence and pigment ratioscan distinguish between U.S.Atlantic coast strains and Europeanor Pacific isolates. Simple sequencerepeats, or microsatellite loci candistinguish among the U.S. strains.Further, one marker, KvF4 yields a485 bp fragment for U.S.Chesapeake Bay strains producingkarlotoxin 1 while the same locusyields a 283 bp fragment for allother US strains producingkarlotoxin 2. Generally, thesegenetic markers can be divided intothose useful for distinguishingbetween different isolates from thesame bloom, those that distinguishstrains from the same region, andthose that distinguish betweenstrains from different parts of theworld.O.12-01In vivo exposure to microcystinsinduced DNA damage inhaemocytes of the zebra musselas measured with the Cometassay54

INTERNATIONAL SOCIETY FOR THE STUDY OF HARMFUL ALGAE12 th <strong>International</strong> <strong>Conference</strong> on Harmful Algae, Copenhagen, Denmark, 4-8 September 2006Session: O.12 - Toxicology 2Presentation time: 16:40 - 17:00Guillaume Juhel 1 , J O'Halloran 1 , SCCulloty 1 , RM O'Riordan 1 , J Davenport 1 ,NM O'Brien 2 , KF James 3 , A Furey 3 , OAllis 31 University College Cork, CORK, Ireland2 2Department of Food Science, FoodTechno,, Ireland3 Cork Institute of Technology, CORK,IrelandThe Comet assay was used toinvestigate the potential ofmicrocystins to induce DNAdamage in the haemocytes of thefreshwater zebra mussel, Dreissenapolymorpha. Laboratory in vivoexposure experiments wereconducted over a 21-day periodwith three strains of thecyanobacterium Microcystisaeruginosa, with different toxicitiesand toxic profiles and one non-toxicstrain. Mussels were sampled at 0,7, 14 and 21 days. A positive controlwas performed with CdCl2-spikedwater.Cell viabilities were high throughoutthe study, demonstrating that themicrocystin doses were notcytotoxic. A clear dose-response inthe DNA damage was observedfollowing exposure to CdCl2,showing the sensitivity of themussels’ haemocytes. DNAdamage, measured as percentagetail DNA was observed with thethree toxic Microcystis strains butnot with the non-toxic strain. Toxicanalysis of the cyanobacterialcultures revealed the presence oftwo MC variants, MC-LF and MC-LR. The DNA damage observedappeared to be strain-specific andsimilar to a dose-response, showingthat MC-LF may have a highergenotoxicity than MC-LR. MC-LFalso seemed to induce morepersistent DNA damage than MC-LR. This study is the first todemonstrate that in vivo exposureto microcystins induces DNAdamage in the haemocytes of zebramussels.O.12-02Toxic effects of nodularin to thebrown alga Fucus vesiculosus inrelation to oxidative stressresponseSession: O.12 - Toxicology 2Presentation time: 17:00 - 17:20Stephan Pflugmacher 1 , Harri TKankaanpää 2 , Miika Olin 21 IGB, BERLIN, Germany2 Finish Institute of Marine Research,HELSINKI, FinlandThe cyclic pentapeptide nodularin(NOD) is produced by thecyanobacterium Nodulariaspumigena which regularly formheavy blooms in the Baltic Seaduring summer season. The mostcommon NOD congener is NOD-R,i.e. cyclo(-D-erythro-?-methylAsp(iso)-L-Arg-Adda-D-Glu(iso)-2-(methylamino)-2-(Z)-dehydrobutyric acid), where Addastands for 3-amino-9-methoxy-2,6,8-trimethyl-10-phenyldeca-4(E),6(E)-dienoic acid. Recentstudies have indicated thatcyanobacterial hepatotoxinsaccumulate to blue mussels andsome Baltic fish species, e.g.flounder (Platichthys flesus), Atlanticcod (Gadus morhua) and bluemussel (Mytilus edulis) andthreespine stickleback(Gasterosteus aculeatus). Acompartment of the marine costalecosystem which has been paidless attention is marine macroalgae.The uptake of toxin in F.vesiculosus, toxic response (lipidperoxidation) as well as theactivation of the antioxidative stressresponse (superoxide dismutase,55

INTERNATIONAL SOCIETY FOR THE STUDY OF HARMFUL ALGAE12 th <strong>International</strong> <strong>Conference</strong> on Harmful Algae, Copenhagen, Denmark, 4-8 September 2006catalase, and glutathione S-transferase) is shown.O.12-03Cytotoxic and genotoxic effectsof microcystins in mammaliancell lines.Session: O.12 - Toxicology 2Presentation time: 17:20 - 17:40E Dias 1 , P Pereira 1 , C Batoréu 2 , PJordan 1 , MJ Silva 11 National Health Institute, LISBON,Portugal2 Faculty of Pharmacy of Lisbon University,LISBON, PortugalMicrocystin-LR (MCLR) has beenrecognized as a tumor promoter.However, knowledge of itscarcinogenicity mechanismsremains largely unknown. In thiswork we evaluated the genotoxicpotential of microcystins inmammalian cell lines. Microcystinswere extracted from M. aeruginosaand purified by preparative liquidchromatography. Cytotoxicity tests(MTT reduction, LDH release) wereused to determine the sensitivity ofseveral cell lines (Vero, HepG2 andAML12) to MCLR (1.4-175 μg ml -1 ).Genotoxicity of MCLR (2-60 μg ml-1) in Vero cells were analyzed bythe micronucleus assay. MTT andLDH assays showed that MCLRhad dose- and time-dependentcytotoxic effects on all three celllines. However, Vero cells were themost sensitive, showing a 50%decrease in the viability afterexposure to 22 μg ml -1 of MCLR for24h. Above 48h, cell survivaldecreased more than 80%. Similareffects were obtained with the othercells after longer exposure (48-96h)to higher toxin concentrations (44-175μg ml -1 ). Preliminary results ofmicronuclei analysis in MCLRtreatedVero cells (= 20 μg ml -1 )revealed an aneugenic/clastogenicactivity. In summary, we identified apermanent cell line as a usefulmodel system for microcystinstoxicity/genotoxicity assessmentand we showed that MCLRpresents genotoxic properties. Thissupports previous suggestions thatmicrocystins can act as cancerinitiators.O.12-04Ecological implications ofcylindrospermopsin infreshwatersSession: O.12 - Toxicology 2Presentation time: 17:40 - 18:00M SeifertUniversity of Queensland, INALA, AustraliaThe potent cyanobacterial toxin,cylindrospermopsin, is beingincreasingly found in freshwatersaround the world. In addition, theproduction of the toxin, and itsanalogues deoxycylindrospermopsinand 7-epicylindrospermopsin,is beingreported from an increasing numberof cyanobacteria. In Queensland(Australia), Cylindrospermopsisraciborskii is the dominantcylindrospermopsin producingcyanobacterium and has beenimplicated as the causative agent inan instance of mass humanintoxication, numerous livestockmortalities and is considered amajor threat to drinking watersupplies. This has lead tosubstantial research into thecylindrospermopsin production, theremoval of the toxin from drinkingwaters and its toxicity to mammals.In contrast, the potential ecologicalimplications of C. raciborskii andcylindrospermopsin have beenlargely ignored. The QueenslandDepartment of Natural Resources,Mines and Water recognised this56

INTERNATIONAL SOCIETY FOR THE STUDY OF HARMFUL ALGAE12 th <strong>International</strong> <strong>Conference</strong> on Harmful Algae, Copenhagen, Denmark, 4-8 September 2006knowledge gap and allocated fundsfor a PhD project to investigatesome of the ecological effects ofcylindrospermopsin. Thispresentation will summarise thesefindings in the context of anecological risk assessment.PL.05Anthropogenic influence andclimatic change: effects onharmful algaeSession: PL..05 - Plenary VPresentation time: 08:30 - 09:05Barrie DaleDept of Geosciences, University of Oslo,OSLO, NorwayUnderstanding the possible effectsof anthropogenic influence andclimate change is a criticalrequirement in developing the riskassessments needed for theeffective management of harmfulalgal blooms (HABs). However, thescientific issues involved arecomplex, and the relevant evidenceis sparse, resulting in moreuncertainty than understanding.There are uncertainties concerningHABs (e.g. are HABs increasing,and what are the underlying factorsthat allow some species to bloompreferentially?). There are alsogreat uncertainties regarding theextent of human impact on aquaticenvironments (e.g. it is oftendifficult to differentiate the effects ofeutrophication, pollution, overfishing,etc.). The one thing we arecertain of regarding climate is that itis changing – and it always has.There is a general consensus thatglobal warming is occurring, butgreat uncertainty in predictions offuture temperature increases.These range from 1-2 o (similar tothe Medieval Warm Period, 550-1300AD), to up to several timesmore, with potentially devastatingeffects from ice-cap melting andglobal flooding. Uncertaintiesaffecting assessment ofenvironmental change and its effecton HABs are mostly caused by thelack of adequate time series data.The sedimentary record ofmicrofossils offers one of the fewplausible methods for redressingthis shortfall.O.13-01Different seeding strategieswithin harmful algal bloom (HAB)causing dinoflagellates anddiatomsSession: O.13 - Life cyclesPresentation time: 09:10 - 09:30Shigeru Itakura, S Nagai, M YamaguchiFEIS, HIROSHIMA, JapanDinoflagellates and diatoms arecommon phytoplankters in coastalmarine environments and manyHAB causing species are includedin these two groups. They areknown to produce benthic restingstages (resting stage cells) such asresting cysts, resting spores andresting cells in their life cycle.Benthic resting stages areconsidered to play an important rolein their local reoccurrence. Underfluctuating coastal environmentalconditions, the timing of germinationis a key factor in their seedingstrategy. Newly formed restingstages are in a state of endogenousdormancy. So, they need to bematured (get rid of the dormantstate) prior to their germination.However, even in matured restingstage cells, germination is inhibitedunder unsuitable environmentalconditions. Water temperature, lightintensity and dissolved oxygenseem to have a decisive role in thegermination of matured resting57

INTERNATIONAL SOCIETY FOR THE STUDY OF HARMFUL ALGAE12 th <strong>International</strong> <strong>Conference</strong> on Harmful Algae, Copenhagen, Denmark, 4-8 September 2006stage cells. In general, diatomresting stages are able to germinateunder a wider temperature rangethan dinoflagellates cysts, whereasdinoflagellate cysts are able togerminate under lower light intensitylevels than diatom resting stages. Inthis talk, the different physiologicalresponses to environmental factorswithin dinoflagellate/diatom restingstages will be examined and thesignificance of different seedingstrategies will be discussed.O.13-02The life cycle of Pyrodiniumbahamense var. compressum(Dinophyceae) in cultureSession: O.13 - Life cyclesPresentation time: 09:30 - 09:50Setsuko Sakamoto 1 , M Yamaguchi 1 ,EF Furio 21 FEIS, Fisheries Research Agency,HIROSHIMA, Japan2 NFRDI, QUEZON, PhilippinesPyrodinium bahamense var.compressum has resting cyst stagein its life cycle. However, severalprocesses in the life cycle areobscure, because most of previousstudies based on observation of thenatural populations. In presentstudy, we investigated cystformation and germinationprocesses of P. bahamense inculture and revealed that the cystswere formed by sexual reproductionand the sexuality was homothallic.Resting cysts were spherical toovoid and covered with many longprocesses. The cysts were formedin not only the crossing cultures butin the clonal cultures after over 35days of incubation under 30 °C.Both crossing and clonal cysts werenot able to distinguish by the cellsize and the external morphologyeach other. Relative DNA contentsof the resting cysts were 2C DNAwhile the vegetative cells were 1CDNA. Both crossing and clonalcysts germinated at 30 °C underlight and dark cycle after 2.5-5months. Therefore dormancy periodis necessary at least 2.5 months forgermination of P. bahamense cyst.On the basis of the results,schematic representation of the lifecycle of P. bahamense var.compressum will be presented.O.13-03Life cycle traits and populationdynamics of Pseudo-nitzschiamultistriata in the Gulf of Naples(Mediterranean Sea)Session: O.13 - Life cyclesPresentation time: 09:50 - 10:10D D'Alelio, A Amato, A Lüdeking, MRibera d’Alcalà, D Sarno, A Zingone, MMontresorStazione Zoologica 'Anton Dohrn', NAPOLI,ItalyThe potentially toxic diatomPseudo-nitzschia multistriata hasbeen recorded in the Gulf of Naplessince 1996. The species occursfrom late summer to early spring,with two periods of majorabundance (up to 200 cells ml -1 ) inlate summer-autumn and in earlywinter. Within the EU Project SEED,the potential role of life cycle traits inthe population dynamics of thespecies is investigated. In thispaper, data are presented ongenetic diversity, size reduction andmode of sexual reproduction. Withinthe species two ITS genotypes areidentified, which co-occur in thesame period of the year. Sexualreproduction requires the pairing ofdistinct mating types. Theauxospore allows the reestablishmentof the maximum size(ca. 80 µm), while progressive cellsizereduction down to 30 µm58

INTERNATIONAL SOCIETY FOR THE STUDY OF HARMFUL ALGAE12 th <strong>International</strong> <strong>Conference</strong> on Harmful Algae, Copenhagen, Denmark, 4-8 September 2006occurs during vegetative growth.Size distribution observed in naturalpopulations throughout a 10-yeartime series shows cell lengthranging between 30 and 80 µm.Three sub-populations with sizemodes of ca 60, 45, and 35 µmalternate over the years. Based onsize reduction rates and growthcharacteristics, a model is proposedaimed at reproducing life cyclefeatures and the timing of sexualevents of P. multistriata at sea.O.13-04Asexual and sexual reproductionin Protoperidinium steidingerae(Dinophyceae)Session: O.13 - Life cyclesPresentation time: 10:10 - 10:30Kristin E Gribble 1 , D Wayne Coats 2 ,Donald M Anderson 11 Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution,WOODS HOLE, MA, United States ofAmerica2 Smithsonian Environ. Research Center,EDGEWATER, MD, United States ofAmericaProtoperidinium is a cosmopolitangenus of heterotrophicdinoflagellates with more than 200species. One species, P. crassipes,has been implicated as the sourceof azaspiracid shellfish toxin. In thisstudy, division, sexuality, mandatorydormancy and germination rates ofhypnozygotes, and identity lifehistorystages were revealed for thefirst time for any Protoperidiniumspp. Asexual division occurred byeleutheroschisis within a temporary,immotile cyst, yielding two daughtercells. Daughter cells were initiallyround and half to two-thirds the sizeof parent cells, then rapidlyincreased in size, forming hornsbefore separating. Sexualreproduction was constitutive inboth non-clonal and clonal cultures,indicating that the species may behomothallic. Gametes wereisogamous, approximately half thesize and lacking the pinkpigmentation of the vegetative cells,and were never observed to feed.Gamete fusion resulted in aplanozygote with two longitudinalflagella. Hypnozygotes had amandatory dormancy period of ca.70 days. Germination resulted inplanomeiocytes with twolongitudinal flagella. Protargolstainedspecimens indicate thatnuclear cyclosis may occur in theplanomeiocyte. Mis-identification ofmorphologically distinct life historystages and incomplete examinationof thecal plate morphology in fieldspecimens of P. steidingerae haveled to taxonomic confusion.O.14-01Physiological stress responsesof Daphnia magna tocyanobacteria and cyanobacterialcompoundsSession: O.14 - Food ChainsPresentation time: 09:10 - 09:30C WiegandLeibniz Institute of Freshwater Ecology,BERLIN, GermanyCyanobacteria frequently flourish ineutrophic aquatic systems andseveral species are capable ofproducing toxic secondarymetabolites, such as microcystinswhich specifically inhibitserine/threonine proteinphosphatases, and cyanopeptolinesand micropeptins leading toinhibition of trypsin, andchymotrypsin. Inhibition of grazingseems to be one of the ecologicalfunctions of the cyanobacterialbioactive compounds. With the helpof several mechanisms, the grazingzooplankter Daphnia magna59

INTERNATIONAL SOCIETY FOR THE STUDY OF HARMFUL ALGAE12 th <strong>International</strong> <strong>Conference</strong> on Harmful Algae, Copenhagen, Denmark, 4-8 September 2006endures living in water bodiesinhabited up to moderate densitiesof cyanobacteria. Amongst these isthe detoxication of microcystins byconjugation to glutathione via theglutathione-S transferases.Furthermore, oxidative stress,caused by cyanobacterialcompounds is reduced due to theactivities of antioxidative enzymes inD. magna (superoxide dismutase,catalase, and glutathioneperoxidase) showing different timekinetics of responses, depending onthe application of either puremicrocystin-LR or cyanobacterialcrude extract. Changes in the totalprotein pattern were revealed using2-D gel electrophoresis, andproteins were analyzed by MALDI-TOF/TOF mass spectrometry andidentified via peptide massfingerprint and additional MS/MSmeasurements. Enhanced inductionof proteins involved in oxygentransport and oxidative metabolismwere observed after exposure tocyanobacterial crude extract,whereas microcystin-LR caused adown regulation of proteinexpression.O.14-02Accumulation and transfer of theamnesic shellfish poisoning toxindomoic acid in the marine foodwebs off the Portuguese coastSession: O.14 - Food ChainsPresentation time: 09:30 - 09:50Pedro Costa 1 , Susana Garrido 1 , RuiRosa 1 , Marina Sequeira 2 , VandaBrotas 3 , Maria Antonio Sampayo 11 IPIMAR, LISBOA, Portugal2 Instituto de Conservação da Natureza,LISBOA, Portugal3 Instituto de Oceanografia, LISBOA,PortugalWhile in North America hundreds ofmarine mammals and sea birdsdied after ingestion of fishcontaminated with domoic acid(DA), in European coastal waterssuch outbreaks have not beendescribed and transfer of DAthrough marine food webs has beenlittle studied. With this work weaimed to study accumulation andtransfer of DA along the marinefood webs off the Portuguese coast.During 2001-2005 both pelagic andbenthic members of the marinefauna were collected for DAdetermination. The toxin wasdetected in two species ofcrustaceans (Polybius henslowiiand Necora puber), sardines(Sardina pilchardus) and six speciesof cephalopods (Octopus vulgaris,Eledone moschata, E. cirrhosa,Sepia officinalis, S. elegans and S.orbignyana). Since the diet of thecommon dolphin (Delphinusdelphis) along the Portuguese coastis primarily dominated by sardinesand cephalopods, tissue samples(kidney and intestine) of strandedmarine mammals were used for DAdetection. However, the analysedsamples did not showcontamination of the top of themarine food web. We present datashowing DA produced by Pseudonitzschiaaustralis that frominteractions in the marine food webreaches several groups of animalswith potential risks to ecosystemstability and human health safety.O.14-03Grazing, prey selectivity andtoxin content of the calanoidcopepods Eurytemora affinis andAcartia bifilosa feeding onDinophysis spp. assemblagesSession: O.14 - Food ChainsPresentation time: 09:50 - 10:10SK Sopanen 1 , OS Setälä 1 , RM Autio 2 ,K Erler 360

INTERNATIONAL SOCIETY FOR THE STUDY OF HARMFUL ALGAE12 th <strong>International</strong> <strong>Conference</strong> on Harmful Algae, Copenhagen, Denmark, 4-8 September 20061 Finnish Environment Institute, HELSINKI,Finland2 Finnish Institute of Marine Research,HELSINKI, Finland3 Institute of Nutrition, University of Jena,JENA, GermanyDinophysis acuminata, D. norvegicaand D. rotundata are commonlyfound in the late summer planktoncommunities of the northern BalticSea. Dinophysis-derived toxinshave previously been found inbenthic organisms, but noinformation on toxin transport viathe planktonic food webs exists. Toinvestigate the role of copepods asgrazers of Dinophysis spp. a seriesof experiments were carried out atthe SW coast of Finland.Grazing activity and prey selectivityof Eurytemora affinis and Acartiabifilosa were experimentally studiedwith field collected, concentratedplankton assemblages containingDinophysis spp. offered as food.The experimental water wasmanipulated to establish bothspecies diverse, and Dinophysisspp.– dominated microplanktonassemblages. The copepodingestion rates and selectivity ineach experiment were estimated.Toxin content of copepods used inthe incubations and field collectedzooplankton were analysed.The overall ingestion rates inDinophysis - dominated units were30.5 – 130 cells ind -1 d -1 . When foodavailability increased, otherorganisms were preferred, and theingestion rates on Dinophysis spp.were more variable (0.9 – 149 cellsind -1 d -1 ).PTX-2 (142 pg ind -1 ) was found inE. affinis after 24h incubation.Moreover, traces of PTX-2 and itsseco acid were found from fieldcollected zooplankton samples fromthe study area.O.14-04Karlotoxins mediate interactionsbetween the mixotrophicdinoflagellate, Karlodiniumveneficum, its prey, and itspredatorsSession: O.14 - Food ChainsPresentation time: 10:10 - 10:30JE Adolf, D Krupatkina, TR Bachvaroff,AR PlaceUMBI Center of Marine Biotechnology,BALTIMORE, United States of AmericaLittle is known about the ecologicalmechanisms that allow the toxicdinoflagellate, K. veneficum, tobloom. Here, we tested hypothesesthat the cytotoxic and ichthyotoxickarlotoxins produced by K.veneficum (1) allow greater feedingby K. veneficum on cryptophyteprey, Storeatula major, and (2) haveanti-grazing properties against acommon predator of K. veneficum,the heterotrophic dinoflagellateOxyrrhis marina. Of 14 strains of K.veneficum offered S. major as preyonly the non-toxic strains, MD5 and‘G. corsicum’, did not feed. Oxyrrhismarina feeding rate on K. veneficumwas reduced significantly when fedtoxic compared to non-toxic strainsor when a sub-lethal dose of purifiedtoxin was added to a non-toxic preyculture. The feeding rate of O.marina on non-toxic K. veneficumwas reduced in mixed culturescontaining both toxic and non-toxicstrains. We suggest karlotoxin ispart of an ecological strategy thatincreases K. veneficum cellulargrowth rate via mixotrophy whileminimizing grazing losses. Thesemechanisms will work together tooptimize population growth rates,increasing the likelihood of bloomformation. Further experiments arebeing conducted to test the ability ofK. veneficum to compete with O.61

INTERNATIONAL SOCIETY FOR THE STUDY OF HARMFUL ALGAE12 th <strong>International</strong> <strong>Conference</strong> on Harmful Algae, Copenhagen, Denmark, 4-8 September 2006marina for cryptophyte prey inmixed culture.PL.06Perilous neglect, reasonedaccommodation, ortransformation? Coping withchanging species concepts inmicroeukaryotesSession: PL..06 - Plenary VI - TaxonomyPresentation time: 11:00 - 11:35DG Mann, KM EvansRoyal Botanic Garden Edinburgh,EDINBURGH, United KingdomIn sexual organisms where visualcues are important either for matingitself or to attract a mating vector,there are obvious, good reasonswhy we can construct a meaningfulspecies-level taxonomy on the basisof morphological characters.Microalgae and protists are not allsexual and they do not see eachother, and so any demand thatspecies should be identifiablemorphologically is clearlyanthropocentric. The question iswhether this demand is alsounreasonable and counterproductive,given the functions oftaxonomy to (1) categorize the livingworld for information storage, (2)facilitate communication, and (3)allow prediction. Recent molecularand mating data indicate thatcryptic/semicryptic species arewidespread in microscopiceukaryotes; the relationshipbetween morphological variationand phylogeny is weak; complexesof semicryptic species can beseveral millions of years old(allowing their members to becomewidely distributed); and significantlocal and temporal differentiation ofpopulations can develop overrelatively short time-scales. Matingsystems can vary significantlyamong close relatives, probablyproducing complex variationpatterns similar to those inmulticellular organisms. Closerelatives are not always the mostsimilar ecologically. Overall, then, ataxonomy that ignores crypticmicroeukaryote species willsignificantly degrade dependentscience. Molecular ‘bar-coding’ isbecoming an essentialunderpinning.O.15-01Characterization of NWMediterranean Karlodinium spp.(Dinophyceae) strains usingmorphological, molecular,chemical and physiologicalmethodologiesSession: O.15 - TaxonomyPresentation time: 11:40 - 12:00E Garcés 1 , M Fernandez 2 ,A Penna 3 , Kvan Lenning 4 , A Gutierrez 4M Zapata 51 ICM CSIC, BARCELONA, Spain2 IRTA, SANT CARLES DE LA RÀPITA,Spain3 University of Urbino, PESARO, Italy4 Mar-CMIMA,CSIC, BARCELONA, Spain5 CIMA, Vilanova de Arousa, SpainRecurrent fish kills in the SpanishAlfacs Bay (NW Mediterranean)have been detected during winterseasons since 1994, and wereattributed to an unarmoured,ichthyotoxic, dinoflagellate, initiallyidentified as Gyrodinium corsicum.Several strains were isolated fromthe Bay and their clonal cultureswere compared by combinedtechniques, including light- andelectron microscopy, InternalTranscribed Spacer & 5.8S rDNAnucleotide sequencing and HPLCpigment analyses, together withstudies of their photochemical62

INTERNATIONAL SOCIETY FOR THE STUDY OF HARMFUL ALGAE12 th <strong>International</strong> <strong>Conference</strong> on Harmful Algae, Copenhagen, Denmark, 4-8 September 2006performance, growth rates andtoxicity. Using phylogeneticanalyses all strains were identifiedas members of the genusKarlodinium, but they wereseparated in two geneticallydifferent groups. These groups,identified as Karlodinium veneficumand K. armiger, were alsosupported by the other techniquesemployed. Specific differences inpigment patterns coincided with thatexpected for low (K. veneficum) andhigh-light (K. armiger) adaptedrelatives. The higher photosyntheticefficiency of K. veneficum and thelonger reactivation times of the PS IIreaction centers observed forKarlodinium armiger were inagreement with this hypothesis. Thetwo species differed in toxicity, butstrains employed always inducedmortality when incubated withbivalves, rotifers and finfish.Compare to K. armiger strains of K.veneficum yielded higher celldensities, but with lower growthrates.O.15-02Potential harmful cyanobacteriain drinking water reservoirs of HoChi Minh City, Vietnam - toxicityand molecular phylogenySession: O.15 - TaxonomyPresentation time: 12:00 - 12:20S Christensen 1 , N Daugbjerg 1 , ØMoestrup 1 , H Annadotter 2 , G Cronberg 21 Institute of Biology, COPENHAGEN K.,Denmark2 Institute of Ecology, LUND, SwedenThree large freshwater reservoirsare the primary water supply forapproximately 8 million people ofHo Chi Minh City, Vietnam. Therehave been reports of cyanobacterialblooms in these reservoirs, but nosurvey of the occurrence ofcyanobacterial toxins in thereservoirs and in the drinking waterhas previously been made. In thisstudy, a survey of the occurrence ofcyanobacteria and thecyanobacterial toxin microcystinwas conducted in two of the threereservoirs. The tap water waslikewise tested for the presence ofmicrocystin. Twelve cultures offilamentous cyanobacteriarepresenting the ordersOscillatoriales and Nostocales wereestablished, described,photographed and tested formicrocystin production. Theirphylogenetic relationship wasinvestigated on the basis ofphycocyanin gene sequenceanalyses. Cultures of Microcystiswere established and tested formicrocystin production. Microcystinconcentrations were measured byELISA and HPLC. Toxic andpotentially toxic species wereobserved in both reservoirs.Microcystin concentrations werebelow the WHO guideline value of1.0 µg/l, but tap waterconcentrations corresponded to theconcentrations in the reservoirs. Allinvestigated genera withinOscillatoriales and Nostocales werepolyphyletic according to thephycocyanin sequences.Phycocyanin sequence similaritiesof 100% indicated a recent lateralgene transfer between species ofArthrospira and Oscillatoria.O.15-03Genetic and phenotypicdifferences among species andstrains of potential fish-killingraphidophytes in theMediterraneanSession: O.15 - TaxonomyPresentation time: 12:20 - 12:40S Kloepper 1 , U John 1 , U Tillmann 1 , AZingone 2 , AD Cembella 163

INTERNATIONAL SOCIETY FOR THE STUDY OF HARMFUL ALGAE12 th <strong>International</strong> <strong>Conference</strong> on Harmful Algae, Copenhagen, Denmark, 4-8 September 20061 Alfred-Wegener-Institute,BREMERHAVEN, Germany2 Stazione Zoologica 'Anton Dohrn',NAPLES, ItalyDense raphidophyte blooms are acause of mass fish mortalities incoastal areas throughout the world.The recent dramatic global growthof aquaculture, especially fishfarming, has led to increasedrequirement for knowledge oncharacterization and toxigenicity ofraphidophyte blooms. In theMediterranean, raphidophytes formannual blooms in coastal waters,thereby posing a threat to fishaquaculture. We investigated amixed bloom event involving theraphidophytes Chattonella sp. andFibrocapsa sp. on the Adriatic coastof Italy, including molecular genetic,morphological and ecologicalaspects. Light and electronmicroscopy revealed one of thespecies to be Chattonella subsalsaas described by Biecheler (1936).Nevertheless, genetic markers fornuclear and ribosomal DNA (LSU,SSU, ITS, psaA and RubisCo)differentiated this Chattonella, andwith less distinctness, Fibrocapsasp., from other known strains of therespective genera. Phenotypicdifferences among isolated cloneswere determined from profiles ofpolyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs)and activity of reactive oxygenspecies (ROS), which are putativelyresponsible for ichthyotoxicity.Strains were bioassayed with a fisherythrocyte lytic assay and the brineshrimp Artemia salina test. Therelationship (if any) between toxicityand phenotypic and genotypiccharacteristics is complex and notyet resolved.O.15-04How many different species arein the Alexandrium tamarense/catenella / fundyense complex?Session: O.15 - TaxonomyPresentation time: 12:40 - 13:00S Fraga 1 , RI Figueroa 1 , I Bravo 1 , NSampedro 2 , JM Franco 3 , A Penna 4 , IRamilo 1 , A Fernández-Villamarín 11 Instituto Español de Oceanografía, VIGO,Spain2 Institut de Ciències del Mar, CSIC,BARCELONA, Spain3 Instituto de Investigacións Mariñas, CSI,VIGO, Spain4 University of Urbino, PESARO, ItalyThe Alexandrium tamarense/catenella / fundyense speciescomplex comprises four geneticallydifferent clades in which thesimilarity between strains is larger ingeographically related species thanbetween geographically distantstrains of the same species. Theseclades are the North Atlantic, theWestern European, the TemperateAsian and the Mediterraneanclades. The morphologicalcharacters currently used todifferentiate the species within thiscomplex are the presence orabsence of a ventral pore in 1’ plate,the ability to form chains, and therelation between the transdiameterand the length of the cells. InAlexandrium minutum the presenceof the ventral pore is not a constantcharacter, and in other species theability to form longer or shorterchains is strain dependent, and therelation between the transdiameterand length of cells depends onwhether or not they form chains.These characters alone are nolonger valid to differentiate amongspecies of this complex. In ouropinion the four clades correspondto four different cryptic species, andnew morphological criteria arenecessary to define them. We64

INTERNATIONAL SOCIETY FOR THE STUDY OF HARMFUL ALGAE12 th <strong>International</strong> <strong>Conference</strong> on Harmful Algae, Copenhagen, Denmark, 4-8 September 2006present data to support thishypothesis based on differentgrowth rates in relation totemperature, mating experiments,toxin profiles and morphology.O.16-01A domoic acid immunosensoronboard the EnvironmentalSample Processor: the first stepstoward remote, sub-surfacephycotoxin detectionSession: O.16 - Monitoring 1Presentation time: 11:40 - 12:00GJ Doucette 1 , CA Scholin 2 , CMMikulski 1 , R Marin III 2 , S Jensen 2 , BRoman 2 , D Greenfield 2 , KL King 1 , JFeldman 3 , G Massion 2 , CT Elliott 41 NOAA/National Ocean Service,CHARLESTON, SC, United States ofAmerica2 Monterey Bay Aquarium ResearchInstitute, MOSS LANDING, CA, UnitedStates of America3 Jet Propulsion Laboratory, PASADENA,CA, United States of America4 Queen's University Belfast, BELFAST,Northern IrelandThe emergence of ocean observinginitiatives highlights the benefits ofdeveloping remote, in-situdiagnostic capabilities forbiological/biochemical constituents,including harmful algal bloom (HAB)taxa, their genes, gene products,and metabolites. The ability todetect such targets, especially HABspecies and toxins, in real or nearrealtime is of immediate utility toresearchers studying HAB/toxindynamics and to coastal managerscharged with mitigating thesocioeconomic impacts of blooms.The Environmental SampleProcessor (ESP;www.mbari.org/microbial/ESP) wasdeveloped for the autonomous, subsurfaceapplication of moleculardiagnostic tests and during initialdeployments has successfully runDNA probe arrays for several HABspecies. To address the need forconcurrent detection of algal toxins,which are known to vary widely inconcentration depending on algalphysiological status, we recentlyfielded a toxin extraction protocolcoupled with immuno-based toxinarrays during deployments of asecond generation ESP. Throughapplication of species and toxinarrays, known toxic Pseudonitzschiaspp. and domoic acid (DA)were detected concurrently onboardthe ESP in Monterey Bay, CA, USA,representing the first remote,integrated assessment of algal cellabundance and toxin concentrationin coastal waters. Refinedcalibration of the DA assay will yieldmore accurate estimates of abloom’s toxicity and potentialimpacts.O.16-02The detection of toxic algae by anew developed rRNA biosensor(EU-Project ALGADEC)Session: O.16 - Monitoring 1Presentation time: 12:00 - 12:20S Diercks, K Metfies, LK MedlinAlfred Wegener Institute, BREMERHAVEN,GermanyThe EU-project ALGADEC aims todevelop a hand-held biosensor forin situ analysis of toxic algae whichcan serve as an early warningsystem to prevent toxication ofanimals and consumers.Identification of toxic algae is basedon molecular probes that specificallytarget its rRNA. Taxon- specificprobes were developed for HABalgae that occur in three differentcoastal areas in Europe. Asandwich-hybridization assay isused to detect the rRNA. A captureprobe, immobilised on the65

INTERNATIONAL SOCIETY FOR THE STUDY OF HARMFUL ALGAE12 th <strong>International</strong> <strong>Conference</strong> on Harmful Algae, Copenhagen, Denmark, 4-8 September 2006biosensor, binds to RNA-strandsisolated from the target organism,then a digoxigen-labelled secondprobe binds. An antibody-enzymecomplex directed againstdigoxigenin is applied onto thesensor. Substrate is added and aredox-reaction takes place. Theresulting electric current ismeasured and the amount of boundrRNA is proportional to the electriccurrent. The adaptation to thesensor and the tests for specificityof probes were done by usinglaboratory strains. Validation ofprobe signals are carried outagainst total rRNA over the growthcycle of the algae and underdifferent environmental conditions.Finally sensors will be tested inorder to obtain a calibration curvethat will allow for conversion of theelectronic signal into concentrationof toxic cells with special software.O.16-03Identifying and detecting harmfulalgal bloom species using acolour imaging flow cytometer(FlowCAM®)Session: O.16 - Monitoring 1Presentation time: 12:20 - 12:40NJ Poulton 1 , H Nelson 2 , CK Sieracki 21 Bigelow Laboratory for Ocean Sciences,WEST BOOTHBAY HARBOR, ME, UnitedStates of America2 Fluid Imaging Technologies, EDGECOMB,ME, United States of AmericaThe ability to detect, identify andenumerate harmful algal species isa requirement in coastalecosystems for monitoringprograms and early detection ofharmful bloom events. To date,most monitoring programs utilizemicroscopes for identifying bloomspecies in a laboratory or from fieldsamples, which can be laboriousand time consuming. Recently,however, automated techniques formonitoring and detecting targetspecies have been tested inphytoplankton monitoring programs.These methods include instrumentsthat analyze the molecularDNA/RNA content within fieldsamples, examine optical propertiesof the water (such as pigmentcomposition), and utilize optical flowthrough systems. FlowCAM is animaging-flow-cytometer thatcombines the capabilities of a flowcytometer with a digital-imagingmicroscope and automatesphytoplankton detection andenumeration. Previously,FlowCAM has been shown tosuccessfully detect and enumerateharmful algal bloom species(Alexandrium fundyense andKarenia brevis) from both laboratoryand field samples. Here we presentdata from a new 'color' FlowCAM.The use of color provides additionalcriteria for distinguishing betweenclosely related harmful algalspecies. The key benefits of thistechnology are the ability to analyzephytoplankton continuously,determine the size, and mostimportantly the collection of colordigital images for further analysis.O.16-04Quantitative Real-time PCRdetection of harmful algaeSession: O.16 - Monitoring 1Presentation time: 12:40 - 13:00MF de Salas, CJS BolchUniversity of Tasmania, HOBART, TAS,AustraliaA range of species-specific qPCRassays were developed toenumerate low concentrations ofdifficult to identify harmful marinedinoflagellates in the generaAlexandrium, Karenia, Karlodinium66

INTERNATIONAL SOCIETY FOR THE STUDY OF HARMFUL ALGAE12 th <strong>International</strong> <strong>Conference</strong> on Harmful Algae, Copenhagen, Denmark, 4-8 September 2006and Takayama. These assays usedspecies-specific primers togetherwith species specific dual-labelledfluorogenic probes for maximumsensitivity and specificity. Detectionlevels of one single cell could beconsistently achieved using thistechnology, significantly reducingthe need for skilled microscopy inrouting monitoring. This wascombined with the use of a crudelysate for optimal quantitation toproduce a result that can be directlychecked against existing actionleveltables for target species.Alexandrium probes were alsosuccessful in detectinghypnozygotes, extending the rageof possible applications to routinesediment surveys and ballast watermonitoring.PL.07Diatom genomics: new insightsinto diatom toxicitySession: PL..07 - Plenary VII - GenomicsPresentation time: 08:30 - 09:05Virginia ArmbrustUniversity of Washington, SEATTLE,United States of AmericaWhole genome sequences for twodiatoms, Thalassiosira pseudonana(centric diatom) and Phaeodactylumtricornutum (pennate diatom) havebeen completed and are (or soonwill be) publicly available. Wholegenome sequencing of the toxigenicdiatom Pseudo-nitzschia multiseriesis now underway and is scheduledto be completed in 2007. Under stillpoorly defined environmentalconditions, Pseudo-nitzschiaspecies can produce the neurotoxindomoic acid, which is the causativeagent of amnesic shellfishpoisoning. The growing data baseof DNA sequence informationallows new approaches tounderstand specific aspects ofdiatom physiology such as toxinproduction. For example,comparative and whole genometranscriptional analyses are beingused to define features that appearcommon to diatoms in general andspecific to pennate or centricdiatoms in particular. In addition, inadvance of the availability of thewhole genome sequenceinformation for P. multiseries, weare using subtractive hybridizationapproaches to identify genesspecifically upregulated whenPseudo-nitzschia species arelimited with silicate and induced toproduce domoic acid. Ultimately,we will use this data base to askquestions about field populations ofPseudo-nitzschia. I will highlightways in which genome data can beused to ask questions aboutdifferent aspects of phytoplanktonphysiology and ecology.O.17-01Nutrient-regulated transcriptionalchanges in Aureococcusanophagefferens identified withlong-SAGE (serial analysis ofgene expression)Session: O.17 - GenomicsPresentation time: 09:10 - 09:30ST Dyhrman, ST Haley, LL Wurch, EDOrchardWoods Hole Oceanographic Institution,WOODS HOLE, United States of AmericaNutrient availability can influenceimportant aspects of harmful algaebiology and ecology, such asgrowth, toxin production, and lifecycle transformations. Despite theimportance of nutritional physiologyto these processes, fundamentalgaps remain in our understanding ofnutrient-scavenging mechanisms inharmful species. Using long-serialanalysis of gene expression (Long-67

INTERNATIONAL SOCIETY FOR THE STUDY OF HARMFUL ALGAE12 th <strong>International</strong> <strong>Conference</strong> on Harmful Algae, Copenhagen, Denmark, 4-8 September 2006SAGE) we have examinedtranscriptional patterns in threeAureococcus anophagefferenslibraries, nutrient-replete,phosphorus-starved (-P), andnitrogen-starved (-N), designed toidentify nutrient stress responses.Long-SAGE examines geneexpression patterns without a prioriknowledge of gene sequences viathe detection of 21bp sequencetags. To date we have sampledover 75,000 A. anophagefferenssequence tags. Ongoing analysessuggest that A. anophagefferenshas a strong transcriptionalresponse to nutrient starvation, with71 sequence tags significantly(R=2) up-regulated in the –N library,and 179 sequence tags (R=2) upregulatedin the –P library. Unlikethe genome, which is essentiallystatic, these patterns of geneexpression are modulated by thenutritional physiology of the cell andthe ongoing annotation of thesesequence tags will provide adynamic link between A.anophagefferens and its cellularfunctioning in coastal systems.O.17-02EST-based gene discovery andexpression analysis inAlexandrium.Session: O.17 - GenomicsPresentation time: 09:30 - 09:50JD Hackett, DM AndersonWoods Hole Oceanographic Institution,WOODS HOLE, United States of AmericaExpressed sequence tag (EST)-based approaches are an importanttool for facilitating gene discoveryfor organisms without a completegenome sequence. We used ahighly efficient strategy usingnormalized and subtracted cDNAlibraries to generate ESTs for thetoxic dinoflagellate Alexandriumtamarense (9,000 unique ESTs).We are now using these data todetermine the metabolic capabilitiesof Alexandrium. The ESTs wereanalyzed to determine the metabolicpathways present in Alexandriumand to identify genes that may beinvolved in saxitoxin synthesis. Weare also using quantitative-PCR toanalyze gene expression undernitrogen and phosphorus limitationusing cultured strains. Genes thatshow regulation under thesenutrient stress conditions are testedon samples collected from a naturaltoxic bloom of Alexandrium. Theobjective of this work is to design agene expression 'tool kit' that can beused to determine the expression ofgenes involved in nutrient utilizationfrom natural Alexandrium blooms.O.17-03Identification of cellular stressand death-associated genes inKarenia brevis as potentialbiomarkers for bloom terminationSession: O.17 - GenomicsPresentation time: 09:50 - 10:10FM van Dolah, KB Lidie, JS Morey, EAMonroe, JC RyanNOAA, CHARLESTON, SC, United Statesof AmericaKarenia brevis is responsible forbrevetoxin-producing red tides inthe Gulf of Mexico. Current HABforecasting tools are capable ofprojecting the movement of K.brevis blooms towards vulnerablecommunities; however, lack ofinsight into mechanisms controllingcell death in dinoflagellates makesforecasting of bloom terminationcurrently unfeasible. In this studytherefore we sought to identifygenes in K. brevis expressed underconditions leading to cell death. An11,000 gene K. brevis DNA68

INTERNATIONAL SOCIETY FOR THE STUDY OF HARMFUL ALGAE12 th <strong>International</strong> <strong>Conference</strong> on Harmful Algae, Copenhagen, Denmark, 4-8 September 2006microarray was used to assessglobal transcript profiles under avariety of acute (heat shock,peroxide, lead, NaNO2, andparaquot) and chronic stress (N orP depletion, dark, and cellsenescence). We identified a suiteof genes up-regulated under allconditions that result in decreasedviability and another suiteconsistently down-regulated. Upregulatedgenes include membersof the ubiquitin pathway,senescence-associated cysproteases, and calpains. Genesinvolved in translation andphotosynthesis are consistentlydown-regulated. Components ofthe programmed cell death pathwayare present (metacaspase, caspaserecruitment domain proteins, deathassociatedkinase), but do notrespond at the transcriptional level.The expression of this gene set iscurrently under investigation in fieldpopulations of K. brevis of knowngrowth/stress status to assess theirpotential for biomarkers of bloomtermination.O.17-04A genomic approach towards abetter understanding of domoicacid production in the marinediatom Pseudo-nitzschiamultistriataSession: O.17 - GenomicsPresentation time: 10:10 - 10:30A Luedeking 1 , W Kooistra 1 , MMontresor 1 , D D'Alelio 1 , U John 21 Stazione Zoologica di Napoli, NAPLES,Italy2 Alfred Wegener Institute,BREMERHAVEN, GermanyWithin the diatoms the genusPseudo-nitzschia has gained livelyinterest since 1987 when P.multiseries caused an AmnesicShellfish Poisoning (ASP) eventalong Prince Edward Island,Canada. Production of domoic acidseems to be tightly controlled by thediatom and several enzymes thatmight be involved in the metabolicpathway were recently suggested.Nevertheless, the key enzymesystem facilitating the fusion andtransformation of the two putativeprecursors geranylpyrophosphateand 3-Hydroxy-glutamic acid stillremain unknown. In a first step wedetermined the physiological limitsof P. multistriata to temperature,salinity and nutrient limitation.Thereafter, we investigate toxinproduction under thosephysiological conditions thatstimulate production of domoic acid.In parallel gene expression ofapprox. 4500 genes is measured.Therefore, we use a microarray thatis based on the EST-sequencing ofa normalised cDNA library of P.multistriata. This approach enablesus to make an in silico subtraction ofexpressed genes in relation to toxinproduction resulting in a set ofcandidate genes putatively involvedin toxin synthesis.O.18-01Inter-annual variability ofAlexandrium blooms in CorkHarbour, IrelandSession: O.18 - Ecology & Oceanography 1Presentation time: 09:10 - 09:30A Ní Rathaille, N Touzet, R RaineMartin Ryan Institute, GALWAY, IrelandBlooms of Alexandrium are arecurring problem in the retentiveNorth Channel of Cork Harbour onthe south coast of Ireland. Annualvariations of these blooms includethe timing of their initiation, theirintensity and their duration. Theycan often lead to toxic events andshellfish closures in the North69

INTERNATIONAL SOCIETY FOR THE STUDY OF HARMFUL ALGAE12 th <strong>International</strong> <strong>Conference</strong> on Harmful Algae, Copenhagen, Denmark, 4-8 September 2006Channel area. Field data from the2004 and 2005 bloom seasons arepresented. These data sets provideevidence to show that the interannualvariability of these blooms isdirectly related to the physicalregime, namely temperature andlight levels within the water columnand tidal dilution. Results oflaboratory experiments investigatingthe effects of both temperature andlight on the growth rates of A.minutum and A. tamarense, speciesthat co-exist within the NorthChannel, are presented. Thecontrol by tidal dilution in the NorthChannel varies substantiallybetween spring and neap tides. It isthe balance between the maximumgrowth rates, as determined bytemperature and light, and the tidaldilution, as determined by the timeof year, that dictate the initiation,intensity and duration of theobserved blooms.O.18-02Eutrophication and HABs- aglobal change perspectiveSession: O.18 - Ecology & Oceanography 1Presentation time: 09:30 - 09:50PM Glibert 1 , S Seitzinger 2 , RWHowarth 3 , JM Burkholder 41 Horn Point Laboratory, CAMBRIDGE, MD,United States of America2 Instit. of Mar. and Coastal Sci, Rutgers,NEW BRUNSWICK, NJ, United States ofAmerica3 Cornell University, ITHACA,NY, UnitedStates of America4 NC State University, RALEIGH, N.C.,United States of AmericaEutrophication-related HABs aregrowing in frequency, duration andtoxic impacts in many parts of theworld. The past several decadeshave witnessed a dramatic increasein the availability of nutrients onland, in the atmosphere and in theocean. This increase is the result ofrapid growth in world population,and in the use of syntheticfertilizers, the development ofconcentrated animal andaquaculture operations, and thecombustion of fossil fuels. Thisincrease is especially apparent fornitrogen, as rates of application ofnitrogen fertilizers have increasedmuch faster than those ofphosphorus, and has led to anaccelerated nitrogen cycle globally.Although there are multiple reasonsfor the global expansion in HABs,and relationships betweeneutrophication and HAB proliferationare complex and not equallyapplicable to all species, thepatterns of proliferation of manyHAB species mirror the increase inapplication on, and export of,nitrogen from many regions of theworld. Of increasing concern arethe projections that 1) humanpopulation growth will bedisproportionately in many coastalregions, and 2) global climatechanges will lead to increasedprecipitation in many of thesenitrogen-rich regions, increasingnitrogen export and thus thepotential for further HAB blooms.O.18-03Thin layers of Pseudo-nitzschiaspp and the fate of Dinophysisacuminata during an upwellingdownwellingcycle in a GalicianriaSession: O.18 - Ecology & Oceanography 1Presentation time: 09:50 - 10:10B Reguera 1 , L Velo 1 , S González-Gil 1 ,P Gentien 2 , M Lunven 2 , C Bechemin 2 , LFernand 3 , R Raine 41 Instituto Español de Oceanografía, VIGO,Spain2 IFREMER, BREST, France3 CEFAS, LOWESTOFT, United Kingdom4 The Martin Ryan Institute, NUIG,GALWAY, Ireland70

INTERNATIONAL SOCIETY FOR THE STUDY OF HARMFUL ALGAE12 th <strong>International</strong> <strong>Conference</strong> on Harmful Algae, Copenhagen, Denmark, 4-8 September 2006Measurements of the physical andbiological environment were carriedout in the Ria de Pontevedra(Galician Rías Baixas, Spain) over atwo-week period in June 2005.Fine-scale vertical distributions ofphytoplankton and shear wereobtained using the IFREMERParticle Profiler and Fine ScaleSampler, coupled withmeasurements from a Nortekacoustic Doppler velocimeter, in situobservations of live samples(autofluorescence) and staineddinoflagellates. A sequence ofupwelling-relaxation-upwellingdownwellingevents was observed.Thin layers of Pseudo-nitzschia spp.and other diatoms (up to 30 µgchlorophyll a · L -1 ) developed andpersisted in the pycnocline region,above the cooler (12.5 ºC) nutrientrich(>10µM nitrate) upwelled water,but were vertically displaced anderoded during downwelling. Apopulation of D. acuminata, that hadbeen evident since early March,was never found within the thinlayers but instead was confined tothe warmer surface (0-4m) layersthroughout the entire survey. Thesecells did not perform any verticalmigration. The results showed theneed to define sub-surface thinlayer characteristics suitable forindividual species. In addition, theimportance of the phase of thepopulation growth to determinephysical-biological interactions andbehaviour of Dinophysis in relationto thin layers is highlighted.O.18-04Positive feedback and thedevelopment and persistence ofecosystem disruptive algalbloomsSession: O.18 - Ecology & Oceanography 1Presentation time: 10:10 - 10:30WG Sunda, DR HardisonBeaufort Laboratory, NOS, NOAA,BEAUFORT, NC, United States of AmericaHarmful algal blooms (HABs) haveoccurred with increasing frequencyin recent years with eutrophicationand other anthropogenic alterationsof coastal ecosystems. Many ofthese blooms severely disruptecosystem function, and can bereferred to as ecosystem disruptivealgal blooms (EDABs). Theseblooms are typically caused by toxicor unpalatable species thatdecrease grazing rates byherbivores, and thereby disrupttransfer of nutrients and energy tohigher trophic levels, and decreasenutrient recycling. Many factors,such as nutrient availability andherbivore grazing have beenproposed to separately influenceEDAB dynamics, but interactionsamong these factors have rarelybeen considered. Here we describepositive feedback interactionsamong nutrient availability,herbivore grazing, and nutrientcycling, which can to substantiallyinfluence the dynamics of EDABevents. The positive feedbacksresult from reduced grazing rates onEDAB species, which promote theproliferation of these algae anddecrease grazer-mediated recyclingof nutrients. These effects in turndecrease nutrient availability. Sincemany EDAB species are welladaptedto nutrient-stressedenvironments and many exhibitincreased toxin production andtoxicity under nutrient limitation,positive feedbacks are establishedwhich can greatly increase the rateof bloom development, and promotebloom persistence and adverseeffects on the ecosystem.71

INTERNATIONAL SOCIETY FOR THE STUDY OF HARMFUL ALGAE12 th <strong>International</strong> <strong>Conference</strong> on Harmful Algae, Copenhagen, Denmark, 4-8 September 2006O.19-01Field applications for remotedetection of harmful algae usingthe Environmental SampleProcessor: Spring-Summer 2006Session: O.19 - Monitoring 2Presentation time: 11:00 - 11:20Dianne I Greenfield 1 , CA Scholin 1 , SJensen 1 , R III Marin 1 , B Roman 1 , BMassion 1 , GJ Doucette 21 Monterey Bay Aquarium ResearchInstitute, MOSS LANDING, United Statesof America2 NOAA/National Ocean Service,CHARLESTON, SC 29412, United Statesof AmericaMolecular approaches for identifyingharmful algal bloom (HAB) speciesand affiliated toxins are central toresearch and monitoring, but suchmethods require the return ofdiscrete samples for laboratoryanalysis. This impediment isovercome with the EnvironmentalSample Processor (ESP), aninstrument that detects remotely,subsurface, and in near real-time, awide range of microorganisms andsubstances they produce(http://www.mbari.org/microbial/ESP). The first-generation ESP verifiedbasic concepts, such as samplearchive and DNA array processing.The second-generation (2G ESP), acomparatively smaller, faster, andmore robust version, was beendeployed for the first time inMonterey Bay, CA (USA) duringspring-summer of 2006 for ~20d perdeployment. During this fieldseason, the 2G ESP successfullyautomated detection of a number ofharmful species, including diatomsof the genus Pseudo-nitzschia,some of which produce the toxindomoic acid. In addition to in situdetection, we attempted to groundtruth instrument data by periodwater sampling and analyses usinglaboratory versions of molecularassays that are emulated within theESP. Here we present our fieldfindings to date, including speciesdetected remotely during 2006,domoic acid (Doucette et al.),environmental data, and ourcapability to ground-truth instrumentdata.O.19-02Monitoring of lipophilic shellfishtoxins using SPATT (Solid PhaseAdsorption Toxin Tracking) inNova Scotia, CanadaSession: O.19 - Monitoring 2Presentation time: 11:20 - 11:40CM Garnett 1 , CM Rafuse 1 , NI Lewis 1 , SKirchhoff 2 , J Cullen 2 , MA Quilliam 11 National Research Council of Canada,HALIFAX, Canada2 Dalhousie University, HALIFAX, CanadaField studies were undertaken inShip Harbour and Lunenburg Bay,Nova Scotia, Canada, from May toNovember, 2005. Solid PhaseAdsorption Toxin Tracking (SPATT)bags were deployed weekly inconjunction with a variety ofphysico-chemical measurementsincluding temperature, conductivityand light attenuation. Sampling ofphytoplankton was conducted atboth sites and blue mussels (Mytilisedulis) were collected at the ShipHarbour site. SPATT extracts wereanalysed by LC-MS/MS using amulti-toxin analysis for lipophilictoxins. The following toxins weredetected: spirolides,dinophysistoxin-1, pectenotoxin-2,pectenotoxin-2 seco acid,yessotoxin and azaspiracids. Theconcentration effect of toxins fromthe water column by the SPATTbags was supported by evidence oftoxins in the SPATT extracts whenno toxins were detected inplanktonic net tow samples. Inaddition, changes in the toxin72

INTERNATIONAL SOCIETY FOR THE STUDY OF HARMFUL ALGAE12 th <strong>International</strong> <strong>Conference</strong> on Harmful Algae, Copenhagen, Denmark, 4-8 September 2006profiles over the sampling period atboth sites were observed and thesewere related to changes in thedinoflagellate community structure.These results are compared toSPATT and phytoplankton dataobtained from Ship Harbour during2004. Correlation between theconcentration of shellfish toxins inthe SPATT extracts and musseltissue was examined to evaluatethe application of this technique asan early warning technology for theaquaculture industry.O.19-03Developing operationalcapabilities for nowcasts andforecasts of harmful algal bloomsSession: O.19 - Monitoring 2Presentation time: 11:40 - 12:00RP Stumpf, MC Tomlinson`NOAA National Ocean Service, SILVERSPRING, MD, United States of AmericaManagers and communities needforecasting systems that address'nowcasts' — where a harmful algalbloom (HAB) is today; and'forecasts' — where it will be in thenear future. They often want toknow if a HAB will initiate ordissipate. While characteristics ofHABs differ, and regional systemsare necessary, there arecommonalities between forecastingsystems.Forecasting systems have threebasic requirements: data on HABlocations; transport models thataddress management requirements;and analysis of the data and modelsthat make sense to managers. Todetermine HAB location, the suite ofobservations may include watersamples, manual or automateddetectors, and remote observations.To determine transport, the modelscan include heuristic models and 1-D, 2-D, or 3-D transport orcirculation models. The effectiveintegration of observations andmodels requires an analyst, muchas an analyst is needed for aweather forecast.Predicting initiation and dissipationmay use different ecological modelsand observational schemes. Thesewill tend to involve a greaterdiversity of physical and ecologicalobservations. While an initiationmodel can aid in directing samplingto find a new HAB, the requirementsof that model should not beconfused with the basic 'nowcast'requirements of location, transport,and analysis.O.19-04Early warning of cyanobacteria inwater reservoirsSession: O.19 - Monitoring 2Presentation time: 12:00 - 12:20KG Garde 1 , T Jurczak 2 , K Izydorczyk 3 ,L Schlüter 4 , H Kaas 11 ToxiSpot, HØRSHOLM, Denmark2 University of Lodz, 12/16 BANACHA ST.,90-237 LODZ, Poland3 Acadmy of Sciences, 3 TYLNA, 90-348LODZ, Poland4 DHI Water & Environment, AGERN ALLE5, 2970 HØRSHOLM, DenmarkMass occurrences of toxiccyanobacteria pose a serious threatfor water works abstracting waterfrom surface waters around theworld. If cyanotoxins enter thedistribution net, they may causeillnesses in humans and in case oflong-term exposure cancer riskhazards. Thus early warningmethodologies are called for,making water works able to detectcyanobacterial problems in due timeto activate proper measures. Amethod increasingly used is in situmultichannel fluorometry enablingquantitative estimations of73

INTERNATIONAL SOCIETY FOR THE STUDY OF HARMFUL ALGAE12 th <strong>International</strong> <strong>Conference</strong> on Harmful Algae, Copenhagen, Denmark, 4-8 September 2006occurrences of algal groups;including cyanobacteria. In thepresent study the compliancebetween this strategy and othermethods commonly applied todescribe and quantify phytoplanktoncomposition were compared;including lab fluorometry,spectrophotometry and HPLCpigment analyses andmicroscopically examination. Inaddition, the occurrence ofmicrocystins was assessed. Ingeneral, acceptable coherence wasobserved between the differentstrategies when accessed based onthe occurrence and dominance ofcyanobacteria. Regarding the otheralgal groups obvious discrepanciesoccurred; i.e. the in situ fluorometermethod was not able to describe thephytoplankton community properly.O.19-05Phytoplankton communitycomposition observed byautonomous underwater vehicleSession: O.19 - Monitoring 2Presentation time: 12:20 - 12:40GJ Kirkpatrick 1 , MA Moline 2 , SELohrenz 3 , OM Schofield 41 Mote Marine Laboratory, SARASOTA,United States of America2 California Polytechnic State University,SAN LUIS OBISPO, United States ofAmerica3 University of Southern Mississippi,STENNIS SPACE CENTER, United Statesof America4 Rutgers University, NEW BRUNSWICK,United States of AmericaLaboratory and field studies havedemonstrated the feasibility ofdetecting Karenia brevis blooms inthe eastern Gulf of Mexico utilizinglight absorbance spectra.Development of this technique hasbeen aimed at providing moretimely access to data andinformation on the initiation,transport, and effects of K. brevisblooms. Management efforts tomitigate the harmful effects ofblooms will require temporal andspatial monitoring of phytoplanktoncommunity taxonomic compositionand dynamics. To achieve thistaxonomic discrimination, laboratorycultures of 12 species of microalgaerepresenting five taxonomic classeswere used to develop a library oftarget classes. A fitting routineinvolving multiple least-squaresanalyses was applied toBreveBuster absorbance spectra todetermine the ‘best fit’ estimates ofchlorophyll a concentrationcontributed by each class in bothlaboratory culture mixes and naturalmixed populations. A ten-daydeployment of a BreveBuster on anautonomous underwater vehicle(AUV) off the west coast of Floridain September and October 2004detected a Karenia brevispopulation associated withcyanobacteria and diatompopulations which had not beenobserved by manual sampling.Multiple transects across the shelfby the AUV over this ten-day periodillustrated the spatial and temporaldynamics of the phytoplanktoncommunity.O.19-06Retrospective GIS analyses ofthe Florida red tide databaseSession: O.19 - Monitoring 2Presentation time: 12:40 - 13:00KA Steidinger 1 , JA Tustison 2 , CA Heil 21 University of South Florida, ST.PETERSBURG, United States of America2 FL Fish & Wildlife Conservation Comm.,ST. PETERSBURG, United States ofAmericaFlorida red tides (Karenia brevis)are the most frequent and longest74

INTERNATIONAL SOCIETY FOR THE STUDY OF HARMFUL ALGAE12 th <strong>International</strong> <strong>Conference</strong> on Harmful Algae, Copenhagen, Denmark, 4-8 September 2006lasting marine HABs in the world.Red tide data visualization usinglayered Geographic InformationSystem (GIS) datasets allowsdisplay of K. brevis count data overa 50 year period. The databasecontains ‘event response’ results aswell as cruise and transect data withfixed sampling stations collected atleast monthly. When data on count,location, depth, date, and time aredisplayed on a daily basis, asequential display of data keyed bysymbols and colour shows theprogression of a bloom beingtransported cross-shelf and longshore.This data layer can beintegrated with winds, currentmodels, hurricanes and othervariables to visualize animatedmovement and forcing functions onthe west Florida shelf. Although thedatabase is composed of disparatedatasets from haphazard, directed,or repetitive sampling, GIStechnology offers geospatialanalytical capabilities not availablefor the conventional database. Thefollowing can be visualized byspecific red tide datasets: offshoreinitiation; transport from the Gulf ofMexico to the Florida east coast;long-shore movement, both south tonorth and vise versa; and theforcing of currents on initialsoutherly transport. In addition, GISanalyses allows for improvement ofsampling design.O.20-01A harmful algal bloomoccurrence in Barangay KirayanNorte, Miagao, Iloilo, PhilippinesSession: O.20 - Regional eventsPresentation time: 11:00 - 11:20JP Peralta 1 , SS Garibay 1 , JRN Noble 2 ,RMM Espina 3 , AN Nualla 31 Univ. Phil. Visayas, ILOILO, Philippines2 Municipality of Miag-ao, ILOILO,Philippines3 Miag-ao Municipal Health Office, ILOILO,PhilippinesOn March 1, 2005, a dense mat offloating algae had accumulatedinshore, and began to rot. Coastalresidents of Barangay KirayanNorte, Miagao, Iloilo, Philippinesexperienced problems sleeping atnight, children had difficultybreathing, and some had skinirritations and itchiness. Since thesea breeze flows inland, theresidents were affected by therotting algae, which smelledseaweedy and ammoniacal.One of the residents tried to mitigatethe dilemma by harvesting thewash-up algae, which had piledinshore, and buried it in a sand pit.The person, who harvested thealgae with his unprotected barehands, experienced swelling of hisface and other skin irritations.The probable causative organismwas identified as Lyngbyamajuscula, a filamentouscyanobacterium whose colour isdark-green to black. The presenceof L. majuscula in the coastalcommunities now poses risks to itsresidents. Monitoring and furtherstudy of this phenomenon istherefore highly recommended.The paper reports on theoccurrence of the harmful algalbloom, advocates the monitoring ofthe phenomenon, and reportsinitiatives being undertaken by U.P.Visayas.O.20-02Cochlodinium blooms in Sabah,MalaysiaSession: O.20 - Regional eventsPresentation time: 11:20 - 11:40A Anton 1 , PL Teoh 1 , S Mustaffa 1 , LNordin 275

INTERNATIONAL SOCIETY FOR THE STUDY OF HARMFUL ALGAE12 th <strong>International</strong> <strong>Conference</strong> on Harmful Algae, Copenhagen, Denmark, 4-8 September 20061 Universiti Malaysia Sabah, KOTAKINABALU, Malaysia2 Malaysian Centre for Remote Sensing,KUALA LUMPUR, MalaysiaHarmful algal blooms in Malaysiaare mostly confined to the westcoast of Sabah. Since it was firstreported in 1976, Pyrodiniumbahamense var. compressum hasbeen the main causative organism,which has resulted in public healthproblems and diminution of shellfishcultures. In January 2005, bloomsof Cochlodinium polykrikoides werefirst observed in the Sepanggar Bayoff Kota Kinabalu, causing fish killsand economic losses to theaquaculture industry. Populationstudies of the blooms showed aperpectual pattern of occurrence in2005, with high densities (> 104cells l -1 ) recurring around areas ofaquaculture activities and replacingthe dominant HAB speciesPyrodinium bahamense var.compressum. The origin of theseblooms has been speculated to becaused by circulation currents in theSouth China Sea and/oraquaculture activities of introducedspecies in the coastal waters offKota Kinabalu. The 16S rDNA of C.polykrikoides isolated from watersaround Kota Kinabalu has beensequenced and used forcomparison with other existingsequences. A multidisciplinaryapproach to study Cochlodinium redtides, including ocean currentpatterns, water quality, and remotesensing is being undertaken, tofurther understand the factorscausing the blooms for the purposeof management and mitigation.O.20-03Massive fish kills in thePhilippines caused byCochlodinium and ProrocentrumSession: O.20 - Regional eventsPresentation time: 11:40 - 12:00RV AzanzaThe Marine Science Institute, QUEZONCITY, PhilippinesThere have been few and scatteredreports of fish kills in the Philippines.Not much attention has been givento these events until a Prorocentrumminimum bloom occurred for thefirst time in 2002, that coincided withmass mortality of cultured milkfish,thus wreaking havoc to the localfishermen’s livelihood. This fish killphenomenon, that happened in themunicipality of Bolinao, Pangasinan,north of the Philippines, has beenattributed to uncontrolledproliferation of fish cages and pens.Yearly harmful algal blooms of otherspecies have been experienced inthis area.Palawan, Southwestern Philippineshas a rich marine life, supplying60% of Manila’s fish requirements,and contributes to half of thenational fish export. With arelatively more pristine water,Palawan experienced its major redtide outbreak in 2005. ACochlodinium polykrikoides bloomspanned 500km of Palawan’scoastline and lasted for four months.Satellite images from MODIS AquaLevel 2 data revealed chlorophyll-alevels as high as >0.5 mg/m 3 fromconstructed mosaics of its monthlydistribution.This paper reports on the series ofevents that led to fish kills in tworelatively different water systems.Factors that contributed to theblooms will be discussed andcontrasted.76

INTERNATIONAL SOCIETY FOR THE STUDY OF HARMFUL ALGAE12 th <strong>International</strong> <strong>Conference</strong> on Harmful Algae, Copenhagen, Denmark, 4-8 September 2006O.20-04Alexandrium fundyense - redtides, PSP shellfish toxicity,salmon mortalities and humanillnesses in 2003-04 –before andafterSession: O.20 - Regional eventsPresentation time: 12:00 - 12:20JL Martin 1,2 , FH Page 1 , MM LeGresley 11 St. Andrews Biological Station, ST.ANDREWS, NB, Canada2 Fisheries and Oceans Canada, CanadaThe Bay of Fundy has a longhistory of Alexandrium fundyenseblooms and annual shellfishharvesting area closures, generallyduring summer months, due tounsafe levels of PSP toxins. Inaddition to shellfish closures,herring mortalities occurred in 1976and 1979, the salmon farmingindustry suffered mortalities in2003-04 and human illnesses haveoccurred through the years.Data on PS toxins in shellfish havebeen collected since the 1940s andprovide an important perspectiveon inter-annual and seasonal A.fundyense patterns. Data indicatethat PSP has been presentthroughout much of the Bay ofFundy since the early 1940s. andthere are consecutive years ofgreater toxicities.Regular phytoplankton samplingsince 1988 shows that A.fundyense cell concentrations aregenerally greatest in the offshoreregions in close proximity to majorcyst deposits and tend to bedispersed through the exposedregions through water movementsand circulation. Highest cellsdensities since 1988 wereobserved in 2003 (8.8 x 105cells•L-1) in the Grand MananIsland area and in 2004 in BlissHarbour (> 3 million cells.L -1 ) andresulted in salmon mortalitiesduring both years. Patterns inshellfish toxicity prior to andfollowing the red tide events arediscussed.O.20-05Dynamics of blooms of cfChattonella verruculosa in theSkagerrak and the KattegatSession: O.20 - Regional eventsPresentation time: 12:20 - 12:40B Karlson 1 , E Almroth 1 , P Andersen 2 , KEilola 1 , M Kuylenstierna 3 , L-J Naustvoll 41 SMHI, Oceanographic services, VÄSTRAFRÖLUNDA, Sweden2 Bio/consult A/S, ÅBYHØJ, Denmark3 Kristineberg Marine Research Station,FISKEBÄCKSKIL, Sweden4 Flødevigen Marine Research Station, HIS,NorwayLarge blooms of cf. Chattonellaverruculosa were observed in theSkagerrak area for the first time in1998. Blooms have occurred in thearea also in years 2000, 2001 and2006. An overview of the bloomevents is presented. The organismmay be an introduced species butreanalysis of preserved samplesshow that it was present in the areain 1993. It now seems to be anestablished species in the area. Theblooms are described usingobservations from ship sampling(cell counts) and satellites. Alsophysical and biogeochemicalmodels are used for describing theevents. Models results indicate thatlow turbulence conditions may bean important factor for bloominitiation.O.20-06Role of short-term climatechange on outbreak andsuccession of large scale HABsalong east Chinese coast in 2005Session: O.20 - Regional events77

INTERNATIONAL SOCIETY FOR THE STUDY OF HARMFUL ALGAE12 th <strong>International</strong> <strong>Conference</strong> on Harmful Algae, Copenhagen, Denmark, 4-8 September 2006Presentation time: 12:40 - 13:00Mingjiang Zhou 1 , Mingyuan Zhu 2 ,Yunfeng Wang 1 , Dedi Zhu 3 , SonghuiLv 4 , Douding Lu 3 , Xiaoyong Shi 5 ,Chuansong Zhang 51 Institute of Oceanology, CAS, QINGDAO,China2 First Institute of Oceanography, QINGDAO266061, China3 Second Institute of Oceanography, SOA,HANGZHOU 310012, China4 Jinan University, GUANGZHOU 510632,China5 Ocean University, QINGDAO 266003,ChinaIn 2005, CEOHAB (Ecology andOceanography of Harmful AlgalBlooms in China) carried out 5cruises to further understand themechanisms of large scaleProrocentrum blooms along eastChinese coast, near Changjiangriver estuary and Zhejiang coast.The blooms re-occurred for severalyears at nearly the same time. Itsoccurrence was delayed in 2005,following a succession of bloomspecies, from Skeletonema toKarenia and then Prorocentrum.Preliminary clues were obtained toexplain this phenomenon. First,physical oceanographic datashowed that significant lowtemperatures of the seawater mayhave played an important role. Thetemperature of sea water at the endof March was about three degreeslower compared with 2004 and wasnot favourable for Prorocentrum togrow. Secondly, more nutrient inputfrom excessive runoff of Changjiangriver during winter might also play arole. And thirdly, different adaptivestrategies caused diatoms tobecome dominant in the earlyspring, and the dinoflagellates later,so that Prorocentrum was delayed.Short-term climate changeapparently could have a significantimpact on the outbreak andsuccession of large-scale HABsalong the east Chinese coastthrough alterations of environmentalconditions.PL.08The physical oceanographiccontrol of harmful algal bloomsSession: PL..08 - Plenary VIII – Ecologyand OceanographyPresentation time: 14:15 - 14:50Robin RaineThe Martin Ryan Institute, NationalUniversity of Ireland, GALWAY, IrelandMany HABs impacting onaquaculture regions or other sitesof amenity value arise becausethey are transported to the site.This occurs with local currents orelse with water whose circulation issubjected to shifts in forcingvariables such as the wind. Asound knowledge of coastal andnear shelf physical oceanographicprocesses is therefore of immenseimportance if we are to predict HABevents with confidence. Theeffects of coastal currents,upwelling, and estuarineentrainment in transporting bloomshave been acknowledged for sometime. More recently, the influencesof coastal and tidal fronts, windforced water exchanges in bays,coastal jets and gyres have beenstudied in relation to HABs. Manycoastal bays also have residentpopulations of HAB species. Thissituation arises not only due to adormant sessile stage in the lifecycle, but also because thebalance between growth andphysical dilution of the bay favoursa bloom.This paper reviews physicaloceanographic processes withinthe context of HAB events usingIrish coastal waters as an example.Data is also presented which78

INTERNATIONAL SOCIETY FOR THE STUDY OF HARMFUL ALGAE12 th <strong>International</strong> <strong>Conference</strong> on Harmful Algae, Copenhagen, Denmark, 4-8 September 2006demonstrates that a goodunderstanding of the physicalprocesses which give rise to HABscan lead to robust, but simple,prediction models.O.21-01Wind patterns and HABs inupwelling systemsSession: O.21 - Ecology & Oceanography 2Presentation time: 14:55 - 15:15GC Pitcher 1 , A Fawcett 2 , S Bernard 2 ,AD Cembella 3 , RM Kudela 41 Marine and Coastal Management, CAPETOWN, South Africa2 University of Cape Town, CAPE TOWN,South Africa3 Alfred Wegener Institute,BREMERHAVEN, Germany4 University of California Santa Cruz,SANTA CRUZ, United States of AmericaThe southern Namaqua shelf of theBenguela upwelling system isfrequently subjected to a variety ofHarmful Algal Bloom (HAB)phenomena. Here winds dictatemost physical processes importantto the development of HABs. Thispresentation compares two periodsof study (15 March – 16 April 2005and 7 – 23 March 2006), followingclearly different wind patterns. The2005 study was dominated bydinoflagellates including species ofDinophysis and Protoceratiumreticulatum, responsible for theproduction of DSP toxins andyessotoxins, respectively, while the2006 study was dominated byseveral species of Pseudo-nitzschiaknown to produce domoic acid. Thewind patterns leading to these verydifferent bloom events areexamined in terms of speciesselection and population dynamics.In particular the influence of thewind on the dynamics of the surfacemixed layer, and on local upwellingprocesses determining across-shelfand alongshore flow, and frontaldynamics are investigated.O.21-02The multi-species nature of the2005 Karenia bloom: implicationsfor management and monitoringin FloridaSession: O.21 - Ecology & Oceanography 2Presentation time: 15:15 - 15:35CA Heil 1 , E Truby 2 , J Wolny 3 , R Pigg 2 ,B Richardson 2 , M Garrett 2 , AHaywood 3 , K Petrik 2 , L Flewelling 2 , SCook 3 , E Stone 2 , KA Steidinger 3 , JLandsberg 21 Florida Fish & Wildlife Conservation C C,ST. PETERSBURG, FLORIDA, UnitedStates of America2 Florida Fish & Wildlife Cons. Commission,ST. PETERSBURG, FL 33701, UnitedStates of America3 Florida Institute of Oceanography, USF,ST. PETERSBURG, FL 33701, UnitedStates of AmericaThe severe 2005 Karenia brevisbloom was the first Gulf of Mexico-Karenia bloom in which multipleKarenia species were identified andmonitored routinely. Five specieswere present over the course of thebloom: K. brevis, K. mikimotoi, K.papilionacea, K. selliformis and arecognized, but currently unnamedfifth species, Karenia sp. Kareniabrevis was geographicallywidespread and numericallydominant over the entire bloom.Although K. mikimotoi, the secondmost common species, displayedsimilar geographical andtemperature and salinity ranges asK. brevis, it was not present insignificant concentrations until 4months after bloom initiation.Karenia selliformis, alsogeographically widespread, waspresent only during the final bloomstages. Conversely, K.papilionacea was abundant onlyduring the first two bloom months,79

INTERNATIONAL SOCIETY FOR THE STUDY OF HARMFUL ALGAE12 th <strong>International</strong> <strong>Conference</strong> on Harmful Algae, Copenhagen, Denmark, 4-8 September 2006and geographically restricted tooffshore waters between St.Petersburg and Naples. Kareniasp. was further restricted, presentonly at higher salinities in the Ft.Myers to Naples area. Thesepatterns of occurrence of thedifferent Karenia species throughoutthe blooms suggest that K. brevisoccupies the broadest ecologicalniche, with other species eitherspatially or temporally restricted.Management implications dependon impacts, toxins and toxicity ofdifferent strains. The first step isisolation of newly recorded species.O.22-01First evidence for the implicationof nitric oxide in Ciguatera FishPoisoningSession: O.22 - Toxicology 3Presentation time: 14.55 - 15:15S Pauillac, F Vernel-Pauillac, S Kumar-Roine, M-P Sauviat, E Benoit, MChinain, D LaurentInstitut Pasteur de Nouvelle-Calédonie,NOUMÉA, New CaledoniaThe involvement of the nitric oxide(NO) pathway in ciguatera fishpoisoning (CFP) has beeninvestigated, in vitro and in vivo, in aciguatoxin (CTX)/mouse model. Theinduction of inducible nitric oxidesynthase (iNOS) synthesis at themRNA level was kineticallymeasured using a real-time PCRprotocol based on the LightCycler®technology. CTX-pulsed Neuro-2acells (1 ng/mL) and peripheral bloodmononuclear cells from CTXinjectedmice (1ng/g), weredemonstrated to express iNOS in atime-dependent manner. Thisstrongly suggests that NO might beresponsible for certain ciguaterasymptoms (e.g. hypotension,allergenic effects and ChronicFatigue Syndrome) which could notbe solely explained by the activationof voltage-gated sodium channels.This hypothesis is supported by theobservation that the most currentlyused drugs for the treatment of CFPare free radical scavengers.In conclusion, the implication of NOin CFP paves the way for newtherapies for both occidental andtraditional medicines, together withnew CTXs detection and clinicaldiagnostic tools.O.22-02Implications of saxitoxins forpublic health and naturalresources in FloridaSession: O.22 - Toxicology 3Presentation time: 15:15 – 15.35JH Landsberg 1 , JP Abbott 2 , LJFlewelling 1 , PS Scott 1 , JL Wolny 21 FL Fish & Wildlife Conservation Comm.,ST. PETERSBURG, United States ofAmerica2 Florida Institute of Oceanography, ST.PETERSBURG, United States of AmericaIn early 2002, with the onset ofpuffer fish poisoning (PFP)originating from the Indian RiverLagoon (IRL), saxitoxin wasdiscovered in Florida andassociated with Pyrodiniumbahamense for the first time in theUnited States. Saxitoxins areusually associated with potentiallyfatal Paralytic Shellfish Poisoning(PSP), but prior to 2002, there wasno public health risk from PSP inFlorida. Since the detection ofsaxitoxins in puffer fish, the stateinitiated an intensive statewidemonitoring program to determineconcentrations and distribution ofsaxitoxins in biota. Because theyare immune to saxitoxins, puffer fishcan accumulate high toxinconcentrations in the muscle,making them an extreme threat toconsumers. Following FDA action80

INTERNATIONAL SOCIETY FOR THE STUDY OF HARMFUL ALGAE12 th <strong>International</strong> <strong>Conference</strong> on Harmful Algae, Copenhagen, Denmark, 4-8 September 2006levels (80 µg STX eq./100g meat)for acceptable limits of saxitoxins inseafood, the FWC banned pufferfish harvesting in the IRL. Apartfrom puffer fish that consistentlyexceed the action limit forsaxitoxins, shellfish beds in thenorthern IRL were closed as aprecautionary measure only on twobrief occasions, just exceeding theacceptable limit by mouse bioassay.Preliminary evidence suggests thatsaxitoxins are present in the foodchain but they remain an unknownrisk to natural resources, despitedocumented mortality and diseaseevents in the IRL.81

INTERNATIONAL SOCIETY FOR THE STUDY OF HARMFUL ALGAE12 th <strong>International</strong> <strong>Conference</strong> on Harmful Algae, Copenhagen, Denmark, 4-8 September 2006SYMPOSIA, WEDNESDAY 6 SEPTEMBER1. Ecosystem Disruptive Harmful Algal BloomsROOM: will be announcedConvener: Pat TesterThere is a new term in town – Ecosystem Disruptive Harmful Algal Blooms (EDABS)This session will explore the effects of eutrophication, relaxation of top down controland positive feedback loops that may help perpetuate EDABS. Ideas published intwo recent papers will serve as the focus for this session that will include 2-3speakers to introduce the topic and stimulate open, vigorous discussions about whatEDABS are, what the feedback loops are and what consequences EDABS have toecosystems viability.Sunda et al. (2006) “Harmful algal blooms (HABs) have occurred with increasingfrequency in recent years with eutrophication and other anthropogenic alterations ofcoastal ecosystems. Many of these blooms severely alter or degrade ecosystemfunction, and are referred to here as ecosystem disruptive algal blooms (EDABs).These blooms are often caused by toxic or unpalatable species that decreasegrazing rates by planktonic and benthic herbivores, and thereby disrupt the transferof nutrients and energy to higher trophic levels, and decrease nutrient recycling.Examples of EDAB species discussed in this paper include the pelagophytesAureococcus anophagefferens Hargraves et Sieburth and Aureoumbra lagunensisDeYoe and Stockwell, the green tide algae Nannochloris atomus Butcher andNannochloropsis gaditana Lubián, the haptophytes Chrysochromulina polylepisManton et Parke and Prymnesium parvum Carter, and the cyanobacteriaSynechococcus elongates Nägeli and Nodularia spumigena Mertens ex Bornet &Flahault. Many factors, such as nutrient availability and herbivore grazing have beenproposed to separately influence EDAB dynamics, but interactions among thesefactors have rarely been considered. Here we discuss positive feedback interactionsamong nutrient availability, herbivore grazing, and nutrient regeneration, which havethe potential to substantially influence the dynamics of EDAB events. The positivefeedbacks result from a reduction of grazing rates on EDAB species caused bytoxicity or unpalatability of these algae, which promotes the proliferation of the EDABspecies. The decreased rates also lower grazer-mediated recycling of nutrients andthereby decrease nutrient availability. Since many EDAB species are well-adapted tonutrient-stressed environments and many exhibit increased toxin production andtoxicity under nutrient limitation, positive feedbacks are established which can greatlyincrease the rate of bloom development and the adverse effects on the ecosystem.An understanding of how these feedbacks interact with other regulating factors, suchas benthic/pelagic nutrient coupling, physical forcing, and life cycles of EDAB speciesprovides a substantial future challenge.”Mitra and Flynn (2006) “The relationship between algae and their zooplanktonicpredators typically involves consumption of nutrients by algae, grazing of the algaeby zooplankton which in turn enhances predator biomass, controls algal growth andregenerates nutrients. Eutrophication raises nutrient levels, but does not simplyincrease normal predator–prey activity; rather, harmful algal bloom (HAB) eventsdevelop often with serious ecological and aesthetic implications. Generally, HABspecies are outwardly poor competitors for nutrients, while their development ofgrazing deterrents during nutrient stress ostensibly occurs too late, after the nutrientshave largely been consumed already by fast-growing non-HAB species. A newmechanism is presented to explain HAB dynamics under these circumstances. Using82

INTERNATIONAL SOCIETY FOR THE STUDY OF HARMFUL ALGAE12 th <strong>International</strong> <strong>Conference</strong> on Harmful Algae, Copenhagen, Denmark, 4-8 September 2006a multi-nutrient predator–prey model, it is demonstrated that these blooms candevelop through the self-propagating failure of normal predator–prey activity,resulting in the transfer of nutrients into HAB growth at the expense of competingalgal species. Rate limitation of this transfer provides a continual level of nutrientstress that results in HAB species exhibiting grazing deterrents protecting them fromtop-down control. This process is self-stabilizing as long as nutrient demand exceedssupply, maintaining the unpalatable status of HABs; such events are most likelyunder eutrophic conditions with skewed nutrient ratios.”Mitra, A. and K.J. Flynn. 2006. Promotion of harmful algal blooms by zooplanktonpredatory activity. Biology Letters.http://www.journals.royalsoc.ac.uk/link.asp?id=pa6a316clj7hhSunda, W.R., E. Granéli and C.J. Gobler. 2006. Positive feedback and thedevelopment and persistence of ecosystem disruptive algal blooms. Journal ofPhycology (on line August athttp://www.blackwellpublishing.com/journal.asp?ref=0022-3646&site=12. Human Health and HABsRoom: will be announcedConvener: Lorraine Backer and Heléne AnnadotterThe first part of the symposium will address, using Florida red tide as an illustration,how marine harmful algal blooms (HABs) can affect coastal communities. In July,2006, the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, the Florida Fish andWildlife Conservation Commission, Mote Marine Laboratory and the State of FloridaInstitute of Oceanongraphy hosted the workshop and public forum “State of theResearch on Red Tide in the Gulf of Mexico.” At the July workshop, speakersreviewed the progress in understanding this phenomenon in the contexts of Kareniabrevis biophysiology, bloom dynamics and ecology, fisheries and food safety,oceanography, human health, economics, and community education and outreach.Red tides appear to be increasing in the frequency and intensity and are an ongoingthreat to Florida’s Gulf coast communities. In this workshop, there will be a briefpresentation summarizing these community impacts that will set the stage fordiscussion about future directions for research on the effects of marine HABs oncoastal communities.The second part of the symposium will deal with the impact of cyanobacterial bloomson public health and the quality of drinking water. In the past decades, a number ofreports of mass developments of cyanobacteria have appeared globally. A largenumber of documented incidents of death among animals, associated withcyanobacterial blooms, exist. Data on exposure of humans to cyanotoxins arelimited. A range of symptoms among humans exposed to cyanobacteria in drinkingwater or in connection with swimming, have been documented. In most of thesecases, the level of cyanotoxins were never measured. In a few cases, microcystinswere measured but found to be around WHO´s safe level. In these cases, healthproblems such as fever, headache, skin rashes, abdominal pain, and muscle painwere reported. But which toxins and/or organisms are the cause of these differentsymptoms? The discussion will focus on the level of, and the role, of differentcyanotoxins and cyanobacteria-associated organisms for the symptoms reported inconnection with exposure of cyanobacteria in drinking water and during recreation.83

INTERNATIONAL SOCIETY FOR THE STUDY OF HARMFUL ALGAE12 th <strong>International</strong> <strong>Conference</strong> on Harmful Algae, Copenhagen, Denmark, 4-8 September 20063. Taxonomy – the species conceptRoom: will be announcedConvener: Jacob LarsenThe species concept in different groups of protists will be introduced by invitedspeakers. During the session, we would like to stimulate a discussion of the speciesconcept in the different groups of harmful algae: are cryptic species a commonphenomenon? How are species defined in the future, by DNA bar codes or? Isspecies distribution restricted only by temperature?Professor Tom Fenchel, University of Copenhagen, will give a generalintroduction to the species concept in protists while other speakers will talkspecifically about different groups of harmful algae, e.g. Karenia and Dinophysis.4. Toxicology of Toxin AnaloguesROOM: will be announcedConvener: Phillip Hess and John RamsdellThe potential or known toxicity of toxin analogues is an issue of complexity. Anumber of organizations (incl. the EU) are active in the Codex Alimentarius work toclarify guidelines for national regulatory measures for toxin analogues.The symposium will, after a few short introductory remarks, be an open discussionand exchange of new knowledge and viewpoints. We hope to obtain a state-of-theartof current knowledge on toxicity of analogues, to discuss the TEF concept, as wellas additivity and QSARs.This symposium should particularly attract chemists, pharmacologists andtoxicologists5. HABs and Clay Flocculation: Some Species, Some Places, but not a SilverBulletROOM: will be announcedModerators:Mario R. Sengco, Smithsonian Environmental Research CenterKevin G. Sellner, Chesapeake Research Consortium, Inc.For over a decade, natural clays have been used to control HABs in Japan, China,and South Korea, to minimize their impacts on aquaculture. Clays have also beenused in Australia to treat Microcystis blooms in rivers and streams, and to removephosphorus from the water column. In the U.S., clays have been shown to beeffective against a number of marine and brackish-water species, although moststudies have focused on Karenia brevis and its toxins in Florida waters. Otherstudies have also been conducted in Sweden, Hong Kong, and the Philippines.Despite the growing number of investigations into the use of clays to control HABs,there has been little effort to consolidate our current understanding about theeffectiveness of clays, the impacts of clay dispersal on water quality and the benthicenvironment, the cost of treatment, and the practical considerations of clay84

INTERNATIONAL SOCIETY FOR THE STUDY OF HARMFUL ALGAE12 th <strong>International</strong> <strong>Conference</strong> on Harmful Algae, Copenhagen, Denmark, 4-8 September 2006application. In this session, we have asked the speakers to summarize our currentknowledge about the efficacy and impacts of clay flocculation, and to relate theirexperiences regarding the effectiveness, cost and implementation of this controlstrategy. We hope to provide a critical, scientific review of this method, as well as abalanced, practical discussion of its costs, benefits, and impacts.Speakers:Mario R. Sengco (Smithsonian Environmental Research Center, U.S.) – the use ofclays against Karenia brevis and Prymnesium parvumKevin Sellner (Chesapeake Research Consortium, U.S.) – studies in ChesapeakeBay Monica Bricelj and Anne-Gaelle Haubois (National Research Council of Canada)– benthic impacts of clay applicationsChang-Kyu Lee (National Fisheries Research and Development Institute, SouthKorea) – the use of yellow clay against Cochlodinium polykrikoidesZhiming Yu (Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, P.R. China) –recent clay applications in China85

INTERNATIONAL SOCIETY FOR THE STUDY OF HARMFUL ALGAE12 th <strong>International</strong> <strong>Conference</strong> on Harmful Algae, Copenhagen, Denmark, 4-8 September 2006POSTER PROGRAMMESESSION PO.01: GENETICSGenetic Characterization of Pseudo-nitzschia species isolated from theChesapeake Bay, Maryland USABowers, Thessen, Oldach, StoeckerDinoflagellate cysts from New Zealand ports and harbours, with emphasis onthe distribution of harmful and potential invasive speciesStewart, ChangHarmful algae can be transported via relocation of bivalve shellfishShumway, Hégaret, WikforsDevelopment of microsatellite markers to study the population genetics ofSkeletonema sp. - a marine diatomSaravananDevelopment of a real-time PCR-based nucleic acid test for the detection ofDinophysis species in Irish watersKavanaghMolecular characterization and morphological variability of seven strains ofthe dinoflagellate Prorocentrum minimumMonti, CatalettoGenetic variation in ribosomal DNA of Chattonella aff. verruculosa, a newharmful dictyochophyte forming recurrent blooms in Scandinavian waters.Riisberg, EdvardsenDevelopment of a molecular probe for the harmful algae, Pyrodiniumbahamense var. compressum, from Sabah, MalaysiaChin, Teoh, AntonMolecular detection and diversity of Pseudo-nitzschia populations from theNorth American West CoastHubbard, Armbrust, RocapMolecular approaches for the detection and characterization of Alexandriumspecies in natural bloomsTöbe, Alpermann, John, Tillmann, Krock, Medlin, CembellaGenetic diversity within Baltic Sea populations of nodularin-producingNodularia spumigena and nontoxic Nodularia harveyanaLuckas, Krueger, Hiller, OelmuellerPO.01-01PO.01-02PO.01-03PO.01-04PO.01-06PO.01-07PO.01-08PO.01-09PO.01-10PO.01-11PO.01-1286

INTERNATIONAL SOCIETY FOR THE STUDY OF HARMFUL ALGAE12 th <strong>International</strong> <strong>Conference</strong> on Harmful Algae, Copenhagen, Denmark, 4-8 September 2006Petroleum production platforms as sites for the expansion of ciguatera in thenorthwestern Gulf of MexicoVillareal, Hanson, Qualia, Jester, Grande, DickeyPO.01-13A molecular approach to identify Pseudo-nitzschia species in natural samples PO.01-14McDonald, Sarno, Amato, Kooistra, ZingoneMolecular tools for the identification of Pseudo-nitzschia in Catalan waters,SpainElandaloussi, Venail, Fernández-Tejedor, Diogène, Quijano, Garcés,Camp, AndreeDiversity in the genus Skeletonema: an overviewZingone, Sarno, KooistraIsolation of preferentially expressed gene between different mating type cellsin the dinoflagellate Alexandrium tamarenseKobiyama, Koike, OgataPhylogeny and biogeography of Prorocentrum donghaienseHan, Qi, Zou, Yu, Gao, LuDistribution and diversity of toxigenic Microcystis blooms: a temperatetropicalcomparisonVyverman, van Gremberghe, Asmelash, Dejenie, van Wichelen, van der Gucht,de Meester, WilmotteThe distribution of Alexandrium species in British coastal watersLewis, Carter, PercyOccurrence of motile cells of a Gymnodinium species, belonging to theGymnodinium catenatum group, in the western Baltic SeaGöbel, LuTesting the hypothesis of temperate Asia origin of Alexandrium catenella inThau Lagoon (NW Mediterranean) using microsatellite markersMasseret, Nagai, Grzebyk, Genovesi-Giunti, Lasserre, Laabir, Alrivie, Collos,Vaquer, BerrebiPhylogenetic relationships between Cochlodinium polykrikoides populationsfrom Japanese and East Asian coastsIwataki, Kawami, Matsuoka, FukuyoPhytoplankton assemblages in ballast water of U.S. military ships consideringport of origin, voyage time and ocean exchange practicesBurkholder, Hallegraeff, Melia, Cohen, Oldach, Bowers, Parrow, MallinPO.01-15PO.01-16PO.01-17PO.01-18PO.01-19PO.01-20PO.01-21PO.01-22PO.01-23PO.01-2487

INTERNATIONAL SOCIETY FOR THE STUDY OF HARMFUL ALGAE12 th <strong>International</strong> <strong>Conference</strong> on Harmful Algae, Copenhagen, Denmark, 4-8 September 2006Genetic diversity studies on Skeletonema species (Bacillariophyta) in thecoastal waters of southern China by SSU rDNA sequence analysisLiang, Chen, Wan, Gao, Ho, LiPopulation genetic structure of Skeletonema marinoi - a model species forphytoplankton bloom dynamicsGodhePO.01-26PO.01-27SESSION PO.02: GENOMICSComparative genomic analysis of DNA fragment from a toxic cyanobacterialbloomPope, PatelGenomic characterization of the spirolide-producing dinoflagellateAlexandrium ostenfeldii with special emphasis on PKS genesJaeckisch, Glöckner, Vogel, Cembella, JohnMolecular investigations on the toxic marine dinoflagellate AlexandriumminutumJung John, Glöckner, Tillmann, Krock, CembellaA proteomic approach to harmful algal bloom researchWang, Hong, Chan, HodgkissPolyketide synthases in protists: a class of their ownJohnMolecular physiology of the toxigenic haptophyte Prymnesium parvumBeszteri, Tillmann, Freitag, Glöckner, Cembella, JohnNew insights into the higher order organization of the dinoflagellateschromosomes: evidence of eukaryotic differentiationsAlverca, Cuadrado, Franca, Moreno Díaz de la Espina,Mononucleotide polymorphism of a microcystin synthetase, mcyH in thereleasing of microcystins in a specific strain of Microcystis aeruginosaChouIs application of quantitative-PCR possible for measurements in toxicMicrocystis populations?Lin, ChouPO.02-01PO.02-02PO.02-03PO.02-04PO.02-05PO.02-06PO.02-07PO.02-08PO.02-09SESSION PO.03: PUBLIC HEALTH2005 New England paralytic shellfish poisoning (non)-event: risk managementsuccess storyPO.03-0188

INTERNATIONAL SOCIETY FOR THE STUDY OF HARMFUL ALGAE12 th <strong>International</strong> <strong>Conference</strong> on Harmful Algae, Copenhagen, Denmark, 4-8 September 2006Etheridge, Deeds, Conrad, Hall, DiStefano, Ellwanger, Chu, Pettengill, Hickey,Whittaker, CoutureThe economic consequences of red tide events on the Gulf Coast of Florida,USAAdams, Larkin, Degner, MorganUsing beachfront restaurant sales in Southwest Florida to determine thelocalized impacts of HAB eventsLarkin, Adams, Morgan, DegnerPO.03-02PO.03-03The situation of ciguatera fish poisoning in French Polynesia from 2000 to2004 PO.03-05Darius, Revel, Ung, Cruchet, Tchou Fouc, ChinainItalian observatory on water and healthFunari, Mattei, Scardala, GramaccioniA water-asssociated dermatitis in Swedish lakesAnnadotterPO.03-07PO.03-09SESSION PO.04: FOOD CHAINSGrowth of harmful blue-green algae after viable gut passage in crucian andsilver carpKolmakov, Gladyshev, Anishchenko, Chuprov, Ivanova, Kravchuk, ZuyevShort-term feeding response of the mussel Mytilus chilensis exposed to dietscontaining the toxic dinoflagellate Alexandrium catenellaNavarro, ContrerasEffects of harmful algae on rotifer feeding behaviour and reproduction:Karenia brevis uses chemical defense to deter grazersPirkle, Snell, KubanekCopepod grazing on a toxic Dinophysis acuta thin-layer bloomSobrinho-Gonçalves, MoitaLethality of microalgae to farmed Atlantic salmonBurridge, Martin, Lyons, LeGresley, ChangA test of toxic vs. nutritional effects of harmful algae (brown tide) on clamlarvae and implications for benthic recruitmentBricelj, MacQuarrie, PernetAn individual-based model simulates the effects of brown tide on larvalrecruitment of hard clamsPO.04-01PO.04-02PO.04-03PO.04-04PO.04-06PO.04-07PO.04-0889

INTERNATIONAL SOCIETY FOR THE STUDY OF HARMFUL ALGAE12 th <strong>International</strong> <strong>Conference</strong> on Harmful Algae, Copenhagen, Denmark, 4-8 September 2006Hofmann, Powell, Bricelj, Klinck, KraeuterThe uptake of domoic acid by jellyfish: a new phycotoxin vector?Boisson, Oberansli, King, Mikulski, DoucettePO.04-09Effects of the toxic dinoflagellate Alexandrium minutum, grown under differentN/P ratios, on the copepod Acartia tonsaPO.04-10Christou, Maneiro, Varkitzi, Zervoudaki, PagouUptake, metabolism and loss of clay-flocculated brevetoxins in a surfacedeposit-feeding clamHaubois, Bricelj, QuilliamStatewide distribution of saxitoxins within Florida puffer fish speciesAbbott, Landsberg, Flewelling, Sebastian, StahlPO.04-11PO.04-12SESSION PO.05: TOXIN ANALYSISDirect selective separation of domoic acid by molecularly imprinted polymers PO.05-01Kubo, Kaya, SanoDevelopment of a highly sensitive determination method forcylindrospermopsin using LC/ESI-MSKikuchiThe use of biopsies to quantify domoic acid concentration in the king scallopPecten maximusBlanco, Mariño, Acosta, MartínNitric oxide synthase-mediated nitric oxide (NO) generation by harmful redtide phytoplankton, Chattonella marinaOda, Daekyung, YamaguchiPO.05-02PO.05-03PO.05-04Lipophilic toxins in French shellfish: first report on detection of pectenotoxin-2, spirolide-C and their isomers by liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry PO.05-05Amzil, Royer, Sibat, Guimard, Neaud-Masson, ChiantellaFirst evidence of DTX2 in France: detection by LC-ESI-MS2 during 2004-2005south Brittany phytoplankton bloomsMondeguer, Nézan, Le Gal, MarcaillouTesting of a passive adsorption device in the detection of DTXs undercontrolled conditionsMarcaillou, Mondeguer, Bérard, GoupilIn vitro interactions between several species of harmful algae and hemocytesof bivalve molluscsHegaret, Wikfors, ShumwayPO.05-06PO.05-07PO.05-0990

INTERNATIONAL SOCIETY FOR THE STUDY OF HARMFUL ALGAE12 th <strong>International</strong> <strong>Conference</strong> on Harmful Algae, Copenhagen, Denmark, 4-8 September 2006Yessotoxin profiles from cultures and planktonic field samples of the marinedinoflagellates Protoceratium reticulatum and Gonyaulax spiniferaKrockVariability of particulate and dissolved lipophilic toxins during and afterDinophysis acuta growth in the Galician RiasPizarro, Franco, González-Gil, RegueraAlternative bioassays for the detection of cyanotoxinsRuebhartPreparation and simultaneous LC-MS analysis of fourteen shellfish toxinsSuzuki, Sekiguchi, Watai, YasumotoA fast and sensitive multi-analyte UPLC-MS/MS method for the detection ofDSP and other lipophilic marine biotoxins in shellfishMcMillan, Fux, Hess, BireFirst report of the production of spirolides by Alexandrium peruvianum(Dinophyceae) from the Mediterranean SeaFranco, Paz, Riobo, Pizarro, Figueroa, Fraga, BravoOn the correlation between MMPB and ELISA methods for total microcystinconcentrationsTakagi, Sano, KayaMicrocystins in the NIES Certified Reference Materials No. 26Sano, Takagi, Nishikawa, KayaDeoxy cylindrospermopsin, detection in the benthic freshwatercyanobacterium Lyngbya wollei from Australian streamsEaglesham, Seifert, Shaw, WickramasingheLC/MS-MS determination of paralytic shellfish poisoning (PSP) in seafood byapplication of a new hydrophilic interaction liquid chromatographic (HILIC)columnDiener, LuckasPreparation of toxin standards for use in monitoring diarrhetic shellfish toxinsby LC-MSYoshinoLarge-scale pumping and recovery of algal toxins from sea waterRundberget, Sandvik, MilesIsolation of novel spirolides from the marine dinoflagellate AlexandriumostenfeldiiMarschallek, Krock, CembellaPO.05-10PO.05-11PO.05-12PO.05-13PO.05-14PO.05-15PO.05-16PO.05-17PO.05-18PO.05-19PO.05-20PO.05-21PO.05-2291

INTERNATIONAL SOCIETY FOR THE STUDY OF HARMFUL ALGAE12 th <strong>International</strong> <strong>Conference</strong> on Harmful Algae, Copenhagen, Denmark, 4-8 September 2006A Microcystis aeruginosa bloom and the occurrence of microcystins from aeutrophic freshwater lake in Comilla, BangladeshAhmed, Luckas, HillerDevelopment of an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) for detectionof paralytic shellfish poisoning toxins (PSP)Hamano, KawatsuCharacteritics of PSP-toxin profiles in bivalves from Japanese coastal watersOshimaWithin-day variations in response of the mouse bioassay for diarrheticshellfish poisoning toxin (okadaic acid)Machii, KawasakiNewly discovered brevetoxin oxidation products in marine aerosol: assessingpotential public health impactsHenry, Pierce, Blum, Lemkau, Kirkpatrick, Osborn,Cheng, Zhou, Fleming, Backer, Plakas, Abraham, Dickey, Reich, Bourdelais, Naar,BadenGymnodimine toxins in Tunisia shellfishKharratEvidence of Yessotoxins in Alfacs Bay- toxic effect evaluation by cell-basedassays and toxin profile determination by liquid chromatographyMallat, Cañete, Caillaud, Fernández, Bravo, Paz, Franco, DiogèneYessotoxin’s contamination: the first report from Portuguese shellfishSousa GomesThe study of cryptic PSP toxicity depending upon the extraction procedureBotelhoParalytic shellfish poisoning (PSP) toxins in Alexandrium catenella and A.tamarense isolated from southern coastal and offshore waters of KoreaKim, KimAnalysis of toxins responsible for poisoning incidents caused by theconsumption of snail Nassarius spp.Yu, Li, Li, Wang, Zhou, Yan, Quilliam, LuckasUse of electrospray tandem mass spectrometry for identification ofmicrocystins during a cyanobacterial bloom eventPinto, Frias, Colepicolo, Cardozo, Mendes, Carvalho, TomazelaLiquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry techniques for thediscovery of new marine algal toxin analogues and metabolitesAasen, QuilliamDetermination of paralytic shellfish toxins in seafoodPO.05-23PO.05-24PO.05-25PO.05-26PO.05-27PO.05-28PO.05-29PO.05-30PO.05-31PO.05-32PO.05-33PO.05-34PO.05-35PO.05-3692

INTERNATIONAL SOCIETY FOR THE STUDY OF HARMFUL ALGAE12 th <strong>International</strong> <strong>Conference</strong> on Harmful Algae, Copenhagen, Denmark, 4-8 September 2006Sayfritz, Lundanes, Aasen, Asp, AuneAnalysis of phycotoxins in hand-picked plankton cells by micro-column liquidchromatography-tandem mass spectrometryHardstaff, Lewis, Aasen, QuilliamCertified reference materials for lipophilic toxinsCrain, Reeves, Walter, MacKinnon, LeBlanc, Craft, Hardstaff, Lewis, QuilliamDevelopment of sensitive LCMS methods for the evaluation of excitotoxicamino acids in marine algaeBlay, Robertson, Reeves, Thomas, Chen, QuilliamContent and profile of lipophilic toxins in plankton samples during twoDinophysis acuta outbreaks, in Galician Rías (NW Spain)Arevalo, Moroño, Pazos, Correa, BlancoEmerging algal toxins in CanadaQuillam, Garnett, Lewis, Yu, Hardstaff, van de Riet, Potter, Rourke, BurnsEvolution of DSP toxicity in a mussel-farming raft. Influence of bacterial faecalcontamination and relative position in the raftLago, Cabado, VieitesAn application of capillary electrophoresis-mass spectrometry to thedetermination of lipophilic marine toxinsde la Iglesia, Gago-Martinez, YasumotoDevelopment of a screening method for cyanobacterial toxinsHiller, Krock, Cembella, LuckasPO.05-37PO.05-38PO.05-39PO.05-40PO.05-41PO.05-42PO.05-43PO.05-45Protease inhibition assay as a tool to test the toxicity of cyanobacterial toxins PO.05-46Christoffersen , Friberg-Jensen, Mulderij, RohrlackSESSION PO.06: POPULATION DYNAMICSAntibiotic synthesis by the bacterium Silicibacter sp. TM1040 is involved in theformation of obligate symbiotic interactions with dinoflagellatesPO.06-01BelasDinoflagellate diversity and abundance in seven Belizean coral reef-mangrovelagoons: a test of Margalef's MandalaFaust, Kibler, Litaker, Vandersea,TesterDinoflagellate blooms, paralytic shellfish poisoning producers in Uruguayanwaters, in relation to environmental conditionsMéndez, GalliPO.06-02PO.06-0493

INTERNATIONAL SOCIETY FOR THE STUDY OF HARMFUL ALGAE12 th <strong>International</strong> <strong>Conference</strong> on Harmful Algae, Copenhagen, Denmark, 4-8 September 2006First record of a large-scale bloom of Thalassiosira curviseriata Takano in theEast China SeaGao, Lu, Qi, Zou, Li, Xie, LiangSeasonal dynamics of a Planktothrix rubescens-dominated phytoplanktoncommunity and toxic compounds in Lake Albano (Rome, Italy)Ellwood, Albertano, Viaggiu, Mosello, FunicielloThe emergence and dynamics of red tide blooms caused by Cochlodiniumpolykrikoides in the Peconic Estuary, NY, USANuzzi, GoblerTime-series study of the occurrence of dinoflagellate cysts in surfacesediments from a warm temperate region (Cascais Bay, Portugal)Ribeiro, AmorimFollow-up of an autumn bloom of Dinophysis acuta in NW Iberia: along-shoretransport versus in situ growthEscalera Moura, Reguera Ramirez, Moita, Pazos, Moroño, Cerejo, Ruiz-Villareal,CabanasThe interspecific competition of two HAB species: Prorocentrum donghaienseand Alexandrium tamarenseWang, Li, ZhuPO.06-05PO.06-06PO.06-07PO.06-08PO.06-09PO.06-10Gymnodinium catenatum preference for and growth on nitrate, ammonium andureaPO.06-11Armstrong, Thompson, Bolch, BlackburnA drifter study of a toxic Pseudo-nitzschia bloom from the Juan de Fuca Eddyin the Pacific NorthwestTrick, Lessard, Cochlan, Hickey, Trainer, WellsEffects of varying salinity and N:P ratios on the growth and toxicity of KareniabrevisLekanThe return of Gymnodinium catenatum after 10 years: bloom initiation andtransport off the Portuguese coastMoita, Palma, Oliveira, Vidal, Silva, VilarinhoAn investigation of the relationship between Pseudo-nitzschia species anddomoic acid in Mytilus sp. in the Fal Estuary, UKPercy, Higman, Bateman, Bresnan, Morris, LewisAlexandrium minutum and Kryptoperidinium foliaceum blooms in differentenvironmental conditions in the Miñor River influenced region (NW of Spain)Bravo, Fraga, Figueroa, Ramilo, Rial, Fernandez-VillamarínPO.06-12PO.06-13PO.06-14PO.06-15PO.06-16Molecular approaches to HAB research: who’s there and what are they doing? PO.06-1794

INTERNATIONAL SOCIETY FOR THE STUDY OF HARMFUL ALGAE12 th <strong>International</strong> <strong>Conference</strong> on Harmful Algae, Copenhagen, Denmark, 4-8 September 2006Coyne, Doblin, Gobler, Hutchins, Handy, Demir, Portune, CaryDynamics of Prorocentrum lima on mussel ropes and the implications foreconomic impact and site managementMcKenzieMicroscopic digital holography imaging of dinoflagellate behaviour inlaboratory culturesSheng, Malkiel, Pfitch, Katz, Adolf, Belas, PlaceWater mass differentiation using PARAFAC modeling of EEM FluorescenceDixon, ConmyEffect of selenium on Pseudo-nitzschia seriataGuimarães, Nogueira, Vasconcelos, ValeDynamic modelling of cyanobacterial blooms in lakes using ECO LabKaas, Erichsen, StæhrPO.06-19PO.06-20PO.06-21PO.06-22PO.06-24FINAL, an interreg program for forecasting the initiation of toxic algal blooms PO.06-27Chapelle, Raine, Davidson, LabrySESSION PO.07: ECOLOGY AND OCEANOGRAPHYInduced development of algal blooms using sewage enrichmentIsmail, Al-Yamani, Al-Rifaie, Subba RaoHarmful algal blooms (HABs) in the South China Sea and their relations tomarine and coastal environmentsTang, Wang, Di, YuEcological study of a Karenia mikimotoi bloom in the East China Sea in 2005Lu, Ou, Lu, Zhu, Wang, Zhang, QiTransport of potentially harmful species by density-driven coastal jets in thewestern English ChannelLyons, Fernand, RaineSuccession pattern of HAB species before large-scale blooms ofdinoflagellates in the ECS in spring 2004/2005Lu, G ao, Qi, Zou, Göbel, Xia, DuControl of toxic algal bloom by a tiny parasitoidChambouvet, GuillouPO.07-02PO.07-03PO.07-04PO.07-05PO.07-06PO.07-0795

INTERNATIONAL SOCIETY FOR THE STUDY OF HARMFUL ALGAE12 th <strong>International</strong> <strong>Conference</strong> on Harmful Algae, Copenhagen, Denmark, 4-8 September 2006Effects of nutrient supply ratios and initial community composition ondinoflagellate bloom formation: mesocosm studies from the northern BalticSeaKremp, Tamminen, SpillingConvergent blooms of Karenia brevis along the Texas coastCampbell, HetlandPO.07-09PO.07-10Impact of Lingulodinium polyedrum blooms on the northern coast of BajaCalifornia, MexicoPO.07-11Orellana-Cepeda, Granados-Machuca, Avalos-Borja, Morales-Zamorano, Valdez-Marquez,Parlange-Lamshing, Gradilla-MartínezNumerical simulation of circulation and its application in red tides in theChangjiang River Estuary and adjacent sea areasZhu, ChenA fuzzy logic model for Alexandrium minutum proliferations in harbours of theCatalan coast (NW Mediterranean)Estrada, Arin, Blasco, Blauw, Camp, Garcés, Sampedro, VilaParalytic shellfish poisoning in the North Sea – a secular perspectiveWyatt, JordanThe role of nutrients on spring and summer algal blooms in the East ChinaSeaWang, Zhang, Shi, WangPO.07-12PO.07-13PO.07-14PO.07-15The Ebro Delta coastal embayments, a GEOHAB pilot site for the study of HABpopulation dynamicsPO.07-16Fernández-Tejedor, Elandaloussi, Mallat, Cañete, Caillaud, Riobo, Paz, Franco, Ibarra,Cembella, Blasco, DiogèneAdvection, stratification and harmful algal bloom development in the southernBenguela upwelling systemFawcett, Pitcher, Bernard, du Randt, ProbynPO.07-17Going beyond nutrients: role of environmental factors in shaping harmful algalblooms in estuarine watersPO.07-18Fensin, TouchetteSESSION PO.08: TOXICOLOGYVerification of diarrhetic activities of PTX-2 and okadaic acid in vivoItoBiologically active substances with spiro-linked rings in seafoodChristian, Luckas, GerdtsPO.08-01PO.08-0296

INTERNATIONAL SOCIETY FOR THE STUDY OF HARMFUL ALGAE12 th <strong>International</strong> <strong>Conference</strong> on Harmful Algae, Copenhagen, Denmark, 4-8 September 2006DNA damage and apoptosis in CHO-K1 cells following treatment withCylindrospermopsinLankoffPSP toxin profiles during different growth phases in Gymnodinium catenatumstrains isolated from the Gulf of California, MexicoBand-Schmidt, Bustillos-Guzmán, Morquecho, Gárate-Lizárraga, Alonso-Rodríguez,Reyes-Salinas, Erler, LuckasGyrodinium fissum: harmful species or new biotechnological object?Gol'dinCyanobacterial toxins as triggers for oxidative stress in plantsPeuthert, PflugmacherPreliminary cultures in vitro of potentially toxic epiphytic dinoflagellates froma northern Philippine reefPocsidio, DimaanoEffects of cyanobacteria on copepod egg production in the Gulf of Finland,Baltic SeaKarjalainen, Lindén, Viitasalo, ViitasaloDo toxic Alexandrium minutum strains affect feeding and survival rates of thepelagic marine copepod Euterpina acutifrons?Marinho da Costa, Pereira, FernándezPO.08-03PO.08-04PO.08-05PO.08-06PO.08-07PO.08-08PO.08-10Effects of cyanobacteria ingestion on Daphnia magna midgut epithelium andassociated diverticulaLobo-da-Cunha, Guimarães Nogueira, VasconcelosPO.08-1135 times higher content of PTX-2 in Dinophysis acuta compaired to DTX-1. PO.08-12Lundve, Lindahl, Sandvik, Torgersen, NguyenLipid, fatty acid and sterol composition of 8 species of Kareniaceae:chemotaxonomy and putative lipid phycotoxinsMooney, Nichols, HallegraeffEvaluation of the toxicity of Prorocentrum species by liquid chromatographymassspectrometry and cell-based assayCaillaud, Cañete, Mallat, Fernández, Mohammad-Noor, Moestrup, Franco, DiogèneAntimicrobial and cytotoxic assessment of marine cyanobacteria extractsMartins, Ramos, Herfindal, Skærven, VasconcelosEffects of microcystins on human polymorphonuclear leukocytesKujbida, Campa, Colepicolo, Pinto, HatanakaPO.08-13PO.08-14PO.08-15PO.08-1697

INTERNATIONAL SOCIETY FOR THE STUDY OF HARMFUL ALGAE12 th <strong>International</strong> <strong>Conference</strong> on Harmful Algae, Copenhagen, Denmark, 4-8 September 2006Production of spirolides in single cells of Alexandrium ostenfeldii throughoutthe diurnal cycleLewis, Garnett, Leggiadro, Rafuse, QuilliamAnalysis of paralytic shellfish poisoning (PSP) toxins from mussels obtainedfrom Egyptian CoastAbdallahUptake and elmination of DST in mussels, oysters and scallopsDuinker, Hovgaard, SvardalImpacts of the toxic dinoflagellate Alexandrium monilatum on threeecologically important shellfish speciesPate, Burkholder, ShumwayNeuroblastoma cells as a model to study toxic events triggered by palytoxinValverde, Lago, Vieites, CabadoComparative pathogenicity of Cochlodinium polykrikoides from the YorkRiver, Virginia, USA and the Gulf of CaliforniaLovko, VogelbeinSodium chloride induces extracellular PSP toxin release from thecyanobacterium Cylindrospermopsis raciborskiiSoto, Murillo, Stucken, Mendez, Lagos, Garcia, Krock, Cembella, VasquezEffect of emersion on diarrhetic shellfish toxins depuration from the bluemussel Mytilus galloprovincialisMariño, Martín, Acosta, BlancoPO.08-17PO.08-18PO.08-19PO.08-20PO.08-21PO.08-22PO.08-23PO.08-25Lack of effect of temperature on the depuration of domoic acid from the kingscallopPecten maximusAcosta, Mariño, Martín, BlancoPO.08-26Variations in growth and toxicity of Gymnodinium catenatum from the Gulf ofCalifornia under several ratios of nitrogen and phosphorusPO.08-27Bustillos-Guzman, Garate-Lizarraga, Hernandez-Sandoval, Morquecho, Band-SchmidtImpacts of toxic cultures of the cyanobacterium Microcystis aeruginosa onselected immune parameters of the freshwater zebra mussel, DreissenapolymorphaCulloty, Juhel, O'Halloran, O'Riordan, DavenportPO.08-2898

INTERNATIONAL SOCIETY FOR THE STUDY OF HARMFUL ALGAE12 th <strong>International</strong> <strong>Conference</strong> on Harmful Algae, Copenhagen, Denmark, 4-8 September 2006SESSION PO.09: TOXIN SYNTHESIS AND CHEMICAL STRUCTURE OFTOXINSNew gonyautoxin analogue isolated from the toxic dinoflagellate Alexandriumminutum (Dinophyceae)Lim, Sato, Thuoc, Tu, Nguyen, Takata, Yoshida, Kobiyama, Koike, OgataEnhancement of gymnodimine production in automated culture of KareniaselliformisMountfort, Beuzenberg, MacKenzie, HollandSulfotransferase activity in PSP-producing Alexandrium speciesZhang, Chan, Hong, WangGenetic characteristics of non-toxic subclones obtained from toxic clonalculture strain of Alexandrium tamarense (Dinophyceae)Cho, Hiramatsu, Ogawa, Omura, Ishimaru, OshimaProfiles of PSP toxins in shellfish from Portugal explained by decarbamoylaseactivityValeFirst detection of azaspiracid outside European coastal watersTaleb, Vale, Amanhir, Benhadouch, SagouOccurrence of bacterial protein that reacts with specific antibody againstsaxitoxinKodama, Takata, SatoPO.09-01PO.09-02PO.09-03PO.09-04PO.09-05PO.09-06PO.09-08Laboratory and field studies on harmful effects of large-scale HABs in the EastChina SeaPO.09-09Yan, Zhou, Jiang, ZouFatty acid esters of pectenotoxin seco acids in Norwegian and Irish musselsTorgersen, Wilkins, Rehman, Rundberget, Petersen, Hess, Rise, MilesA new yessotoxin isomer from Proteceratium reticulatumLoader, Miles, Hawkes, Jensen, Cooney, Beuzenberg, WilkinsPO.09-10PO.09-11SESSION PO.10: ECOPHYSIOLOGY AND AUTECOLOGYEffects of UVBR on different strains of the cyanobacterium Nodulariaspumigena from the Baltic SeaLindberg, Mohlin, WulffPO.10-0199

INTERNATIONAL SOCIETY FOR THE STUDY OF HARMFUL ALGAE12 th <strong>International</strong> <strong>Conference</strong> on Harmful Algae, Copenhagen, Denmark, 4-8 September 2006ASP toxin composition of pennate diatoms and bacterial effect on thecomposition variationKotaki, Lundholm, Katayama, Furio, Romero, Relox,Yasumoto, Naoki, Hirose, Thanh, Thuoc, Huyen, Thu, Takata, Kodama, FukuyoPO.10-02Growth and toxin production of the dinoflagellate, Alexandrium minutum(Dinophyceae) isolated from Tumpat Estuary, northeastern part of PeninsulaMalaysiaOgata, Leaw, Usup, Kobiyama, Koike, LimGrowth and phosphate uptake kinetics of Prorocentrum donghaiense,Alexandrium catenella and Skeletonema costatum isolated from the YangtzeRiver Estuary, ChinaLi, Lu, QiShort-term temporal variability of ammonium and urea uptake by Alexandriumcatenella and A. minutum in cultureJauzein, Collos, Garcés, Vila, MasoInteraction effects of nutrient limitation and UV radiation on Nodulariaspumigena - an outdoor experimentWulff, Mohlin, LindbergEnhanced growth of Heterosigma akashiwo at high light intensityButron, Madariaga, OriveMixotrophy in Dinophysis norvegica populations in natural communitiesoccurring in the Baltic SeaCarvalho, Minnhagen, GranéliVertical distribution of two potentially toxic Dinophysis species (Dinophyceae)in the northern Baltic SeaHällfors, Hajdu, Kuosa, LarssonTracking through carbon and nitrogen isotopes if the food ingested byPrymnesium parvum is from an animal or a plantBrutemark, Granéli, GranéliGrowth preferences and toxicity of Chattonella aff. verruculosa(Heterokontophyta)SkjelbredBiology and seasonal distribution of Hermesinum adriaticum in the New Riverof North CarolinaReger, TomasEcological niche of a marine red tide ciliate Myrionecta rubra revisited: multimodesof nutrition in a single speciesKim, Myung, Chang, YihPO.10-03PO.10-04PO.10-05PO.10-06PO.10-08PO.10-09PO.10-10PO.10-11PO.10-12PO.10-13PO.10-14100

INTERNATIONAL SOCIETY FOR THE STUDY OF HARMFUL ALGAE12 th <strong>International</strong> <strong>Conference</strong> on Harmful Algae, Copenhagen, Denmark, 4-8 September 2006Interaction effects of high irradiances and nutrient concentrations on thecyanobacterium Nodularia spumigena from the Baltic SeaMohlin, Lindberg, WulffMetal concentration in freshwater sediments seasonally subjected to toxinproducingcyanobacterial bloomsBaptista, VasconcelosPulsed phosphorus supply dynamics controlling the outcome of thecompetition between toxic alexandrium minutum and non toxic HeterocapsatriquetraLabry, Erard, Chapelle, Youenou, Crassous, le Grand, LorgeouxTrying to cultivate Dinophysis acuminata, a dinoflagellate causing diarrheticshellfish poisoningPark, Kim, Kim, Kang, YihNutrient acquisition in the harmful dinoflagellate Alexandrium tamarense inresponse to different nitrogen supplyLeong, Maekawa, TaguchiCarbon and nitrogen uptake kinetics of the harmful dinoflagellate Alexandriumtamarense in response to nitrogen supply modeMaekawa, Leong, TaguchiNitrate and phosphate uptake kinetics of the dinoflagellate Alexandriumtamarense in relation to N:P supply ratiosMurata, Leong, TaguchiIdentification and characterization of cell surface proteins in the toxicdinoflagellate Alexandrium catenella DH01 using epifluorescence,immunoproteomic approach and MS-MSHuang, Wang, Chan, HongPO.10-15PO.10-16PO.10-17PO.10-18PO.10-19PO.10-20PO.10-21PO.10-23Nutrient physiology of Prorocentrum donghaiense Lu from Eastern China Sea PO.10-24Hong, Lin, Huang, Ou, Chan, Zhang, WangNitrogen uptake rates by successive dinoflagellate blooms in the East ChinaSea, 2005, and variation with nitrogen and phosphorus statusLi, Glibert, Lu, Lu, Shi, ZhangComparison of growth rate and efficiency of the Texas brown tide algaAureoumbra lagunensis when grown on DON and DINMuhlstein, VillarealResponse to small-scale turbulence by natural microphytoplanktonassemblages along a natural Alexandrium minutum bloom eventLlaveria, Garcés, Berdalet, Sampedro, Anglès, GuadayolPO.10-25PO.10-27PO.10-28101

INTERNATIONAL SOCIETY FOR THE STUDY OF HARMFUL ALGAE12 th <strong>International</strong> <strong>Conference</strong> on Harmful Algae, Copenhagen, Denmark, 4-8 September 2006Ecological, morphological, and toxicological analysis of an unusualdinoflagellate, Amphidinium massartiiCyronak, TomasFibrocapsa japonica: a potentially harmful raphidophyte in Dutch coastalwatersde Boer, van Rijssel, Vrieling, Peperzak, Wetsteyn, BumaUsing quantification of gene expression to investigate the initiation phase anddynamics of Alexandrium catenella blooms (Dinophyceae)Grzebyk, Shin, Masseret, Laabir, Pastoureaud, Collos, VaquerCulture and ichthyotoxicity of the red tide dinoflagellate Noctiluca scintillansHolmes, Hallegraeff, BlackburnFirst study of Gymnodinium catenatum sexuality in natural samples fromGalicia´s coasts (NW Spain)Figueroa, Bravo, Ramilo, Garcés, Moroño, PazosRNA content and growth rates in Alexandrium species cultured under varyingenvironmental conditionsCarter, Medlin, John, LewisNitrogen dynamics of Pseudo-nitzschia cuspidata from the U.S. PacificNorthwestAuro, Cochlan, TrainerEcological and physiological studies of Dinophysis spp. during an upwellingdownwellingcycle in Ría de Pontevedra (NW Spain)Gonzalez-Gil,Velo, RegueraPseudo-nitzschia along the south-central Coast of Vietnam: abundance,distribution, T-S characteristics, and growth rate of cultures and naturalpopulationsDoan-Nhu, Nguyen, Nguyen-NgocEffect of carbonate addition on domoic acid production by Pseudo-nitzschiamultiseries in batch cultureBates, LégerGrowth and toxicity of the dinoflagellate Gambierdiscus toxicus undernitrogen and phosphorus limitationLartigue, Villareal, DickeyExamination of the cell cycle, growth rate, and meiosis of Karlodinium spp. byflow cytometryParrow, Burkholder, GarcésPhosphatase activity in Pfiesteria shumwayaeSkelton, Parrow, BurkholderPO.10-29PO.10-30PO.10-31PO.10-32PO.10-33PO.10-34PO.10-35PO.10-37PO.10-38PO.10-39PO.10-40PO.10-41PO.10-42102

INTERNATIONAL SOCIETY FOR THE STUDY OF HARMFUL ALGAE12 th <strong>International</strong> <strong>Conference</strong> on Harmful Algae, Copenhagen, Denmark, 4-8 September 2006Evidence for neurotoxins from species of the raphidophyte generaChattonella, Fibrocapsa and HeterosigmaTomas, Bourdelais, Schuster, NaarPO.10-44Carbon dioxide production during an exceptional dinoflagellate bloom atTodos Santos Bay, Baja California, MéxicoPO.10-45Peña-Manjarrez, Martinez-Gaxiola, Gaxiola-Castro, de la Cruz-Orozco, Cepeda-MoralesInfluence of salinity on the dimensions of the dinoflagellate Prorocentrumminimum under controlled conditionsBeran, Monti, Berden Zrimec, Drinovec, Tamberlich, ZrimecImportance of nitrogen and phosphorus availability on the regulation ofProrocentrum lima growth and okadaic acid productionVarkitzi, Pagou, Granéli, Hatzianestis, Pyrgaki, Pavlidou, Asimakopoulou,Montesanto, Economou-AmilliIntracellular phosphorus regulates alkaline phosphatase activity of Kareniamikimotoi (Dinophyceae) and Skeletonema costatum (Bacillariophyceae)Yamaguchi, Ukita, Adachi, YamaguchiPO.10-46PO.10-47PO.10-48Regulation of inorganic carbon acquisition in toxic diatoms under different pH PO.10-49Trimborn, Lundholm, Rost, HansenInorganic carbon acquisition in three red-tide dinoflagellatesRost, Richter, Lundholm, HansenPO.10-50SESSION PO.11: ALLELOPATHYEffect of bicarbonate addition on allelopathy in Oscillatoria agardhiiLawton, Akin-OriolaSpecies-specific allelopathic interactions involving the red tide dinoflagellateKarenia brevisPrince, Myers, Naar, KubanekPhaeocystis globosa Scherffel, its haeomolytic and allelopathic effectsQi, Liu, Yang, Peng, Lu, Wang, Chen, Jiang, Wang, Gao, MarionTalk to me – communication between cyanobacteria via toxins and promotionof oxidative stressVasselikaki, PflugmacherInhibitory effects of diatoms on the growth of the dinoflagellate AkashiwosanguineaMatsubara, Nagasoe, Yamasaki, Shikata, Shimasaki, Oshima, HonjoPO.11-02PO.11-03PO.11-04PO.11-05PO.11-06103

INTERNATIONAL SOCIETY FOR THE STUDY OF HARMFUL ALGAE12 th <strong>International</strong> <strong>Conference</strong> on Harmful Algae, Copenhagen, Denmark, 4-8 September 2006Allelopathic activity of Alexandrium catenella grown under N- or P- deficientconditionsLaabir, Jeannin, Masseret, Collos, Vaquer, PaastoureaudAllelopathic interaction between the bacillariophyte Skeletonema costatum(Greville) Cleve and the raphidophyte Heterosigma akashiwo (Hada) Hada exHara et ChiharaYamasaki, Nagasoe, Matsubara, Shikata, Shimasaki, Oshima, HonjoPO.11-08PO.11-09Species-specific interactions between the harmful dinoflagellate Cochlodiniumpolykrikoides Margalef and 12 species of marine phytoplanktonPO.11-10Yamasaki,Nagasoe, Matsubara, Shikata, Shimasaki, Oshima, HonjoRoles of macroalgae for HAB mitigationZhang, Wang, Song, YuThe role of allelopathy in the diatom and dinoflagellate blooms in the EastChina SeaZhao, Chen, WangDiatom effect on dinoflagellate growthSpillingEpilithics biofilms: effect of allelopathic compound on structure and algalproductionLeflaive, Ten-HagePO.11-11PO.11-12PO.11-13PO.11-14SESSION PO.12: TAXONOMY AND PHYLOGENYFirst record of Ostreopsis spp in Egyptian waters with a description of O.mediterraneus n. sp.Ismael, HalimSpecies of the genus Pseudo-nitzschia Peragallo (Bacillariophyceae) in Greekcastal watersMoschandreou, NikolaidisDiatoms from coastal environments of Buenos Aires Province (Argentina).Taxonomical analysis of genera that include species producing harmful algalbloomsSunesen, Sar, SalaEvolutionary relationships between two winter-blooming photosyntheticdinoflagellates and heterotrophic Pfiesteria-like speciesLogares, Rengefors, KrempDo you know this dinoflagellate?Wolny, Garrett, SteidingerPO.12-01PO.12-02PO.12-03PO.12-04PO.12-05104

INTERNATIONAL SOCIETY FOR THE STUDY OF HARMFUL ALGAE12 th <strong>International</strong> <strong>Conference</strong> on Harmful Algae, Copenhagen, Denmark, 4-8 September 2006FITC-conjugated lectins as a tool for differentiating between variousPolynesian strains of the ciguatera-causing dinoflagellate, Gambierdiscusspp.Chinain, Wong, Ung, Darius, Revel, CruchetHaplo-diploid life cycles in the genus Chrysochromulina (Haptophyta)EdvardsenMorphological characteristics and life cycle of the diatom Thalassiosira cfstellarisPark, RenMolecular phylogeny and ultrastructural studies of the periflagellar area ofsome benthic species of Prorocentrum (Dinophyceae)Mohd Noor, Daugbjerg, MoestrupParasites of the genus Blastodinium are peridinioid dinoflagellatesSkovgaard, Massana, SaizPO.12-06PO.12-07PO.12-08PO.12-09PO.12-10PLANKTON*NET a distributed online taxonomic database system – its benefitsfor harmful algal researchPO.12-11Kraberg, Vaulot, Patterson, Ardelean, Amorim, Probert, Young, Moita, Macario, WiltshireToward integrating molecular data into the process of recognizing newdinoflagellate speciesLitaker, TesterPseudanabaena cf. moniliformis, a new toxic cyanobacterium from VietnamNguyen, Daugbjerg, MoestrupMorphology and ultrastructure of Chattonella aff. verruculosa(Heterokontophyta)Eikrem, Edvardsen, Naustvoll, ThrondsenDescription of a novel raphidophyte species and genus from Delaware’sinland bays, USADemir, Coyne, Czymmek, HutchinsDoes Gambierdiscus toxicus type material exist?Tester, Faust, Vandersea, Kibler, Chinain, Holmes, Holland, LitakerPO.12-12PO.12-13PO.12-14PO.12-15PO.12-16POSTER SESSION PO.13: REGIONAL EVENTSBenthic species of the genus Prorocentrum Ehrenberg in the easternMediterranean Sea (North Aegean Sea, Greece)Aligizaki, NikolaidisPO.13-06105

INTERNATIONAL SOCIETY FOR THE STUDY OF HARMFUL ALGAE12 th <strong>International</strong> <strong>Conference</strong> on Harmful Algae, Copenhagen, Denmark, 4-8 September 2006Mucilage phenomena in North Aegean Sea, Greece: another harmful effect ofdinoflagellates?Nikolaidis, Aligizaki, Koukaras, MoschandreouEcological analysis of harmful algal blooms for the Bohai Sea area, ChinaDi,Tang, Wang, Lv, ZhengHABs and hurricanes in FloridaNeely, Heil, Murasko, Dziemiela, Faltin, Garrett, Truby, Corbin, Carlson, EnglishPO.13-07PO.13-08PO.13-10Crassostrea ariakensis and C. virginica responses to ichthyotoxic KarlodiniumveneficumPO.13-11Sellner, Brownlee, Sellner, Place, Adolf, Nonogaki, BachvaroffEpiphytic dinoflagellates from the Brazilian coastlineNascimentoThe low temperature characteristic of East China Sea in early spring of 2005and its influence on HABsZhu, Bu, Wang, Xu, SuTemporal and spatial distribution of Pseudo-nitzschia species(Bacillariophyceae) along the NE coast in Catalan coastal waters, NE Spain(Mediterranean Sea)Quijano-Scheggia, Garcés, Sampedro, Fortuño, van Lenning, CampPO.13-12PO.13-13PO.13-14Didymosphenia geminata: a new invasive diatomPO.13-15Cary, Biggs, Kilroy, Vieglais, Bothwell, SpauldingBlooms of Aphanizomenon flos-aquae associated with historical trophicchanges in Swietokrzyskie Lake, PolandBurchardt, Marshall, Kokocinski, OwsiannyOccurrence of species from the genus Pseudo-nitzschia in the southwesternAtlantic and Southern OceanAlmandoz, Ferrario, Ferreyra, SchlossDistribution of the toxic Dinophysis species and contamination of shellfishalong the Doukkala coast (Moroccan Atlantic water)Ennaffah, ChafikBlooms of Alexandrium ostenfeldii in a shallow archipelago area in Åland, SWFinlandLindholm, Franzén, KrempHarmful flagellates in the Nervion River EstuaryOrive, Laza, SeoanePO.13-16PO.13-17PO.13-18PO.13-19PO.13-20106

INTERNATIONAL SOCIETY FOR THE STUDY OF HARMFUL ALGAE12 th <strong>International</strong> <strong>Conference</strong> on Harmful Algae, Copenhagen, Denmark, 4-8 September 2006Harmful microalgae along the Latium coasts (middle Tyrrhenian Sea,Mediterranean Sea): bloom and toxicity events since 1997Congestri, Sangiorgi, Bianco, Ravizza, AlbertanoField and laboratory mortality and bloom decay rates of Gymnodiniumcatenatum: improving parameters in coastal modelsSkerratt, Holmes, BlackburnRemarkably high level of domoic acid detected in a bivalve Spondylusversicolor in VietnamDao, Yoshinobu, Shigeru, Fukuyo, KodamaHarmful algal blooms and eutrophication: nutrient sources, composition andconsequences in the Arabian Gulf bordering Abu Dhabi EmirateAnbiah, Al AbdessalaamLong-term variation of phytoplankton in Harimanada, Seto Inland Sea, JapanYoshimatsuPotentially toxic microalgae from coastal lagoons along the middle TyrrhenianSea (Mediterranean Sea)Bianco, Sangiorgi, Zaottini, Lanni, Lucchetti, Ceredi, Albertano, CongestriThe effect of Noctiluca scintillans on harmful algal species of south easternAustraliaAlbinsson, Blackburn, LegrandPhytoplankton tidal population in Sfax coasts (South Tunisia)Ben Khedhir, Hamza, Ben HassenAbout toxic cyanobacteria in Tunisia’s fresh waterHamza, ZekrriSpecies dominance and permanence of Gymnodinium catenatum Grahamblooms on the western Mediterranean coast of Morocco (1994-2004)Tahri JouteiDSP shellfish toxicity in relation to occurrence of Dinophysis fortii and D.caudata bloomsNincevic Gladan, Marasovic, Skejic, BužancicProlonged toxicity of Scrobicularia plana after PSP events and its relation toGymnodinium catenatum cyst consumption and toxin depurationArtigas, Amorim, Vale, Gomes, Botelho, RodriguesPO.13-21PO.13-22PO.13-23PO.13-24PO.13-25PO.13-26PO.13-27PO.13-28PO.13-29PO.13-30PO.13-32PO.13-33Spatial and temporal analysis of PSP toxins in plankton and mussels along theSwedish West CoastPO.13-35Lindegarth, Lundve, Selander107

INTERNATIONAL SOCIETY FOR THE STUDY OF HARMFUL ALGAE12 th <strong>International</strong> <strong>Conference</strong> on Harmful Algae, Copenhagen, Denmark, 4-8 September 2006An investigation into the ecotoxicology of different strains of Lingulodiniumpolyedrum from the Portuguese coastReisPO.13-36First record of Gymnodinium catenatum, Gambierdiscus toxicus andPyrodinium bahamense var. compressum in the northern part of Luanda Coast(Angola)PO.13-37Rangel, SilvaDiarrhetic shellfish toxins at the Swedish West Coast 1987-2005Rehnstam-Holm, Karlson, LooDomoic acid in Minke whaleStobo, Scott, TurrellPseudo-nitzschia spp. and domoic acid in Maryland and Virginia watersThessen, Bowers, Stoecker, OldachDSP toxins in the Gulf of Finland, Baltic SeaUronen, KuuppoDynamics of harmful algal blooms in the Ukrainian coastal Black SeaTerenko, TerenkoNational report of red tides (HABs) in China 2001-2005Guo, YiPhytoplankton distribution, diversity and nutrient variations at the west coastof Sweden, with special reference to harmful algaeAl-Handal, Karlson, Edler, SkjevikThe influence of Pseudo-nitzschia australis blooms in shellfish domoic acidaccumulation on the Andalusian coast (southern Spain)Mamán, Jaén, Fernández, Ocaña, Fernández, MarquezDinophysis sacculus from Alfacs Bay, NW Mediterranean. Toxin profiles andcytotoxic potentialCañete, Caillaud, Fernández, Mallat, Blanco, DiogèneParalytic shellfish poisoning and food web contamination: a California coastalexampleAntrobus, Lefebvre, Vigilant, Cheung, Sutherland, SilverPseudo-nitzschia and ASP in the northern Adriatic SeaHonsell, dell’Aversano, Vuerich, Sosa, Tartaglione, TubaroDiarrhetic shellfish toxin links to Dinophysis populations in California coastalwatersSutherland, SilverPO.13-38PO.13-39PO.13-40PO.13-41PO.13-42PO.13-43PO.13-44PO.13-45PO.13-46PO.13-47PO.13-48PO.13-49108

INTERNATIONAL SOCIETY FOR THE STUDY OF HARMFUL ALGAE12 th <strong>International</strong> <strong>Conference</strong> on Harmful Algae, Copenhagen, Denmark, 4-8 September 2006Ten years of monitoring for toxic species of phytoplankton in the Gulf ofGabes (South-East Tunisia)Dammak-Zouari, Hamza, Ben Hassen, FekiFirst record of a harmful bloom of Gymnodinium catenatum along theMichoacán coast, MéxicoRodríguez-Palacio, Lozano Ramirez, Alvarez Hernández, de Lara IsassiEarly detection and intensive monitoring during an unusual toxic bloom ofGymnodinium catenatum advected into the Galician Rías (NW Spain)Pazos, Moroño, Triñanes, Doval, Montero, Vilarinho, MoitaBlooms of Pyrodinium bahamense var. compressa along the Central AmericanPacific coast and south of MéxicoMeave del Castillo, Rodríguez S., Vargas M.,TTR, a new project of the WESTPAC-HAB programmeFukuyo, AzanzaSeasonal dynamics of harmful algae and their amino acids in two smallSiberian reservoirsKolmakova, Kalachova, IvanovaPO.13-50PO.13-52PO.13-53PO.13-54PO.13-55PO.13-56Summer Alexandrium catenella bloom and the impact on fish farming, in the XIregion, ChilePO.13-57Fuentes Grünewald, Aguilera Belmonte, Clément DíazInvolvement of cyanobacteria in the tropical ecotoxicological phenomenon ofciguatera fish poisoningLaurent, Kerbrat, de Fremicourt, Darius, Chinain, PauillacA culture collection of harmful marine microalgae in BrazilCoutinho, Barbarino, LourençoKilling effect of heterotrophic bacteria on bloom-forming phytoplanktonspecies from the coastal area of ThailandPiumsomboon, Soasii, Sivaipram, Songroop, Rungsupa, FukamiBloom-forming Pseudo-nitzschia species (Bacillariophyceae) from thesoutheastern coast of Russia: morphology, distribution and toxicityOrlovaPO.13-58PO.13-59PO.13-60PO.13-61Seasonal diversity of Pseudo-nitzschia species in the Shetland Isles, Scotland PO.13-62Brown, BresnanFirst evidence of spirolide accumulation in northwestern Adriatic shellfishPigozzi Cangini, Ceredi, Magnani, Milandri, Pompei, Riccardi, Bianchi, Boschetti,Montanari, Rubini,PO.13-63109

INTERNATIONAL SOCIETY FOR THE STUDY OF HARMFUL ALGAE12 th <strong>International</strong> <strong>Conference</strong> on Harmful Algae, Copenhagen, Denmark, 4-8 September 2006A post-tsunami study on the diversity of dinoflagellates in the coastal area ofPhang-nga Province, ThailandMongkonsangsuree, Songroop, Piumsomboon, PhapavasitCyanobacterial toxins in the lakes located in the Riga City and itssurroundingsBalode, Purina, Barda, StrakeA decade monitoring toxic phytoplankton in Scottish watersBresnan, TurrellHarmful algal blooms along the Kerala coast, southern IndiaPadmakumarA toxic benthic dinoflagellate Prorocentrum faustiae Morton isolated fromPhanri Bay, South Central VietnamThe, Lam, MortonPotentially toxic algal species in Ologe Lagoon, NigeriaClarke, Akin-OriolaFoam events due to a Phaeocystis bloom along the Catalan coast (NWMediterranean)Arin, Sampedro, Segura, van Lenning, Calbet, Guillén, Reñe, Blasco, CampBrevetoxin contamination is common in fish from the eastern Gulf of MexicoNaar, Flewelling, LandsbergTemporal and spatial distribution of the dinoflagellate genus Alexandriumalong the Catalan coast (NW Mediterranean)Sampedro, Vila, Garcés, Arin, Reñé, Fraga, Masó, CampPO.13-64PO.13-65PO.13-66PO.13-67PO.13-68PO.13-70PO.13-71PO.13-72PO.13-73A review of harmful algal blooms along the Mexican Pacific coast (1878-2006) PO.13-75Gárate-Lizárraga, Band-Schmidt, López-Cortés, Bustillos-Guzmán, Muñetón-GómezSpace distribution of potentially harmful species on the coast of the state ofSão Paulo, Brazil (July/04-May/06)Villac, Cabral, PintoEstablishment of cultures of HAB organisms from the Mexican Pacific coastde Lara-Isassi, Rodríguez-Palacio, Lozano-Ramírez., Álvarez-HernándezOccurrence of the toxic dinoflagellate Prorocentrum lima in the Caribbeancoast of Costa RicaVargas, FreerPO.13-76PO.13-78PO.13-79Fish and wildlife mortalities associated with the 2005 Florida red tidePO.13-80Flewelling, Heil, Atwood, Granholm, O Dea, Fauquier, Brown, Rommel, Costidis, Stanek, vanDeventer, Vargo, Landsberg110

INTERNATIONAL SOCIETY FOR THE STUDY OF HARMFUL ALGAE12 th <strong>International</strong> <strong>Conference</strong> on Harmful Algae, Copenhagen, Denmark, 4-8 September 2006Monitoring a bloom of Pyrodinium bahamense var. compressum occurring inEl Salvador, Guatemala and Mexico (November 2005-March 2006)Licea-Duran, Navarrete, Rodríguez, Bustillos, Martínez, RamírezDomoic acid intrusion into Puget SoundCox, Lona, BorchertOccurrence of phytoplankton potentially causing shellfish toxicity in theSkagerrak, the Kattegat and the Sound (Öresund) 1985-2005Karlson, Edler, SkjevikToxicity of Pseudo-nitzschia spp. in estuarine and shelf waters of Louisiana,USADortch, Doucette, ParsonsRecent reports on occurrence and toxin characterization of Microcystisaeruginosa - a fresh water toxic algal bloom from IndiaSuseelaThe genus Ostreopsis in the recreational waters along the Catalan coast andBalearic Islands (NW Mediterranean Sea)MasoOn the genus Alexandrium (Dinoflagellata) in Vietnamese waters: - two newrecords of A. satoanum and A. tamutumLam, LarsenRed tide due to the dinoflagellate Karenia mikimotoi occurred in HiroshimaBay in 2002MatsuyamaPO.13-81PO.13-82PO.13-83PO.13-84PO.13-85PO.13-86PO.13-87PO.13-88SESSION PO.14: MITIGATIONPotential role of clay in mitigating Chesapeake Bay algal bloomsSellner, Brownlee, SellnerA successful control of HABs by modified clay: mitigation of Cyanophytablooms in Xuanwu Lake in NanjingYu, Song, Cao, ZhangModified local soils/sediments for HAB removal and macrophyte restoring inshallow lakesPan, Zhang, Zou, Chen, Tian, Yuan, GaoEfficacy of three commercial ballast water biocides against vegetativemicroalgae, dinoflagellate cysts and bacteriaHallegraeff, GreggPO.14-01PO.14-02PO.14-03PO.14-04111

INTERNATIONAL SOCIETY FOR THE STUDY OF HARMFUL ALGAE12 th <strong>International</strong> <strong>Conference</strong> on Harmful Algae, Copenhagen, Denmark, 4-8 September 2006Flow cytometry in conjunction with dual staining assesses viability ofMicrocystis cells after exposure to bacteriaGumbo, CloetePO.14-05The use of clays to control harmful algal blooms in the U.S.: from laboratory tothe fieldPO.14-06Sengco, Anderson, Bricelj, PierceLooking into the use of clay to control Pyrodinium blooms in the PhilippinesPadilla, McGlone, AzanzaDifferences in susceptibility of harmful raphidophytes and dinoflagellates toalgicidal bacteria isolated from coastal sea and seaweed bedsImai, Tsuchiya, Yoshinaga, Sugino, OkamotoInhibitory mechanism of acetone extract from Eichhornia crassipes root onProrocentrum donghaiense LuLiu, Yang, ChenRemoval of red tide organisms by organo-clays: removal mechanisms andecological effectsCao, Gao, YuGrowth control of toxic microalgae by weak voltage and weak currentHatta, Touna, OgawaGrowth control of toxic microalgae by electrostatic adsorption anddecentralizationTouno, Takano, OgawaGrowth control of toxic microalgae by using direct current electricity, directcurrent high voltage electrical discharge, ozone gas dissolution and hydrogenperoxideTakano, Touno, OgawaControl of cell growth of cyanobacterial cells using extract from water grassesand leaves of evergreen treesYoshida, Hatta, Takano, Ishiguro, Touno, OgawaExterminating model of toxic microalgae by electrochemical methodOgawaPO.14-07PO.14-08PO.14-09PO.14-10PO.14-11PO.14-12PO.14-13PO.14-14PO.14-15Effects of alternate current on growth of and damage to toxic microalgal cells PO.14-16Ishiguro, Takano, Ogawa112

INTERNATIONAL SOCIETY FOR THE STUDY OF HARMFUL ALGAE12 th <strong>International</strong> <strong>Conference</strong> on Harmful Algae, Copenhagen, Denmark, 4-8 September 2006SESSION PO.15: MONITORINGMonitoring for harmful plankton blue-green algae in small Siberian reservoirs PO.15-01Kolmakova, Ivanova, KravchukThe potentially harmful algae and HABs in East China Sea by regular red tidemonitoring programmeWang, Xu, Cheng, HuangRelationship of magnitude and position of the algal SICF with chlorophyll-aconcentrationZhaoStatus of potentially harmful algae in the Chesapeake Bay estuarine systemMarshall, Burchardt, Egerton, LaneRibosomal DNA quantification in the dinoflagellates Alexandrium catenellaand Alexandrium taylori for application in real-time PCR-based monitoringPenna, Galluzzi, Bertozzini, Garcés, MagnaniPCR-based monitoring of toxic dinoflagellates in a Mediterranean shellfishfarmBertozzini, Galluzzi, Penna, Giacobbe, Perini, Pigalarga, Prioli, MagnaniMoving towards an operational harmful algal bloom forecasting system inTexas (USA)Wynne, Stumpf, Tomlinson, Villareal, Wiles, Heideman, Byrd, Buzan, CampbellThe use of SPATT. Detection of Aza and comparison with toxin profiles inshellfish in relation to algal cell countsSandvik, Rundberget, Hovgaard, Castberg, Nguyen, MilesDNA extraction method from harmful microalgae that is potentially applicableto an in situ quantitative real-time PCR detectionAdachi, Preston, Marin III, ScholinRapid detection of toxic Alexandrium species by Loop-mediated isothermalamplification, a new DNA amplification methodNagai, Matsuyama, ItakuraDevelopment of a comprehensive method for monitoring harmful algae usingreal-time PCR assayKamikawa, Asai, Miyahara, Murata, Ohyama, Yoshimatsu, Yoshida, SakoSolid phase adsorption toxin tracking (SPATT) from New Zealand to theScottish CoastLacaze, Stobo, Turrell, Scott, BresnanPO.15-02PO.15-03PO.15-04PO.15-05PO.15-06PO.15-07PO.15-08PO.15-09PO.15-11PO.15-12PO.15-14113

INTERNATIONAL SOCIETY FOR THE STUDY OF HARMFUL ALGAE12 th <strong>International</strong> <strong>Conference</strong> on Harmful Algae, Copenhagen, Denmark, 4-8 September 2006Remote sensing for the detection and monitoring of Microcystis aeruginosa inwestern Lake Erie and Saginaw Bay, USATomlinson, Stumpf, Fahnenstiel, Dyble, TesterThe Environmental Sample Processor (ESP): a robotic device for detectingmicroorganisms remotely using molecular probe technologyMarin III, Scholin, Jensen, Roman, Feldman, Greenfield,Preston, Jones, Massion, Doucette, MikulskiThe monitoring programme for harmful algal blooms in shellfish productionareas in Catalonia. Long term data and impact on aquacultureDiogène, Fernández, Cañete, Caillaud, Mallat, Delgado, FuronesRapid field-based monitoring systems for the detection of toxic cyanobacteriablooms: microcystin immunostrips and fluorescence-based monitoringsystemsBoyer, Gilbert, Konopko, MakarewiczThe sampling technique greatly affects the toxin content in Dinophysis spp.cellsJohansen, RundbergetSpatiotemporal data mining for tracking harmful algal bloomsCai, Fu, Chung, Boutonnier, Stumpf, Wynne, Tomlison, HeilHarmful algal blooms monitoring plan in the Chubut coastal waters,Patagonia, ArgentinaSastre, Santinelli, Solís, Esteves, Ferrario, Ciccarone, PérezApplication of a multiparameter monitoring system (YSI) in studies of largescalered tides in the East China SeaWang, Zhu, Zhou, YuCalifornia Program for Regional Enhanced Monitoring of PhycoToxins (Cal-PReEMPT)Miller, Langlois, Kudela, SilverQuantification of epibenthic communities, including toxic dinoflagellates, indifferent green macroalgal substrates in Ria de Aveiro (Portugal)Hinzmann, Craveiro, CaladoPO.15-15PO.15-16PO.15-17PO.15-18PO.15-19PO.15-20PO.15-21PO.15-22PO.15-23PO.15-24Utilisation of HPLC/FD to achieve a cost effective method for the routine monitoring ofPSP toxinsPO.15-25SquireHAB-MAPS of toxic marine microalgae in the ‘Cono Sur’ of South AmericaAkselman, Reguera, LionPO.15-26114

INTERNATIONAL SOCIETY FOR THE STUDY OF HARMFUL ALGAE12 th <strong>International</strong> <strong>Conference</strong> on Harmful Algae, Copenhagen, Denmark, 4-8 September 2006Development of a simple and sensitive monitoring method for the shellfishkillingdinoflagellate Heterocapsa circularisquama using real-time PCR assayShiraishi, Kamikawa, Sako, Taino, Hayashi, ImaiUse of geographic information system software and approaches to analyzelong-term databaseTustison, Lewis, SteidingerDevelopment of real-time PCR assays for the detection of CylindrospermopsisraciborskiiFuentes, Rick, Noel, BaezaBlooms of cyanobacteria in the Baltic Sea 1997-2006 detected using satellite –the phosphorus connectionKarlson, HanssonField plankton observation: equipment and techniquesHall, Conrad, Etheridge, DeedsUtilization of volunteers to monitor harmful algal booms in the southeasterncoast of the United StatesMortonMinimizing economical losses with “real-time” HAB surveillanceGranéli, EsplundPO.15-27PO.15-28PO.15-29PO.15-30PO.15-31PO.15-32PO.15-33SESSION PO.16: LIFE CYCLESLocal importance of resting cysts for a dinoflagellate bloom initiationAngles, Garcés, van Lenning, Reñé, PalanquesDistribution of dinoflagellate resting cysts in surface sediments fromChangjiang Estuary in the spring of 2004Wang, Qi, YangOverwintering of Heterocapsa circularisquama (Dinophyceae) as a pelliclecyst induced by low temperature in laboratoryYoshida, Takahashi, Ishikawa, Wang, HiroishiEffects of temperature and light on benthic cell germination and germinatedcell survival of the noxious raphidophyte Heterosigma akashiwoShikata, Nagasoe, Matsubara, Yamasaki, Shimasaki, Oshima, HonjoAlexandrium cysts in Puget Sound, Washington, USAHorner, Greengrove, Postel, Gawel, Davies-Vollum, Cox, Sorenson, Hubert, Hoffer,Neville, FrostPO.16-01PO.16-02PO.16-04PO.16-06PO.16-07115

INTERNATIONAL SOCIETY FOR THE STUDY OF HARMFUL ALGAE12 th <strong>International</strong> <strong>Conference</strong> on Harmful Algae, Copenhagen, Denmark, 4-8 September 2006Significance of benthic recruitment on the dynamics of harmful phytoplanktonblooms in the tropicsHärnströmLife cycle transformations in HAB species: Pseudo-nitzschia in the Gulf ofNaplesMontresor, D'Alelio, McDonald, Sarno, ZingoneDynamics of in situ cyst germination and vegetative population ofAlexandrium catenella in an embayment, central JapanIshikawa, Hattori, ImaiThe bottom cell clusters: a new hypothesis for bloom initiation of cyst-formingdinoflagellatesGenovesi-Giunti, Vaquer, Laabir, Fiandrino, PastoureaudSpatial distribution of dinoflagellate cysts in sediments of the Yellow SeaHwang, Kim, Lee, Lee, KimSexual compatibility assays in Pseudo-nitzschia species from the Aveirocoastal lagoon (NW Portugal)Carreira, Churro, Calado, Moestrup, LundholmAbundance variations in dinoflagellate sedimentary cysts: the importance oftime in sample analysisSatta, Anglès, Bravo, Ceccherelli, Garcés, Luglié, Padedda, SechiSpatial and temporal distribution of dinoflagellate cysts in Malampaya Sound,Palawan, PhilippinesFurio, Borja, Rodriguez, Fukuyo, MatsuokaPO.16-08PO.16-10PO.16-11PO.16-12PO.16-13PO.16-14PO.16-15PO.16-16116

INTERNATIONAL SOCIETY FOR THE STUDY OF HARMFUL ALGAE12 th <strong>International</strong> <strong>Conference</strong> on Harmful Algae, Copenhagen, Denmark, 4-8 September 2006UNESCO monographs on oceanographicmethodology:Real-time Coastal Observing Systems for MarineEcosystem Dynamics and Harmful Algal Blooms:Theory, Instrumentation and ModellingEdited by Marcel Babin, Collin Roesler andJohn CullenThe proliferation of harmful phytoplankton in marine ecosystems cancause massive fish kills, contaminate seafood with toxins, impact localand regional economies and dramatically affect ecological balance.Real-time observations are essential for effective short-termoperational forecasting, but observation and modelling systems arestill being developed. This volume offers guidance for developing realtimeand near real-time sensing systems for observing and predictingplankton dynamics, including harmful algal blooms, in coastal waters.It explains the underlying theory and discusses current directions inresearch and monitoring in looking at instrumentation and modelling.Topics treated include: coastal ecosystems and dynamics of harmfulalgal blooms; theory and practical applications of in situ and remotelysensed optical detection of microalgal distributions and composition;theory and practical applications of in situ biological and chemicalsensors for targeted species and toxin detection; integrated observingsystems and platforms for detection; diagnostic and predictivemodelling of ecosystems and harmful algal blooms, including dataassimilation techniques; observational needs for the public andgovernment; and future directions for research and operations.This anthology should inform the work of researchers andenvironmental monitors as well as teachers and trainers concernedwith understanding the causes, predicting the occurrences andmitigating the effects of harmful algal blooms in marine ecosystems.Expected release October 2006. Will be announced at the ISSHAlist server.117

INTERNATIONAL SOCIETY FOR THE STUDY OF HARMFUL ALGAE12 th <strong>International</strong> <strong>Conference</strong> on Harmful Algae, Copenhagen, Denmark, 4-8 September 2006POSTER ABSTRACTSPO.05-35Liquid chromatography-tandemmass spectrometry techniquesfor the discovery of new marinealgal toxin analogues andmetabolitesSession: PO.05 - Toxin analysisJAB Aasen 1 , MA Quilliam 21 Norwegian School of Veterinary Science,OSLO, Norway2 Institute for Marine Biosciences, NRC,HALIFAX, NOVA SCOTIA, CanadaIn recent years the number ofknown marine algal toxins hasincreased tremendously, mainly bydiscovery of new analogues andmetabolites within known toxingroups. This is due in particular tothe use of LC-MS/MS. In thispresentation, we will outline somenew strategies based on variousMS/MS scanning techniques thatcan be used for comprehensivedetection and identification of newstructural analogues of toxins. Oneexample is the detection of assortednew analogues of the cyclic iminetoxins, spirolides (SPX). Targetingkey collision-induced product ions(m/z 150 or 164) in a precursor ionscanning mode and presenting theion intensity data in a 2-D contourplot (m/z vs. retention time) allowedthe detection of new toxins asindividual 'spots' and alsodetermines their masses. Production scans of those masses thenallow detailed structure informationto be generated. Thus, several newSPX analogues including fatty acidacyl ester metabolites have beenidentified. Examples will also beshown for the yessotoxin (YTX),okadaic acid (OA) and pectenotoxin(PTX) groups. The discovery of allthese new toxin analogues raisessome important questions such astheir toxicological significance andwhether we will be able to monitorfor the toxins without standards.PO.04-12Statewide distribution ofsaxitoxins within Florida pufferfish speciesSession: PO.04 – Food chainsJP Abbott, JH Landsberg, LJFlewelling, L Sebastian, S StahlFlorida Fish and Wildlife Conservation C,ST. PETERSBURG, United States ofAmericaFrom January 2002 to April 2005,28 cases of puffer fish poisoning(PFP) were reported, primarily fromFlorida. A harvesting ban was putinto effect in April 2002. Previouslyunknown in Florida’s marine waters,all incidents were due to saxitoxinpresent in the muscle of southernpuffer fish (Sphoeroides nephelus)originating from the northern IndianRiver Lagoon (IRL) on Florida’sAtlantic coast. Southern puffer fishin the IRL continue to pose asignificant threat to public healthwith maximum levels in the musclejust over 20,106 µg STXeq./100 gtissue (n=384), (action level forshellfish is 80 µg STXeq./100gtissue). Lower levels, ranging from10 to 3133 µg STXeq./100g tissue,have also been found in the muscleof southern puffer fish fromApalachicola (northwest),Jacksonville (northeast), FloridaKeys (south), Charlotte Harbor(southwest), Tampa Bay (centralwest) and Tequesta (southeast).Checkered (S. testudineus) pufferfish from the Florida Keys, IRL andTequesta (range= 17 to 137 µgSTXeq./100g tissue) were generallymuch lower than southern puffers.118

INTERNATIONAL SOCIETY FOR THE STUDY OF HARMFUL ALGAE12 th <strong>International</strong> <strong>Conference</strong> on Harmful Algae, Copenhagen, Denmark, 4-8 September 2006Bandtail pufferfish (S. dorsalis)muscle from Charlotte Harbor,Florida Keys, IRL, and Tequestaranged from 1 to 1778 µgSTXeq./100g tissue.PO.08-18Analysis of paralytic shellfishpoisoning (PSP) toxins frommussels obtained from theEgyptian CoastSession: PO.08 - ToxicologyAly M. A. AbdallahNat Inst. of Oceanography and Fisheries,BOKELY, ALEXANDRIA, EgyptA sensitive HPLC method fordetermination of paralytic shellfishpoisoning (PSP) based on ion-pairchromatographic separation of PSPtoxins, post-column oxidation withperiodic acid, and fluorescencedetection has been used todetermine toxin profiles ofAlexandrium minutum. Totalconcentrations of PSP were 305and 390 µg/100g mussels in Mytilusand Donax, respectively. Theconcentrations of decarbamoyltoxins in both species were muchhigher than the concentrations ofcarbomoyl toxins. In the case of thesum of STXeq, the concentration inMytilus spp. 166 µg/100g musselswas higher (three fold) than thatfound in Donax spp. (64µg/100 gmussels). The most dominant toxinamong the carbomoyl toxins in bothspecies was CTX2. This is the firstreport in the literature of PSP toxinconcentrations in mussels from theMediterranean coast nearAlexandria.PO.08-26Lack of effect of temperature onthe depuration of domoic acidfrom the king scallop PectenmaximusSession: PO.08 - ToxicologyCP Acosta 1 , C Mariño 1 , H Martín 2 , JBlanco 11 C. Invest. Mariñas, VILANOVA DEAROUSA, Spain2 Centro Tecnológico del Mar CETMAR,VIGO, SpainSome previous observations, inlaboratory and field studies, havesuggested that temperature plays aforemost role in controlling thevelocity of depuration of domoicacid from the scallop Pectenmaximus. We maintained scallopsat temperatures of 13 to 19 ºCduring ca. 75 days and checked theeffect of this factor on the domoicacid contents of four bodycompartments (digestive gland,adductor muscle, gonad andremaining tissues). No significanteffect of temperature on the finaldomoic acid content was detectedin any of the studied compartmentsnor in the total soft tissues. A slightincrease in the toxins in theadductor muscle to the total pool oftoxins was the only effect detected.PO.15-09DNA extraction method fromharmful microalgae that ispotentially applicable to an in situquantitative real-time PCRdetectionSession: PO.15 - MonitoringMasao Adachi 1 , CM Preston 2 , R MarinIII 2 , CA Scholin 21 Kochi Univ., NANKOKU, Kochi Pref.,Japan2 MBARI, MOSS LANDING, United Statesof AmericaVarious DNA extraction protocolsare in use today for quantitativereal-time PCR detection (QPCR) ofHAB species. Co-purification ofgenomic DNA and compounds thatinhibit PCR can confound analyses119

INTERNATIONAL SOCIETY FOR THE STUDY OF HARMFUL ALGAE12 th <strong>International</strong> <strong>Conference</strong> on Harmful Algae, Copenhagen, Denmark, 4-8 September 2006by producing false negativereactions. Here, we report on anew DNA extraction method forharmful microalgae that ispotentially applicable for remote insitu applications using theEnvironmental Sample Processor(ESP). A QPCR assay forHeterosigma. (Raphidophyceae)was developed using speciesspecificprimers and probe thattarget large-subunit rDNA. Filtrationtreatment with Supor (PALL, 0.22µm) or Durapore (Millipore, 0.22µm)after addition of a CH3COOKsolution post-lysis was highlyeffective at removing compoundsthat inhibit PCR. A GF/F filter wasused for the solid phase extractionof DNA after that treatment. DNAwas recovered with efficienciessimilar to that obtained using theDNeasy Plant Mini Kit (Qiagen). Astandard curve that has highlinearity was constructed withgenomic DNA extracted fromcultured Heterosigma (1cell-10,000cells) using the filter–based DNAextraction protocol. Results of thiswork suggest that this method ispotentially applicable to in situ DNAextraction and amplification systemsplaned for future developments ofthe ESP.PO.03-02The economic consequences ofred tide events on the Gulf Coastof Florida, USASession: PO.03 - Public healthCM Adams, S Larkin, R Degner, KMorganUniversity of Florida, GAINESVILLE, FL,United States of AmericaRed tide blooms (Karenia brevis)are naturally occurring events thatfrequent the Gulf of Mexico coast ofFlorida, USA. The exact causes ofsuch events, including their durationand bloom intensity, are unknown.Studies directed towardunderstanding the economic impactred tides have on coastalcommunities have only recentlybeen attempted. Two economicstudies have been completedconcerning red tide events alongthe Gulf of Mexico coast of Florida.One study attempted to assess theimpact to local business activitiesalong the southwest Florida coast.This study not only attempted tomeasure the changes in businessactivity within the region where thered tides occurred, but alsoattempted to assess the level ofawareness that local residents hadconcerning red tide events. Anotherstudy attempted to measure thechanges in business activity alongthe northern Gulf of Mexico coast ofFlorida. These studies representthe only empirical analysesaddressing the economicconsequences of red tide events inFlorida, the state which has thegreatest number of red tide eventsin the USA. Finally, an on-goingstudy is currently measuring theeconomic impact of more recent redtide events within a larger region ofthe Gulf of Mexico coast of Florida.PO.05-23A Microcystis aeruginosa bloomand the occurrence ofmicrocystins from a eutrophicfreshwater lake in Comilla,BangladeshSession: PO.05 - Toxin analysisSagir MD Ahmed 1 , Bernd Luckas 2 ,Susan Hiller 21 University of Dhaka, DHAKA, Bangladesh2 University of Jena, JENA, GermanyBangladesh is a tropical country oflarge alluvial plains with 1.3 millionfreshwater ponds and lakes. It has a120

INTERNATIONAL SOCIETY FOR THE STUDY OF HARMFUL ALGAE12 th <strong>International</strong> <strong>Conference</strong> on Harmful Algae, Copenhagen, Denmark, 4-8 September 2006proper environment for growth ofcyanobacteria and a bloom ofMicrocystis aeruginosa occurredrecently in a lake in Comilla district.Methanol-water extracts of freshbloom samples, filtered cells andlyophilized cells were analyzed byhigh performance liquidchromatography (HPLC) with UVdetection and MS, and showedthree types of microcystins viz.,Microcystin-RR, Microcystin-YR andMicrocystin-LR. Their presence wasconfirmed by HPLC-MS. In a freshM. aeruginosa sample the amountof MC-LR was the highest (2.12 µgµl -1 ) followed by MC-RR (1.4 µg µl -1 ) and MC-YR (0.44 µg µl -1 ). In caseof lyophilized cells, the amount ofMC-LR, MC-RR and MC-YR was1048, 334 and 331 mg kg -1 . Aceticacid extracts of bloom sampleswere analyzed by the Thielert HPLCmethod but showed no paralyticshellfish poison. Histological studiesof the liver of catfish, Clariasbatracus from the contaminatedlake showed damaged anddeformed tissues, perhaps tumorlikestructures. Furtherinvestigations are needed tocharacterize other types ofmicrocystins from bloom-formingcyanobacteria and their effect oncultured fish in Bangladesh.PO.11-01Allelopathy in Oscillatoriaagardhii: effect on monoculturesof Microcystis aeruginosaSession: PO.11 - AllelopathyGA Akin-Oriola 1 , LA Lawton 21 Lagos State University, LAGOS, Nigeria2 The Robert Gordon University,ABERDEEN, United Kingdomanother through the production ofchemical compounds that escapeinto the environment (Rice, 1984).This phenomenon is common inmicro- and macroalgae, bacteriaand virus, and it plays an importantrole in species interactions such asplankton succession, competitionand bloom formation.The allelopathic effect of cell-freespent media (SM) of non-toxic O.agardhii on monocultures of toxinproducingM. aeruginosa wasinvestigated under controlledconditions using laboratorybioassays. Freeze-dried SM of O.agardhii was reconstituted to give0.1, 0.05 and 0.02 g ml -1 spentmedium in BG11 media. Aliquots ofM. aeruginosa (10 % v/v) wereadded and incubated at 25 °C.Cultures were sampled at 3- and 6-week intervals to determine cellbiomass and microcystinconcentration. The results showed aconcentration-dependentstimulatory effect of SM in culturesof M. aeruginosa. In addition, therewas a significant increase in cellbiomass, total- and intracellularmicrocystin per cell weight.ReferenceRice, E. L. (1984) Allelopathy.Second Edition. Academic Press,Orlando. 189 – 205.Allelopathy refers to any direct orindirect, harmful or beneficial effectby one plant or microorganism on121

INTERNATIONAL SOCIETY FOR THE STUDY OF HARMFUL ALGAE12 th <strong>International</strong> <strong>Conference</strong> on Harmful Algae, Copenhagen, Denmark, 4-8 September 2006PO.15-26HAB-MAPS of toxic marinemicroalgae in the ‘Cono Sur’ ofSouth AmericaSession: PO.15 - MonitoringR Akselman 1 , B Reguera 2 , M Lion 21 Inst. Nac. Invest. Des. Pesquero, MARDEL PLATA, Argentina2 Inst. Espanol Oceanografia, VIGO 36200,SpainInformation on the distribution ofharmful microalgal species and theirchanges over time is essential toevaluate if harmful events areexpanding/contracting in a givenregion, and to interpret dispersalroutes. This information is alsouseful for risk assessment andplanning of the exploitation ofmarine resources. The ISSHAproject HAB-MAP was created toestablish a global referenced mapof the known distribution of toxicmarine microalgae species. Herewe present HAB-MAP activities forthe coastal waters of the Cono Surof South America (Brazil, Uruguay,Argentina, Chile, Perú and Ecuador)on the basis of a literature reviewthat comprised 150 publishedpapers and reports. The databasewas developed with Excel-files foreach species; different worksheetsprovided data-sets extracted fromeach bibliographic reference.Factors considered included georeferencedlocation (to allow thegeneration of distribution maps),date, cell abundance, toxin content,harmful effects and relevantenvironmental information. A total of40 toxic species - 9 diatoms, 23dinoflagellates, 3 haptophytes and 5raphidophytes- were recorded. Thetotal number of toxic species couldbe greater than the apparent onebecause of dubious taxonomicidentification of some taxa, and lowfrequency of sampling in largeareas of the Cono Sur.PO.13-44Phytoplankton distribution,diversity and nutrientvariations at the west coastof Sweden, with specialreference to harmful algaeSession: PO.13 - Regional eventsA Y Al-Handal, B Karlson, L Edler, A-TSkjevikSMHI, GOTHENBERG, SwedenSpecies composition, abundanceand distribution of phytoplankton aswell as some major physicochemicalfeatures and chlorophyll aconcentration were investigatedalong the Swedish Skagerrak coast.This study is part of a long-termprogram for monitoring of harmfulalgae along the Swedish coast.Owing to the eutrophic nature of theregion, phytoplankton is moreproductive than diversified. Diatoms,dinoflagellates and some otherflagellates dominate phytoplanktonpopulations. Highest abundancewas in Koljöfjord reaching 3.32 x10 6 cells -1 in May 2005, withdiatoms constituting 69.7%. Lowestabundance was in Kosterfjord inMarch 2006, when cell densitieshad dropped to 11.7 x 10 3 cells l -1 .Diatoms were exceptionally scarceat this station in May 2005 (0.150 x10 3 cells l -1 ) accompanied by adominance of the harmfuldinoflagellate Dinophysis norvegicaand some cryptophytes.Dinoflagellates reached theirhighest abundance of 1.18 x 10 5cells l -1 at Koljöfjord in August 2005.Chlorophyll a reached a minimum of1.1 µg/l in April 2005 (Danafjord)and a maximum of 8.1 µg/l inSeptember (Kosterfjord). A number122

INTERNATIONAL SOCIETY FOR THE STUDY OF HARMFUL ALGAE12 th <strong>International</strong> <strong>Conference</strong> on Harmful Algae, Copenhagen, Denmark, 4-8 September 2006of harmful algal taxa incidentlyappear in this region, these includespecies belonging to Alexandrium,Dinophysis, Pseudo-nitzschia andChattonella.PO.13-27The effect of Noctiluca scintillanson harmful algal species of southeastern AustraliaSession: PO.13 - Regional eventsME Albinsson 1 , SI Blackburn 1 , CLegrand 21 CSIRO Marine and AtmosphericResearch, HOBART, Australia2 University of Kalmar, KALMAR, SwedenThe red tide-forming dinoflagellateNoctiluca scintillans has bloomed offeastern Australia since the 1970sand was first recorded inTasmanian waters in 1994. Thedistribution of N. scintillans bloomsin Tasmanian waters over the timeperiod of 2001 - 2005 wasinvestigated with monthlymonitoring in the D’EntrecasteauxChannel and the Huon Estuary fromSeptember 2004 to January 2005,determining population fluctuationsin the area. The bloom frequency inTasmanian waters showed anincrease between 2001 and 2004,and there was an increasingsouthwards distribution in theD’Entrecasteaux Channel and theHuon Estuary with the peakabundance in December. Noctilucascintillans feeds on a variety of preyitems. In this study we investigatedthe feeding preferences of N.scintillans when fed ecologicallyimportant harmful algal species(HABs) of south eastern Australia.The feeding experiments showedthat N. scintillans has the potentialto graze both toxic and non-toxicspecies, and the ability to ingest andthrive on HAB species such asGymnodinium catenatum andChattonella antiqua (specific growthrates approx. 0.3 divisions day -1 )suggests that N. scintillans canhave a major impact on themicroalgal populations of southeastern Australia.PO.13-06Benthic species of the genusProrocentrum Ehrenberg in theeastern Mediterranean Sea (NorthAegean Sea, Greece)Session: PO.13 - Regional eventsK. Aligizaki, G NikolaidisAristotle University of Thessaloniki,THESSALONIKI, GreeceBenthic Prorocentrum speciesconstitute a subject of interest sincemost of them are associated withtoxin production. In order to provideadditional information on theoccurrence of these species, asurvey on 50 sites along NorthAegean continental and islandcoasts was conducted in August2003-December 2005. At least fivedifferent benthic Prorocentrumspecies (P. lima, P. emarginatum,P. rhathymum, P. borbonicum,Prorocentrum sp1.) were recorded.Prorocentrum borbonicumrepresents a new record for theMediterranean algal flora;Prorocentrum sp1. does not fit anyof the presently described benthicProrocentrum species, while P.lima, P. emarginatum and P.rhathymum have been recentlyrecorded in the EasternMediterranean Sea. Speciesidentification was based on light andelectron microscopy of preservedfield material and clonal cultures. P.lima contributed remarkably to thebenthic dinoflagellate community,which comprised also Ostreopsisovata, O. cf. siamensis, C. monotisand Amphidinium spp.; P. lima was123

INTERNATIONAL SOCIETY FOR THE STUDY OF HARMFUL ALGAE12 th <strong>International</strong> <strong>Conference</strong> on Harmful Algae, Copenhagen, Denmark, 4-8 September 2006detected throughout the yearachieving abundances up to1.33x10 5 cells g -1 fwm epiphyticallyon the marine phanerogamCymodocea nodosa in November,while the presence of the otherProrocentrum species was morescarce and restricted to the warmperiod.PO.13-17Occurrence of species from thegenus Pseudo-nitzschia in thesouthwestern Atlantic andSouthern OceanSession: PO.13 - Regional eventsGO Almandoz 1 , ME Ferrario 1 , GAFerreyra 2 , IR Schloss 21 Facultad de Cs. Naturales y Museo(UNLP), LA PLATA, Argentina2 Instituto Antartico Argentino, BUENOSAIRES, ArgentinaThe distribution of Pseudo-nitzschiaspecies and its relationship withmain environmental factors werestudied in surface waters of theArgentine and Weddell Seas (38-55°S and 61-77°S, respectively).Both qualitative and quantitativesamples, collected during summerand fall 2003, summer 2004 andspring 2005 were examined usinglight and scanning electronmicroscopy. Several Pseudonitzschiaspecies were found in theArgentine Sea, including P.americana, P. australis, P.calliantha, P. fraudulenta, P. heimii,P. lineola, P. pungens, P.subcurvata, P. turgidula and P.turgiduloides. Pseudo-nitzschiapungens and P. australis were themost common species recorded,especially in waters with elevatedtemperatures and salinities (around15 ºC, 33.8psu) and low nutrientconcentrations. The rest of thespecies showed a more restricteddistribution. Pseudo-nitzschiacalliantha and the epiphytic P.americana, both reported for thefirst time in Argentinean waters,were found only during spring. Alower number of species was foundin the cold (0.6 to -1.6 ºC), nutrientrichwaters of the Weddell Sea.Notably, P. lineola, P.prolongatoides, P. subcurvata andP. turgiduloides showed awidespread distribution, while P.heimii and P. turgidula wereconfined tp northward of 62ºS.Morphometric data, abundancesand ecological preferences aregiven and compared with previousstudies.PO.02-07New insights into the higherorder organization of thedinoflagellate chromosomes:evidence of eukaryoticdifferentiationsSession: PO.02 - GenomicsEAF Alverca 1 , A Cuadrado 2 , S Franca 1 ,S Moreno Díaz de la Espina 31 INSA, LISBON, Portugal2 Universidad de Alcalá de Henares,MADRID, Spain3 Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas,MADRID, SpainDinoflagellates are eukaryoticprotists with a unique genome andchromosome organization. Theylack histones and nucleosomes,being therefore considered the onlyliving knockouts of these proteins.They have distinct interphasicchromosomes stabilized by metalcations and DNA-RNA hybrids.Their DNA has a high G+C content,highly methylated and rare basesand their genomes lack thecanonical TATA box, showingspecific regulatory sequences intheir promoters, as well as lineararrangement of genes and gene124

INTERNATIONAL SOCIETY FOR THE STUDY OF HARMFUL ALGAE12 th <strong>International</strong> <strong>Conference</strong> on Harmful Algae, Copenhagen, Denmark, 4-8 September 2006families.Without histones and with a lowproportion of histone-like proteins,dinoflagellates need a different wayof packing their huge amounts ofDNA into functional chromatin.Despite the interest in their genome,studies on the molecularorganization of their chromosomesare scarce.FISH with telomeric and rDNA genesequences were applied to threedinoflagellates species. Our resultsrevealed the clustering of rDNAgenes in NORs and the presence ofdistal telomeres, which confirms thelinear organization of theirchromosomes. They also showedspecific features such as thepresence of non-randomlydistributed structural RNA in thechromosome body. These resultsprovide the first evidence ofeukaryotic differentiation of theseunique chromosomes, reinforcingthe dinoflagellates’ position withinthe eukaryotic lineage.PO.05-05Lipophilic toxins in Frenchshellfish: first report ofpectenotoxin-2, spirolide-C andtheir isomers by liquidchromatography/massspectrometrySession: PO.05 - Toxin analysisZouher Amzil, Florence Royer,Manoella Sibat, Solene Guimard,Nadine Neaud-Masson, ClaudeChiantellaIFREMER, NANTES CEDEX 3, FranceDuring the French Phytoplanktonand Phycotoxins monitoring network(REPHY), shellfish samples wereharvested from different locationswhere harmful algae bloomoccurred. For all shellfish samplesfound positive for diarrheic shellfishpoisoning (DSP) toxins by mousebioassay, liquid chromatography(LC) coupled with massspectrometry (MS) was used tosearch for the following lipophilictoxins: okadaic acid (OA),dinophysistoxins (DTXs),pectenotoxins (PTXs), azaspiracids(AZAs), yessotoxins (YTXs),spirolides (SPXs) and gymnodimine(GYM). In order to investigate thepresence of okadaic acid esters,alkaline hydrolysis was performedon all samples, and LC/MSanalyses were carried out on thesamples before and after hydrolysis.The results revealed differentlipophilic toxin profiles depending onshellfish sampling locations. Theprimary finding was that all samplescontained okadaic acid and its acylesterderivatives (DTX-3). Inaddition, other lipophilic toxins werefound in the shellfish samples: DTX-2, its acyl ester derivatives (DTX-3)and spirolides (SPXs) on theAtlantic coast (Southern Brittany,Arcachon), pectenotoxins (PTX-2,PTX-2-Seco-acid) on theMediterranean coast (Thau Lagoon,Corsica Island). This paper is thefirst occurrence of pectenotoxin-2,spirolide-C-deMe and their isomersin France.PO.13-24Harmful algal blooms andeutrophication: nutrient sources,composition and consequencesin the Arabian Gulf borderingAbu Dhabi EmirateSession: PO.13 - Regional eventsRajan Anbiah, Thabit ZA AlAbdessalaamEnvironment Agency, ABU DHABI, UnitedArab EmiratesThe Arabian Gulf has witnessed anincrease in algal bloom incidentsover the last decade, presumably125

INTERNATIONAL SOCIETY FOR THE STUDY OF HARMFUL ALGAE12 th <strong>International</strong> <strong>Conference</strong> on Harmful Algae, Copenhagen, Denmark, 4-8 September 2006due to pollution from landreclamation and urbanization. Inresponse to growing concerns overthe impact of harmful algal bloomson marine resources, ecosystemsand human health, a survey wasinitiated to study the harmful algaeof the waters of Abu Dhabi Emiratebordering the Arabian Gulf. Aharmful algal bloom was recorded inone of the sampling areas(Mussafah). It had a maximum cellconcentration of 18 x 10 7 cells/L andshowed seasonal variation inspecies dominance: dinoflagellatesduring winter and cyanobacteriaduring summer. The winter bloomwas represented by Prorocentrumspp and the water was brown incolour whereas in summer thebloom was generated byOscillatoria sp., and the water had agreen colour. The hydrographicparameters showed abnormalconditions. Nutrient values weremany folds higher than the normalseawater and confirmed theeutrophic nature. The blooms wereassociated with widespread harmfulimpacts including hypoxic events(0.20mg/L), finfish kills (Nematalosanasus) and subsequent loss ofbenthic organisms. The sources,composition and consequences ofnutrients and bloom formation andspecies dominance in Abu Dhabiwaters will also be discussed.PO.16-01Local importance of resting cystsfor a dinoflagellate bloominitiationSession: PO.16 – Life cyclesS Angles, E Garcés, K van Lenning, AReñé, A PalanquesICM CSIC, BARCELONA, SpainResting cysts are the product ofsexual reproduction ofdinoflagellates and comprise thenormal dormant phase of theseorganisms. Cysts may survive in thesediment for months or even years,and during that time their dispersionand concentration is influenced bymany factors. In the case oflocalized blooms in shallow,restricted embayment or harbours,the coupling between cysts in thesediment and blooms in the water isdirect. Recurrent blooms of the toxicdinoflagellate Alexandrium minutumin the 'Arenys de Mar’ Harbour (NWMediterranean) provided a perfectopportunity to study resting cystdynamics and to evaluate thenumber of cysts that contribute tothe bloom initiation. We quantifiedthe resting cysts of A. minutum andother dinoflagellates in sedimentsamples collected during severalcruises and evaluated their spatialand temporal distribution patternsduring pre- and post-bloomconditions. We also studiedgermination rates of A. minutumcysts at different locations in theharbour. Standard sedimentaryvariables (grain size, coarse andfine fraction, organic and inorganicC, organic N), as well as physicaland meteorological parameterswere considered for interpretation ofobserved variability in cystconcentrations.PO.03-09A water-asssociated dermatitis inSwedish lakesSession: PO.03 - Public healthHeléne AnnadotterUniversity of Lund, LUND, SwedenIn 1999, an outbreak of waterassociateddermatitis in theSwedish Lake Värsjön was found tobe caused by schistosomecercariae using the snail Radix126

INTERNATIONAL SOCIETY FOR THE STUDY OF HARMFUL ALGAE12 th <strong>International</strong> <strong>Conference</strong> on Harmful Algae, Copenhagen, Denmark, 4-8 September 2006(=Lymnea) peregra as theintermediate host. In connectionwith the outbreak, thecyanobacterium Anabaenalemmermannii, and the flagellateGonyostomum semen dominatedthe algal community.In a survey of 25 recreation lakes inScania, Southern Sweden,schistosome cercariae were foundin four of these lakes. In all fourlakes, mass developments ofcyanobacteria alone or combinedwith Gonyostomum semen occurredregularly during the vegetativeseason.Increased endotoxin levels in lakewater may be associated withdevelopments of cyanobacteriaand/or Gonyostomum semen. Astudy of endotoxins inGonyostomum-dominated lakesrevealed high concentrations; 220-1880 EU ml -1 . Endotoxins in theblood stream of the bird-host maystimulate the production of thecytokine tumour necrosis factor(TNF). TNF may, in turn, stimulateegg-laying of the schistosomeparasite as well as the excretion ofthe parasite eggs from the host. Wesuggest that increased endotoxinconcentrations in the water aretriggering the occurrence ofschistosome cercariae in lakes.PO.13-47Paralytic shellfish poisoning andfood web contamination: aCalifornia coastal exampleSession: PO.13 - Regional eventsRJ Antrobus 1 , K Lefebvre 2 , VL Vigilant 1 ,IS Cheung 1 , CM Sutherland 1 , MWSilver 11 U of California, Santa Cruz, SANTACRUZ, CA, United States of America2 NOAA/NWFSC, SEATTLE, WA, UnitedStates of AmericaThe central California coast is ahighly productive, biodiverse regionfrequently affected by harmful algalblooms (HABs). In California,shellfish are regularly monitored forthe presence of Paralytic ShellfishPoisoning (PSP) and domoic acidtoxins to protect human consumers,and there are data here, as in othercoastal areas around the world,showing that additional marineorganisms are contaminated bythese same toxins. In the presentstudy our primary goal is tounderstand the extent to which PSPtoxins are contaminating localcommercial fisheries, if at all. Herewe investigate several commerciallyimportant species, includingplanktivorous pelagic fish, a varietyof flatfish, shellfish and rock crab.Three years of data on theparticulate saxitoxin concentrationsand the cell abundance ofAlexandrium catenella, the algaresponsible for PSP in this region,will be compared to the presence,or lack thereof, of toxins in theseorganisms. The presence ofsaxitoxin in several of theseorganisms suggests that PSP toxinsare more prevalent in Californiafood webs than previously thought.In addition to PSP, we will report onthe potential for these sameorganisms to be simultaneouslycontaminated with multiplephycotoxins, specifically domoicacid and/or okadaic acid.PO.05-40Content and profile of lipophilictoxins in plankton samplesduring two Dinophysis acutaoutbreaks, in Galician Rías (NWSpain)Session: PO.05 - Toxin analysisF Arevalo 1 , A Moroño 1 , Y Pazos 1 , JCorrea 1 , J Blanco 2127

INTERNATIONAL SOCIETY FOR THE STUDY OF HARMFUL ALGAE12 th <strong>International</strong> <strong>Conference</strong> on Harmful Algae, Copenhagen, Denmark, 4-8 September 20061 INTECMAR, VILAGARCÍA DE AROUSA,Spain2 Centro de Investigacions Mariñas,VILANOVA DE AROUSA, SpainIn order to assess the variability inboth content and profile of lipophilictoxins per Dinophysis acuta cell, twotoxic outbreaks were studied, inwhich this toxic species was thedominant one. In the first bloom(2001) water samples werecollected by net tow (from 0 to 15meters) in three nearby stations, on3 October. In the second one,(autumn 2005), plankton sampleswere collected weekly at threedepth intervals (0-5, 5-10 and 10-15meters) using a hose. The toxincontent of the plankton sampleswas analysed, in the first case byHPLC-FD, and in the second by LC-MS, and in both casesphytoplankton was quantified in ainverted microscope. The toxincontent per D. acuta cell wasindependent of cell concentrationand ranged from 0.20 to 10.8pg·cell -1 , without significantdifferences between the twoepisodes. In the samples from2001, OA, its conjugated forms andpectenotoxins were detected, with aslight predominance of OAconjugatedforms. During 2005, OA,DTX2 and the conjugated forms ofboth toxins were found in veryvariable proportions, even betweendifferent depths during the sameday, but with a slight predominanceof free OA.PO.13-71Foam events due to aPhaeocystis bloom along theCatalan coast (NWMediterranean)Session: PO.13 - Regional eventsL Arin, N Sampedro, M Segura, K vanLenning, A Calbet, J Guillén, A Reñe, DBlasco, J CampInstitut de Ciències del Mar, BARCELONA,SpainMarine haptophytes of the genusPhaeocystis may produce nearlymonospecific blooms in manynutrient-rich areas. Dense bloomsof Phaeocystis colonies in coastalzones are frequently associatedwith extensive masses of foam,causing problems for local fishingactivities and tourist industries. InMarch 2006, a Phaeocystis bloomoccurred along the Catalan coast(NE Spain). The bloom wasassociated with foam formation andextended several kilometres incoastal waters. Based on theobserved morphology of thecolonies, the responsible specieswas identified as P. globosa. Thebloom was not monospecific asdiatoms were also abundant (mostlymembers of the generaRhizosolenia, Chaetoceros,Pseudo-nitzschia andBacteriastrum). Phaeocystis haspreviously been recorded along theCatalan coast, but not at such highdensities. On this occasion, theabundance of cells was highenough to produce visible amountsof foam that could, for the first time,be recorded by ARGUS videocameras installed in the area.PO.06-11Gymnodinium catenatumpreference for and growth onnitrate, ammonium and ureaSession: PO.06 - Population dynamicsPA Armstrong 1 , PA Thompson 2 , CJBolch 3 , SIE Blackburn 21 University of Tasmania, Aquafin CRC,HOBART, Australia2 CSIRO, HOBART, Australia128

INTERNATIONAL SOCIETY FOR THE STUDY OF HARMFUL ALGAE12 th <strong>International</strong> <strong>Conference</strong> on Harmful Algae, Copenhagen, Denmark, 4-8 September 20063 University of Tasmania, LAUNCESTON,AustraliaThe toxic dinoflagellateGymnodinium catenatum hasformed recurrent blooms in theHuon Estuary, south east Tasmaniasince the mid 1980s. Phytoplanktongrowth in the Huon Estuary isprimarily limited by nitrogen (N). Tobetter understand the bloomdynamics of G. catenatum,preference for and growth on:nitrate (NO3 - ), ammonium (NH4 + )and urea was investigated in aseries of laboratory experiments.Results demonstrated that G.catenatum grows equally well on:nitrate, ammonium and urea, buttakes them up in this order: NH4 + >NO3 - > urea. In addition, G.catenatum is capable of initialspecific N uptake rates ~20 times itsspecific growth rate i.e. 'surgeuptake'. The ability of G. catenatumto grow equally well using all threeN sources coupled with 'surgeuptake' capability are likely to playan important role in its dominance inthe Huon Estuary and otherecosystems.PO.13-33Prolonged toxicity ofScrobicularia plana after PSPevents and its relation toGymnodinium catenatum cystconsumption and toxindepurationSession: PO.13 - Regional eventsML Artigas 1 , A Amorim 2 , P Vale 3 , SSGomes 3 , MJ Botelho 3 , SM Rodrigues 31 University of Lisbon, PÓVOA DE STA.IRIA, Portugal2 Instituto de Oceanografia, LISBOA,Portugal3 IPIMAR/INIAP, LISBOA, PortugalIn contrast to other species ofbivalves such as blue mussels(Mytilus galloprovincialis) andcommon cockles (Cerastodermaedule), the clam Scrobicularia planahas been observed to retain PSPtoxicity for long periods (more than1 year) after a bloom event.Because this species is a depositfeeder, consumption ofGymnodinium catenatum cysts fromthe sediments was suggestedpreviously as one possibleexplanation for this fact. In autumn2005, a bloom of G. catenatum wasdetected along the NW coast ofPortugal. The gut contents of S.plana from affected areas wereexamined for dinoflagellate cystsduring and after the bloom. ThePSP content in bivalves wasfollowed by HPLC. The presence ofcysts was maximal during the bloomand then deminished, even thoughPSP toxicity never decreased tovalues below the regulatory safelimit. Depuration experiments withS. plana, blue mussels andcommon cockles revealed thatelimination of toxins in S. plana wasalmost non-observable within 1week, while in mussels or cocklesreduction to half the toxin level tookplace. These results suggest thatcysts are not responsible for theobserved prolonged toxicity, butinstead a slow depuration rate.PO.10-35Nitrogen dynamics of Pseudonitzschiacuspidata from the U.S.Pacific NorthwestSession: PO.10 - Ecophysiology &autecologyME Auro 1 , WP Cochlan 1 , VL Trainer 21 Romberg Tiburon Center, SFSU,TIBURON, United States of America2 Northwest Fisheries Science Center,NOAA, SEATTLE, United States ofAmerica129

INTERNATIONAL SOCIETY FOR THE STUDY OF HARMFUL ALGAE12 th <strong>International</strong> <strong>Conference</strong> on Harmful Algae, Copenhagen, Denmark, 4-8 September 2006The growth capabilities of thetoxigenic diatom species Pseudonitzschiacuspidata, isolated fromthe Juan de Fuca Eddy regionduring Fall surveys of the ECOHAB-PNW project in 2004 and 2005,were examined in non-axenic, semicontinuous,batch cultures enrichedwith 40 µM nitrate, 40 µMammonium or 20 µM of urea as thesole nitrogen source. Experiments,conducted at both high (120µmol·m -2·s -1 ) and low (40 µmol· m -2·s -1 ) photosynthetic photon fluxdensities (PPFDs), demonstratethat P. cuspidata grew significantlyfaster at the higher PPFD, butshows no preference for onenitrogen source over the other ateither PPFDs. Exponential growthrates (determined using cellabundance over time) andparticulate domoic acid content(using ELISA) did not significantlydiffer as a function of the nitrogengrowth substrate. In contrast tomost previous studies using othercultured Pseudo-nitzschia species,the particulate DA per cell averaged60% greater during exponentialgrowth compared to stationarygrowth of P. cuspidata, regardlessof nitrogen source or PPFD. Theseresults demonstrate the capability ofthis diatom to grow equally well onboth oxidized and reduced forms ofnitrogen, although our fieldobservations have generally foundgreatest cell abundances in thenitrate-rich upwelled waters of theJuan de Fuca Eddy.PO.13-65Cyanobacterial toxins in thelakes located in the Riga City andits surroundingsSession: PO.13 - Regional eventsMaija Balode, Ingrida Purina, IevaBarda, Solvita StrakeLatvian Institute of Aquatic Ecology, RIGA,LatviaThe coastal zone of the lakeslocated in the Riga City and itssurroundings are densely inhabitedand widely used for recreation,fishing activities and as drinkingwater source for Riga City. Due tostrong anthropogenic impact,intensive blooms of potentially toxicalgae in the lakes are observedevery summer, however no regularanalysis of algal toxins has beencarried out. In this study weattempted to quantify the toxinconcentrations in different stages ofcyanobacterial blooms in 2002-2005. Samples for cyanobacterialtoxin analysis were collected fromalgae surface accumulations.Presence of toxins was detected byprotein phosphatase inhibitionassay (PPIA), enzyme linkedimmunosorbent assay (ELISA) andHPLC. The most frequentlyoccurring species in all sampleswere Microcystis spp., Anabaenaspp. and Aphanizomenon flosaquae,composing 50 -95% of thetotal phytoplankton biomass. Thehighest concentrations ofmicrocystins were detected in thelakes Mazais Baltezers and LielaisBaltezers, ranging from 300- 1600ng/mg dw during the maximum ofthe cyanobacterial bloom. Theseresults suggest that more publicattention should be paid to theproblem of HAB, to avoid possibleintoxication cases.PO.08-04PSP toxin profiles duringdifferent growth phases inGymnodinium catenatum strainsisolated from the Gulf ofCalifornia, MexicoSession: PO.08 - Toxicology130

INTERNATIONAL SOCIETY FOR THE STUDY OF HARMFUL ALGAE12 th <strong>International</strong> <strong>Conference</strong> on Harmful Algae, Copenhagen, Denmark, 4-8 September 2006CJ Band-Schmidt 1 , J Bustillos-Guzmán 2 , L Morquecho 2 , I Gárate-Lizárraga 1 , R Alonso-Rodríguez 3 , AReyes-Salinas 2 , K Erler 4 , B Luckas 41 CICIMAR-IPN, LA PAZ BCS, Mexico2 CIBNOR, A. P. 128, 23000 LA PAZ, BCS,Mexico3 Unidad Académica Mazatlán, ICMyL,UNAM, AP 811, MAZATLÁN, SINALOA,82000, Mexico4 Friedrich-Schiller University,Dornburgerstraße 25, 07743 JENA,GermanyIn vitro experiments were performedwith Gymnodinium catenatumGraham strains isolated from theGulf of California (Bahía deMazatlán, Bahía de La Paz, BahíaConcepción) to determine thevariability in toxicity and toxin profileduring different growth phases.Growth rates varied between 0.70and 0.82 day -1 . Highest cell yieldswere reached at 16 and 19 dayswith densities between 1090 and3393 cells mL -1 . Mazatlán and LaPaz strains were more toxic (101 pgSTX eq cell -1 ), compared withstrains from Concepción (13 pgSTX eq cell -1 ). Toxin content did notchange with culture age (0.2 - 0.6pmol PSP cell -1 ). All strainscontained NEOSTX, dcSTX,dcGTX2-3, B1-2, and C1-2 toxins.Concepción strains had the highestcontent of C1, whereas Mazatlánand La Paz strains had a higherpercentage of NEOSTX (23 to52%). Mazatlán and La Paz strainsshowed differences in toxincomposition with culture age.Cultures with higher percentage oflong chains had more NEOSTX,while those with a higher proportionof short chains had a lower contentof NEOSTX. Gulf of Californiastrains are characterized by a highproportion of NEOSTX, and seem tohave evolved particularphysiological responses to theirenvironment that are reflected in thetoxin profile.PO.10-16Metal concentration in freshwatersediments seasonally subjectedto toxin-producingcyanobacterial bloomsSession: PO.10 - Ecophysiology &autecologyMS Baptista, MT VasconcelosCIIMAR, PORTO, PortugalCyanobacteria represent a sink formetals in aquatic environment, asthey are effective metal sorbents,therefore affecting metal speciationand bioavailability. In the ambit of aproject, aiming at investigatingcauses and consequences ofcyanobacterial blooms infreshwater, trace metal (Cd, Co, Cr,Cu, Fe, Mn, Ni, Pb and Zn)concentrations in sediments weremonitored monthly, throughout oneyear, at two sites of Tâmega River(Northeast Portugal): (1) the Marcoreservoir, which has beenseasonally dominated by toxinproducingstrains of Microcystisaeruginosa, from June toSeptember; and (2) the city ofAmarante (ca. 20 km upstream)where no such blooms have beenrecorded. The results show thebaselines of trace metalconcentration to be similar for bothsites, in spite of site (1) being alentic system whereas site (2) is alotic one. However, extreme draughtcharacterized the sampling year; itsinfluence on the results remains tobe ascertained. Maxima of metalconcentrations were registered atboth sites during the bloom event,which, unlike previous years, wasrecorded at site (1) only duringOctober and November (nophytoplankton bloom was recorded131

INTERNATIONAL SOCIETY FOR THE STUDY OF HARMFUL ALGAE12 th <strong>International</strong> <strong>Conference</strong> on Harmful Algae, Copenhagen, Denmark, 4-8 September 2006at site (2)). The implications of theseresults to the metal dynamics inTâmega River will be discussed.PO. 10-39Effect of carbonateaddition on domoicacid production byPseudo-nitzschiamultiseries in batchcultureSession: PO.10 - Ecophysiology &autecologyBates SS, Léger CSeveral factors control theproduction of the neurotoxindomoic acid (DA) by the diatomPseudo-nitzschia multiseries,including silicate and phosphatelimitation, irradiance level,presence of bacteria, concentrationof copper and iron, and pH. MostDA is produced post-exponentialphase. At that time, theconcentration of CO2 hasdecreased due to photosyntheticuptake, pH is high, and thecarbonate system has shiftedtoward higher proportions ofbicarbonate and carbonate. It istherefore possible that totalinorganic carbon (TIC) may limitDA biosynthesis. To test this,medium f/2 (containing 1.9 mMTIC) was amended with sodiumbicarbonate to give 2.8 and 3.7 mMinorganic carbon. Stationary-phasecell numbers were similar at thethree initial carbon concentrations.TIC decreased during theexponential phase and generallyincreased (unexpectedly) duringstationary phase. pH changed in aninverse fashion, reaching amaximum of 8.95, for the highestTIC concentration, at the end ofexponential growth, and thendeclined during stationary phase.Highest DA was associated withhighest pH.Cellular DA concentrationincreased linearly with increasinginitial TIC concentration (r 2 =0.983), suggesting carbon limitationof DA biosynthesis. Agitation on arotary shaker table increasedgrowth rate and also DAproduction. These conditions maybe used to boost DA production inbatch cultures.PO.06-01Antibiotic synthesis by thebacterium Silicibacter sp. TM1040is involved in the formation ofobligate symbiotic interactionswith dinoflagellatesSession: PO.06 - Population dynamicsM. Robert BelasCenter of Marine Biotechnology,BALTIMORE, United States of AmericaMembers of the Roseobacter cladeof the a-Proteobacteria are amongthe most abundant and ecologicallyrelevant marine bacterial groups.One of the most salient features ofthese bacteria, such as Silicibactersp. TM1040, is their ability tometabolize dinoflagellate-deriveddimethylsulfoniopropionate (DMSP),a major source of organic sulphur inthe ocean. Silicibacter sp. TM1040forms an obligate symbioticrelationship with DMSP-producingdinoflagellates and phytoplanktonsuggesting that the bacteria arehighly adapted to engage in bothpositive and negative interactionswith other marine microorganisms.Silicibacter sp. TM1040 activelymetabolizes DMSP, and ischemotactically attracted todinoflagellate homogenates, DMSP,amino acids, and other chemicalsreleased by the dinoflagellate. Littleis known about the cellular factors132

INTERNATIONAL SOCIETY FOR THE STUDY OF HARMFUL ALGAE12 th <strong>International</strong> <strong>Conference</strong> on Harmful Algae, Copenhagen, Denmark, 4-8 September 2006and molecular mechanismsrequired for roseobacters toestablish and maintain theirsymbiosis with dinoflagellates.Recently, we discovered thatSilicibacter sp. TM1040 producesan antibacterial compound,tropodithietic acid, which inhibitsmany other marine bacteria. Agenetic analysis has revealed thebiosynthetic pathway, as well as theregulatory circuit controllingtropodithietic acid expression. Theimplications of these data and theeffect of the antibiotic on theinteraction of roseobacters with theirdinoflagellate hosts, the structureand composition of bacterialcommunities, and the sulfur cycleare discussed.PO.13-28Phytoplankton tidal populationin Sfax coasts (South Tunisia)Session: PO.13 - Regional eventsS. Ben Khedhir 2 , Asma Hamza 1 , M.Ben Hassen 21 Institut National des Sciences et Techno,SFAX, Tunisia2 INSTM, SFAX, TunisiaDiversity variation of phytoplanktonin relation to daily tidal movementswas studied during four seasons atthe Sfax coast, Tunisia. Diatomsthat adhere to the bottom move within the water column and can reachthe surface. The most abundantgroups of the phytoplankton weredinoflagellates and somecyanophytes. Diatom abundancehas a lunar as well as a seasonalvariability, with the highestabundance corresponding to thecoldest days of the lunar cycle.Dinoflagellate species occurredgenerally in summer andproliferated specially on the lastdays of the lunar cycle, showing apreference for decreasedturbulence.PO.10-46Influence of salinity on thedimensions of the dinoflagellateProrocentrum minimum undercontrolled conditionsA Beran 1 , M Monti 1 , M Berden Zrimec 2 ,L Drinovec 2 , F Tamberlich 3 , A Zrimec 21 OGS, TRIESTE, Italy2 Institute of Physical Biology,GROSUPLJE, Slovenia3 Osservatorio Alto Adriatico, ARPA FVG,TRIESTE, ItalyProrocentrum minimum is aplanktonic dinoflagellate, which isconsidered potentially toxic tohumans. Associations between P.minimum blooms and toxicity arerare, but harmful effects were onvarious occasions observed inareas of P. minimum blooms.Prorocentrum minimum is thereforeconsidered a HAB (Harmful AlgalBloom) species and a species to bemonitored.Prorocentrum minimum cell sizeand shape are highly variable, anddifferent factors, including salinity,temperature and light intensity, havebeen suggested as putative causesfor this variability. Various authorshave suggested that different formscould be treated as morphotypeswithin the species, and relationshipsbetween P. minimum morphology,geographical distribution and salinityhave been hypothesized. To studythe possible relation between celldimension and salinity, P. minimumstrains from different geographicalareas were maintained in cultureunder controlled conditions. Growthcurves were monitored at threesalinities (8, 16 and 32 PSU) andcell dimensions analyzed. Celldimensions varied in the differentphases of growth, and the average133

INTERNATIONAL SOCIETY FOR THE STUDY OF HARMFUL ALGAE12 th <strong>International</strong> <strong>Conference</strong> on Harmful Algae, Copenhagen, Denmark, 4-8 September 2006cell size depended on the strainused and not on the salinity of thegrowth medium.PO.15-06PCR-based monitoring of toxicdinoflagellates in aMediterranean shellfish farmSession: PO.15 - MonitoringElena Bertozzini 1 , Luca Galluzzi 2 ,Antonella Penna 1 , Maria Giacobbe 3 ,Federico Perini 2 , AlessandraPigalarga 2 , Silvia Prioli 4 , MauroMagnani 21 Università degli Studi di Urbino, PESARO,Italy2 University of Urbino, FANO, Italy3 IAMC, CNR, MESSINA, Italy4 Coop. MARE, CATTOLICA, ItalyParalytic Shellfish Poisoning (PSP)and Diarrhetic Shellfish Poisoning(DSP) are syndromes caused byconsumption of shellfishcontaminated with toxins producedby several species of marinedinoflagellates. The standardmonitoring of shellfish farms for thepresence of harmful algae andrelated toxins usually requiresmicroscopic examination ofphytoplankton, bioassays and toxindetermination by HPLC. Molecularbiology techniques may be helpfulin the detection of target microalgaein contaminated mussels.A qualitative PCR assay for therapid detection of the generaAlexandrium and Dinophysis inseawater samples and musseltissues was developed. Thismethod was tested in a monitoringprogram in a shellfish farm alongthe NW Adriatic Sea and Ioniancoast of Italy during 13 months. Inseawater samples, the PCR methodhas generally shown a greatersensitivity compared to microscopeanalysis. Instead, the detection ofgenera Alexandrium and Dinophysisin mussel tissues poorly reflectedthe presence of thesedinoflagellates in the correspondingseawater samples. However, noDSP toxicity was found in musselsduring the entire monitoringprogram. Even if no correlation wasfound between the presence ofalgal DNA and toxin accumulation inmussels, the detection of harmfulalgae DNA could furnish an earlywarning for potential mussel toxicityPO.02-06Molecular physiology of thetoxigenic haptophytePrymnesium parvumSession: PO.02 - GenomicsS Beszteri 1 , U Tillmann 1 , M Freitag 1 , GGlöckner 2 , AD Cembella 1 , U John 11 Alfred Wegener Institute,BREMERHAVEN, Germany2 Leibniz Institute for Age Research, JENA,GermanyPrymnesium parvum is a toxichaptophyte, which forms harmfulblooms causing mass fishmortalities in brackish and marinewaters. A functional genomicapproach, within the EU projectESTTAL (expressed sequence tagsof toxic algae), is being used toinvestigate the basis of toxicity andgrowth regulation in this species.About 9,000 clones randomlyselected from a normalized cDNAlibrary were sequenced andapproximately 15,000 ESTs havebeen generated. The resulting~6230 contigs were analysed insilico and classified into functionalcategories. The ESTs served as thebasis for oligonucleotide design toproduce a microarray for geneexpression analysis. Prymnesiumtoxins, known as prymnesins, arelinear polyether compoundssuggesting that are produced or at134

INTERNATIONAL SOCIETY FOR THE STUDY OF HARMFUL ALGAE12 th <strong>International</strong> <strong>Conference</strong> on Harmful Algae, Copenhagen, Denmark, 4-8 September 2006least partially modified viapolyketide biosynthetic pathways.Therefore, our research focussedupon polyketide synthase (PKS)genes. Six potential candidatePKS sequences were identifiedamong the ESTs based on similaritysearches. We also performedphysiological experiments tomonitor toxicity, allelochemicalpotency and growth of Prymnesiumparvum. RNA was extracted fromdifferent treatments andphysiological stages of the culturesto monitor gene expression withmicroarrays. Special focuses of ourinvestigations are the genes relatedto growth regulation and toxinsynthesis.PO.13-26Potentially toxic microalgae fromcoastal lagoons along the middleTyrrhenian Sea (MediterraneanSea)Session: PO.13 - Regional eventsI Bianco 1 , V Sangiorgi 1 , E Zaottini 1 , LLanni 2 , D Lucchetti 2 , A Ceredi 3 , PAlbertano 4 , R Congestri 41 Arpalazio, LATINA, Italy2 Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale,ROMA, Italy3 Centro Ricerche Marine, CESENATICOFORLÌ, Italy4 Università di Roma Tor Vergata, ROMA,ItalyA complex system of six coastallagoons (Fogliano, Monaci,Caprolace, Sabaudia, Fondi andLago Lungo) located along theSouthern Latium coast wasmonitored for algal surveillance andenvironmental assessment fromJanuary 2003. These lagoonsshowed high biomass potential (upto 70 µg l -1 chl a) and weremarkedly influenced by marine andfreshwater influxes and hostfisheries and shellfish farms.Phytoplankton composition andspatio-temporal distribution wasassessed in monthly samples bylight and electron microscopy,revealing similar trends among thedifferent site populations. Sevenpotentially toxic dinoflagellates weredetected, with maximalabundance (8x10 6 cells l -1 ) ofProrocentrum minimum at Fondiduring spring. Mass occurrences ofPrymnesium cf. parvum (92x10 6cells l -1 ) and Pseudo-nitzschiaspecies (24x10 6 cells l -1 ) wererecorded at Fondi and Lago Lungo,respectively. Despite the variety anddensity of potentially toxic species,fish mortality was only registered inOctober 2004 during a Prymnesiumcf. parvum bloom (92x10 6 cells l -1 ).In addition, monitoring ofphytoplankton from the OrbetelloLagoon, at South Tuscany, over aone-year period showed unusualand persistent winter blooms ofDinophysis sacculus andProrocentrum micans (up to 26 and30x10 6 cells l -1 respectively).Toxicity tests on farmed oystersrevealed the presence of DTX-3 byLC-MS/MS.PO.05-03The use of biopsies to quantifydomoic acid concentration in theking scallop Pecten maximusSession: PO.05 – Toxin analysisJ Blanco 1 , C Mariño 1 , CP Acosta 1 , HMartín 21 C. Invest. Mariñas, VILANOVA DEAROUSA, Spain2 Centro Tecnológico del Mar CETMAR,VIGO, SpainSeveral biopsy methods werechecked to obtain samples ofseveral organs of the king scallopPecten maximus. Aspirationmethods or open concentric135

INTERNATIONAL SOCIETY FOR THE STUDY OF HARMFUL ALGAE12 th <strong>International</strong> <strong>Conference</strong> on Harmful Algae, Copenhagen, Denmark, 4-8 September 2006needles were found to be inefficientfor samples of digestive gland,gonad and adductor muscle. Cuttingdevices gave good, consistentsamples of the three organs. Tru-Cut biopsy devices have theimportant drawback that theycannot be operated if there is notca. 1cm of distance between thetarget of the biopsy and the shell, inthe direction of the insertion of theneedle. BioPince devices do notneed additional space but theexisting commercial model has aminimum core length of 13 mm.This device obtains a cylindricalsample of about 7 mg that can beeasily extracted by a freezingthawingprocess or other extractiontechniques. Scallops subjected tobiopsies with BioPince and Tru-Cutshow relatively low mortality. Thecoefficient of variation of thebiopsies of the digestive gland wasfound to be between 27 and 41%,depending on the extractionprocedure.PO.05-39Development of sensitive LCMSmethods for the evaluation ofexcitotoxic amino acids in marinealgae.Session: PO.05 - Toxin analysisP Blay, A Robertson, KL Reeves, KThomas, Y Chen, MA QuilliamNational Research Council of Canada,HALIFAX NS, CanadaA novel hydrophilic interaction liquidchromatography mass spectrometry(HILIC-MS) method was developedfor the separation of excitatoryamino acids (EAA) including kainicacid, domoic acid, glutamic acid,aspartic acid, ß-oxalylamino-Lalanineand L-ß-methylaminoalaninein a variety of marine algae.Several HILIC stationary phaseswere assessed during this studyincluding TSK-gel amide-80(Tosoh), Atlantis HILIC silica(Waters) and the highly polar,zwitterionic ZIC HILIC (SeQuant). Ineach case, a variety of parameterswere optimised including bufferconcentration, organic modifiers,ion-pairing agents, pH, columntemperature and flow rate. Singleion monitoring (SIM) of the positiveand negative parent ions wasperformed using an API III, API 165and API 4000 mass spectrometer.Positive and negative MS/MSspectra were obtained for each EAAexamined with the API4000 triplequadrupole MS which facilitatedoptimization of collision energy anddeclustering potentials of majorfragment ions for single and multiplereaction monitoring. All aspects ofquantification will be discussedincluding linearity assessment, levelof detection, level of quantificationand effects of sample matrix foreach EAA under investigation.These studies were applied to purityassessment of algal derivedproducts such as kainic and domoicacid, and excitotoxin identification inseaweeds, diatoms andcyanobacteria.PO.04-09The uptake of domoic acid byjellyfish: a new phycotoxinvector?Session: PO.04 – Food chainsFM Boisson 1 , F Oberansli 1 , K King 2 , CMikulski 2 , GJ Doucette 21 <strong>International</strong> Atomic Energy Agency,MONACO, France2 NOAA/National Ocean Service,CHARLESTON, SC 29412, United Statesof AmericaThe trophic transfer of domoic acid(DA) through marine food webs iswell-established. Many vectors have136

INTERNATIONAL SOCIETY FOR THE STUDY OF HARMFUL ALGAE12 th <strong>International</strong> <strong>Conference</strong> on Harmful Algae, Copenhagen, Denmark, 4-8 September 2006been identified that either consumedirectly DA-producing Pseudonitzschiaor acquire the toxinindirectly. A jellyfish mortality eventwas associated with a Pseudonitzschiabloom and dissolved DAlevels exceeding 120 nM inMonterey Bay, USA, indicating thepossible uptake of DA by jellyfish.This suggests that jellyfish canserve as vectors for transferringtoxin to its predator species (e.g.,turtles, dolphins, tuna) in this andother locations. Laboratoryexperiments using the jellyfishAurelia aurita were performed toassess toxicity (LD50 96 h) ofdissolved DA and the ability of theseorganisms to accumulate the toxin,with toxin levels measured using areceptor binding assay. Resultsdemonstrated that DA was not toxicto A. aurita at the concentrationstested (3 to 250 ng/mL) over a 96 hexposure. During the same timeperiod, a linear relationship wasobserved between the DA level inseawater and in the jellyfish,suggesting diffusion as the primaryuptake mechanism. These findingsdemonstrate that jellyfish canaccumulate DA and thus serve asvectors for trophic transfer andgeographic transport of the toxin asthese contaminated organisms aremoved by ocean currents.PO.05-31The study of cryptic PSP toxicitydepending upon the extractionprocedureSession: PO.05 - Toxin analysisM.J. Botelho, SS Gomes, SMRodrigues, P ValeINIAP-IPIMAR, LISBOA, PortugalThe recent modifications of theextraction solvent for prechromatographicoxidation LCmethod of Lawrence et al. (2004)were tested with shellfish harvestedduring a bloom of Gymnodiniumcatenatum that occurred along theNW coast of Portugal duringautumn 2005. The toxic profile inseveral shellfish species wasobtained using acetic acidextraction, and compared withhydrochloric acid extraction. Sincethe acetic acid doesnot promote the partial conversionof N-sulfocarbamoyl analogues, asobserved with 0.1M hydrochloricacid, underestimation of carbamatetoxins was recorded. A morecomplete conversion of N-sulfocarbamoyl toxins was achievedwith 1 M hydrochloric acid, meaningcryptic toxicity was still left in thesample.PO.01-01Genetic characterization ofPseudo-nitzschia speciesisolated from the ChesapeakeBay, Maryland USASession: PO.01 - GeneticsHA Bowers 1 , A Thessen 2 , DW Oldach 1 ,D Stoecker 21 University of Maryland, BALTIMORE,United States of America2 University of Maryland Center for Envir,CAMBRIDGE, United States of AmericaRecently, domoic acid-producingPseudo-nitzschia species wereisolated from the Chesapeake Bay,Maryland (see poster by A.Thessen, this meeting). AlthoughPseudo-nitzschia has beenidentified previously in this regionvia light microscopy, there has beenvery little work performed to identifythem via electron microscopy,genetics and toxin analyses. Aspart of the characterization of theseisolates, we sequenced tworibosomal RNA loci: the 28S largesubunit and the region spanning137

INTERNATIONAL SOCIETY FOR THE STUDY OF HARMFUL ALGAE12 th <strong>International</strong> <strong>Conference</strong> on Harmful Algae, Copenhagen, Denmark, 4-8 September 2006internal transcribed spacer 1, 5.8S,and internal transcribed spacer 2.Sequencing of both loci confirmedthe electron microscopyidentification of one P. multiseriesculture, five P. fraudulenta culturesand seven P. calliantha cultures.These sequences were identical, ornearly identical, to sequencesavailable on GenBank derived fromEuropean and US west coastisolates. This work confirms thepresence of toxic Pseudo-nitzschiain the Chesapeake Bay andpreliminarily demonstrates that weare detecting some of the samestrains that have led to marinemammal deaths and human illnessin other parts of the world.PO.15-18Rapid field-based monitoringsystems for the detection of toxiccyanobacteria blooms:microcystin immunostrips andfluorescence-based monitoringsystemsSession: PO.15 - MonitoringG. L. Boyer 1 , H Gilbert 2 , E Konopko 1 , JMakarewicz 31 State University of New York - ESF,SYRACUSE, United States of America2 Agdia Inc, ELKHART, United States ofAmerica3 State University of New York,BROCKPORT, United States of AmericaThe occurrence of toxiccyanobacteria is an increasingproblem as the world places moredemand on its water supplies.Current monitoring strategies areman-power intensive. Discretesamples are collected and returnedto the laboratory for chemical orbiochemical analysis. Thisapproach is slow and difficult toimplement in less-developedregions. Here we describe twoalternative approaches formonitoring cyanobacterial bloomsand their toxins. The first uses thefluorescence of the cyanobacterialpigment phycocyanin. Dualfluorometers were installed in aresearch vessel and used tomonitor for chlorophyll andphycocyanin-containing bloomswhile the ship was underway.Results of the autonomous shipboardmonitoring from the greatlakes, as well as application of asimpler hand held unit will bediscussed. In a second approach, alateral flow immunoassay(ImmunoStrip) was constructed forthe hepatotoxin, microcystin-LR.This ImmunoStrip could detectsoluble microcystins atconcentrations below 10 ug per liter.Coupled with a field extractiontechnique, the ImmunoStrip couldquickly determine if a toxic bloomwas present without returning thesamples to the laboratory.Comparison of this assay with othertechniques will be presented.PO.06-16Alexandrium minutum andKryptoperidinium foliaceumblooms in differentenvironmental conditions in theMiñor River influenced region(NW of Spain)Session: PO.06 - Population dynamicsI Bravo, S Fraga, RI Figueroa, I Ramilo,P Rial, A Fernandez-VillamarínInstituto Español de Oceanografía, VIGO,SpainBaiona Bay was selected to studythe spring and summer bloomdynamics of Alexandrium minutumsince this area is frequently affectedby its toxicity while nearby areas areusually free of it. The zone isaffected by the tidally intermittentfreshwater discharge from Miñor138

INTERNATIONAL SOCIETY FOR THE STUDY OF HARMFUL ALGAE12 th <strong>International</strong> <strong>Conference</strong> on Harmful Algae, Copenhagen, Denmark, 4-8 September 2006River at the SW part of the bay andby local breeze.The researched area ranged fromthis part of the bay, the estuary andthe Miñor River up. A A. minutumbloom was detected on 18 Augustin the middle of the south part of thebay during low tide, reaching up to8·10 5 cells·L -1 , associated withsalinities and temperatures from35.3 to 35.7 psu and 17 ºC to 18.5ºC, respectively. Nevertheless thisbloom was not observed thefollowing day or the next week.Moreover, during the same month aKryptoperidinium foliaceum bloomwas observed in both the estuaryand in Miñor River (2-3 km up). Thisspecies was associated with theestuarine front formed by thesurface freshwater outflow and theentrance of higher densityseawater. It is discussed thatdifferences in the life cycle of thetwo species may be related to thedifferent behaviour and physicalconditions associated with theirblooms.PO.13-66A decade monitoring toxicphytoplankton in Scottish watersSession: PO.13 - Regional eventsE. Bresnan, E. TurrellFisheries Research Services, Aberdeen,ABERDEEN, United KingdomA programme, monitoring thepresence of potential shellfish toxinproducing phytoplankton species, infulfilment of 91/492/EEC, wasoperated by FRS from 1996 to2005. This programme identified anumber of regional hotspots for thepresence of Alexandrium cells alongthe Scottish coast. Over themonitoring period, decreasedAlexandrium cell densities wererecorded during early summer,correlating with lower PSP toxinconcentrations in farmed mussels(Mytilus edulis). Dinophysisacuminata and D. acuta dominatethe Dinophysis population inScottish waters. A change in theratio of abundance of these specieshas been recorded since 2001.Elevated cell densities of D. acutawere associated with increasedclosures of cultivated musselsinferring that this species is moretoxic. Since 1999, extensiveclosures have been enforced inoffshore scallop fishing grounds dueto high concentrations of ASP toxinsin king scallops (Pecten maximus).Transmission electron microscopyof Pseudo-nitzschia species inScottish waters has revealeddiverse populations. In total morethen ten species were identified.Changes in the occurrence of toxinproducing phytoplankton species inScottish waters will be discussed.PO.04-07A test of toxic vs. nutritionaleffects of harmful algae (browntide) on clam larvae andimplications for benthicrecruitmentSession: PO.04 – Food chainsV. Monica Bricelj 1 , Scott P.MacQuarrie 1 , FABRICE Pernet 21 National Research Council, HALIFAX,Canada2 Coastal Zone Research Institute,SHIPPAGAN, CanadaBrown tides of Aureococcusanophagefferens coincide withsummer planktotrophic larvaldevelopment of the commerciallyimportant bivalve, Mercenariamercenaria, in mid-Atlantic USA.This study investigates effects oftoxic and non-toxic A.anophagefferens isolates on larvalgrowth, survival and dynamics of139

INTERNATIONAL SOCIETY FOR THE STUDY OF HARMFUL ALGAE12 th <strong>International</strong> <strong>Conference</strong> on Harmful Algae, Copenhagen, Denmark, 4-8 September 2006lipid classes and fatty acids. Thetoxic strain consistently inhibitedgrowth in a dose-dependentmanner, relative to an Isochrysisgalbana control, leading to arresteddevelopment in D-stage, but yieldedvariable mortalities. Larvae did notrecover when returned to the controldiet after 2 wk-exposure to unialgalbrown tide; 20% of the populationrecovered following exposure to anA. anophagefferens/Isochrysisgalbana mixture, suggesting geneticvariability in susceptibility to browntide. Non-toxic Aureococcussupported growth rates comparableto I. galbana. Larvae exhibitedreduced filtration on unialgal browntide and selected against toxic cellsin mixed suspensions, as confirmedby gut autofluorescence and flowcytometry. Experimentalapproaches allowing discriminationbetween algal toxicity and nutritionaldeficiency are evaluated. Weconclude that brown tides will causemetamorphic failure of clam larvalpopulations primarily through toxinmediated,growth inhibition.Prolonged residence time in theplankton will increase vulnerabilityto secondary mortality factors. Inturn, hard clam larvae likely make anegligible contribution tomicrozooplankton grazing on browntide.PO.02-09Mating incompatibility:genotyping of Alexandrium cystsSession: GenomicsML Brosnahan 1 , DL Erdner 2 , DM Kulis 1 ,DM Anderson 11 Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution,WOODS HOLE, MA, United States ofAmerica2 Univ. of Texas at Austin, Mar. Sc. Inst.,PORT ARANSAS, TX, United States ofAmericaThough the ranges of toxic and nontoxicstrains of the dinoflagellateAlexandrium tamarense are notthought to overlap, these cell typesdo occur in close geographicproximity. Unpublished data (D. M.Anderson) show that toxic and nontoxicstrains of this species can fusesexually to form resting cysts(hypnozygotes). However, all hybridhypnozygotes die shortly aftergermination. Such post-zygoticlethality (PZL) may be a barrier torange expansion of toxic blooms. Itis not yet known whether suchhybrid fusions occur in nature; toxiccells may fuse only with other toxiccells if allowed a choice ofcompatible toxic and non-toxictypes. Here, a PCR method foranalysis of cysts resulting fromcompetitive crosses of toxic andnon-toxic strains is described. Withthis method, it is possible todifferentiate hypnozygotes arisingfrom two toxic, two non-toxic, andtoxic/non-toxic parents. Analysis ofsingle hypnozygotes and pellicle(non-zygotic) cysts, in conjunctionwith previously published data,suggests that pellicle cysts may beincompletely transformed zygotesrather than haploid cells. Aremaining obstacle to reliableobservation of mating selectivity isthe lack of a rapid and penetrantmethod for sexual induction of A.tamarense in culture.PO.13-62Seasonal diversity of Pseudonitzschiaspecies in the ShetlandIsles, ScotlandSession: PO.13 - Regional eventsLM Brown, E BresnanFisheries Research Services, ABERDEEN,United Kingdom140

INTERNATIONAL SOCIETY FOR THE STUDY OF HARMFUL ALGAE12 th <strong>International</strong> <strong>Conference</strong> on Harmful Algae, Copenhagen, Denmark, 4-8 September 2006Members of the genus Pseudonitzschiahave been associated withextensive closures of offshoreScottish scallop fishing grounds dueto the accumulation of highconcentrations of domoic acid in thegonad tissue of Pecten maximus.Four research cruises during springand autumn 2004/2005 surveyedthe phytoplankton around theShetland Isles to investigate thediversity of Pseudo-nitzschiapopulations in this area. Lightmicroscopy analysis showed twoPseudo-nitzschia morphotypes: (P.seriata ‘type’ cells (diameter >3µm)and P. delicatissima ‘type’ cells(diameter 500,000 cells l -1 ). Detailed analysis of thesesamples using transmissionelectron microscopy identified adiverse population structure. Thespecies observed included P. cf.seriata, P. cf. australis, P. pungens,P. fraudulenta, P. cf. decipiens andP. pseudodelicatissima.PO.10-11Tracking through carbon andnitrogen isotopes if the foodingested by Prymnesium parvumis from an animal or a plantSession: PO.10 - Ecophysiology &autecologyA Brutemark 1 , E Granéli 1 , W Granéli 21 University of Kalmar, KALMAR, Sweden2 Lund University, LUND, SwedenUnderstanding pathways of carbonand nitrogen through the aquaticfood webs are of fundamentalimportance in order to understandhow these ecosystems works. It hasbeen shown that the use of stablecarbon and nitrogen isotopesignatures can be used to trace theflow of organic matter through theaquatic food web and to determinetrophic position of the organismsinvolved. The isotope ratios differbetween organisms and their dietsbecause of slight selective retentionof the heavy isotope and excretionof the lighter isotope. As a result,organisms tend to become enrichedby heavy isotopes as compared totheir diet. Despite the fact thatstable isotopes are increasinglybeing used, few experimentalstudies have addressed therelationship between the isotopiccomposition of mixotrophic speciesand their diets. The aim of our studywas to quantify the relativeimportance of photosynthesis vs.phagotrophy in Prymnesium parvumwhen fed an animal (Oxyrrhismarina) and a plant (Rhodomonassp.) using stable isotopes during a12-h experiment. Prymnesiumparvum was cultured under nitrogendeficient, phosphorus deficient andin nutrient sufficient conditions. Theexperiment was performed in lightand complete darkness. Resultsfrom the stable carbon and nitrogenisotope signatures will bediscussed.PO.13-16Blooms of Aphanizomenon flosaquaeassociated with historicaltrophic changes inSwietokrzyskie Lake, PolandSession: PO.13 - Regional eventsL Burchardt 1 , HG Marshall 2 , MKokocinski 1 , PM Owsianny 11 Adam Mickiewicz University, POZNAN,Poland2 Old Dominion University, NORFOLK, VA,United States of AmericaSediment records from 7570 +/- 150BP in Swietokrzyskie Lake haveindicated increased trophic status topresent hypertrophic conditions.High values of phytoplanktonbiomass in the lake (82.0-611.7141

INTERNATIONAL SOCIETY FOR THE STUDY OF HARMFUL ALGAE12 th <strong>International</strong> <strong>Conference</strong> on Harmful Algae, Copenhagen, Denmark, 4-8 September 2006mg/dm 3 ) have been associated withincreased concentrations ofammonia nitrogen (2.5–9.2mg/dcm 3 ), and organic phosphorus(0.97–3.07 mg/dcm 3 ), representinga polytrophic status(Burchardt 1987). Aphanizomenonflos-aquae surface blooms in thelake were associated withincreasing numbers and size of gasvacuoles in their trichomes, andoccurred during the initial phase ofthe bloom and associated withhigher iron concentrations (e.g. 0.18mg/l). Vegetative cell division of A.flos-aquae and production ofheterocysts and akinetes occurredwhen phosphate levels exceeded0.3 mg/l (Burchardt 1987). The lakewater analysis in 1998 included theconcentration of algal biomass,nutrients, N:P coefficient, and iron(Burchardt, Kokocinski, Owsianny2000). The combinations of thedifferent mineral forms of iron tomineral forms of nitrogen andphosphate were found to beresponsible for inhibitingdevelopment of Aphanizomenonflos-aquae as well as for thedevelopment of akinetes fromsediments. Avaibility of the mineralform of iron (III), involved in thephotosynthesis process, was foundto be a stimulating factor forincreased abundance ofAphanizomenon flos-aquae inSwietokrzyskie Lake.PO.01-24Phytoplankton assemblages inballast water of U.S. militaryships considering port of origin,voyage time and ocean exchangepracticesSession: PO.01 - GeneticsJM Burkholder 1 , GM Hallegraeff 2 , GMelia 3 , A Cohen 4 , D Oldach 5 , HBowers 5 , MW Parrow 6 , MA Mallin 71 Center for Applied Aquatic Ecology,RALEIGH, United States of America2 School of Plant Science, U. of Tasmania,HOBART, Australia3 Depart. Environ. and Natural Resources,RALEIGH, United States of America4 San Francisco Estuary Institute,OAKLAND, United States of America5 Institute of Human Virology, U. of MD,BALTIMORE, United States of America6 Department of Biology, UNC Charlotte,CHARLOTTE, United States of America7 Center for Marine Sci., UNC Wilmington,WILMINGTON, United States of AmericaEnvironmental conditions andphytoplankton assemblages werecharacterized in ballast water from62 ballast tanks aboard 28 shipsoperated by the U.S. Military SealiftCommand and the MaritimeAdministration, sampled at 9 portson the U.S. West Coast and 4 portson the U.S. East Coast. The ballasttank waters had been held for 2-176days, and 90% of the tanks hadundergone ballast exchange withopen ocean waters. One hundredphytoplankton species wereidentified including 22 potentiallyharmful taxa. Assemblages weredominated by chain-formingdiatoms and dinoflagellates, andviable organisms comprised abouthalf of the total cells. Phytoplanktonabundances were unrelated to themeasured physical/chemicalparameters, except for a positiverelationship between centric diatomabundance and nitrateconcentrations. Abundancegenerally was higher in tanks withcoastal water sources anddecreased with water age. Tankswith ballast water more than 33days old did not produce culturablephytoplankton. Abundances ofviable phytoplankton with maximumdimension > 50 µm exceededproposed <strong>International</strong> MaritimeOrganization standards in 47% ofthe ballast tanks sampled. The datasuggest that further treatment142

INTERNATIONAL SOCIETY FOR THE STUDY OF HARMFUL ALGAE12 th <strong>International</strong> <strong>Conference</strong> on Harmful Algae, Copenhagen, Denmark, 4-8 September 2006technologies and/or alternativemanagement strategies will benecessary to enable DoD vessels tocomply with proposed standards.PO.04-06Lethality of microalgae to farmedAtlantic salmonSession: PO.04 – Food chainsLE Burridge, JL Martin, M Lyons, MMLeGresley, BD ChangFisheries and Oceans Canada, ST.ANDREWS, NB, CanadaBlooms of phytoplankton in the Bayof Fundy have been implicated inthe deaths of farmed Atlanticsalmon. To establish whether or notelevated concentrations of thesealgae can cause mortality,monocultures of two species ofmicroalgae, Alexandrium fundyenseand Ditylum brightwellii were grownin large quantities. Atlantic salmonsmolts were exposed to a range ofconcentrations of these cultures for24 h and an LC50 was determinedaccording to the concentration ofcells present (cells/L). Fishexposed to Ditylum brightwellii atconcentrations as high as 10 6cells/L had no apparent deleteriouseffect. This concentration is wellabove the concentration observedin the field. Salmon exposed to A.fundyense were affected. The LC50was estimated to be ~300,000cells/L - a concentration that hasbeen observed in the field.Alexandrium fundyense is a knownneurotoxin producer and is theorganism responsible for causingparalytic shellfish poisoning. Work iscontinuing to determine if otherspecies found in the Bay of Fundycan cause problems for cultured fishand to determine the concentrationsof toxins in the Alexandrium culturesand fish tissues.PO.08-27Variations in growth and toxicityof Gymnodinium catenatum fromthe Gulf of California underseveral ratios of nitrogen andphosphorusSession: PO.08 - ToxicologyJose Bustillos-Guzman 1 , IsmaelGarate-Lizarraga 2 , FranciscoHernandez-Sandoval 1 , L. Morquecho 1 ,C. Band-Schmidt 21 CIBNOR, LA PAZ, Mexico2 CICIMAR, LA PAZ, MexicoOne anthropogenic influence on thecoastal waters is the input ofnutrients, which is reflected in theincrease and selectivity of particularautotrophic organisms.Gymnodinium catenatum Graham isa PSP producer, widely distributedalong the Pacific coast of Mexico,linked to poisoning events in coastalwaters, as well as poisoning ofshellfish consumed locally. In thisstudy, G. catenatum was submittedto several nutrient scenarios tomeasure its growth and toxinproduction. The greatest densityoccurred at the 16:1 ratio, producing33% more cells than the 32:1 and64:1 ratios, which, in turn had 34and 30% more cells than the 1.6:1and 3.2:1 ratios. Total toxicity wasnot affected by the treatments butdepended on the growth phase. Ingeneral, toxicity decreased slightlyover time, but increased at the endof the decay phase. The toxin profilewas dominated by sulfocarbamoyltoxins (C types) with about 60 to70% on a molar basis, followed bythe carbamoyl toxins with about 5 to25% on a molar basis. These datasuggest that changes N:P ratios willnot stimulate toxicity production, butwill mainly effect the growth of G.catenatum.143

INTERNATIONAL SOCIETY FOR THE STUDY OF HARMFUL ALGAE12 th <strong>International</strong> <strong>Conference</strong> on Harmful Algae, Copenhagen, Denmark, 4-8 September 2006PO.10-08Enhanced growth of Heterosigmaakashiwo at high light intensitySession: PO.10 - Ecophysiology &autecologyA Butron, I Madariaga, E OriveUniversity of the Basque Country, LEIOA,SpainBlooms of the raphidophyteHeterosigma akashiwo occur everyyear in the Nervion River Estuary,coinciding with calm weather andhigh irradiance. To examinewhether this alga benefits from highlevels of irradiance withoutexperiencing apparentphotoinhibition, two strains isolatedfrom the estuary were cultured atirradiance levels ranging from 100to 1200 micromol quanta m -2 s -1 in aculturing medium prepared withestuarine water covering a broadrange of salinities. The temperaturein the culture medium wasmaintained at 20 ºC and thephotoperiod was 12:12 hlight:darkness. The growth rates ofboth strains increased with lightintensity up to an irradiance of 350micromol quanta m -2 s -1 after whichthe growth rates remained nearlyconstant but without showing anyappreciable photoinhibition. Growthrate values at high light intensitieswere of the order of 1 divisions perday even at 1200 micromol quantam -2 s -1 , which is a common rate forthis species. We hypothesize thatthe ability of Heterosigma to migratein the water column and theelevated growth rates this algae isable to maintain at extraordinarilyhigh irradiances, makes it a strongcompetitor in the surface waters ofthe estuary on calm and sunnydays.PO.15-20Spatiotemporal data mining fortracking harmful algal bloomsSession: PO.15 - MonitoringY Cai 1 , X Fu 1 , S Chung 1 , X Boutonnier 1 ,R Stumpf 2 , T Wynne 2 , M Tomlison 2 , CHeil 31 Carnegie Mellon University,PITTSBURGH, United States of America2 NOAA, SILVER SPRING, MD, UnitedStates of America3 Fish and Wild Life Research Institute, ST.PETERSBURG, FL, United States ofAmericaIn this paper, we present aspatiotemporal data mining modelfor tracking and predicting themovement of Harmful Algal Blooms(HABs) from satellite imagedatabase SeaWiFS and field cellcounts. We found that the spatialdensity filtering algorithm showspromise in processing of the imagedata. The mutual information modelis able to track the target based onthe spatial patterns over time, whenthe shape is coherent. With adefined environment and enoughtraining data, the machine learningmodel potentially is capable ofpredicting a short-term spatialdynamics. The challenge aheadis how to combine data miningmodels with multi-physics models.PO.08-14Evaluation of the toxicity ofProrocentrum species by liquidchromatography-massspectrometry and cell-basedassaySession: PO.08 - ToxicologyAC Caillaud 1 , E Cañete 1 , E Mallat 1 , MFernández 1 , N Mohammad-Noor 2 , ØMoestrup 2 , JM Franco 3 , J Diogène 1144

INTERNATIONAL SOCIETY FOR THE STUDY OF HARMFUL ALGAE12 th <strong>International</strong> <strong>Conference</strong> on Harmful Algae, Copenhagen, Denmark, 4-8 September 20061 IRTA, Centre d'Aqüicultura, SANTCARLES DE LA RAPITA, Spain2 Biological Institute, Univ Copenhagen,COPENHAGEN, Denmark3 CSIC-IEO, VIGO, SpainDinoflagellates belonging to thegenus Prorocentrum collected inSabah, East Malaysia (P.rhathymum, P. cf. faustiae andthree strains of P. lima), LaRéunion, (P. belizeanum) and inAlfacs Bay and Vigo, Spain (P. cf.mexicanum, P. lima) were culturedto study their toxicological and toxinproduction properties, by cellassays and liquid chromatographicmethods, using either fluorescenceor mass-spectrometry detection(LC-FD, LC-MS). Cytotoxicity,characterised by IC 50 andmorphological changes, is studiedand compared.IC 50 ranged from 2103 cellequivalents for P. cf. faustiae to133,103 for P. rhathymum.Morphological changes such asrounding and membrane blebbing,observed in cells exposed to allProrocentrum lima from Malaysiaand to Prorocentrum belizeanum,suggest the presence of okadaicacid (OA). Analytical measurementsconfirmed the production of OA bythese species. However, toxicity notcorrelated with the presence of OAsuggests the production of derivatesof OA or other toxins.PO.07-10Convergent blooms of Kareniabrevis along the Texas coastSession: PO.07 - Ecology andoceanographyL Campbell, RD HetlandTexas A&M University, COLLEGESTATION, TX, United States of AmericaA numerical model of wind-drivensurface flow in the Gulf of Mexico isused to examine physical controlson harmful algal bloom formationalong the Texas coast. Kareniabrevis, which blooms sporadicallythroughout the Gulf of Mexico, hasa relatively slow growth rate(doubling times of 2-3 days).Increases in K. brevis concentrationcannot be explained simply in termsof growth. We hypothesize that theprimary mechanism responsible forbloom formation is convergencedue to downwelling at the coast.Convergence along the Texas coastcaused by seasonal downwellingwinds can concentrate the planktonup to 1000 times. This is surprisingbecause the modelled cells do notgrow; the simulated increase inconcentration is due to physicalprocesses alone. The numericalmodel does a reasonably good jobat predicting the timing andmagnitude of bloom initiation alongthe coast, but does not predict thedetails of the migration of the bloomalong the coast after it has formed,or the destruction of the bloom. Thisresult is significant because itimplies that K. brevis blooms maybe caused primarily by physicalprocesses, and that cell division isnot an important factor in bloomformation.PO.13-46Dinophysis sacculus from AlfacsBay, NW Mediterranean. Toxinprofiles and cytotoxic potentialSession: PO.13 - Regional eventsE Cañete 1 , A Caillaud 1 , M Fernández 1 ,E Mallat 1 , J Blanco 2 , J Diogène 11 Centre Aqüicultura IRTA, SANT CARLESDE LA RÀPITA, Spain2 CIMA, Centro de Investigacións Mariñas,VILANOVA DE AROUSA, Galicia, 36620,SpainDinophysis sacculus is commonlypresent at the Mediterranean and145

INTERNATIONAL SOCIETY FOR THE STUDY OF HARMFUL ALGAE12 th <strong>International</strong> <strong>Conference</strong> on Harmful Algae, Copenhagen, Denmark, 4-8 September 2006Atlantic European coasts. It is theprincipal cause of diarrhetic shellfishpoisoning (DSP) toxic episodes in aseafood production area in the EbroDelta, Spain.This species has beenfound to produce okadaic acid(Delgado et al. 1996). As for otherspecies of the genus Dinophysis, itis not yet possible to obtain culturesthat would facilitate its study.A bloom of D. sacculus wasdetected in a small pond connectedto Alfacs Bay during the fall of 2005and winter of 2006. This hasallowed us to make an estimation ofthe toxin profile of this species inthis area. In some samplescollected within this period, D.sacculus represented more than the90% of the phytoplanktonpopulation with concentrations up to81600 cells/L. Cytotoxic assays andanalytical procedures were used toidentify the toxins and the toxinpotency of this species. The toxicityof this species was evaluated withcell viability (MTT assay), IC 50 wasdetermined as well as themorphological changes. LC-MSanalysis allowed the detection ofPTX2, PTX2sa and okadaic acid.PO.14-10Removal of red tide organisms byorgano-clays: removalmechanisms and ecologicaleffectsSession: PO.14 - MitigationXihua Cao, Yonghui Gao, Zhiming YuIOCAS, QINGDAO, ChinaSeveral organo-clays wereprepared by modification of clayswith different quaternary ammoniumcompounds (QACs). Themodifications influenced thecapacity of the organo-clays toremove red tide organisms. Theremoval mechanisms andecological effects are discussed.Hexadecyltrimethylammonium(HDTMA) bromide improved thecapacities of clays to flocculate thealgae. One of the reasons was thatHDTMA in metastable state wastoxic to the algae. The influence ofthe organo-clays on nutrients, DOand COD in seawater was alsostudied. The organo-clays hadbetter capacity to adsorb nutrients,especially phosphate, than theoriginal clays. Seawaterparameters, such as DO, COD andpH also improved after treatment ofharmful algal blooms by the organoclays.The clays not only controlledHABs effectively, but also benefitedseawater quality. Experiments in aco-culture system indicated that thered tide organisms (Heterosigmaakashiwo, Prorocentrumdonghaiense) could be efficientlyextinguished without any evidentimpact on co-cultured organismssuch as Crassostrea gigas.PO.16-14Sexual compatibility assays inPseudo-nitzschia species fromthe Aveiro coastal lagoon (NWPortugal)Session: PO.16 – Life cyclesCC Carreira 1 , CI Churro 1 , AJ Calado 1 ,Ø Moestrup 2 , N Lundholm 21 University of Aveiro, AVEIRO, Portugal2 Dept Phycology, Copenhagen University,COPENHAGEN, DenmarkPortuguese isolates of the followingfive Pseudo-nitzschia species weremixed and tested for the capacity tomate and produce auxospores:Pseudo-nitzschia americana, P.australis, P. fraudulenta, P.multistriata and P. pungens.Additionally, sexual compatibilitywas assayed with strains from St.Lawrence, Canada (P. fraudulenta),146

INTERNATIONAL SOCIETY FOR THE STUDY OF HARMFUL ALGAE12 th <strong>International</strong> <strong>Conference</strong> on Harmful Algae, Copenhagen, Denmark, 4-8 September 2006Denmark (P. pungens, P. seriata),Norway (P. obtusa), Ukraine (P.pungens) and Washington State,USA (P. australis, P. pungens).Mating and auxospore formationwas only found in P. pungens.Among 10 Portuguese strains of P.pungens, only four were involved inmating and auxospore formation;one of the strains being involved inall matings represents one matingtype. Although the Portuguesestrains showed no sexualcompatibility with strains from otherregions, four succesfull matingsamong the latter were observed.these involved four strains fromUkraine, none of which wascommon to all successful crosses.One of the American strainsproduced auxospores with aUkrainian strain. In all successfulmatings, sexual interaction wasusually detectable one day aftermixing the strains and the mainevents of gamete formation andfusion occurred during late eveningand night. Auxospore growthcontinued for an average of about30 h.PO.10-34RNA content and growth rates inAlexandrium species culturedunder varying environmentalconditionsSession: PO.10 - Ecophysiology &AutecologyL Carter 1 , L Medlin 2 , U John 2 , J Lewis 11 University of Westminster, LONDON,United Kingdom2 Alfred Wegener Institute,BREMERHAVEN, GermanyThree cultures of Alexandrium, A.minutum, A. ostenfeldii and a NorthAmerican strain of A. tamarense,have been studied under variousconditions, including salinitiesranging from 15 psu to 40 psu andtemperatures from 15 °C to 25 °C,and growth curves have beenproduced. Using these growthcurves the specific growth rate hasbeen calculated for thesestrains/species under eachenvironmental condition and thusthe optimal, maximal and minimumgrowth rates for each have beendetermined. Cells have beenharvested from different growthphases and under differing growthconditions and the RNAconcentration per cell measured.These studies are being undertakento validate the quantitative use ofprobes that have been designed toidentify individual species ofAlexandrium (and other nuisancespecies of algae) in waters withdifferent environmental conditions.These probes will form an integralpart of an RNA biosensor that iscurrently being developed within theEU supported Algadec project.PO.10-09Mixotrophy in Dinophysisnorvegica populations in naturalcommunities occurring in theBaltic SeaSession: PO.10 - Ecophysiology &autecologyWF Carvalho, S Minnhagen, E. GranéliUniversity of Kalmar, KALMAR, SwedenDinophysis norvegica is known toform sub-surface blooms, producetoxins and to ingest particulateorganic matter. Althoughphagotrophy of photosyntheticDinophysis species is not a newdiscovery, its role in the ecology ofDinophysis spp. is still unclear. Weused flow cytometry and anacidotropic probe to quantify thefrequency of D. norvegica cellscontaining food vacuoles occurringin natural populations collected from147

INTERNATIONAL SOCIETY FOR THE STUDY OF HARMFUL ALGAE12 th <strong>International</strong> <strong>Conference</strong> on Harmful Algae, Copenhagen, Denmark, 4-8 September 2006the Baltic Sea. At the beginning ofthe bloom (June 29th 2004), 27.43% of the D. norvegica cellscontained food vacuoles. A monthlatter (July 27th), 49.67 % of the D.norvegica cells in the whole watercolumn had food vacuoles, thewater column was well stratified andnitrogen limited. The highest celldensity (341 cells/l) was recorded inthe aphotic zone (30 m depth),where 71% of the D. norvegica cellscontained food vacuoles. Real-timePCR assay and microscopeobservations showed that part ofthe population (5%) was in a latestage of cell division. These resultssuggest that phagotrophy was themain nutritional pathway for D.norvegica, supporting the formationand maintenance of sub-surfaceblooms of D. norvegica in the BalticSea during the summer.PO.13-15Didymosphenia geminata: a newinvasive diatomSession: PO.13 – Regional eventsS.C. Cary 1 , B.J.F Biggs 2 , C. Kilroy 2 ,C.C. Vieglais 3 , M. Bothwell 4 , S.A.Spaulding 11 University of Delaware, LEWES, UnitedStates of America2 Nat.Inst. of Water and Atm. Res.,CHRISTCHURCH, New Zealand3 Biosecurity New Zealand, WELLINGTON,New Zealand4 Environment Canada, NANAIMO,BRITISH COLUMBIA, CanadaThe freshwater benthic diatomDidymosphenia geminata (Lyngbye)Schmidt (Didymo) is emerging asan organism with an extraordinarycapacity to impact streamecosystems. This stalked diatom isable to dominate stream benthos bycovering 100% of substrates withthicknesses of up to 20 cm, greatlyaltering physical and biologicalconditions within streams. Aparadox exists in that these denseblooms occur in streams that wouldotherwise be considered extremelyoligotrophic. In recent years,streams and rivers in New Zealand,North America, Europe, and Asiahave been colonized byunprecedented masses of Didymoand its extra cellular stalks. Thepattern of expansion of thegeographic range of Didymo bloomsaround the globe suggests thathuman activity is an importantvector. Although nuisance bloomsof Didymo are increasingly reportedby the public and local media therehas been little scientific investigationof the phenomenon outside of NewZealand. Recent work on the globaldistribution, ecology, genetics andon-going mitigation efforts will bepresented.PO.07-07Control of toxic algal bloom by atiny parasitoidSession: PO.07 - Ecology andoceanographyA Chambouvet, L GuillouBiological station, ROSCOFF, FranceSince 1988, an invasive harmfulblooming species Alexandriumminutum Halim has been repeatedlyrecorded along the Atlantic Frenchcoast in the Penzé Estuary. Firstdetected as massive toxic bloomsduring the first years of occurrence(about 10 7 cells/l), this species isstill detected every year, but it nolonger foms blooms (about 10 5cells/l). At the same time, two noveleukaryotic lineages belonging to theAlveolata (Group I and Group II)were detected by cultureindependent methods (geneticdiversity from total genomic DNA)collected from a large array of148

INTERNATIONAL SOCIETY FOR THE STUDY OF HARMFUL ALGAE12 th <strong>International</strong> <strong>Conference</strong> on Harmful Algae, Copenhagen, Denmark, 4-8 September 2006marine ecosystems (sea surface tomarine hydrothermal ecosystems).We used a specific oligonucleotideprobe that target the whole group IIto detect these organisms byfluorescent in situ hybridizationduring the growth of A. minutum inthe Penzé Estuary during twoconsecutive years. Members of thisgroup are efficient parasitoids ofdinoflagellates and their occurrencewas apparently tied to thetermination and demise of A.minutum blooms. Bsed on thepreferential amplification of the SSUrDNA, almost all were closelyrelated to the wellknowndinoflagellate parasitoidAmoebophrya spp. (ex ceratii).PO.06-27FINAL, an interreg program forforecasting the initiation of toxicalgal bloomsSession: PO.06 – Population dynamicsAnnie Chapelle 1 , R Raine 2 , K.Davidson 3 , C. Labry 11 IFREMER, PLOUZANÉ, France2 University of Galway, GALWAY, Ireland3 SAMS, OBAN, United KingdomIncreasing toxic events threaten theeconomy linked to aquaculture andtourism as well as human health.France, Ireland, Scotland will createa network to work on PSP eventsdue to Alexandrium and ASP eventsdue to Pseudo-nitzschia.The objectives are to investigateenvironmental factors linked to theoccurrence of toxic events and topropose an alert based on theseindicators, which can be obtainedby monitoring by weather forecastand by environmental modelling.PO.01-09Development of a molecularprobe for the harmful alga,Pyrodinium bahamense var.compressum, from Sabah,MalaysiaSession: PO.01 - GeneticsWL Chin, PL Teoh, A AntonUniversity Malaysia Sabah, KOTAKINABALU, MalaysiaHarmful algae blooms in Sabah onlyoccur in the coastal waters of westSabah, where one of the causativeorganisms is the dinoflagellate,Pyrodinium bahamense var.compressum. Pyrodinium bloomsare often unpredictable andsometimes occur at very lowdensities. One of the problems inthe monitoring and management ofthe Pyrodinium red tides is the earlydetection of the species. This studyinvolves the development of a DNAprobe from highly conserved smallsubunit rDNA regions for fast andaccurate identification of the alga.Seawater samples containingPyrodinium taken from four offshorelocations were isolated and culturedin f/2 medium. After DNA extraction,PCR amplification was carried outtargeting the rDNA of the algae. Theresults of eight restriction enzymedigestions indicated that all thecultures were similar. Sequences ofother Pyrodinium isolates were alsoobtained (Accession number:DQ500119 - 23). The size of thesequences ranged from between1580 to 1544 bp. They differed fromthe sequence of Pyrodiniumbahamense from the GenBank in 1-4 nucleotide bases.PO.12-06FITC-conjugated lectins as a toolfor differentiating betweenvarious Polynesian strains of theciguatera-causing dinoflagellate,Gambierdiscus spp.Session: PO.12 - Taxonomy and phylogeny149

INTERNATIONAL SOCIETY FOR THE STUDY OF HARMFUL ALGAE12 th <strong>International</strong> <strong>Conference</strong> on Harmful Algae, Copenhagen, Denmark, 4-8 September 2006M Chinain, O Wong, A Ung, T Darius, TRevel, P CruchetInstitut Louis Malardé, PAPEETE-TAHITI,French PolynesiaThe benthic dinoflagellateGambierdiscus spp. is the primarycausative agent of Ciguatera FishPoisoning (CFP). Currently, 6distinct species have beendescribed within this genus.Evidence for the existence of toxicand non-toxic clones within a givenspecies is also documented in theliterature. The coexistence withinnatural populations and seasonalblooms of multiple species ofGambierdiscus, comprising bothtoxic and non-toxic clones, is oftenspeculated, stressing the need for(molecular) tools capable ofdifferentiating between the variousstrains of this dinoflagellate.We compared the binding patternsof 11 FITC-conjugated commerciallectins - Dolichus biflorus (DBA),Canavalia ensiformis (Con A),Triticum vulgaris (WGA), Pisumsativum (PEA), Arachis hypogaea(PNA), Helix pomatia (HPA), Ulexeuropaeus (UEA), P.tetragonolobus (PTG), B.simplicifolia (BS-1), L. esculentum(LEA) and Lens culinaris (LcH) -between various clones of G.toxicus, G. polynesiensis, G.australes and G. pacificus isolatedfrom French Polynesia.Lectins appeared to be aninteresting tool to identify anddifferentiate between the differentspecies of Gambierdiscus.Furthermore, some lectins werealso able to discriminate betweentoxic and non-toxic clones.The potential use of the moleculesfor detection and characterization ofharmful Gambierdiscus blooms innature is discussed.PO.09-04Genetic characteristics of nontoxicsubclones obtained fromtoxic clonal culture strain ofAlexandrium tamarense(Dinophyceae)Session: PO.09 - Toxin synthesis andchemical structure of toxinsY Cho 1 , K Hiramatsu 1 , M Ogawa 1 , TOmura 2 , T Ishimaru 3 , Y Oshima 11 Tohoku University, SENDAI, Japan2 The University of Tokyo, TOKYO, Japan3 Tokyo Univ. Mar. Science & Technology,TOKYO, JapanThis study was conducted usingsubclones of the PST-producingdinoflagellate A. tamarenseobtained from an extremely rareclonal culture strain (OF935-AT6),which was found to have become amixture of toxic and nontoxic cellsduring maintenance. The nontoxiccharacteristics of UAT-014-009, anaxenic nontoxic subclone of OF935-AT6, were confirmed by threedifferent methods. Both nontoxicand toxic subclones from OF935-AT6 were confirmedphylogenetically by nucleotidesequence analysis of speciesspecificregions in rDNAs to be thecommon A. tamarense foundaround Japan. Three out of ninetoxic subclones were found to havelost toxicity during a short period oftime (four or six years), whereas theother toxic subclones retained theirtoxicity within the same range asformerly observed. The subclonesof OF-935-AT6 showed a variety ofAFLP patterns targetingmitochondrial genes (cytochrome coxidase and 5’-flanking region ofcytochrome b), whereas re-isolatedsubclones (sub-subclones) from thesubclones of OF-935-AT6 showedhomogenous toxicity and AFLPgenotypes. These results suggestthat the parent OF935-AT6 culture150

INTERNATIONAL SOCIETY FOR THE STUDY OF HARMFUL ALGAE12 th <strong>International</strong> <strong>Conference</strong> on Harmful Algae, Copenhagen, Denmark, 4-8 September 2006had become very heterogeneous interms of toxicity and mitochondrialgenotypes; and the stability of them,although the OF935-AT6 wasestablished from one single cellfrom natural population.PO.02-08Mononucleotide polymorphism ofa microcystin synthetase, mcyHin the releasing of microcystinsin a specific strain of MicrocystisaeruginosaSession: PO.02 - GenomicsHN ChouNational Taiwan University, TAIPEI, TaiwanMicrocystins are a group ofhepatotoxins produced mainly bytoxic species of Microcystis throughthe function of microcystinsynthetases that are coded from aseries of genes, mcyA~mcyJ. Thetoxins are produced within thecyanobacteria cells and areexpected to be predominantly foundin slow-growing, healthy cells.Microcystin release is generallyconsidered to be linked to adecrease in the integrity of the cells.However, in a strain of M.aeruginosa it was foundmicrocystins are released during thelog phase of growth andcontinuously accumulate in the cellfreemedium. A single nucleotidedifference of the sequence mcyHwas found in the toxin-releasingstrain compared to other non-toxinreleasing strains. The sequence ofmcyH is known to be homologous tothe bacteria transporter, but is alsoknown as a key protein thatmaintains the integrity of themicrocystin synthetase clusters.PO.08-02Biologically active substanceswith spiro-linked rings in seafoodSession: PO.08 - ToxicologyB Christian 1 , B Luckas 1 , G Gerdts 21 Institute of Nutrition, JENA, Germany2 Alfred-Wegener-Institute, HELGOLAND,GermanyIn the middle of the 1990s a newclass of neurotoxins was discoveredin aquaculture sites along the EastCoast of Canada. These toxinswere found to be 'fast acting' toxinscausing death within severalminutes when injected into mice.The molecular structure of thetoxins, named spirolides, consists ofa spiro-linked, tricyclic system ofpolyethers and a seven-memberedspiro-linked cyclic iminium moiety.Spirolides were first isolated fromshellfish and later from planktonsamples. In 2000, Alexandriumostenfeldii was identified as thecausative organism of spirolides.Whereas spirolides belonging togroups A-D are biologically active,spirolides E and F show nobiological activity. The instability ofthe cyclic iminium function underenzymatic or acid conditions can beimportant with respect to an oraltoxicity of spirolides.The Alfred-Wegener-Institute forPolar- and Marine Research (AWI)on Helgoland Island succeeded incultivating a Danish strain ofAlexandrium ostenfeldii (KO287).Subsequently the extracts weretested for spirolides by LC-MS/MS.For a study of the metabolisation ofspirolides in shellfish, extracts fromtissues of edible mussels wereincubated with an extractof KO287. The measurement ofextracts from mussels´ tissuesrevealed no characteristicdifferences in the spirolide profilecompared to KO287.151

INTERNATIONAL SOCIETY FOR THE STUDY OF HARMFUL ALGAE12 th <strong>International</strong> <strong>Conference</strong> on Harmful Algae, Copenhagen, Denmark, 4-8 September 2006PO.05-46Protease inhibition assay as atool to test the toxicity ofcyanobacterial toxinsSession: PO.05: Toxin analysisKirsten S Christoffersen 1 , U. Friberg-Jensen 1 , G. Mulderij 1 , T. Rohrlack 21 University of Copenhagen, HILLERØD,Denmark2 Norwegian Institute for Water Research,OSLO, NorwayBioactive compounds fromcyanobacteria can affect other biotaand the adverse effects on e.g.Daphnia survival and feeding haveoften been used as a firstapproximation of toxicity. Recently,it has been reported that toxins suchas microcystin and microviridin canhave strong protease inhibitoryeffects on e.g., trypsin,chymotrypsin and elastase. Thisstudy made in vitro test of mixedsolutions of extractedcyanobacterial metabolites fromcultures and lake scums as well aspurified peptides on daphnidproteases. Trypsin-like proteaseswere extracted from Daphniamagna. The effects of metabolitesfrom cultured strains Microcystisand Planktothrix and from mixedlake bloom material were tested onthe daphnid trypsin-like enzymeactivity using a photometricaldetection. The majority of theextracts tested were inhibitors ofdaphnid trypsin-like enzymes aswell as on the pork trypsin used forcomparison. In conclusion, proteaseinhibitors which occur in manylaboratory strains and fieldpopulations of Microcystis,Planktothrix, and other genera ofcyanobacteria may induce severeprotease inhibition in Daphnia.Thus, protease inhibitors are apotential threat to organisms thatdeliberately or accidentally take upcyanobacterial cells. The associatedphysiological implications caninclude incomplete proteindigestion, molting problems,reduced feeding, growth andreproduction as well as death.PO.04-10Effects of the toxic dinoflagellateAlexandrium minutum, grownunder different N/P ratios, on thecopepod Acartia tonsaSession: PO.04 – Food chainsE.D. Christou 1 , I. Maneiro 2 , I Varkitzi 1 ,S. Zervoudaki 1 , K. Pagou 11 HCMR, ATHENS, Greece2 Facultad de Ciencias del Mar,Universidad, VIGO, SpainAn experimental study was carriedout to test the effects ofAlexandrium minutum, cultured atthree different N/P ratios (5, 16 and80), on the copepod grazer Acartiatonsa. The ingestion rate, eggproduction and hatching success,as well as the toxin content intissues, eggs and pellets of thecopepods were checked at differentconcentrations of food, which alsooncluded a constant concentrationof the non-toxic dinoflagellateProrocentrum micans. Cell toxicityof the A. minutum varied among thedifferent N/P treatments, but itremained constant during eachexperiment. Copepods ingestedboth toxic and non-toxic food at alltreatments and concentrations.There was a positive correlationbetween A. minutum concentrationand ingestion by copepods.Production of eggs andpellets appeared to be affected byfood toxicity, while increasing toxiningestion reduced hatching successas well as increased toxin levels intissues and pellets. Our resultsindicate that A. minutum toxicity152

INTERNATIONAL SOCIETY FOR THE STUDY OF HARMFUL ALGAE12 th <strong>International</strong> <strong>Conference</strong> on Harmful Algae, Copenhagen, Denmark, 4-8 September 2006affects the reproduction andexcretion but not the feedingbehaviour of copepods.PO.13-70Potentially toxic algal species inOloge Lagoon, NigeriaSession: PO.13 - Regional eventsEO Clarke, GA Akin-OriolaLagos State University, LAGOS, NigeriaThe environmental factors andphytoplankton population of OlogeLagoon, Nigeria were studiedbetween January 2000 andDecember 2001. Seasonal andspatial variations were recorded inwater temperature (27.6 ± 5.05 °C),salinity (0.17 ± 0.12ppm) dissolvedoxygen (5.7 ± 1.45mg/l), transparency (0.61± 0.21m)and pH (6.8 ± 0.69). Nutrient inputsfrom a nearby industrial estateresulted in higher nitrate-nitrogen,sulphate and phosphateconcentrations in the highinsolation-low rainfall dry season.There were periodic blooms ofpotentially harmful algal species,including diatoms (Chaetoceros &Nitzschia sp), blue-green algae(Aphanizomenon, Anabaena &Microcystis spp.) and dinoflagellates(Prorocentrum lima, P. micans,Ceratium spp. and Peridiniumquinquanon).The most abundant species werecentric diatoms (76.12%) and bluegreenalgae (11.95%) while speciesdiversity was greater among thegreen algae, dinoflagellates andpennate diatoms (H = 3.30, 3.27,3.14 respectively). The blue-greenalgae and centric diatoms showedlowest diversity (H = 1.51, 1.43).The Berger-Parker DominanceIndex (BPDI) showed that theCyanophyta were dominant whilediatoms, green algae anddinoflagellates appeared as subdominantsduring blooms.The major HAB species in thelagoon showed a patchy distributionwith high densities of short duration,probably in response to nutrientinputs from the surroundingenvironment.PO.13-21Harmful microalgae along theLatium coasts (Middle TyrrhenianSea, Mediterranean Sea): bloomand toxicity events since 1997Session: PO.13 - Regional eventsR Congestri 1 , VC Sangiorgi 2 , I Bianco 2 ,P Ravizza 2 , P Albertano 31 University of Rome 'Tor Vergata', ROME,Italy2 Environmental Agency of Latium Region,LATINA, Italy3 University of Rome 'Tor Vergata', ROME,ItalyIn the framework of a researchcollaboration with the EnvironmentalAgency of Latium (MiddleTyrrhenian Sea, MediterraneanSea) the structure and dynamics ofmarine phytoplankton wasassessed at six coastal stationsfrom 1997 to the present day. Pastidentifications and distributions wereupdated during a bimonthlymonitoring program of harmfulpopulations in water and netsamples. Recurrent summer bloomsof the dinoflagellates Ostreopsisovata and Coolia monotis in rocky,sheltered southern environmentsalso prompted monitoring ofmicrophytobenthos from 2003. Avariety of potentially toxicmicroalgae have been identifiedwith light and electron microscopy.Fifteen thecate and at least fivenaked dinoflagellates were recordedtogether with five Pseudo-nitzschiaspecies, the latter being responsiblefor massive annual blooms (up to153

INTERNATIONAL SOCIETY FOR THE STUDY OF HARMFUL ALGAE12 th <strong>International</strong> <strong>Conference</strong> on Harmful Algae, Copenhagen, Denmark, 4-8 September 200610 7 cells/l). There were alsosporadic brown tides due to intensegrowth of Fibrocapsa japonicaduring summer. In bloom periodicityand cell abundance, spring andsummer were the most criticalperiods for toxicity events. In fact,HPLC and electrochemical immunosensoranalyses indicated thepresence of domoic acid in naturalphytoplankton populations testedover a full year; using LC-MS/MSmethods a palytoxin analogue wasalso detected in mucous aggregatesdominated by Ostreopsis ovata.PO.15-35Functionalized nanoparticles anddielectrophoretic detection ofharmful algaeSession: PO. 15 - MonitoringLaurie Connel, J. Duy, R. SmithUniversity of Maine, ORONO, UnitedStates of AmericaA developing trend in harmful algaedetection is microfabricated sensorsand instruments that utilizeelectronic sensing mechanisms,which can reduce the size andpower requirements, and potentiallyincrease the efficiency of datageneration, collection andprocessing through circuitintegration. Water quality managers,researchers and public healthofficials require timely and accuratedetection of harmful species in acost effective manner. Therefore,there is a need for improvedmethods capable of rapid on-siteanalysis. The use of a DNA analog,peptide nucleic acids (PNAs), withtheir unique binding parameters, isused to decrease target bindingtime and allow hybridization at verylow salt concentrations. HABspecific PNA probes are bound tofunctionalized gold nanoparticles.The addition of the functionalizednanoparticles to the target solutionis used to capture and concentratetarget molecules as well as form anelectrical bridge in nanotubes.These bridges are then detected viameasurement of electricalimpedance across the tube and thedata collected. We present hereour approach and preliminary data.PO.13-59A culture collection of harmfulmarine microalgae in BrazilSession: PO.13 - Regional eventsL.C. Coutinho 1 , E. Barbarino 2 , S.O.Lourenço 21 Universidade Santa Úrsula, RIO DEJANEIRO, Brazil2 Universidade Federal Fluminense,NITEROI, BrazilThe interest for cultivation ofmicroalgae has been increasing inBrazil due to the growth ofaquaculture and research onenvironmental sciences, includingtests of ecotoxicology, which reflecta new demand for the evaluation ofimpact of pollutants. Studies onharmful microalgae are alsorelevant. After a 75-year phase ofdescriptive work, including recordsof algal blooms, since the 1990sBrazilian experts have been alsorunning analytical and experimentalstudies on harmful microalgae.However, the small number ofpotentially harmful strains in the ca.40 Brazilian culture collections ofmicroalgae creates a bottleneck tothe development of newapproaches for studies on harmfulmicroalgae in the country. Theongoing expansion of the'Elizabeth Aidar' Microalgal CultureCollection (Fluminense FederalUniversity, Rio de Janeiro State),represents the start of theorganisation of a national reference154

INTERNATIONAL SOCIETY FOR THE STUDY OF HARMFUL ALGAE12 th <strong>International</strong> <strong>Conference</strong> on Harmful Algae, Copenhagen, Denmark, 4-8 September 2006centre for cultivation of marinemicroalgae. Part of the Collection isdedicated to harmful strains,supplying cultures to researcherscountrywide, and contributing tointer-institutitional integration ofexperts on harmful microalgae.Currently 20 strains of potentiallyharmful dinoflagellates,raphidophyceans and cyanobacteriaare kept in the Collection, and morestrains will be incorporated in thenear future.PO.13-82Domoic acid intrusion into PugetSoundSession: PO.13 - Regional eventsPresentation time: 16:40 - 18:00FH Cox, Bob Lona, Jerry BorchertWashington State Dept. of Health,OLYMPIA, WA, United States of AmericaDomoic acid which causes amnesicshellfish poisoning was detected inrazor clams on the Pacific coast ofWashington in 1991. Emergencyclosures of the razor clam and crabfisheries were enacted. As a result,a domoic acid monitoring programwas established for the Pacific andPuget Sound fisheries. In 2003,domoic acid was detected insidePuget Sound, at Ft. Flagler StatePark. The U.S. Food and DrugAdministration action level of 20ppmwas exceeded and shellfishclosures were initiated. Domoicacid was detected at low levels asfar west as Port Angeles, as far eastas East Whidbey Island and as farsouth as Port Ludlow. In October,2005, domoic acid prompted newclosures in Puget Sound, involvingPenn Cove and Holmes Harbor, twocommercial shellfish areas in theWhidbey Basin. These test resultswere much higher and impactedshellfish other than mussels.Dungeness crab were also testedbut were below the closure level. Ifdomoic acid continues to move intonew areas inside Puget Sound, theeconomic and public healthimplications would be significant.Puget Sound could be in for somevery long shellfish closures, shouldshellfish like geoducks retain thetoxin like razor clams do.PO.06-17Molecular approaches to HABresearch: who’s there and whatare they doing?Session: PO.06 - Population dynamicsKJ Coyne 1 , MA Doblin 2 , CJ Gobler 3 , DAHutchins 1 , SM Handy 1 , E Demir 1 , KJPortune 1 , SC Cary 11 University of Delaware, LEWES, UnitedStates of America2 University of Technology, SYDNEY,Australia3 Stony Brook University, Marine Sciences,STONY BROOK, United States of AmericaRecent developments in moleculartechnologies have transformed ourapproach to HAB research. Whileincreasing accuracy and sensitivityof detection, they also increasesample throughput, making themideal for routine monitoring of HABspecies. Although the technologyhas moved forward at a rapid pace,few studies have applied molecularmethods to move beyond simplemonitoring and ask importantquestions about HAB ecology. Asuite of qualitative and quantitativemethods are now available toassess spatial and temporalchanges in community compositionand species-specific responses toenvironmental perturbation atseveral taxonomic levels. Here, wepresent an overview of thesemethods and their application toresearch on HAB species inestuarine, freshwater, and ships’155

INTERNATIONAL SOCIETY FOR THE STUDY OF HARMFUL ALGAE12 th <strong>International</strong> <strong>Conference</strong> on Harmful Algae, Copenhagen, Denmark, 4-8 September 2006ballast tank environments. Usingmolecular methods, we haveinvestigated factors involved inspecies selection during bloominitiation, competition for nutrients,vertical migration patterns, cystgermination, species-specificimpacts of grazing in naturalpopulations, metabolic geneexpression in response to nutrientadditions, toxin gene expressionduring ballast transport and theimpacts of toxin gene expression onpredation. When combined with anassessment of chemical andphysical factors of the environment,these methods provide detailedinformation about the biotic andabiotic factors that impact thestructure of phytoplanktonpopulations in natural environments.PO.05-38Certified reference materials forlipophilic toxinsSession: PO.05 - Toxin analysisS Crain, K Reeves, J Walter, SMacKinnon, P LeBlanc, C Craft, WHardstaff, N Lewis, M QuilliamNational Research Council, HALIFAX, NS,CanadaThe ingestion of shellfishcontaminated with toxins can leadto severe symptoms such asdiarrhoea, amnesia, paralysis andeven death. Routine monitoring isessential for public health and forinternational trade. Regulatorytesting requires validated methodsand a quality system that iscompliant with ISO 17025, for whichaccurate calibration standards andreference materials are essentialelements. Calibration solutionCRMs are critical for bothinstrument calibration and researchwhile matrix CRMs are important toverify the complete analyticalprocedure, from extraction ofshellfish to data analysis. A matrixCRM is very useful for interlaboratorystudies, proficiencytesting schemes, and developmentand validation of new methods. Theuse of both calibration solutions andmatrix CRMs is recommended. TheNRC-IMB Certified ReferenceMaterial Program (CRMP) is aunique program that producesCRMs for marine toxins. This posteroutlines the steps involved in thepreparation of both calibrationsolution and matrix CRMs forlipophilic toxins. The lipophilic toxinsinclude the okadaic acid group, thepectenotoxins, the azaspiracids, theyessotoxins, and the cyclic iminegroup. The greatest challenges ofworking with lipophilic toxins includetheir availability and stability. CRMPhas been able to produce thesenew products with the help of manyinternational collaborators.PO.08-28Impacts of toxic cultures of thecyanobacterium Microcystisaeruginosa on selected immuneparameters of the freshwaterzebra mussel, DreissenapolymorphaSession: PO.08 - ToxicologySC Culloty, Guillaume Juhel, JO'Halloran, RM O'Riordan, J DavenportUniversity College Cork, CORK, IrelandIn vivo experiments were conductedwith laboratory cultures ofMicrocystis aeruginosa, withdifferent degrees of toxicity, toassess the impacts of microcystinson the immune system of thefreshwater zebra mussel, Dreissenapolymorpha. Mussels were fedthree toxic cyanobacterial strains,with different toxic profiles(presence of MC-LR and MC-LF)156

INTERNATIONAL SOCIETY FOR THE STUDY OF HARMFUL ALGAE12 th <strong>International</strong> <strong>Conference</strong> on Harmful Algae, Copenhagen, Denmark, 4-8 September 2006and one non-toxic reference strain,over a three-week period.Immunological analyses werecarried with mussels sampled at 0,7, 14 and 21 days.Results showed an increase in totalhaemocyte concentration after twoweeks and a subsequent decreaseafter this period. Furthermore,increased strain toxicity appeared tobe associated with a greaterdecrease in cell density. A higherproportion of granulocytes wasobserved in the very toxic strainsafter one week of exposure.Phagocytosis results revealed thatthe presence of MC-LF lowered theability of the mussels tophagocytose yeast particles andthis pattern was even more markedafter three weeks of exposure. Theconcentration of defence enzyme,lysozyme, was variable butincreased after two weeks ofexposure and decreasedsubsequently.In conclusion, microcystins(particularly MC-LF) elicited animmune response after one week ofexposure and gradually weakenedthe bivalve’s immune system,demonstrating another sublethaleffect of these toxins on bivalves.PO.10-29Ecological, morphological, andtoxicological analysis of anunusual dinoflagellate,Amphidinium massartiiSession: PO.10 - Ecophysiology &AutecologyTJ Cyronak, CR TomasUniversity of North Carolina Wilmington,WILMINGTON, United States of AmericaAmphidinium carterae, an importantharmful algal species that producespowerful antifungal and hemolyticcompounds, amphidinols, andcytotoxic macrolides,amphidinolides, is ubiquitous incoastal waters (Satake et al. 1991,Ishibashi and Kobayashi 1997).Samples observed from coral rubblecontained an Amphidinium sp. withthe unusual morphology ofcompletely circular cells.Preliminary genetic analysis bysequencing of LSU and SSU rDNAregions revealed a closerelationship between the unknownAmphidinium sp. and A. massartii.The unusual circular morphology ofA. massartii has not been reportedin previous literature. Anexamination of this morphologyunder temperature and nutrientregimes is conducted. Even thoughit is considered a toxic algaespecies, little information beyondthe description exists for A.massartii. Amphidinium massartii’sgenetic proximity to A. carterae iscause for interest in the productionof bioactive compounds. Twoassays used in the toxin detection ofA. carterae, a hemolytic assay andantifungal bioassay, offer goodmeasurements of relative toxicity(Echigoya et al. 2005). This unusualspecies of Amphidinium isexamined for its ecological,morphological, and toxicologicalproperties.PO.13-50Ten years of monitoring for toxicspecies of phytoplankton in theGulf of Gabes (South-EastTunisia)Session: PO.13 - Regional eventsHela Dammak-Zouari 1 , Asma Hamza 2 ,Malika Ben Hassen 2 , Wafa Feki 21 INSTM Tunisia, SFAX, Tunisia2 Institut National des Sciences et Techno,SFAX, Tunisia157

INTERNATIONAL SOCIETY FOR THE STUDY OF HARMFUL ALGAE12 th <strong>International</strong> <strong>Conference</strong> on Harmful Algae, Copenhagen, Denmark, 4-8 September 2006Because of the sanitary risks andenvironmental problems caused bytoxic phytoplankton species,surveys and detection of theseorganisms are now a focus area forscientists and marine exploitation.In Tunisia a monitoring programwas launched in 1995. For theshellfish area in the Gulf of Gabes,we defined 17 sampling stationsgenerally known for eutrophication,and more than 35 stations in opensea.The toxic phytoplankton along thesecoasts is limited to 4 dinoflagellatespecies (Alexandrium minutum,Prorocentrum lima, Protoceratiumreticulatum and Karenia selliformis),Karenia selliformis being the mosttoxic during the ten years ofmonitoring. This species is widelydistributed along the coasts,especially in the Bougrara Lagoonwhere we frequently observe redtides.PO.13-23Remarkably high level of domoicacid detected in a bivalveSpondylus versicolor in VietnamSession: PO.13 - Regional eventsViet Ha Dao 1 , Takata Yoshinobu 2 , SatoShigeru 2 , Yasuwo Fukuyo 3 , MassakiKodama 21 Institute of Oceanography, NHA TRANG,Vietnam2 Kitasato University, IWATE, Japan3 University of Tokyo, TOKYO, JapanRecently, we reported that asignificant level of domoic acid (DA),a causative toxin of ASP, occurs inthe bivalve Spondylus collectedfrom various parts of tropical areas,including Vietnam. DA-producingorganism(s) therefore probablyoccur widely in tropical areas. In thepresent study, we detected DAaround the safety consumption level(1.93 + 1.29 μg/g, n=3) inSpondylus versicolor collected fromNha Phu Bay on May 30th, 2005.Thirty specimens were thereforereared in running filtered seawaterin an aquarium, and the change ofDA level in the specimens wasanalyzed. During 18 weeks ofrearing, no significant decrease ofDA level was observed, suggestingthat this species maintainsaccumulated DA for a long period.On September 29th, 2005,specimens of the same speciescollected from the same areashowed remarkably high levels ofDA (109.47 + 47.66 μg/g, n=10),which is much higher than thesafety consumption level. DA inthese specimens was mostlyconcentrated in the digestive gland.The results suggest that DA of S.versicolor originates frommicroorganism(s) ingested by S.versicolor. Probably, the causativeorganism of DA shows a seasonalbloom pattern. Further surveys ofDA in plankton species in tropicalwaters are required.PO.03-05The situation of ciguatera fishpoisoning in French Polynesiafrom 2000 to 2004Session: PO.03 - Public healthH T Darius, T Revel, A Ung, P Cruchet,M Tchou Fouc, M ChinainInstitut Louis Malarde, TAHITI, FrenchPolynesiaCiguatera Fish Poisoning (CFP) iscaused by the ingestion of tropicalreef fish which have bioaccumulatedciguatoxins in theirtissues. This phenomenon is wellknown by local people particularly inremote archipelagos of FrenchPolynesia where the population stilldepend on fish resources.This work presents the situation of158

INTERNATIONAL SOCIETY FOR THE STUDY OF HARMFUL ALGAE12 th <strong>International</strong> <strong>Conference</strong> on Harmful Algae, Copenhagen, Denmark, 4-8 September 2006CFP as illustrated by theepidemiological data provided bythe Public Health Directory of Tahiti,as well as fish toxicity data obtainedin our laboratory from 2000 to 2004.Although probably underestimated,an average of 600 cases of CFP isrecorded each year within the fivearchipelagos composing FrenchPolynesia (i.e. Society, Tuamotu,Gambier, Autrales and Marquesas).In 2004, 42% of the cases occurredin the Tuamotu Archipelago.Data obtained from epidemiologicalforms completed by health agentsregarding the symptomsexperienced by the patients and thefish species implicated in CFPcases are compared between allfive archipelagos.Among the 50 fish speciesidentified, the most oftenincriminated species belong tolongface emperor, leopard coralgrouper, humpback red and twospotsnappers, striated surgeonfishand boomerang triggerfish.Toxicity data obtained via theReceptor Binding Assay for variousspecimens of fish collected fromthese five archipelagos areconsistent with these data.PO.10-30Fibrocapsa japonica: apotentially harmful raphidophytein Dutch coastal watersSession: PO.10 - Ecophysiology &autecologyM. K. de Boer 1 , M van Rijssel 1 , EGVrieling 1 , L Peperzak 2 , LPMJ Wetsteyn 3AGJ Buma 11 University of Groningen, HAREN(GRONINGEN), The Netherlands2 Royal NIOZ, DEN BURG, Texel, TheNetherlands3 RIKZ, MIDDELBURG, The NetherlandsEcophysiological studies on a WestEuropean strain of Fibrocapsajaponica indicate that thisraphidophyte must be able tomaintain itself in Dutch coastalwaters. The experimental data havenow been correlated to extensivephytoplankton field data of theDutch coastal waters over theperiod 1990-2003. The Dutchcoastal zone clearly meets theecophysiological requirements of F.japonica; the area possibly belongsto its northern biogeographicboundary, explaining whyvegetative cells have never beenobserved at higher latitudes.Moreover, the field data stronglysuggest that besides F. japonicaother raphidophytes such asChattonella spp. and Heterosigmaakashiwo have establishedthemselves in this region. In thesurface water samples, F. japonicaand Chattonella spp. have beenobserved almost the year round,even at low temperatures just above4 °C. Fibrocapa japonica candominate the phytoplanktoncommunity in Dutch coastal watersduring short term blooms, not onlyin summer but also at lowertemperatures (< 15 °C) duringspring. Despite the presence ofhaemolytic and toxic components inthis raphidophyte, harmful eventshave not been observed.PO.05-43Application of capillaryelectrophoresis-massspectrometry to thedetermination of lipophilic marinetoxinsSession: PO.05 - Toxin analysisPablo de la Iglesia 1 , A Gago-Martinez 1 ,T Yasumoto 21 University of Vigo, VIGO, Spain159

INTERNATIONAL SOCIETY FOR THE STUDY OF HARMFUL ALGAE12 th <strong>International</strong> <strong>Conference</strong> on Harmful Algae, Copenhagen, Denmark, 4-8 September 20062 Japan Food Research Laboratory,NAGAYAMA, TAMA-SHI, TOKYO, JapanCapillary Electrophoresis is beingapplied in this work for the analysisof yessotoxins as an alternative tothe conventional HPLC method,which is the most commonly used.Coupling of capillary electrophoresiswith mass spectrometry (CE-MS)offers a good alternative forsensitive determination of thesetoxins and also for confirmation ofthe results obtained.CE analysis was performed, using10 mM ammonium acetate at pH8.5 as running buffer, and massspectrometric detection werecarried out through an electrosprayionisation (ESI) source. An on-linesample preconcentration approachbased on field-amplified samplestacking (FASS) was applied toincrease the sensitivity. The limit ofdetection (LOD) achieved was 0.02µg/mL, which corresponded to 1.25pg YTX loaded onto the capillary.Under these conditions, Yessotoxin(YTX) and its analogue 45-hydroxyyessotoxin(45-OHYTX) wereclearly determined by CE-MS inseveral shellfish samples as well asin marine phytoplankton cultures ofProtoceratium reticulatum.Additionally, the method wassuccessful for determination of otherlipophilic toxins present in musselsamples such as pectenotoxin-6(PTX-6). The results clearlydemonstrate the potential of CE,especially when coupled with MS,as an alternative method fordetermination of these particularcompounds.PO.13-78Establishment of cultures ofHAB organisms from theMexican Pacific coastSession: PO.13 - Regional eventsGraciela de Lara-Isassi, MCRodríguez-Palacio, ME Meave, CLozano-Ramírez, S Álvarez-HernándezUniversidad Autónoma Metropolitana-Iztapalapa, MEXICO DF, MexicoDinoflagellates are economicallyimportant in Mexico as in othertropical countries, as some speciesare toxic and can produce harmfulalgal blooms. HAB events arefrequently recorded in Mexico. Forthis reason it is important to culturethe producer organisms, which wereisolated under a microscope using amicropipette and placed individuallyinto microtiter plates. Twenty-threestrains of dinoflagellates causingred tides are maintained in ourlaboratory. Some have beenreported as toxic: Karlodiniummicrum, Scrippsiella trochoidea andGymnodinium catenatum, andothers as ichthyotoxic: Ceratiumdens, Ceratium fusus andProrocentrum micans. Clonalcultures are maintained as nonaxenic,semicontinuous, L:D 12:12,18, 20 °C ± 1 °C, illuminations of166.8 and 90.5 μmol m -2 s -1 ,respectively, using four differentculture media. Isolation of HABproducer species are vital forstudying the conditions that regulatethe growth or control the synthesisof toxic molecules, in order to createmodels to aid in early detection ofred tides events.PO.12-15Description of a novelraphidophyte species and genusfrom Delaware’s inland bays,USASession: PO.12 - Taxonomy and phylogenyE Demir 1 , Kathryn J Coyne 1 , KirkCzymmek 2 , David A Hutchins 11 University of Delaware, LEWES, UnitedStates of America160

INTERNATIONAL SOCIETY FOR THE STUDY OF HARMFUL ALGAE12 th <strong>International</strong> <strong>Conference</strong> on Harmful Algae, Copenhagen, Denmark, 4-8 September 20062 Delaware Biotechnology Institute, UD,NEWARK, United States of AmericaDelaware’s Inland Bays (DIB),Delaware, USA are subject tonumerous mixed blooms ofraphidophytes each year.Heterosigma akashiwo is aconsistently occurring pleomorphicraphidophyte that blooms within awide range of salinities andtemperatures. In the summer of2004, a unialgal bloom with adensity of 200 million cells per literwas detected in low salinity water.Initial analyses via light microscopyled to the misconception that thespecies was H. akashiwo, howevermuch smaller than other fieldobservations in the region. Furthermolecular analyses of the 18SrDNA sequence indicated that thisspecies is a novel raphidophyte,and phylogenetic analyses placethe new species withinRaphidophyceae as a new genus.Although this species ismorphologically very similar to H.akashiwo under light microscopy,transmission electron and confocalmicroscopy revealed distinct shapeand size differences in chloroplastsand some organelles. Althoughlaboratory experiments indicatedthat this new species growsoptimally in low salinity water,pigment analysis indicates thepresence of both fucoxanthin andviolaxanthin, which arecharacteristic of marineraphidophytes.PO.13-08Ecological analysis of harmfulalgal blooms for the Bohai Seaarea, ChinaSession: PO.13 - Regional eventsBP Di 2 , Danling Tang 1 , SF Wang 2 ,Jianhai Lv 1 , GM Zheng 21 Chinese Academy of Sciences,GUANGZHOU, China2 South China Sea Institute of Oceanology,GUANGZHOU, ChinaBohai Sea is a semi-enclosed seain northeastern China, whereharmful algal blooms (HABs) breakout frequently and cause largeeconomic losses. The present studyanalyzed spatial and temporaldistribution, causative species ofHABs and ecological conditions inthe Bohai Sea for the period from1950 to 2004, and discussesrelevant environmental factors.HABs increased in frequency andaffected-areas with peaks in 2001and 1999. The dominant causativespecies was Skeletonema costatumbefore the 1990s and Noctilucascintillans after 1992. The highblooming season was July-Augustin the 1980s and 1990s and itshifted to June-August during 2000-2004 for the entire Bohai Sea.Results show Dalian Bay and BohaiBay to be two high-HAB frequencyareas, and differences in high timingand frequency occurrence of HABsare due to local meteorology,nutrient and species. The increasein occurrence frequency andaffected-areas of HABs are relatedto increase in eutrophication, but theimproved methodology andimproved monitoring enable moreHAB to be identified.PO.13-90Aquaculture development andpotentially harmful microalgaein SenegalSession: PO.13 – Regional eventsAnis DialloCentre de Recherches Océanographiquesde Dakar-Thiaroye (ISRA/CRODT), Parc161

INTERNATIONAL SOCIETY FOR THE STUDY OF HARMFUL ALGAE12 th <strong>International</strong> <strong>Conference</strong> on Harmful Algae, Copenhagen, Denmark, 4-8 September 2006de Recherches ISRA/Hann, DAKAR,SénégalDuring the last three decades threemassive fish kills have taken placein Senegal, however none of themhave been associated with thepresence of harmful algae. Also,there are no official records of DSP,PSP, NSP or ASP. Shellfish(bivalves) production is mainlyestuarine; the mean yield is 2,000t.y -1 locally consumed. But, newoyster and shrimp farm productionshave been set up in Saloum Estuaryduring the last two years.Freshwater fish culture is semiintensivebut new political optionsare ongoing for an industrialproduction using more intensivesystems. Production is less than100t.y -1 . Particular attention waspaid to cyanobacteria blooms inintensive Tilapia productionresearch (high phytoplanktonconcentration and their use byBrachionus plicatilis), but nonegative impact or fish mortalitiesdue to cyanotoxins have beenobserved. The growing focus onexploitation of marine andfreshwater shellfish and fish makesit relevant to monitor more detailedfor the occurrence of potentiallyharmful microalgae. In the projectESIT/CSE, receiving satelliteimages from MERIS and MODIS at250 and 1,000m resolution, theNODC team and CSE have joinedup and follow ocean colour,phytoplankton bloom and eventuallyred tides. However, small scalemonitoring in e.g. existing orplanned aquaculture sites is alsoneeded.PO.05-19LC/MS-MS determination ofparalytic shellfish poisoning(PSP) in seafood by applicationof a new hydrophilic interactionliquid chromatographic (HILIC)columnSession: PO.05 - Toxin analysisM Diener, B LuckasUniversity of Jena, JENA, GermanyParalytic shellfish poisoning (PSP)is caused by a group ofapproximately two dozen naturallyoccurring potent neurotoxins.Consequently, the development ofanalytical methods for thequalitative and quantitativedetermination of the toxinsassociated with PSP is an importanttask. In particular, the quality controlof potentially contaminated seafoodrequires exact quantification of thePSP toxins with regard tointernational regulations for publichealth protection and internationalcommerce. The broad toxicity rangeof different PSP toxins haschallenged analytical chemists todevelop accurate and reliableanalytical methods.Chemical methods for PSPdetermination are based onchromatographic separation andderivatization of the toxins prior tofluorescence detection. However,these HPLC methods complicatethe on-line coupling to a massspectrometer (MS). The newdeveloped LC/MS-MS method isbased on chromatographicseparation of the PSP toxins usinga zwitterionic-HILIC column. Thisstationary phase allows completeseparation of all relevant PSP toxinsin seafood. Low concentration ofvolatile buffer substance andabsence of ion-pair reagentsincrease the sensitivity of the MSdetection.Literature:[1] B. Luckas, L. M. Botana (ed.),Seafood and Freshwater Toxins162

INTERNATIONAL SOCIETY FOR THE STUDY OF HARMFUL ALGAE12 th <strong>International</strong> <strong>Conference</strong> on Harmful Algae, Copenhagen, Denmark, 4-8 September 20062000, 173.PO.15-17The monitoring programme forharmful algal blooms in shellfishproduction areas in Catalonia.Long term data and impact onaquacultureSession: PO.15 - MonitoringJ Diogène 1 , M Fernández 1 , E Cañete 1 ,A Caillaud 1 , E Mallat 1 , M Delgado 2 , DFurones 11 IRTA, SANT CARLES DE LA RAPITA,Spain2 Institut de Ciències del Mar-CMIMA,BARCELONA, SpainThe monitoring programme forHABs in shellfish production areasin Catalonia focuses mainly onshellfish harvesting areas in sandysediments along the shore (mainlynatural production sites of clams)and production areas within thesemi-confined areas (mainly oysterand mussel cultures). HABincidences in production areasinclude recurrent DSP (e.g.,Dinophysis sacculus), PSP (e.g.,Alexandrium minutum) and to amuch lesser extent ichthyotoxicevents (Karlodinium spp.). Anestimate of the percentage ofclosure periods indicates thatannually these figures haveincreased since 1989, DSP eventsbeing the major cause foradministrative closures. For theperiod 2002-2005 closure time inshellfish production areas reachedmaxima of 23 % (84 days in AlfacsBay during 2002 for DSP) and 17%(62 days in Alfacs Bay during 2005for DSP). The economic impact ofclosures is irregular and dependson the time of the year closuresoccur. This is due to unbalancedcommercial demand along the yearbut also to the threat that increasedtemperatures in summer representto unharvested production in semiconfinedareas. This can lead tomassive mortality of mussels andoysters when closures occur justbefore harvesting periods.PO.06-21Water mass differentiation usingPARAFAC modeling of EEMfluorescenceSession: PO.06 - Population dynamicsLK Dixon 1 , RN Conmy 21 Mote Marine Laboratory, SARASOTA, FL,United States of America2 University of South Florida, ST.PETERSBURG, FL, United States ofAmericaThe optical properties of coastalwaters, as excitation-emissionmatrix (EEM) fluorescence (220-455nm excitation, 249-700nmemission) and CDOM absorption,were used to map a complexcoastal environment off the westcoast of Florida (U.S.A.) whichreceives multiple estuarine inputsand records nearly annualoccurrences of Karenia brevisblooms. Sampling was conductedduring the initiation and continuationof an extended and extensivebloom. Samples represented awide range of CDOM absorptionalong an estuarine-coastal gradientand EEM data were corrected forinner filter effects, blue-shifting theraw fluorescence data. EEM datawere subsequently normalized toprevent undue weight beingassigned to high CDOM samples,fluorescent components wereidentified with the linear un-mixingtechnique of parallel factor(PARAFAC) analysis, andcomponents confirmed with splithalfanalyses to identify twodominant multi-modal componentsto coastal fluorescence with both adirect and an inverse relationship163

INTERNATIONAL SOCIETY FOR THE STUDY OF HARMFUL ALGAE12 th <strong>International</strong> <strong>Conference</strong> on Harmful Algae, Copenhagen, Denmark, 4-8 September 2006with salinity. Other spectral regionsof high variation were identified inthe pool of samples and comparedwith fluorescence peaks in theliterature. Although factors did notcorrelate with cell count or presenceof K. brevis, spatial patterns ofoptical properties and salinity wereused to identify the origins ofcoastal water masses and potentialsources of entrained nutrients.PO.10-38Pseudo-nitzschia along thesouth-central coast of Vietnam:abundance, distribution, T-Scharacteristics, and growth rateof cultures and naturalpopulationsSession: PO.10 - Ecophysiology &autecologyHai Doan-Nhu, Mai Anh T Nguyen,TuongGIA Nguyen-NgocInstitute of Oceanography, NHA TRANG,VietnamPseudo-nitzschia species are widelydistributed along the coast ofVietnam with abundance distributionvarying in time and space. Alongthe southern-central coast,however, they tend to occur in highabundance during the rainy season,when nutrient loading fromland/rivers is high. The seasonalvariation shows local differencesdepending on the hydro-chemicalcharacteristics of each embaymentalong the coast. The Pseudonitzschiaassemblages wereobserved as high as 400.000cells/L, which is close to the level ofshellfish harvesting closure inEurope. Temperature and salinitycompared with cell abundanceindicated that Pseudo-nitzschia mayadapt to a wide range oftemperature and salinities. In NhaPhu Lagoon there were at leastthree different Pseudo-nitzschiaassemblages that grew at (1) lowtemperature and low salinity; (2)high temperature and low salinity;and (3) high temperature and highsalinity, while they were stenohalinebut eurytherm in Nha Trang Bayand the northern coast of BinhThuan waters. Pseudo-nitzschiacuspidata isolated from Nha TrangBay showed the highest growth rateat 35 PSU and 30 °C (1.8 d -1 ), butgrew well at a range from 20-30 °Cand 25-35 PSU. This species maybe a representative of the hightemperature and high salinitypopulations in Nha Trang Bay.PO.13-84Toxicity of Pseudo-nitzschia spp.in estuarine and shelf waters ofLouisiana, USASession: PO.13 - Regional eventsQ Dortch 1 , GJ Doucette 2 , ML Parsons 31 NOAA, SILVER SPRING, United States ofAmerica2 Marine Biotoxins Program NOAA,CHARLESTON, SC, United States ofAmerica3 Marine Science Department, University of,HILO, HAWAII, United States of AmericaPseudo-nitzschia spp. arefrequently widespread and highlyabundant in Louisiana coastalwaters. Seven species have beenidentified, including, P.pseudodelicatissima, P.delicatissima, P. multiseries, P.pungens, P. multistriata, P.subfradulenta, and P. brasiliana.Although several of these areknown producers of domoic acid(DA), no human illness has beenreported. In order to determine ifDA was being produced and, ifpossible, by which species andunder what environmentalconditions, DA content wasmeasured in net tow samples (35164

INTERNATIONAL SOCIETY FOR THE STUDY OF HARMFUL ALGAE12 th <strong>International</strong> <strong>Conference</strong> on Harmful Algae, Copenhagen, Denmark, 4-8 September 2006micron) from 1994-1998, using areceptor-binding assay. Sampleswere selected because they had ahigh Pseudo-nitzschia abundance,and species composition wasdetermined by SEM on manysamples. Most (80% of 106)samples contained DA, withconcentrations ranging from 0.01 to28.65 pg/cell. Preliminary analysisof the data suggests that salinityand dissolved inorganic nitrogenwas higher when DA was presentand there was a significantly higherpercentage of P. multiseries and P.delicatissima present when DA waspresent. Pseudo-nitzschia spp.present in Louisiana coastal watersdo produce DA and, thus, representa threat to human and ecosystemhealth.PO.10-28Delayed fluorescence as anindicator of nutrient limitation inProrocentrum minimumSession: PO.10 - Ecophysiology &autecologyLuka Drinovec 1 , Ilaria Molinari 2 , MajaBerd Zrimec 1 , Marina Monti 3 , AlfredBeran 3 , Alexis Zrimec 11 Institute of Physical Biology,GROSUPLJE, Slovenia2 Dept. Biol, University of Trieste, TRIESTE,Italy3 Inst Nazl. di Oceano e Geofisica Spe,TRIESTE, ItalyPrimary productivity and growth ofalgae is frequently limited by theavailability of nutrients, especiallynitrogen and phosphorus. Theability to identify factors limitingalgal growth is of considerableimportance for marine ecology.In our study, delayed fluorescence(DF) was used to detect changes inphotosynthesis due to nitrogen andphosphorus limitation in laboratorycultures of Prorocentrum minimum.DF is a long-lived light emissionfrom photosynthetic organisms afterillumination. DF decay curve reflectsthe state of the photosyntheticapparatus.Monitoring of DF decay curves oflight-adapted and dark-adaptedsamples, DF intensity versusirradiance response, chlorophyllcontent, cell concentration andmaximum quantum yield of PSII(Fv/Fm) was performed for 4 dayson cultures growing in nitrogen- andphosphorus-limited media.Significant changes in DF kineticswith regard to medium compositionwere observed. Chlorophyll contentand Fv/Fm were reduced comparedto the control for cultures innitrogen-deprived media. Thechanges in DF intensity versusirradiance response showeddifferences in the absorption of light.PO.08-19Uptake and elmination of DST inmussels, oysters and scallopsSession: PO.08 - ToxicologyArne Duinker 1 , P Hovgaard 2 , ASvardal 31 Nat. Inslt. of Nutrition and Seafood Res,BERGEN, Norway2 Sogn og Fjordane University College,SOGNDAL, Norway3 Univ. of Bergen, Sect. for Pharmacology,BERGEN, NorwayMussels (Mytilus edulis), oysters(Ostrea edulis) and scallops(Pecten maximus) were exposed tonatural occurrences of Dinophysisspp. Samples were taken for sixweeks during toxin accumulationfollowed by two months ofelimination in toxin-free waters.Large species differences inaccumulation were seen, withmussels accumulating 10 to 20-foldhigher toxin concentrationscompared to oysters and scallops.165

INTERNATIONAL SOCIETY FOR THE STUDY OF HARMFUL ALGAE12 th <strong>International</strong> <strong>Conference</strong> on Harmful Algae, Copenhagen, Denmark, 4-8 September 2006Due to sudden mortality after theaccumulation period we could notevaluate toxin elimination in thescallops. The oysters, havingaccumulated less DST than themussels, also showed faster toxinelimination rates. DSTconcentration in the oysters did notexceed half the regulatory limit,despite high water column toxicitythat resulted in concentrationsalmost 10 times the regulatory limitin the mussels.PO.05-18Deoxy cylindrospermopsin,detection in the benthicfreshwater cyanobacteriumLyngbya wollei from AustralianstreamsSession: PO.05 - Toxin analysisG K Eaglesham 1 , M Seifert 2 , GRShaw 3 , W Wickramasinghe 41 Queensland Health Scientific Services,BRISBANE, Australia2 University of Queensland, BRISBANE,Australia3 Griffith University, LOGAN CITY, Australia4 Entox, BRISBANE, AustraliaCylindrospermopsin and its deoxyanalogue have been detected in anumber of cyanobacteria throughoutthe world. Previously in Australiathese toxins have been reported inCylindrospermopsis raciborskii andAphanizomenon ovalisporum. Inboth these species the deoxycylindrospermopsinlevels are lessthan 10 % of the predominant toxin,cylindrospermopsin. Lyngbya wolleispecimens from several streams inSouth East Queensland were foundto contain deoxycylindrospermopsinas thepredominant toxin with only lowlevels of cylindrospermopsin. Thelevel of toxin in the water was belowthe detection level of 0.2micrograms per Litre in contrast tothe other two species mentionedwhich often give toxin levels in thesurrounding water at similarconcentrations to the toxin contentof the cells. This is the first report ofthese toxins being detected in abenthic cyanobacterial species.PO.12-07Haplo-diploid life cycles in thegenus Chrysochromulina(Haptophyta)Session: PO.12 - Taxonomy andPhylogenyB EdvardsenUniversity of Oslo, OSLO, NorwayA heteromorphic haplo-diploid lifecycle appears to be commonamong haptophytes and has beenfound in Chrysochromulinapolylepis. To assess whether otherChrysochromulina species mayhave a haplo-diploid life cycle,coding and non-coding ribosomalDNA regions, body scalemorphology, cell size and ploidylevel were examined in 30 strainsrepresenting 16 Chrysochromulinaspecies. All described species haddistinct SSU rDNA sequences,except strains of C. hirta and C.ericina, which were identical in thisregion, suggesting that they havediverged too recently to haveevolved differences in this gene, oralternatively are conspecific. Twoploidy levels differing by a factor oftwo assumed to represent haploidand diploid stages, each capable ofvegetative cell divisions were foundin five species: C. ericina, C. hirta,C. kappa, C. rotalis and C.polylepis. Haploid and diploid cellsof C. kappa and C. ericina hadsimilar scale morphology, but wereheteromorphic in C. hirta, C. rotalisand C. polylepis. All strains within aspecies had identical ITS1 rDNAsequences. These results suggest166

INTERNATIONAL SOCIETY FOR THE STUDY OF HARMFUL ALGAE12 th <strong>International</strong> <strong>Conference</strong> on Harmful Algae, Copenhagen, Denmark, 4-8 September 2006that other Chrysochromulinaspecies in addition to C. polylepishave a haplo-diploid life cycle withan alternation betweenheteromorphic or isomorphic motilestages.PO.12-14Morphology and ultrastructure ofChattonella aff. verruculosa(Heterokontophyta)Session: PO.12 - Taxonomy andPhylogenyW Eikrem 1 , B Edvardsen 2 , L Naustvoll 3 ,J Throndsen 21 Norwegian Institute for Water Resaerch,OSLO, Norway2 University of Oslo, OSLO, Norway3 Norwegian Marin Institute, BERGEN,NorwaySince 1998 the flagellateChattonella aff. verruculosa(Dictyochophyceae), has formedrecurrent blooms in the North Seaand Skagerrak causing fishmortalities. Cells were isolated fromthe 2001 bloom off the south coastof Norway and strains establishedand compared with the Chattonellaverruculosa Hara et Chihara typestrain NIES 670 from Japan. Thecells in the Norwegian isolates werevery variable in size and form, beinglarge oblong (= 40 µm long) to smallrounded (

INTERNATIONAL SOCIETY FOR THE STUDY OF HARMFUL ALGAE12 th <strong>International</strong> <strong>Conference</strong> on Harmful Algae, Copenhagen, Denmark, 4-8 September 2006isolated from Alfacs Bay arepresented in this study. The identityof the species was confirmed byanalysis of the ITS1, 5.8S and ITS2of the nuclear-encoded rRNAsequences. Intraspecific andinterspecific variability of thecultures was also assessed byanalysis of the nuclear-encodedrRNA in order to develop speciesspecificoligonucleotide probestargeting the rRNA for theidentification of Pseudo-nitzschiaspp. by fluorescent in situhybridisation (FISH) techniques.PO.06-06Seasonal dynamics of aPlanktothrix rubescensdominatedphytoplanktoncommunity and toxic compoundsin Lake Albano (Rome, Italy)Session: PO.06 - Population dynamicsNTW Ellwood 1 , P Albertano 2 , EViaggiu 2 , R Mosello 3 , R Funiciello 11 Università Roma Tre, ROME, Italy2 Università di Tor Vergata, Roma, ROME,Italy3 CNR-ISE, VERBANIA-PALLANZA, ItalyLake Albano is situated in the ColliAlbani Volcano 25 km southeast ofthe city of Rome. Physico-chemicalmeasurements and analyses ofwater were made at discrete depthintervals across the full depth profileof the lake (0-160m). Analyses ofphytoplankton toxins were made onnet samples using MALDI-TOFmass spectrometry andobservations and counts made onsamples from discrete depthsbetween 0-30m using a 1-L Niskinbottle. Sampling was made on fiveoccasions between 2005 and 2006to incorporate complete seasonalvariation. The lake is classifiedmeso-eutrophic; based on averageepilimnion total phosphorus (5-92µg/L), total nitrogen (365-809 µg/L)and chlorophyll a (3-14 µg/L). Thephytoplankton community wasvariably dominated by thecyanobacterium Planktothrix(Oscillatoria) rubescens with adistribution across a small depthrange under thermal stratification.With an increase in mixing depth inMay-05 down to 100m and Jan/Mar-06 full overturn, P. rubescens wasdistributed throughout the epilimnionand caused surface blooms.Throughout the study period therewere three variants of microcystinidentified, the major variant, presentin every sample, was [D-Asp]-MCYST-RR. The variants, (Asp)-MCYST-LR and MCYST-YR whereabsent in autumn. This is the firststudy to show the diversity ofmicrocystins produced by P.rubescens in Lake Albano.PO.13-18Distribution of toxic Dinophysisspecies and contamination ofshellfish along the Doukkalacoast (Moroccan Atlantic water)Session: PO.13 - Regional eventsBtissam Ennaffah 1 , Abdelghan Chafik 21 Institut National de Recherche Halieutiq,OUALIDIA-PAR EL JADIDA, Morocco2 Institut National de Rechrche Halieutiqu,CASA, MoroccoThe distribution of Dinophysisspecies and the contamination ofshellfish in the Doukkala coast(Moroccan Atlantic water) werestudied.During the monitoring program,samples were taken bimonthly from2004 to 2005 at about elevensampling stations, situated on 2lagoons and open sea sites alongthe coast.The presence of toxic species ofDinophysis varied seasonally, withmaximum abundance registered in168

INTERNATIONAL SOCIETY FOR THE STUDY OF HARMFUL ALGAE12 th <strong>International</strong> <strong>Conference</strong> on Harmful Algae, Copenhagen, Denmark, 4-8 September 2006summer. Among the Dinophysiscells, some individuals weremorphologically similar to D.acuminata, D. sacculus, D. acutaand D. caudata. At the beginning ofAugust 2004, Dinophysis spp. werefound at Sidi Moussa Lagoon(Atlantic water) with a high density(1.3 10 3cells/l), but DSP was not detectedon the analysed clams. However, inopen sea areas (Jemaa ouledGhanem and Cap Beddouza) highlevels of DSP were found in Mytilusgalloprovincialis during the summerof 2005, although Dinophysis spp.was present at lower density.During the monitoring program, thespatial distribution of Dinophysisspp. was not homogeneous, andcontamination by DSP can occurwith very low density of Dinophysis,causing the closing of productionzones.PO.06-09Follow up of an autumn bloom ofDinophysis acuta in NW Iberia:along-shore transport versus insitu growth.Session: PO.06 - Population dynamicsL Escalera Moura 1 , B RegueraRamirez 1 , T Moita 2 , Y Pazos 3 , AMoroño 3 , M Cerejo 2 , M Ruiz-Villareal 4 ,JM Cabanas 11 Instuto Español de Oceanografía, VIGO,Spain2 INIAP, LISBON, Portugal3 INTECMAR, VILAGARCÍA DE AROUSA,Spain4 C.O. de A Coruña (IEO), A CORUÑA,SpainPrevious observations onmesoscale dynamics of Dinophysisacuta in NW Iberian waters suggestthat Aveiro functions as the'epicentre' for initiation (May-June)of D. acuta blooms. A northwardsshift of the cell maximum duringautumn blooms was interpreted asa predominance of physicaladvection of cells and/or conditionsfavouring dinoflagellates growthduring the transition from upwellingto winter conditions. Recordconcentrations of D. acuta (140,10 3cells/L) were observed off Aveirobetween August and November2005. In Galicia, September-midOctober estimates indicated goodin situ growth (µmin = 0.22 d -1 ), lowcell densities ( 17 · 10 3 cells/L inintegrated hose-samples) wereobserved in early Novembertogether with negligible divisionrates (< 0.1 d -1 ) and high (up to 0.60d -1 ) net growth. Analyses of spatiotemporalvariability in cell numbers,in situ division rates, SST images,current-velocity measurements andphysical-model simulations supportthe view that in early November2005, the shift of Dinophysismaxima from Portugal to Galiciawas the result of a northwardsphysical transport.PO.07-13A fuzzy logic model forAlexandrium minutumproliferations in harbours of theCatalan coast (NWMediterranean)Session: PO.07 - Ecology andoceanographyM Estrada 1 , L Arin 2 , D Blasco 2 , ANBlauw 3 , J Camp 2 , E Garcés 4 , NSampedro 2 , M Vila 21 Institut de Ciències del Mar, CMIMA (CSI,BARCELONA, Spain2 Institut de Ciències del Mar (CSIC),BARCELONA, Spain3 Delft Hydraulics, DELFT, The Netherlands169

INTERNATIONAL SOCIETY FOR THE STUDY OF HARMFUL ALGAE12 th <strong>International</strong> <strong>Conference</strong> on Harmful Algae, Copenhagen, Denmark, 4-8 September 20064 Centre d'Aqüicultura, IRTA, SANTCARLES DE LA RÀPITA, SpainThe dinoflagellate Alexandriumminutum, a PSP producer, formsrecurrent blooms in many estuariesand semi-enclosed marine areas.We explored the feasibility ofdesigning a fuzzy logic model basedon historical ecological informationand routinely monitoredmeteorological variables, to predictthe occurrence and intensity of A.minutum proliferations in twoselected harbours ('Olímpic'Harbour of Barcelona and ArenysHarbour) of the Catalan coast (NWMediterranean). Fuzzy logic modelsrepresent the knowledge in terms ofIF-THEN rules and allow thecombination of partial truth valueswith a certain uncertainty within theavailable data set. The model wasdeveloped for the Olímpic Harbourand assumed that bloom timing andintensity depended on thecoincidence of more or lessfavourable seasonal windows with atwo to four-week spell of favourableweather conditions including lack ofheavy precipitation and of strongwinds. The model tended toexaggerate the foreseen bloomintensity, but successfully predictedthe 6 high biomass blooms (1 in theOlímpic and 5 in Arenys) recordedin the studied harbours between2000 and 2002. This resultsuggests that, although based onlimited understanding of theprocesses affecting bloomdynamics, the developed fuzzymodel could be helpful in providinginsight for management measures.PO.03-012005 New England paralyticshellfish poisoning (non)-event:risk management success storySession: PO.03 - Public healthStacey M. Etheridge 1 , J. Deeds 1 , S.Conrad 1 , S. Hall 1 , P. DiStefano 1 , M.Ellwanger 1 , K. Chu 2 , F. Pettengill 3 , M.Hickey 4 , D. Whittaker 4 , D. Couture 51 US Food and Drug Administration,LAUREL, United States of America2 NOAA Fisheries Service, GLOUCESTER,United States of America3 Division of Marine Fisheries,GLOUCESTER, United States of America4 Massachusetts Marine Fisheries,POCASSET, United States of America5 Maine Department of Marine Resources,WEST BOOTHBAY HARBOR, UnitedStates of AmericaThe largest recorded Alexandriumfundyense bloom since 1972occurred off the New England coastfrom May to July 2005. Thisresulted in paralytic shellfishpoisoning (PSP) toxins greatlyexceeding the action level of 80micrograms saxitoxin equivalentsper 100 grams tissue. At therequest of the US Food and DrugAdministration (FDA), the USNational Marine Fisheries Service(NMFS) closed approximately15,000 square miles of federalwaters in the northwestern AtlanticOcean on 14 June. Since theclosure shellfish toxicities havebeen monitored using the receptorbinding and/or mouse bioassays.Toxicities varied with species, withmaximum levels of 2045, 4378, and4200 micrograms per 100 gramsreported in whole scallops fromfederal waters and in blue musselsfrom waters off Massachusetts andMaine, respectively. Toxicitydecreased over time withdepuration rates differing betweenspecies. Analytical data supportedreopening part of the closure on 9September (except for whole androe-on scallops); the northern area170

INTERNATIONAL SOCIETY FOR THE STUDY OF HARMFUL ALGAE12 th <strong>International</strong> <strong>Conference</strong> on Harmful Algae, Copenhagen, Denmark, 4-8 September 2006has remained closed due toinsufficient sampling. Due to timelyand effective state responses andthe assistance given by FDA andNMFS, there were no human PSPillnesses despite remarkably hightoxicity in the unmarketed product.PO.06-02Dinoflagellate diversity andabundance in seven Belizeancoral reef-mangrove lagoons: atest of Margalef's MandalaSession: PO.06 - Population dynamicsMA Faust 1 , SR Kibler 2 , RW Litaker 2 ,MW Vandersea 2 , PA Tester 31 Smithsonian Institution, WASHINGTONDC, United States of America2 NOS/National Oceanic AtmosphericAdminis, BEAUFORT NC, United States ofAmerica3 National Oceanic Service, BEAUFORTNC, United States of AmericaToxic and non-toxic dinoflagellatesare abundant in the waters of theBelizean Central Lagoon, AtlanticBarrier Coral Reef MangroveEcosystem. Dinoflagellates arecostal and off shore planktonic, andbenthic species. Most often bloomforming dinoflagellate observed are:Bysmatrum caponii, Dinophysiscaudata, Gonyaulax grindleyi,Peridinium quinquecorne,Gonyaulax polygramma, Gonyaulaxspinifera, Lingulodinium polyedrumand Pyrodinium bahamense var.bahamense. Nineteen bloomformingspecies, and half of thoseidentified are known toxinsproducing species. Network of coralridges of semi-enclosed ponds oftypological diversity and complexecology limit water exchange fromthe lagoon. The unusualhydrography of the mangroveembayments, and nutrient inputfrom natural sources enhancedevelopment of blooms. Bloom ofG. polygramma may reach celldensities of 1-3 x 10 6 l -1 . Dissolvedammonium is the naturallyproduced nutrient at 0.1-6.0 µmol L -1 maintains the blooms ofdinoflagellates. The aboveconditions influence the ability ofcells to concentrate and proliferateinto species-specific blooms thatfavor dominance towarddinoflagellate species. MargalefMandela predicted that marineenvironments with low turbulenceand high nutrient inputs would favordinoflagellates. As a consequencethis species shift may cause alteredfood web dynamics and theprevalence of toxins in the microbialfood chain.PO.07-17Advection, stratification andharmful algal bloom developmentin the southern Benguelaupwelling systemSession: PO.07 - Ecology andoceanographyAL Fawcett 1 , G.C. Pitcher 2 , S.Bernard 1 , A. du Randt 2 , T.A. Probyn 21 University of Cape Town, CAPE TOWN,South Africa2 Marine and Coastal Management, CAPETOWN, South AfricaThe west coast of South Africaexperiences problems associatedwith harmful algal blooms (HABs),which are typically attributed todinoflagellate species. Wind-drivenupwelling, which is a feature of thesouthern Benguela, plays a criticalrole in the algal dynamics of theregion. Physical processesimportant to bloom situations aremixing and stratification, whichaffect species selection; andadvection, which affects bloomtransport, retention and shorelineimpact. Data from a multi-sensor171

INTERNATIONAL SOCIETY FOR THE STUDY OF HARMFUL ALGAE12 th <strong>International</strong> <strong>Conference</strong> on Harmful Algae, Copenhagen, Denmark, 4-8 September 2006mooring, providing HAB focussedreal-time and time series data, hasenabled the detection of highbiomass blooms and allows furtherinsight into the roles of stratificationand advection in the development ofsuch events. Dominant periods inwind, current and temperature dataare found at inertial/ diurnalfrequencies and around 3 and 9days, demonstrating the linkbetween wind and current reversals,and changes in temperaturestructure. Currents lag windreversals by around 12 hours, withrelaxation of upwelling windsleading to poleward advection ofwarm water creating stratificationand conditions conducive to bloomformation. On a short time scaleinertial oscillations create semiretentivecirculation patterns, andenhance mixing through theintroduction of vertical shear into thewater column. Mooring data will beused to illustrate these processes.PO.07-18Going beyond nutrients: role ofenvironmental factors in shapingharmful algal blooms in estuarinewatersSession: PO.07 - Ecology andoceanographyEE Fensin 1 , BW Touchette 21 NC Division of Water Quality, RALEIGH,NC, United States of America2 Elon University, ELON, NC, United Statesof AmericaNutrient availability is oftenconsidered a major contributoryfactor in algal productivity. However,other environmental componentscan selectively displace individualspecies even under eutrophicconditions. Therefore, it isnecessary to identify othercontributory factors that promoteHABs if we are to develop betterpredictive models for bloomoccurrence and duration. This studyfocused on four potentially harmfulalgae (dinoflagellates Gyrodiniuminstriatum, Karlodinium micrum, andProrocentrum minimum, andcyanobacteria Cylindrospermopsisraciborskii) that occur in theestuaries of North Carolina, USA.Multivariate analyses wereconducted on data collectedbetween 2000 and 2005 in threetributaries (Neuse, New, andPamlico Rivers) of the Albemarle-Pamlico estuarine system. Ingeneral, G. instriatum, K. micrum,and C. raciborskii were intolerant tohigh flow conditions, as abundancesgreater than 1,000 units/ml onlyoccurred at flows less than 50 m 3 s -1 . Whereas, P. minimum abundancewas as high as 21,000 units/mL atflows greater than 230 m 3 s -1 .Prorocentrum minimum populationswere also more pronounced duringcooler temperatures, higher NOxlevels,and lower salinities. Both C.raciborskii and G. instriatum weremore prevalent during periods oflower salinities, and K. micrum wasmost abundant during warmertemperatures, higher salinities, andhigher total phytoplanktonabundances.PO.07-16The Ebro Delta coastalembayments, a GEOHAB pilotsite for the study of HABpopulation dynamicsSession: PO.07 - Ecology andoceanographyM Fernández-Tejedor 1 , LMElandaloussi 1 , E Mallat 1 , E Cañete 1 , ACaillaud 1 , P Riobo 2 , B Paz 2 , J Franco 2 ,D Ibarra 3 , A Cembella 4 , D Blasco 5 , JDiogène 11 IRTA, SANT CARLES DE LA RÀPITA,Spain2 IEO, VIGO, Spain172

INTERNATIONAL SOCIETY FOR THE STUDY OF HARMFUL ALGAE12 th <strong>International</strong> <strong>Conference</strong> on Harmful Algae, Copenhagen, Denmark, 4-8 September 20063 Dalhousie University, HALIFAX, Canada4 Alfred Wegener Institute for Polar and M,BREMERHAVEN, Germany5 CSIC, BARCELONA, SpainCoastal embayments of the EbroDelta in the NW Mediterraneaninclude Fangar and Alfacs Bays.Both bays are active sites forshellfish production of mussels(Mytilus galloprovincialis) andoysters (Crassostrea gigas) andhave been subject over the years toextensive studies in relation toHABs. We present herein the firstyear results of a collaborativeresearch project between NRC(Canada), CSIC and IRTA (Spain)concerning HAB populationdynamics in Alfacs Bay. This projecthas recently started (2005) and inconjunction with the local monitoringprogram, aims to give knowledge onthe occurrence of HAB events usingAlfacs Bay as a pilot site for coastalembayments. For this purposemarine toxins in bivalves andphytoplankton were recordedtogether with environmental andphysical parameters that could becrucial for the understanding ofHABs dynamics. Evaluation oftoxicity over a 52-week periodshows DSP episodes with cooccurrenceof YTX in shellfish inAlfacs Bay. Complementary resultsinclude the distribution of harmfulspecies, the description of toxins inshellfish and phytoplankton throughanalytical chromatography, thecytotoxicity of phytoplanktonrecovered from net hawls,chlorophyll-a quantification, sestonestimation through light absorbanceevaluation and description ofenvironmental and physicalparameters.First study of Gymnodiniumcatenatum sexuality in naturalsamples from Galicia´s coasts(NW Spain)Session: PO.10 - Ecophysiology &autecologyRI Figueroa 1 , I Bravo 1 , I Ramilo 1 , EGarcés 2 , A Morono 3 , Y Pazos 31 Instituto Español de Oceanografía, VIGO,Spain2 Institut de Recercca i Tecnologia, SANTCARLES DE LA RÁPITA, Spain3 Instituto Tecnoloxico, SpainGymnodinium catenatum Graham isan unarmoured, cyst-formingdinoflagellate species responsiblefor outbreaks of paralytic shellfishpoisoning (PSP). During Novemberand December of 2005, G.catenatum bloomed in the Galiciancoasts (NW coast of Spain).Vegetative cells, fusing gametes,planozygotes and resting cystswere counted in fixed sampleswhich morphologies and sizes werepreviously compared for calibrationto the observed in living ones. Themaximum values recorded were of86.000 vegetative cells/L, 1000fusing gamete pairs/L, 18,000planozygotes/L and 480 cysts/L.Living sexual stages were isolatedto check behaviour and viability.Apart from the previously citedsexual stages, other unreportedbehaviours of G. catenatumsexuality in natural samples, suchus planozygote division, bilobulatedcysts and chains of resting cystswere documented, photographedand compared to laboratory studies.Sediment samples were taken 3months after the bloom. Up to671cysts/cc were counted, and afterisolation, high values ofgerminability and viability wereobtained.PO.10-33PO.13-80173

INTERNATIONAL SOCIETY FOR THE STUDY OF HARMFUL ALGAE12 th <strong>International</strong> <strong>Conference</strong> on Harmful Algae, Copenhagen, Denmark, 4-8 September 2006Fish and wildlife mortalitiesassociated with the 2005 Floridared tideSession: PO.13 - Regional eventsLJ Flewelling 1 , Cindy Heil 1 , JayAbbott 1 , Karen Atwood 1 , AprilGranholm 1 , Sheila O Dea 1 , AllenFoley 1 , Deborah Fauquier 2 , HowardBrown 1 , Sentiel Rommel 1 , AlexCostidis 1 , Danielle Stanek 1 , Michellevan Deventer 3 , Gabriel Vargo 3 , JanLandsberg 11 FL Fish & Wildlife Conservation Comm.,ST. PETERSBURG, FL, United States ofAmerica2 Mote Marine Laboratory, SARASOTA,FL, USA3 University of South Florida, College ofMarine Science, ST. PETERSBURG, FL,USAThroughout 2005, the Florida Gulfcoast experienced one of the mostsevere Karenia brevis red tideevents in recent decades withsignificant impacts on aquaticanimals and benthic systems. Theearliest mortalities began withoffshore fish kills in January. In earlyMarch, mortalities of the Floridamanatee increased, followed in thesummer by wide-scale strandings ofbottlenose dolphin and multiplespecies of sea turtles. By August, alarge-scale bloom-relatedhypoxic/anoxic zone developedoffshore of southwest Florida,affecting hundreds of square milesof patch reefs and other benthiccommunities. Divers reportedwidespread benthic mortalities,including corals, multipleinvertebrate and vertebrate taxaand multiple reef fish species.Large numbers of aquatic birdswere affected throughout the bloomperiod.The temporal sequence of themortalities reflects movement of thebloom over time as well as theecology of the affected animals androutes of toxin exposure. Analysesdemonstrated the accumulation ofbrevetoxins in the food web, withexposure confirmed in multipleanimal species. With the exceptionof the fish kills and benthicmortalities associated with thehypoxic zone, ingestion is believedto be the primary lethal route ofexposure in these events.PO.05-15First report of the production ofspirolides by Alexandriumperuvianum (Dinophyceae) fromthe Mediterranean SeaSession: PO.05 - Toxin analysisJM Franco 1 , B Paz 1 , P Riobo 1 , GPizarro 2 , R Figueroa 2 , S Fraga 2 , IBravo 21 Instituto de Investigaciones Marinas,VIGO, Spain2 Instituto Español de Oceanografía, VIGO,SpainFour strains of Alexandriumperuvianum obtained from restingcysts in the western Mediterraneanin 2002 and 2004 were analyzed forthe presence of toxins. No PSPtoxins were detected by LC-FD afterpostcolumn derivatization.Nevertheless, spirolides weredetected by LC-MS in the fourstrains. The major componentswere 13-desmethyl spirolide C (m/z692,5) with 90% of the total toxincontent, followed by spirolide B(m/z 694,5) (6%) and smallquantities of spirolide D (m/z 708,5)(2,7%) and 13-desmethyl spirolideD (m/z 694,5) (2%). Also traces ofspirolide C (m/z 706,5) were found.This is the first report of theproduction of spirolides by thisspecies. Given the greatmorphological similarity between A.peruvianum and A. ostenfeldii, inwhich the main difference is theshape of the sulcal anterior plate,174

INTERNATIONAL SOCIETY FOR THE STUDY OF HARMFUL ALGAE12 th <strong>International</strong> <strong>Conference</strong> on Harmful Algae, Copenhagen, Denmark, 4-8 September 2006triangular in A. peruvianum andrectangular with a left extension inA. ostenfeldii, the presence of thesepeculiar toxins in both species couldbe an indication of a possiblesynonymy.PO.15-29Development of real-time PCRassays for the detection ofCylindrospermopsis raciborskiiSession: PO.15 - MonitoringM S Fuentes, J J Rick, J L Noel, J ABaezaUniversity of Louisiana at Lafayette,LAFAYETTE, United States of AmericaBlooms caused by toxic blue-greenalgae have repeatedly producedepisodes of wild and domesticanimal illness and death. Since2002 the toxin producingCylindrospermopsis raciborskii isfrequently abundant from summerto fall in the Caernarvon/BretonSound Estuary in Louisiana, posinga potential risk of a bloom of thisspecies in that area. Recently(10/04) the species was detected inabundant biomasses in the wholeAtchafalaya Basin. Monitoring theseareas for the presence ofCylindrospermopsis is essential inassessing the potential for bloomformation. However, detection andquantification of Cylindrospermopsisis sometimes problematic,especially if individual chains lackthe characteristic terminalheterocyst.To circumvent this problem wedeveloped a real-time PCR assayfor rapid detection of the species. Inthis assay, detection of amplifiedtarget DNA requires annealing offluorescent-labelled probes,resulting in added level of specificitycompared with assays based ontraditional PCR methodology. Thissensitive technique detects evenlow densities of this speciesinstantly, allowing the creation ofreal-time species abundancedistribution maps, enablingmanagers to respond immediatelyto increases in biomass of thisharmful species and for timelynotification of possible health risksto the publicPO.13-57Summer Alexandrium catenellabloom and the impact on fishfarming, in the XI region, ChileSession: PO.13 - Regional eventsClaudio G Fuentes Grünewald, AAAguilera Belmonte, A Clément DíazPlancton Andino LTDA., CASTRO, ChileDuring the summer of 2005 and2006 a bloom of Alexandriumcatenella was observed in thenorthern inland sea of the XI region.This species is well known as aPSP producer. Unusual behaviourof caged salmon and high A.catenella abundance, more than356 cells/mL in surface waters atthe fish farm, indicated damage tothe fish gill and caused a serioussalmon kill at the site.The cells were distributed mainly inthe upper surface layer, numbersdiminishing with depth. At one sitelocated in the GuaitecasArchipelago (ca. 44º lat. South) themaximum concentration was 961cells/mL, representing 86 % of thetotal phytoplankton community. Thebloom began in December 2005,and the maximum abundance of A.catenella was observed during the2nd and 3rd week of January. At allsites with positive presence of thedinoflagellate the sea temperaturewas higher than 12.0 ºC.175

INTERNATIONAL SOCIETY FOR THE STUDY OF HARMFUL ALGAE12 th <strong>International</strong> <strong>Conference</strong> on Harmful Algae, Copenhagen, Denmark, 4-8 September 2006PO.13-55TTR, a new project of theWESTPAC-HAB programmeSession: PO.13 - Regional eventsY. Fukuyo 1 , R Azanza 21 University of Tokyo, TOKYO, Japan2 University of the Philippines, MANILA,PhilippinesIOC/WESTPAC, IOC Sub-Commission for the WesternPacific, has implemented its HABProgramme since 1989, to studybiological, ecological andbiochemical characters of harmfulmicroalgae and the effects causedby the algae. The programme hasrecognized the importance oftraining activities and theIOC/WESTPAC has conductedrelevant training courses seventimes during 1995-2003, focusingon the development of skills todetect toxic dinoflagellates andtoxins in contaminated shellfish. Thecourses have been funded by theJapanese Government. Significantachievements have ben obtainedduring these courses. However theobtained skills were sometimesabandoned because the traineesdid not have the possibility to applythem in their positions at their homecountries. We resolved that thetraining courses should beupgraded to the 'Training throughResearch (TTR)' project. Thisreformation was supported at theFifth WESTPAC Session held inNha Trang, Vietnam, in May 2005.Whereas the previous trainingcourses did not include researchactivities, the TTR programme canbe regarded as an internationalcooperative research programme.Several research groups (RGs) ondifferent scientific subjects wereestablished; the first RG on Cystmapping, the second RG on HABspecies characterization, and thethird RG on use of ELISA kit forPSP toxin detection.PO.03-07Italian observatory on water andhealthSession: PO.03 - Public healthE Funari 1 , D Mattei 1 , S Scardala 1 , LGramaccioni 21 National Institute of Health, ROME, Italy2 Ministry of Health, ROME, ItalyItaly has enforced the Europeandirectives on bathing and drinkingwaters, and the quality is generallygood. Yet, the national organisationin this area suffers fromshortcomings in: adequatemonitoring programs; lack ofintegration of institutional actors (atnational and local levels); analyticaldata not always being produced in aquality system; no integratedapproach for the surveillance ofwaterborne diseases; problems ofmanagement of data at the nationallevel (informative system).To face some of these problems, anational Observatory on water andhealth has been created.Several Italian surface waters usedfor drinking and bathing activitiesare infected by toxic cyanobacteriabelonging to the generaCylindrospermopsis, Plankthotrixand Microcystis. Most recently, inthe marine waters blooms of toxicalgae such as Ostreopsis ovatahave occurred. Such blooms havebeen associated with minor humanhealth effects following exposure tothe toxic aerosols from the algae.The Observatory activities willinclude both issues of freshwatercyanobacteria and toxic marinealgae. The informative system willcollect and elaborate data on theaspects related to human health,176

INTERNATIONAL SOCIETY FOR THE STUDY OF HARMFUL ALGAE12 th <strong>International</strong> <strong>Conference</strong> on Harmful Algae, Copenhagen, Denmark, 4-8 September 2006will provide guidelines for monitoringactivities and will propose trainingcourses.PO.16-16Spatial and temporal distributionof dinoflagellate cysts inMalampaya Sound, Palawan,PhilippinesSession: PO.16 – Life cyclesF Furio 1 , V. Borja 1 , A. Rodriguez 2 , Y.Fukuyo 3 , K. Matsuoka 41 NFRDI, QUEZON CITY, Philippines2 OPA, Local Government of Palawan,PUERTO PRINCESA, Philippines3 University of Tokyo, TOKYO, Japan4 Nagasaki University, NAGASAKI, JapanDinoflagellate cyst mapping fromthe sediment surface wereconducted at 26 sampling stationsin two basins of MalampayaSounds, Palawan, from late 1998 tomid-2002. The study focused on thespatio-temporal distribution of cystsof the PSP-producing species,Pyrodinium bahamense var.compressum (Polysphaeridiumzoharyii in paleontologicalnomenclature) in the sediments, toassess the existence of possible'seed beds', that may serve assource of motile cells.Approximately 22-32 dinoflagellatecyst types were recorded,representing nine motile cell-definedgenera and one cyst-defined genus.The cyst assemblages found duringall monsoonal seasons werecharacterized by higher proportionsof autotrophic species, which werewidely distributed in the surfacesediments. A higher density ofPolysphaeridium zoharyii cysts,which occurred at several stationsalong the northwest side of theOuter Sound, were observed mostlyin deep, small embayments withrestricted inlets and muddysediments. The consistentappearance in time and space ofvery abundant P. zoharyii cysts inthe surface sediments of the OuterSound indicates potential 'seedbeds' for blooms of motile cells of P.bahamense.PO.06-05First record of a large-scalebloom of Thalassiosiracurviseriata Takano in the EastChina SeaSession: PO.06 - Population dynamicsYahui Gao 1 , Douding Lu 2 , Yuzao Qi 3 ,Jingzhong Zou 4 , Yang Li 1 , WenglingXie 1 , Junrong Liang 11 Xiamen University, XIAMEN, China2 Second Institute of Oceanography, SOA,HANGZHOU, China3 Jinan University, GUANGZHOU, China4 Chinese Academy of Science, QINGDAO,ChinaIn the East China Sea (ECS), alarge- scale bloom of Prorocentrumdonghaiense Lu from April to Junehas been a recurrent phenomenonin recent years. However, theProrocentrum bloom was rathersmall during the spring of 2005.Instead, there was a large-scalebloom of diatoms from late March tomid-April and from late May to Mid-June. The dominant species wasThalassiosira curviseriata Takano,together with Skeletonemacostatum (Greville) Cleve andChaetoceros debilis Cleve. The cellconcentration reached 10 6 cells/Land the bloom area extended forseveral thousand km 2 . Thalassiosiracurviseriata is a newly recordeddiatom species from China andblooms have never been reportedbefore. It mainly occurred in thesurface and subsurface waters andthe main distribution region in theECS was at 122°4'-122°13'E and27°42'-28°59'N. The highest cell177

INTERNATIONAL SOCIETY FOR THE STUDY OF HARMFUL ALGAE12 th <strong>International</strong> <strong>Conference</strong> on Harmful Algae, Copenhagen, Denmark, 4-8 September 2006concentration observed was1.27×10 6 cells/L. Thalassiosiracurviseriata is a spiral chain-formingdiatom with a cell size of 8.3-12.6um. Its characteristics werestudied by LM and EM and resultsare given in this paper.This work was supported by China973 program (2001CB409701) andNSFC (40476055).PO.13-75A review of harmful algal bloomsalong the Mexican Pacific coast(1878-2006)Session: PO.13 - Regional eventsIsmael Gárate-Lizárraga 1 , CJ Band-Schmidt 1 , DJ López-Cortés 2 , JJBustillos-Guzmán 2 , MS Muñetón-Gómez 11 Instituto Politecnico Nacional, LA PAZ,Baja California Sur, Mexico2 Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas, LAPAZ, Baja California Sur, MexicoAn increase of harmful algal bloomshas occurred worldwide over thelast few decades. This increase hasalso been observed in Mexico. Thepresent study aims at updating theinformation on HABs along theMexican Pacific. A bibliographicalreview (60 references) and study ofunpublished data indicate 167blooms, mainly dinoflagellates anddiatoms. Of these blooms, 33 tookplace on the west coast of the BajaCalifornia Peninsula; 108 in the Gulfof California; 21 in the tropicalPacific, and 5 in the Gulf ofTehuantepec. The highest numberof blooms occurred in Bahía deMazatlán and Bahía de La Paz. Themost commonly reported species(> 30) was the ciliate Myrionectarubra, which is distributed fromPunta San Hipólito (27°N, 114°W)to Oaxaca (15°40'N, 96°30'W),followed by Gymnodiniumcatenatum, with more than 25blooms from the Gulf of California toOaxaca. The toxicity of G.catenatum has been determined instrains from the Gulf of California.Recently, Rhizosolenia debyana,Eucampia zodicacus, Chaetocerosdebilis, Cochlodinium polykrikoides,Prorocentrum rathymum, P.mexicanum, Gyrodinium instriatumand Chattonella marina have beenreported to form blooms along thecoasts. This review highlights theimportance of monitoring programsto understand causes, incidences,toxicity, and effects on ecosystemsand human health.PO.16-12The bottom cell clusters: a newhypothesis for bloom initiation ofcyst-forming dinoflagellatesSession: PO.16 – Life cyclesB Genovesi-Giunti 1 , A Vaquer 1 , MLaabir 1 , A Fiandrino 2 , A Pastoureaud 21 Ecosystèmes Lagunaires,MONTPELLIER, France2 Ifremer LER/LR, SETE, FranceAlexandrium catenella causesrecurrent toxic blooms (> 1 millioncells/l) in the Thau Lagoon (FrenchMediterranean). The bloomdevelopment occurs only in theAngle Creek, which is a small,shallow and semi-enclosedembayment. We mapped theresting cyst distribution, whichrevealed a low average abundanceof cysts in the sediments (40cysts/ml) and a few accumulationpatches (up to 200 cysts/ml). Ourexperimental investigation of cystbiology revealed synchronousgerminations involvong up to 90 %in 4 days. However, the capacity ofgermling cells to divide and form anew population was very low. Theseresults suggest a very low seedingpotential in the creek. In parallel,178

INTERNATIONAL SOCIETY FOR THE STUDY OF HARMFUL ALGAE12 th <strong>International</strong> <strong>Conference</strong> on Harmful Algae, Copenhagen, Denmark, 4-8 September 2006biological and hydrodynamicalnumerical models are beingdeveloped for A. catenella bloomsimulation in the area. In order toreconcile our observations withnumerical simulations, it appearsthat the low inoculum resulting fromcyst bank germination must remainconcentrated close to the bottom asa condition for successful bloominitiation. Less than 4 days of watercolumn stability associated with afrontal structure reduced thedispersion and supported thecohesion of the bottom cell clusters,allowing the seeding population toreach a critical density for blooming.PO.01-27Population genetic structure ofSkeletonema marinoi - a modelspecies for phytoplankton bloomdynamicsSession: PO.01 - GeneticsA GodheGöteborg University, GÖTEBORG, SwedenPhytoplankton blooms fuel coastalfood webs but can sometimes beharmful due to overwhelmingconcentrations, production of toxins,or mechanical injury. The geneticdiversity of a population is importantin determining the response tochanging environmental conditions.This diversity may also be importantfor bloom formation. We haveexamined the genetic diversity ofSkeletonema marinoi clonesisolated from Gullmar Fjord on theSwedish West Coast. This is a verycommon species in the area. Itoccurs from February to November,and reaches its highest densityduring the spring bloom in Februaryor March. More than a hundreddifferent clones were individuallyisolated from plankton samplescollected over more than one year.Allellic diversity within thepopulation was confirmed byanalyzing several microsatellite loci.Great genetic variation indicatesthat sexual reproduction is importantin the population. The high geneticdiversity of the population may be aprerequisite for its extensiveoccurrence during variable seasonalconditions. Sequencing ofconserved parts of the genome(LSU rDNA) also displayed a rangeof genetic variation, whereasmorphological features examined inthe electron microscope did notvary.PO.08-05Gyrodinium fissum: harmfulspecies or new biotechnologicalobject?Session: PO.08 - ToxicologyEvgeny B. Gol'dinSouthern Branch of the National Agrarian,SIMFEROPOL, UkraineThe dinoflagellate Gyrodiniumfissum (Gf) is poorly studied alga.Some authors regard it as red tideorganism; others as non-toxic objectof crustacean feeding; Gf biocidalactivity has not been properlystudied. We exposed lackey andbrown-tale moths, fall webworm andColorado potato beetle (Cpb) to theeffects of Gf. The leaves weretreated with a Gf culture and fed tothe insects. Gf demonstratedvarious inhibitory effects. (1)Repellent action: lackey moth larvaedid not feed and gathered in thesubstrate and jar walls. (2) Longtermdeterrent action with residualconsequences: the larval nutritionfell considerably (3.0-5.0% ofcontrol). (3) A short-term deterrentaction: brown-tale moth larvae. (4)Inhibition of growth: developmentallag of larvae of lackey moth179

INTERNATIONAL SOCIETY FOR THE STUDY OF HARMFUL ALGAE12 th <strong>International</strong> <strong>Conference</strong> on Harmful Algae, Copenhagen, Denmark, 4-8 September 2006(50.0%), fall webworm (29.2-68.0);the larvae and imago in Cpb (48.5-63.5% and 15.4-16.1%). (5)Dysfunction of metamorphosis:defects of pupation and imagoforming; treatment of Cpb eggscaused elimination of eggs (56.3%)and hatching larvae (32.6%). (6)Mortality during 10-20 days: inlackey moth (95.0%), fall webworm(100.0%) and Cpb (84.4-100.0%).Histological examinationdemonstrated the degradation oforgans and tissues. Gf can bepropagated in controlled cultivation;its toxicity is selective: it is not toxicto non-target objects: Gf can beused in biological pest control.PO.10-37Ecological and physiologicalstudies of Dinophysis spp.during an upwelling-downwellingcycle in Ría de Pontevedra (NWSpain)Session: PO.10 - Ecophysiology &autecologyS Gonzalez-Gil, L Velo, B RegueraInstituto Español de Oceanografía, VIGO,SpainDuring a two-week multidisciplinarycruise in the Ría de Pontevedra inJune 2005 (HABIT 2005) aimed atidentifying and characterizing thinlayers under stratified conditions,and to study the populationdynamics of Dinophysis species,biological observations were madein an effort to define thephysiological status of eachspecies. Viability assays,percentages of vacuolatedspecimens, positions of the nuclei,as well as polysaccharide depositsand morphometric measurementswere made on live samples.Indications of apparent mixotrophyin Dinophysis rotundata and D.acuminata were detected by both insitu autofluorescence and by usingthe fluorochrome Sybr-Green.Further experiments are in progressinvolvog laboratory incubations ofisolated single cells of D. rotundataand D. acuminata in multiwellplates, using a cryptophyte as food,and with a new class of modelprotein particles labelled covalentlywith fluorochromes as modelparticles for the determination ofgrazing rates.PO.05-30Yessotoxin contamination: thefirst report from PortugueseshellfishSession: PO.05 - Toxin analysisSS Gomes, P Vale, MJ Botelho, SMRodroguez, M Cerejo, MG VilarinhoINIAP/IPIMAR, LISBOA, PortugalSeveral Portuguese shellfishspecies were screened for thepresence of yessotoxin (YTX) usinga newly developed immunoassaykit, sensitive to a wide variety ofYTX analogues (YTXs). Shellfishsamples were collected at Aveiroand Formosa Lagoon, and at theAlgarve offshore during thesummer/autumn 2005. In lagunarspecies, YTXs were detected in thefollowing at decreasingconcentrations: Mytilusgalloprovincialis >> Cerastodermaedule > Ruditapes decussatus =Venerupis pullastra = Solenmarginatus, but not in Crassostreaspp. In offshore species, YTXs weredetected in the following atdecreasing concentrations: Spisulasolida > Donax spp = Chameleagallina. Some of the musselssamples collected in the north ofPortugal (Aveiro), as well as thesouth (Formosa), showed levelsaround the current EU regulatory180

INTERNATIONAL SOCIETY FOR THE STUDY OF HARMFUL ALGAE12 th <strong>International</strong> <strong>Conference</strong> on Harmful Algae, Copenhagen, Denmark, 4-8 September 2006limit of 1 mg/kg shellfish meat, notexceeding 1.2 mg/kg. A prolongedpersistence of YTXs was observedin all three areas studied. At AveiroLagoon it was possible to associatetemporary increases in YTX’scontamination with the presence inthe plankton of Protoceratium spp.and Gonyaulax spinifera, but notwith Lingulodinium polyedrum. Thisis the first report of contamination ofbivalve molluscs from Portugal withYTXs.PO.15-33Minimizing economical losseswith 'real-time' HAB surveillanceSession: PO.15 - MonitoringE Granéli, C EsplundKalmar University, KALMAR, SwedenCyanobacterial blooms coveringalmost the entire Baltic Sea is anormal feature in July-August. Forthe tourism industry at the island ofÖland, SE Sweden, the economicallosses during the summer of 2005amounted to16-21 million euros. Asremote sense satellite images havea low resolution, from the pictures ofthe blooms it looks like that allÖland beaches are covered withdecomposing algae. In reality, theseblooms rarely affect the westernside of the island. By having anintensive daily real-time surveillanceof the algal accumulation on thebeaches, with quick transfer (withinhours) of this information to thepublic, it is possible to get thetourists back, showing that onalmost all days of the two months ofblooms, most beaches are fit forbathing. The 'real-time' monitoringis be done by volunteers(pensioners, youth, camp-siteworkers, etc.) who get thenecessary training at the Universityof Kalmar. Among the skills to belearned by the volunteers areharmful algal species identificationand quantification, analyses ofcyanobacterial pigments,temperature, salinity, etc. Theresults for the pilot study (July-August) will be presented.PO.10-31Using quantification of geneexpression to investigate theinitiation phase and dynamics ofAlexandrium catenella blooms(Dinophyceae)Session: PO.10 - Ecophysiology &autecologyD Grzebyk 1 , MS Shin 1 , E Masseret 1 , MLaabir 1 , A Pastoureaud 2 , Y Collos 1 , AVaquer 11 University Montpellier 2, MONTPELLIER,France2 IFREMER, LER/LR, SÈTE, FranceInitiation is a critical phase ofharmful algal blooms that has beenoverlooked in field investigationscarried out for understanding andpredicting their occurrence, for tworeasons. First, when toxic cells aredetected in phytoplankton byconventional monitoring methods,their concentration is alreadyrelatively high (ca 100 cells/L) andenvironmental conditions are likelychanging with respect to theinitiation conditions that triggeredthe cell proliferation. Second, whena cell is observed, its physiologicalstatus remains unknown: is this cellactually in growth phase? To getcloser to the initiation period ofHAB, new tools are required whichare more sensitive, specific, andable to give information on cellactivity and proliferation dynamics.In the framework of our programinvestigating Alexandrium catenellablooms in the Thau Lagoon (FrenchMediterranean), we are developingmolecular assays to analyze geneexpression (mRNA quantity per cell)181

INTERNATIONAL SOCIETY FOR THE STUDY OF HARMFUL ALGAE12 th <strong>International</strong> <strong>Conference</strong> on Harmful Algae, Copenhagen, Denmark, 4-8 September 2006using reverse transcription andquantitative PCR. We have selectedtwo target genes coding for theRubisCO enzyme (performingcarbon fixation and reflecting cellmetabolic activity) and the PCNA(proliferating cell nuclear antigen)protein involved in cell division. Totest these assays, we will presentvariations of gene expressionanalyzed in various experimentalconditions.PO.06-22Effect of selenium on PseudonitzschiaseriataSession: PO.06 - Population dynamicsIC Guimarães Nogueira 1 , VMVasconcelos 1 , P Vale 21 Ciimar, PORTO, Portugal2 IPIMAR-Instituto de Investigação das Pes,LISBOA, PortugalThe laboratory culture of toxigenicpennate diatoms of the genusPseudo-nitzschia often gives lowergrowth rates. This is inadequate forecophysiological studies and forstudies involving acid domoicquantification or web-transfer. It issuggested in the literature thataddition of extra silicon andselenium is beneficial for growth ofdiatom cultures, such as Pseudonitzschiasp. In this work weevaluated the effect of selenium onPseudo-nitzschia seriata growthrates and also on f/2 mediumfeatures such as pH, salinity andconductivity, over 15 days at 10 ºC.Addition of selenium, atconcentration of 1.29 mg Na 2 SeO 3/L, caused a slight increase of thegrowth rate and pH. In contrast,significant differences were found inconductivity and salinity betweenculture mediums with and withoutselenium. No domoic acidproduction was detected by HPLC.PO.14-05Flow cytometry in conjunctionwith dual staining assessesviability of Microcystis cells afterexposure to bacteriaSession: PO.14 - MitigationJR Gumbo, TE CloeteUniversity of Pretoria, PRETORIA, SouthAfricaFlow cytometric (FCM) techniquewas used to assess viability ofMicrocystis cells after exposure toBacillus mycoides B16. The FCManalysis involved assessment oftwo cellular functions, esteraseactivity and membrane integrity,after dual staining with Fluoresceindiacetate (FDA) and Propidiumiodide (PI). The dual staining ofMicrocystis cells revealed differentcell populations: living, membranecompromised and dead cells. Theresults show that after 2 h ofincubation with B. mycoides B16 thepopulation of dead Microcystis cellswas 12%, membrane-compromisedcells was 80% and live cells was8%. The demography of Microcystiscells changed after 6 d ofincubation, with population of deadMicrocystis cells was 51%, thosewith membrane- compromised cellswas 34% and live cells was 15%. Inbacteria treated samples theMicrocystis biomass was reducedby over 95% whereas with thecontrol samples the biomassincreased by over 1000%. Thebiocontrol agent B mycoides B16appeared to cause Microcystis celllysis resulting in cells withcompromised membranes with aSEM micrographs signatureequivalent to samples that havebeen lysed with copper sulphate, aknown algicide. B. mycoides B16could therefore be considered as a182

INTERNATIONAL SOCIETY FOR THE STUDY OF HARMFUL ALGAE12 th <strong>International</strong> <strong>Conference</strong> on Harmful Algae, Copenhagen, Denmark, 4-8 September 2006potential biocontrol agent for thecontrol of harmful algal bloomsPO.13-43National report of red tides(HABs) in China 2001- 2005Session: PO.13 - Regional eventsHao Guo 1 , Xiao Lei Yi 21 National Marine Environmental Monitoring,DALIAN, Liaoning Province, China2 State Oceanic Administration (SOA),BEIJING, ChinaRed tides (HABs) is an importantenvironmental issue in Chinesecoastal areas. From the first recordof a red tide in 1933, more than 800red tide events have been recordedin China. In 2001-2005, Chinawitnessed 453 cases of red tides,which covered an area of 93.26thousand square kilometres totally.Most red tides are located in theEast China Sea. Results ofmonitoring indicate that red tidesfrequently occur in May/June. 62%of the red tides occurred during thisperiod, representing 83% of thearea. Dominant red tide organismswere Prorocentrum dentatum,Skeletonema costatum, Noctilucascintillans, Mesodinium rubrum etc.Poisonous and harmful species likeKarenia mikimotoi, Phaeocystis sp.etc. have increased in recent years.Land-based pollution andeutrophication is suggested to bethe main reason causing red tides.Careful monitoring increases thediscovery and control of red tidessignificantly, and emergencyresponse systems play an importantrole for mitigating the impact of thered tides.PO.01-21Occurrence of motile cells of aGymnodinium species, belongingto the Gymnodinium catenatumgroup, in the western Baltic SeaSession: PO.01 - GeneticsJ Göbel 1 , D Lu 21 Landesamt für Natur und Umwelt,FLINTBEK, Germany2 Second Institute of Oceanography,HANGZHOU, ChinaSince 2003 motile cells of theGymnodinium have been detectedin the coastal waters of Schleswig-Holstein within the context of theintensive phytoplankton monitoring(Early Algae Detection System)during the summer months. Thespecies usually appears asvegetative single cells but also 2-cell-chains were observed in thesamples. Data show that thisGymnodinium did not appear before2003 and until now there has beenno records of motile vegetative cellsfrom the water column of otherareas in the Baltic Sea.The reason may be its low cellnumbers but it may also indicaterecent changes of environmentalconditions, which probably promotethe germination of cysts fromsediments.PO.15-31Field plankton observation:equipment and techniquesSession: PO.15 - MonitoringS Hall, SM Conrad, SM Etheridge, JRDeedsFDA, LAUREL, MD, United States ofAmericaA small, hand-held field microscopepermits plankton observations innear real time- a few minutes fromnet tow to observation. This in turnpermits sampling to be directed bywhat one sees, rather than having183

INTERNATIONAL SOCIETY FOR THE STUDY OF HARMFUL ALGAE12 th <strong>International</strong> <strong>Conference</strong> on Harmful Algae, Copenhagen, Denmark, 4-8 September 2006to wait until samples are returned tothe lab for examination before oneknows what was present in the field.Any of several readily availabledigital still or video cameras can becoupled to the microscope, allowingfield observations to bedocumented. This equipment willbe demonstrated during theconference. Please check thebulletin board for announcements oftimes and locations.PO.14-04Efficacy of three commercialballast water biocides againstvegetative microalgae,dinoflagellate cysts and bacteriaSession: PO.14 - MitigationGM Hallegraeff, MD GreggUniversity of Tasmania, HOBART, AustraliaInclusion within the IMO ShipBallast Water Convention of amicrobial treatment standard hasrekindled interest in chemicalbiocides to combat ballast watermediated aquatic invasions. Weexamined efficacy of threecommercial ballast water biocides,SeaKleen®, Peraclean® Ocean andVibrex®, using vegetativemicroalgae, dinoflagellate cysts andbacteria as test organisms.Peraclean® Ocean could effectivelyinactivate dinocysts ofGymnodinium catenatum,Alexandrium catenella andProtoceratium reticulatum at 400ppm, control bacterial growth at125-250 ppm, and eliminatevegetative dinoflagellate cells at100ppm. It was biodegradablewithin 2-6 weeks. SeaKleen® didnot inactivate cysts of A. catenellaat 5 times recommended dose (10ppm), exhibited poor bactericidalproperties (100-200 ppm required),and poor biodegradability (assessedthrough impact on motility ofvegetative microalgae). Thechlorine dioxide biocide Vibrex® isnot a suitable ballast watertreatment due to the need forhydrochloric acid as activator,however it was the most effectiveagainst bacteria (complete inhibitionat 15 ppm). The performance ofbiocides was adversely influencedby low temperatures (6 vs 17 °C),light vs dark conditions, andincidence of humus and sediments.Routine applicability of activesubstances is limited by concernsas to cost, biological effectiveness,ship crew safety and residualtoxicity of discharged ballast water.PO.10-10Vertical distribution of twopotentially toxic Dinophysisspecies (Dinophyceae) in thenorthern Baltic SeaSession: PO.10 - Ecophysiology &AutecologyHA Hällfors 1 , S Hajdu 2 , H Kuosa 3 , ULarsson 21 Finnish Institute of Marine Research,HELSINKI, Finland2 Stockholm University, STOCKHOLM,Sweden3 University of Helsinki, HELSINKI, FinlandThe potentially toxic dinoflagellatesDinophysis acuminata and D.norvegica are dominant amongDinophysis species in the BalticSea. We investigated their verticaldistributions in the open northernBaltic proper and western Gulf ofFinland. Dinohysis acuminata wasconsiderably more abundant thanD. norvegica, especially in the Gulfof Finland. Dinophysis norvegicawas more frequent and occurred inhigher abundances in the northernBaltic proper. It occurred in anarrower temperature and salinityrange and may need a more stablewater column to develop abundant184

INTERNATIONAL SOCIETY FOR THE STUDY OF HARMFUL ALGAE12 th <strong>International</strong> <strong>Conference</strong> on Harmful Algae, Copenhagen, Denmark, 4-8 September 2006populations.High abundances of D. acuminatawere usually observed in theilluminated layer above thethermocline or at the thermoclinewhen it was within the euphoticzone and coincided with a nutricline.Dinophysis norvegica resided at thethermocline even when it was belowthe euphotic zone and even thoughno apparent increase in nutrientswas observed. Dinophysisacuminata and D. norvegicaappeared to be vertically separatedwhen co-occurring; this wasobserved even when both speciesformed maxima in the top 10 m.PO.05-24Development of an enzymelinkedimmunosorbent assay(ELISA) for detection of paralyticshellfish poisoning toxins (PSP)Session: PO.05 - Toxin analysisY Hamano, K KawatsuOsaka Pref. Inst. of Public Health, OSAKA,JapanA rapid and sensitive ELISA fordetection of PSP in shellfish wasdeveloped, using a monoclonalantibody (GT-13A), which waspreviously confirmed to reactspecifically to various kinds ofstandard PSP, and was evaluatedfor PSP monitoring. The ELISA kit,consisting of the antibody (GT-13A)solution, anti-mouse IgG-antibodycoated plate, decarbamoylsaxitoxinperoxidaseconjugate solution,washing solution and stoppingsolution, was made for practicaluse. By the ELISA kit, at least 40samples can be measured within 40min, and the detection limit of PSPwas 0.2 nmol of PSP (gonyautoxin2/3) per g of shellfish. More than1300 specimens of samples werecollected from various areas ofJapan in 2002-2004 and weremeasured by the ELISA. Goodcorrelation was observed betweenthe ELISA values and those ofmouse bioassay (MB). In theELISA, because of the highsensitivity, small amounts of PSPwere detected from 461 of 611samples which gave negativeresults by MB. The ELISA isconsidered to be a useful tool forPSP monitoring of shellfish.PO.13-29About toxic cyanobacteria inTunisia’s fresh waterSession: PO.13 - Regional eventsAsma Hamza 1 , I Zekrri 21 Institut National des Sciences et Techno,SFAX, Tunisia2 INSTM, SFAX, TunisiaA survey on cyanobacteria hasbeen conducted in aquaticenvironments in Tunisia (marinewater, dams, thermal waters, etc.).Species were named and criticalperiods identified. Speciescomposition, biomass and dynamicsof the cyanobacteria depended onmany factors. Besides the trophicstatus of a particular water mass,weather seasonality also plays animportant role. Excessive growth ofcyanobacteria and strongdominance of Microcystisaeruginosa reflected anexceptionally long hot dry period.PO.01-18Phylogeny and biogeography ofProrocentrum donghaienseSession: PO.01 - GeneticsXiaotian Han 1 , YZ Qi 2 , JZ Zou 1 , ZMYu 1 , YH Gao 3 , DD Lu 41 Institute of Oceanology, CAS, QINGDAO,China2 Institute of Hydrobiology, Jinan University,GUANGZHOU, China185

INTERNATIONAL SOCIETY FOR THE STUDY OF HARMFUL ALGAE12 th <strong>International</strong> <strong>Conference</strong> on Harmful Algae, Copenhagen, Denmark, 4-8 September 20063 School of Life Sciences, XiamenUniversity, Xiamen, China4 Second Institute of Oceanography, StateOceanic Administration, HANGZHOU,ChinaThis research represents the firstcomprehensive study of thephylogeny and biogeography of P.donghaiense from the East ChinaSea, Korean coast and the EastPacific (South America).The 18S ribosomal RNA gene wasused as a phylogenetic andbiogeographic indicator. The four P.donghaiense strains werepositioned i the same clade on thephylogenetic tree. The bootstrapvalue of 93.2% between the WestPacific and the East Pacific strainsindicate that the populationsoriginated from the same ancestor.Prorocentrum donghaiense strainsfrom the East China Sea andKorean coast are closely related toone another, which suggests that P.donghaiense from the East ChinaSea may be native to the Koreancoast. From the high degree ofhomogenity within the globallydistributed clade of P. donghaiense,we conclude that P. donghaiensefrom the East Pacific may be theorigin of these populations. Theclade of P. donghaiense is closelyrelated to the clade of P. minimum.PO.15-30Blooms of cyanobacteria in theBaltic Sea 1997-2006 detectedusing satellite – the phosphorusconnectionSession: PO.15 - MonitoringM Hansson, B KarlsonSMHI, Oceanographic services, VÄSTRAFRÖLUNDA, SwedenSummer blooms of nitrogen-fixingcyanobacteria are regularphenomena in the Baltic Sea. In thepast years strong and widespreadblooms have caused environmentalconcern due to nuisance, toxicityand the increased nitrogen input.The most abundant toxic species,Nodularia spumigena, can pose athreat to small animals and children.Based on satellite sensor AVHRR(Advanced Very High ResolutionRadiometer), SMHI has a compiledtime series of surfaceaccumulations of cyanobacterialblooms during the period 1997-2006. Results indicate large interannualvariations that could beconnected to periods with oxygenfree conditions in the bottom waterin the Baltic Sea and the resultingrelease of phosphorus from thesediments to deep water. Duringinflow of oxygen rich and salinewater from the Kattegat, deep watercan be moved closer to the surfaceand eventually the water with highconcentrations of phosphorus istransported into the surface layerdue to wind mixing. Since mostcyanobacteria have the ability to fixnitrogen, the main limiting factor isthe amount of availablephosphorus. Other factors that alsoinfluence the occurrence of strongblooms are the sea surfacetemperature, wind conditions andstratification.PO.05-37Analysis of phycotoxins in handpickedplankton cells by microcolumnliquid chromatographytandemmass spectrometrySession: PO.05 - Toxin analysisWR Hardstaff 1 , NI Lewis 1 , J Aasen 2 ,MA Quilliam 11 National Research Council, HALIFAX NS,Canada2 School of Veterinary Science, OSLO,NorwayThe toxin concentration and profilepresent in plankton can vary186

INTERNATIONAL SOCIETY FOR THE STUDY OF HARMFUL ALGAE12 th <strong>International</strong> <strong>Conference</strong> on Harmful Algae, Copenhagen, Denmark, 4-8 September 2006considerably between differentgeographical areas and even withina region and between seasons dueto the presence of different speciesand strains. Traditional methods ofanalysis require substantial samplesizes (e.g. millions of cells) makingit difficult to attribute the presence oftoxins or variations in toxin profilesto individual species. This paper willpresent a new method based upona micro- sampling and extractionprocedure coupled with microcolumnliquid chromatographytandemmass spectrometry (LC-MS). This sensitive method makesanalysis of toxin content withinsingle cells from both cultures andfield samples, a possibility. LC-MSanalyses of spirolides,pectenotoxins and yessotoxins fromintact cells picked from fieldsamples are provided. Variations intoxin profiles were observed insingle cells of A. ostenfeldii from asample collected at Ship Harbour,where we have observedconsiderable variability in toxinprofile in previous years. In clonalcultures of A. ostenfeldii (AOSH1)similar toxin profiles were observed,however there was a strongcorrelation between cell size andtoxin concentration.PO.16-08Significance of benthicrecruitment on the dynamics ofharmful phytoplankton blooms inthe tropicsimportance of benthic resting stagesin seeding planktonic blooms is stillunclear. Using mesocosms, wetested the influence of benthic vs.planktonic inocula on thedevelopment and taxonomiccomposition of tropic phytoplanktoncommunities. The experimentrevealed that the type of inoculuminfluenced bloom development andcommunity structure. Taxa notknown to form resting stages, suchas Pseudo-nitzschia spp. andSkeletonema tropicum were veryabundant in the plankton inoculatedmesocosms. Species compositionwas different when seeded by cellsfrom the benthos. Resting-stageforming species, such asrepresentatives of the genusThalassiosira, thrived in thesediment inoculated mesocosms.These species displayed twotemporally separated density peaksin mesocosms inoculated with bothplankton and sediment. Mostprobably the second peak was aconsequence of germinated restingstages. Our results indicate thatbenthic resting stages provide animportant source for some species.The introduction of benthic restingstages to surface waters can greatlyinfluence species composition of theplankton, and therefore it isimportant that studies of planktonblooms include life history stagesfrom both the sediments and watercolumn.Session: PO.16 – Life cyclesK HärnströmMarine Ecology, GÖTEBORG, SwedenMany harmful marine microalgaehave a benthic resting-stage as partof their lifecycle. Althoughphytoplankton blooms are majorevents in aquatic systems, thePO.14-11187

INTERNATIONAL SOCIETY FOR THE STUDY OF HARMFUL ALGAE12 th <strong>International</strong> <strong>Conference</strong> on Harmful Algae, Copenhagen, Denmark, 4-8 September 2006Growth control of toxicmicroalgae by weak voltage andweak currentSession: PO.14 - MitigationYukie Hatta, Asami Touna, HitoshiOgawaUniv. Tamagawa, MACHIDA-SHI TOKYO,JapanIt is well known that the weakvoltage and current in the nervoussystem influence the physiology ofanimals. On the other hand, little isknown about the influences ofvoltage and the current on thephysiology of algae and plants.The use of a slight voltage andcurrent was reported as adhesionprevention of the barnacle by Inoueet al. (Fisheries Engineering inJapan 2004 Vol. 41 No1. pp. 47-52).With a relatively low voltage (3 to12V) movement to the electrode(30 cm between the electrodes)and whitening of the toxicmicroalgae was observed.Intermittent and intersectionvoltage and current supply havepossible effects on the growth ofthe algal cell.The voltage and the current supplyhave influence on surfacing andsedimentation of the algae. Effectsof daytime and nighttime was alsoseen.The electrical stimulations maycause disturbance and confusion ofelectrical potentials of the cell filmsand thereby influence mineralnutrition, oxygen and carbondioxide intake of the cells.PO.04-11Uptake, metabolism and loss ofclay-flocculated brevetoxins in asurface deposit-feeding clamSession: PO.04 – Food chainsAG Haubois, M Bricelj, M QuilliamNational Research Council of Canada,HALIFAX, CanadaBlooms of the brevetoxin-producingKarenia brevis in the Gulf of Mexicocause fish kills, food poisoning andrespiratory irritation in humans.Sedimentation of toxic cellsfollowing clay application couldreduce toxin incorporation bycommercially important suspensionfeedingbivalves and direct publichealth impacts, but may potentiallylead to brevetoxin (PbTx)accumulation by benthic depositfeeders.The goal of this study wasto determine whether depositfeedingcould provide a pathway oftoxin transfer from deposited clay-K.brevis aggregates. We investigatedPbTx uptake, metabolism anddetoxification kinetics in a depositfeeding,tellinid clam exposed toclay-deposited brevetoxins. Wedemonstrate that brevetoxins canbe rapidly accumulated by depositfeedingfrom sedimented K. breviscells (exceeding the regulatory levelof 0.8 mg PbTx g -1 within ~12h asdetermined by ELISA). LC-MSanalysis showed that PbTx-2, thedominant toxin in the clay/cell layer,was rapidly transformed into PbTx-3and its cysteine derivatives in clamtissues. Detoxification of tissuesfollowing deposit-feeding occurredbut toxicities remained around theregulatory level for 15 days. Thistoxicity was due largely to thepersistence of the more potentPbTx-3-cys metabolites in tissues.Deposit-feeding clams do not posea direct threat to humans but mayprovide a pathway for brevetoxinfood web transfer.PO.05-09188

INTERNATIONAL SOCIETY FOR THE STUDY OF HARMFUL ALGAE12 th <strong>International</strong> <strong>Conference</strong> on Harmful Algae, Copenhagen, Denmark, 4-8 September 2006In vitro interactions betweenseveral species of harmful algaeand hemocytes of bivalvemolluscsSession: PO.05 - Toxin analysisHT Hegaret 1 , GH Wikfors 2 , SEShumway 11 University of Connecticut, GROTON,United States of America2 NOAA-NMFS, MILFORD, CT 06460,United States of AmericaHarmful algal blooms (HABs) canhave noxious and sublethal impactson shellfish. The northern quahog (=hard clam), Mercenaria mercenaria,can experience blooms of severalHAB species, includingProrocentrum minimum,Heterosigma akashiwo andAlexandrium fundyense. Tounderstand the possible roles of thehemocytes in bivalve responses toHABs, and how the algal cells areaffected by these responses, in vitrotests of interactions between thoseharmful algae and hemocytes of M.mercenaria were carried out. Wemeasured possible differences inhemocyte parameters attributable toharmful algae and also the effect ofhemocytes on the algaethemselves. Using microscopic andflow-cytometric observations,changes in hematology andphysiology, including cellconcentration, phagocytosis,adhesion and oxidative burstresponse of hemocytes weredetermined. Changes in thephysiology and the characteristics ofthe algal cells including mortality,size, chlorophyll fluorescence andinternal complexity were alsodetermined. The results show aspecies-specific response of thehemocytes depending upon theharmful algae to which they wereexposed. Thus, in vitro tests allow abetter understanding of the role ofthe hemocytes and the hemolymphin the defense mechanisms inmolluscan shellfish to harmful algalcells.PO.05-27Newly discovered brevetoxinoxidation products in marineaerosol: assessing potentialpublic health impactsSession: PO.05 - Toxin analysisMichael S Henry 1 , RH Pierce 1 , PCBlum 1 , KL Lemkau 1 , B Kirkpatrick 1 , SEOsborn 1 , YS Cheng 2 , Y Zhou 2 , LEFleming 3 , LC Backer 4 , S Plakas 5 , AAbraham 5 , R Dickey 5 , A Reich 6 , ABourdelais 7 , J Naar 7 , DG Baden 71 Mote Marine Laboratory, SARASOTA, FL,United States of America2 Lovelace Respiratory Research Institute,ALBUQUERQUE, NM, United States ofAmerica3 NIEHS MFBS and NSF NIEHS OHHCenter, MIAMI, FL, United States ofAmerica4 Centers for Disease Control, ATLANTA,GA, United States of America5 FDA, Gulf Coast Seafood Laboratory,DAUPHIN ISLAND, AL, United States ofAmerica6 FL-Department of Health, TALLAHASSEE,FL, United States of America7 Center for Marine Science-UNCW,WILMINGTON, NC, United States ofAmericaThe toxic dinoflagellate, Kareniabrevis, produces polyetherneurotoxins (brevetoxins or PbTx)that cause massive aquatic animalmortality and neurotoxic shellfishpoisoning (NSP). A uniquecharacteristic of K. brevis blooms isthe associated airborne brevetoxincomponent that results in severerespiratory problems in exposedpopulations. This study wasundertaken in collaboration withhuman exposure studies todetermine the composition ofaerosolized brevetoxins to whichbeachgoers are exposed during a189

INTERNATIONAL SOCIETY FOR THE STUDY OF HARMFUL ALGAE12 th <strong>International</strong> <strong>Conference</strong> on Harmful Algae, Copenhagen, Denmark, 4-8 September 2006K. brevis bloom. Brevetoxins andrelated degradation products wereextracted from water collected alongthe shore and from marine aerosols.Water samples were furtherprocessed to separate the toxinscontained inside (intracellular) aswell as outside (extracellular) the K.brevis cells. Oxidation and/orhydrolysis products of PbTx-1, -2, -3and -7 were found only inextracellular water and in aerosolsand at levels comparable to theparent brevetoxins. Thesecompounds have been previouslydescribed in laboratory culture,natural bloom water, and shellfish,but have not been described inmarine aerosols to which peopleand other mammals are exposed.Knowledge of these compoundsand their mechanisms ofaerosolization will provide criticalinformation regarding the cause andeffect relationship on human andanimal health during red tideaerosol exposure.PO.05-45Development of a screeningmethod for cyanobacterial toxinsSession: PO.05 - Toxin analysisS Hiller 1 , B Krock 2 , A Cembella 2 , BLuckas 11 FSU Jena, JENA, Germany2 AWI Bremerhaven, BREMERHAVEN,GermanyMass developments of toxiccyanobacteria in fresh waters incombination with health risks andseveral lethal poisonings of animalsas well as human beings have beendocumented. The most importantgroup of cyanobacterial toxins arehepatotoxins, dominated bymicrocystins in addition tonodularins. Other cyanobacterialtoxins are anatoxin-a, paralyticshellfish poisoning toxins andcylindrospermopsins. Due to thecases of human intoxicationfrequently connected withcyanobacterial blooms,governmental institutionsestablished control programmes toensure that toxins do not reach theconsumer. Therefore, manymethods have been developed forspecific target compounds of mostof the toxin groups. These methodshave their benefits and are in use atnumerous analytical laboratories.However, the application of specificmethods depends on the knowledgeof the presence of a toxin-producingorganism. If this information islacking toxin analysis can be verytedious. Recently, we havedeveloped a liquid chromatographyelectrosprayionisation-tandemmass spectrometry (LC-ESI-MS/MS) method, which qualitativelymonitors various typicalrepresentatives of all known classesof cyanotoxins, including evenunknown derivatives. This methoduses diagnostic mass fragments forthe detection of characteristiccompounds of the different classesand thus allows monitoring a largeset of unspecified cyanobacterialsamples for the presence of anykind of cyanotoxins.PO.15-24Quantification of epibenthiccommunities, including toxicdinoflagellates, in different greenmacroalgal substrates in Ria deAveiro (Portugal)Session: PO.15 - MonitoringMF Hinzmann, SC Craveiro, AJ CaladoUniversity of Aveiro, AVEIRO, PortugalThe coastal lagoon ‘Ria de Aveiro’is a complex system of channels,marshes and puddles that supportthe growth of a variety of190

INTERNATIONAL SOCIETY FOR THE STUDY OF HARMFUL ALGAE12 th <strong>International</strong> <strong>Conference</strong> on Harmful Algae, Copenhagen, Denmark, 4-8 September 2006macrophytes. In sheltered areasextensive masses containingmixtures of green algae can befound, among which three maintypes can be distinguished: thosepredominantly made up of speciesof Ulva (including Enteromorpha),entangled filaments of Cladophora,and elongate masses ofChaetomorpha linum. High numbersof microscopic algae can be foundattached to these substrates ordwelling close to the macroalgalsurfaces, forming diverse epibenthiccommunities. Attached diatomsmake up the greatest abundance ofepibenthic organisms, especially inmore exposed areas, but a varietyof dinoflagellates, including toxinproducingspecies, are regularmembers of the community insheltered areas. The composition ofthese communities in the threedifferent types of green algalmasses was examined everyfortnight in two sheltered localities,using a quantification method thatinvolves the forced detachment ofthe organisms from a known weightof macroalgal mass, followed bycounting in sedimentationchambers. Differences in theabundance of epibenthic species inthe different types of substrateswere noted and may be useful fordirecting efforts for finding toxicspecies in other areas of thisextensive lagoon.PO.04-08An individual-based modelsimulates the effects of browntide on larval recruitment of hardclamsSession: PO.04 – Food chainsEileen E. Hofmann 1 , Eric N. Powell 2 , V.Monica Bricelj 3 , John M. Klinck 1 , JohnN. Kraeuter 21 Old Dominion University, NORFOLK,United States of America2 Haskin Shellfish Research laboratory, In,PORT NORRIS, United States of America3 Institute for Marine Biosciences, Nation,HALIFAX, CanadaExperimental data were used tomodify an individual-based modelthat simulates growth, development,and metamorphosis of hard clam,Mercenaria mercenaria, larvae toinclude the effects of brown tide(Aureococccus anophagefferens).The coupled model was applied topredict brown tide effects on clamlarvae in a USA estuary (GreatSouth Bay, New York) whereblooms of varying magnitude haveoccurred for 20 yrs coincident withthe period of clam spawning andlarval development. Initialsimulations showed thattemperature and food quantityvariations produce small changes inoverall larval survivorship, whereaschanges in food quality (especiallyreduced lipid content) have thelargest effect on larval survival.Simulations that include brown tideeffects show inhibition of M.mercenaria larval growth that isobserved in laboratory experimentswith a toxic A. anophagefferensstrain. When brown tide occurs over2 wks of development, followed by aperiod of no exposure, the modelpredicts considerably reducedpostlarval recruitment success. Thesimulated genetic structure of thepopulation shows that brown tideaffects the genotypic characteristicsof hard clam populations. Forexample, simulations show thatbrown tide exposure selects againstfast growing larvae derived fromlarge eggs that attain competencewithout the necessary lipid reservesto sustain metamorphosis.191

INTERNATIONAL SOCIETY FOR THE STUDY OF HARMFUL ALGAE12 th <strong>International</strong> <strong>Conference</strong> on Harmful Algae, Copenhagen, Denmark, 4-8 September 2006PO.10-32Culture and ichthyotoxicity of thered tide dinoflagellate NoctilucascintillansSession: PO.10 - Ecophysiology &autecologyAK Holmes 1 , GM Hallegraeff 1 , SIBlackburn 21 University of Tasmania, HOBART,Australia2 CSIRO Marine and AtmosphericResearch, HOBART, AustraliaNoctiluca scintillans red tidefrequency and distribution hasincreased in Tasmanian waters,Australia since the first sighting in1994. This study maintained the firstAustralian Noctiluca culture for 8months during laboratoryexperimentation. Cultures were keptat 17 °C and 28 ‰ salinity tobalance Noctiluca grazing andgrowth of the dinoflagellate prey,Gymnodinium catenatum. Specificgrowth rate increased withtemperature from 0.24 at 12 °C to0.47 at 23 °C and decreased withincreasing salinity from 0.6 at 20 ‰to 0.33 at 30 ‰. Culture growthrates support field evidence offrequent summer coastal bloomsand survival of overwinteringestuarine seed populations.Field sampling investigated thepotential fish killing mechanismsassociated with surface slicks,which severely threatenedTasmanian aquaculture farms in2002. Red tides exhibited higher cellammonia (NH 3 ) concentration thanwater column populations. Red tidepopulations produced seawater NH 3levels fatal to salmon and liberateda high proportion of free fatty acidsin comparison to blooms.Polyunsaturated fatty acids includedeicosapentaenoic acid with a historyof toxicity and docosahexaenoicacid common to dinoflagellates.Saturated fatty acid eicosanoic acidwas identified as a potentialNoctiluca biomarker.PO.10-24Nutrient physiology ofProrocentrum donghaiense Lufrom Eastern China SeaSession: PO.10 - Ecophysiology &autecologyHua-Sheng Hong 1 , Lin Lin 1 , BangqinHuang 1 , Linjian Ou 1 , Leo Lai Chan 2 , TUZhang 1 , Da-Zhi Wang 11 Xiamen Univeristy, XIAMEN, China2 Hong Kong University, HONG KONG,ChinaThis study investigated nutrientrequirements, physiologicalresponse to nutrient variations andadapting strategy to low nutrients inProrocentrum donghaiense Lu, akey HAB species, which iswidespread in the East China Sea.Prorocentrum donghaiense is ableto utilize various inorganic andorganic nitrogen and phosphorussources as sole nitrogen andphosphor source for cell growth andbiosynthesis. Various enzymes playimportant roles in nutrient uptakeand assimilation. Comparativeprotein profiles of P. donghaienseunder nutrient replete and N or Plimited conditions indicate that cellsgrown under N limitation had morepotential to form blooms than Plimited cells. Several protein groupsrelated to nutrient status of cellswere identified, and some proteinscould be used as potential nutrientindicator. Time series of proteinprofiles of P. donghaiense underlong-term low nutrient growthconditions showed that someproteins remained relativelyconstant and played important rolesin maintaining P. donghaiensepopulation at low nutrientconditions. Our results indicated192

INTERNATIONAL SOCIETY FOR THE STUDY OF HARMFUL ALGAE12 th <strong>International</strong> <strong>Conference</strong> on Harmful Algae, Copenhagen, Denmark, 4-8 September 2006that P. donghaiense has a numbverof nutrient-utilizing systems and lownutrient-adapting mechanisms,which may aid during competitionwith other phytoplankton speciesunder low nutrient environment.PO.13-48Pseudo-nitzschia and ASP in thenorthern Adriatic SeaSession: PO.13 - Regional eventsG Honsell 1 , C Dell’Aversano 2 , FVuerich 1 , S Sosa 3 , L Tartaglione 2 , ATubaro 31 University of Udine, UDINE, Italy2 University of Naples, NAPLES, Italy3 University of Trieste, TRIESTE, ItalyThe presence of domoic acid inmussels grown in Northern AdriaticSea has been recently reported.Although Pseudo-nitzschia specieshave been abundantly found inphytoplankton, forming springsummerand autumn blooms,taxonomical information on thisgenus including domoic acidproducers are generally lacking. Forthis reason, a survey on Pseudonitzschiawas carried out in the Gulfof Trieste in 2005 based onphytoplankton qualitative andquantitative analysis, taxonomicalidentification by TEM and ASPtoxins analysis. The most abundantspecies were Pseudo-nitzschiacalliantha (54420 cells/L) andPseudo-nitzschia delicatissima(20840 cells/L), as previouslyobserved also in Southern AdriaticSea. Some clones of these speciesare known to produce low amountsof domoic acid, such as 0.007-0.221pg/cell and 0.005-0.12 pg/cell,respectively. Consequently, theconcentration of amnesic toxinsboth in natural phytoplankton netsamples and in seawater was underthe detection limit of both BiosenseASP ELISA (10 pg/ml) and HILIC-MS (3 ng/ml in MRM positive ionmode transition at m/z 312>266).These results confirm that Pseudonitzschiacalliantha and Pseudonitzschiadelicatissima are the mostcommon Pseudo-nitzschia speciesin the Adriatic Sea, although theirinvolvement in ASP toxinsproduction has to be demonstrated.Thanks to Friuli Venezia GiuliaGovernment for funding thisresearch.PO.16-07Alexandrium cysts in PugetSound, Washington, USASession: PO.16 – Life cyclesRA Horner 1 , CL Greengrove 1 , JRPostel 1 , JE Gawel 1 , KS Davies-Vollum 1 ,A Cox 2 , K Sorenson 1 , J Hubert 1 , SHoffer 1 , J Neville 1 , BW Frost 11 University of Washington, SEATTLE,WASHINGTON, United States of America2 Western Washington University,BELLINGHAM, WASHINGTON, UnitedStates of AmericaParalytic shellfish poisoning is oftencommon in shellfish throughoutmuch of Puget Sound, but little isknown about the distribution ofeither the motile cells or cysts of themajor causative species,Alexandrium catenella. A survey of32 sites in the spring of 2005showed that cysts are present insurface sediments throughout PugetSound, being most abundant in thenorthern and central areas. SequimBay in the north with 200 cysts/mlsediment and Quartermaster Harborin the central part with 12,000cysts/ml sediment have the highestabundances. Elsewhere wherecysts were found, numbers rangedfrom < 10 to about 100 cysts/ml.There appears to be no correlationbetween sediment grain size andcyst abundance. Cyst abundance193

INTERNATIONAL SOCIETY FOR THE STUDY OF HARMFUL ALGAE12 th <strong>International</strong> <strong>Conference</strong> on Harmful Algae, Copenhagen, Denmark, 4-8 September 2006correlations with sediment metalconcentrations and total organiccarbon are being investigated. Cystgermination studies, still in progressfor Quartermaster Harbor, suggestthe presence of an endogenousclock.PO.10-23Identification andcharacterization of cell surfaceproteins in the toxicdinoflagellate Alexandriumcatenella DH01 usingepifluorescence,immunoproteomic approach andMS-MSSession: PO.10 - Ecophysiology &autecologyXu Guang Huang 1 , Da-Zhi Wang 1 , LeoLai Chan 2 , Hua-Sheng Hong 11 Xiamen Univeristy, XIAMEN, China2 Hong Kong University, HONG KONG,ChinaAlexandrium catenella DH01 is akey harmful algal species along theChina Sea. This study developedcell surface specific antiserum using0.5% paraformaldehyde (PFA)-fixedcells as antigen, and investigatedcell surface proteins using acombination of 2-DE andimmunoblot analyses. The resultsshowed that PFA-fixed WCAderivedantiserum specificallyrecognized weakly bound cellsurface proteins (CSPs) in A.catenella DH01. Using these thecaspecificantisera, about 42 abundantcell surface associated antigenicspots were identified on the 2-DEimmunoblots. Nine of the mostabundant 42 proteins identified bythis approach gave positiveidentification of protein orthologuesin the protein database by MS-MSanalysis. Peridinin-chlorophyll abinding protein (PCP) appeared toform the most prominent spots onthe cell surface. In addition, fourputative transporter proteins wereidentified by this immunoproteomicapproach. They are involvedactively in the transport of a broadrange of substances across themembranes, as well as five groupsof cell surface associated proteins.PO.01-10Molecular detection and diversityof Pseudo-nitzschia populationsfrom the North American WestCoastSession: PO.01 - GeneticsK. A. Hubbard, E. V. Armbrust, G.RocapUniversity of Washington, SEATTLE,United States of AmericaThe diatom Pseudo-nitzschiaproduces domoic acid, which hasled to closures of shellfish harvestsalong the US Washington coast andin the Puget Sound estuary. Wedeveloped automated rRNAintergenic spacer analysis (ARISA)to rapidly identify different speciesof Pseudo-nitzschia. In silicoanalyses were used to designPseudo-nitzschia specific PCRprimers that amplify a polymorphicregion of the internal transcribedspacer 1 (ITS1) from at leastthirteen Pseudo-nitzschia speciesover a broad geographic range,including species from Europe,Tasmania, Vietnam, and Centraland North America. These primerswere used to generate clonelibraries from environmentalsamples. Amplicon length remainedconsistent for a species, thoughintraspecific sequence variabilitywas detected. For example, 68Pseudo-nitzschia pungens clonesequences were generated, all withan amplicon size of 142 base pairs,194

INTERNATIONAL SOCIETY FOR THE STUDY OF HARMFUL ALGAE12 th <strong>International</strong> <strong>Conference</strong> on Harmful Algae, Copenhagen, Denmark, 4-8 September 2006and thirteen P. pungens sequencetypes were detected (with up to 3%differentiation). We used ARISA todetermine Pseudo-nitzschia ITS1amplicon sizes- and thus speciescomposition- in a variety ofenvironmental samples, includingduring toxic events. During adomoic acid closure in Washington,ARISA was used to identify themost abundant type of Pseudonitzschiapresent as P. sp., with anamplicon length of 233, which doesnot correspond to anything inGenbank.PO.16-13Spatial distribution ofdinoflagellate cysts in sedimentsof the Yellow SeaSession: PO.16 – Life cyclesCH Hwang 1 , KY Kim 1 , Y Lee 2 , SG Lee 2 ,CH Kim 11 Pukyung National University, BUSAN,South Korea2 Nfrdi, BUSAN, South KoreaWe analyzed 33 sediment samplesfrom the Yellow Sea bypalynological methods to investigatespatial distribution of dinoflagellatecysts. The sampling areascomprised four latitudinal transects,the northernmost located off theShandong Peninsula of China, andthe southernmost off Jeju Island ofKorea. Each transect line comprisedsix to nine stations, spanning thedistance between the Chinese andKorean coasts. In total, we identified26 different types of dinoflagellatecysts. Gonyaulax scrippsae,Alexandrium spp. (ellipsoidal type)and G. spinifera were dominant atall stations surveyed. The latitudinaldistribution trend showed that cystconcentrations along the inner twotransects were much higher thanthose along the outer two transects.Within each transect, cystconcentrations in the offshorecentral areas reached the highestvalues and gradually decreasedtoward both the Chinese andKorean coasts. Overall, cystconcentrations were markedlyelevated in the offshore centralYellow Sea areas and graduallydecreased outward in all fourdirections. This concentric cystdistribution pattern was consistentwith hydrographic features such ascircular current systems,sedimentary properties and waterdepth of the Yellow Sea.PO.14-08Differences in susceptibility ofharmful raphidophytes anddinoflagellates to algicidalbacteria isolated from coastal seaand seaweed bedsSession: PO.14 - MitigationI Imai 1 , T Tsuchiya 1 , I Yoshinaga 1 , NSugino 2 , H Okamoto 21 Kyoto University, KYOTO, Japan2 General Environmental Technos Co.,OSAKA, JapanGrowth and survival of harmfulalgae are largely influenced byalgicidal bacteria in coastalecosystems. The susceptibility of 3raphidophytes (Chattonella antiqua,Heterosigma akashiwo andFibrocapsa japonica) and 2dinoflagellates (Heterocapsacircularisquama and Kareniamikimotoi) was investigated for 411bacterial isolates from seaweedbeds (seaweeds and seawater) ofshelving sea bank at Kansai<strong>International</strong> Airport and offshore inthe Seto Inland Sea in August andNovember 2003. A total of 77strains exhibited algicidal activitiesbut the range of susceptibility toalgicidal bacteria showed great195

INTERNATIONAL SOCIETY FOR THE STUDY OF HARMFUL ALGAE12 th <strong>International</strong> <strong>Conference</strong> on Harmful Algae, Copenhagen, Denmark, 4-8 September 2006variations. Some bacteriaspecifically killed only one of thealgal species examined, and somekilled 2, 3, 4 or all 5 species. Thedensity of the algicidal bacteria wasin thousands / mL or higher inseawater of seaweed beds, muchmore abundant (50 times or more)than offshore. In offshore seawater,algicidal bacteria were associatedwith particles. In seaweed beds, thesame species of algicidal bacteriawere detected in particle-associatedand free-living fractions of seawaterand on the surface of seaweeds.Sequence analyses of SSU rRNAgene revealed that algicidal bacteriabelonged to marineCytophaga/Flavobacterium/Bacteroides group and α- and γ-Proteobacteria. The isolates withthe same sequences to algicidalbacteria did not always showalgicidal activities.PO.14-16Effects of alternate current ongrowth of and damage to toxicmicroalgal cellsSession: PO.14 - MitigationAyaka Ishiguro, Shin Takano,Hitoshi OgawaUniv. Tamagawa, MACHIDA-SHI TOKYO,JapanA typical pattern of the alternatecurrent of the commercial electricpower is the sine wave. However,there are various wave shapes ofthe alternating current, e.g.quadrate, triangle, saw shaped,bias, etc. Moreover, parameterssuch as voltage, current,frequency, distance betweenelectrodes, continuousness andintermittence of the current can bevaried. Although the risk for electricshock is higher with alternatecurrent than direct currentelectricity, the alternate current oflow voltages and currents are usedfor medical treatment.We observe sometime thatmicroalgae whiten in connectionwith electric leaks from submergedpumps in backyard ponds. Effectsof application patterns of thealternate current on different kindsof algae were investigated.Different effects, e.g. whitening,flaking off, cohesion and theseparation, etc. on algae wereobserved. It showed that the SSBwave of the alternate currentcauses gathering of the algae onthe electrode side. Furtherresearch on removal of the toxicsubstances from collected algae isrequired.PO.16-11Dynamics of in situ cystgermination and vegetativepopulation of Alexandriumcatenella in an embayment,central JapanSession: PO.16 – Life cyclesA Ishikawa 1 , M Hattori 1 , I Imai 21 Mie University, TSU, MIE, Japan2 Kyoto University, KYOTO, JapanSeasonal variations of in situgermination flux of cysts andabundance of vegetative cells of thetoxic dinoflagellate Alexandriumcatenella were investigated in AgoBay, central Japan, between July2003 and December 2004. The insitu germination flux (cells/m 2 /day)was measured using a new device'Plankton EmergenceTrap/Chamber (PET Chamber)' thatwe recently developed. Germinationof the cysts on the sedimentoccurred continually, ranging from52 – 1753 cells/ m 2 /day, with noseasonal trend. In contrast, the196

INTERNATIONAL SOCIETY FOR THE STUDY OF HARMFUL ALGAE12 th <strong>International</strong> <strong>Conference</strong> on Harmful Algae, Copenhagen, Denmark, 4-8 September 2006vegetative population showed abimodal seasonal pattern – a largerbloom from spring to early summerand a smaller bloom from autumn toearly winter, although the cellconcentration in both blooms werenot high (maximum 1.9 x 10 3 and1.7 x 10 2 cells/L, respectively). Thesize of the vegetative population didnot correlate with that ofgermination but a larger populationwas often observed when the watertemperature was around 20 °C,indicating that bloom developmentis mainly controlled by thetemperature but not by thegermination. However, thecontinuous germination mode of A.catenella is advantageous for thevegetative cells to immediatelyexploit favorable conditions forblooming.PO.12-01First record of Ostreopsis spp. inEgyptian waters with adescription of O. mediterraneusn. sp.Session: PO.12 - Taxonomy and phylogenyPresentation time: 16:40 - 18:00AA Ismael 1 , Y Halim 21 Alexandria University, ALEXANDRIA,Egypt2 Oceanography Dept., ALEXANDRIA,EgyptA population of Ostreopsis spp. isreported for the first time fromEgyptian waters. Macroalgalsamples were collected monthlysince June 2005 from 5 differentsites along the Alexandria coastfrom less than 1.5m depth and theirassociated microalgae examined.Populations of two Ostreopsisspecies occurred along the easternsector of Alexandria: O. ovataFukuyo and O. mediterraneus n. sp.Ostreopsis mediterraneus n.sp. wasabundant and dominant duringsummer. It was more abundant onthe brown algae Padina sp. andSargassum sp., less abundant onthe red algae Corallina sp., Janiasp. and Laurencia sp. and even lessso on the green algae Ulva spp.Ostreopsis ovata was also foundduring summer months on the samealgal species but at much lowerabundance.Ostropsis mediterraneus n. sp.alternated in dominance with thebenthic cyanobacteria Oscillatoriaspp. and the diatom Licmophora sp.Other benthic dinoflagellatesrecorded at low abundance wereAmphidinium carterae,Gymnodinium sp. and Prorocentrumlima. Ostreopsis mediterraneussomewhat resembles O.caribbeanus but is easilydistinguished by its shape, smallersize and the shape of the diagnosticplates.PO.07-02Induced development of algalblooms using sewage enrichmentSession: PO.07 - Ecology andoceanographyWA Ismail 1 , FY Al-Yamani 1 , KS Al-Rifaie 1 , DV Subba Rao 21 Kuwait Institute for Scientific Research,KUWAIT, Kuwait2 Emeritus Scientist, Bedford Institute of,NOVA SCOTIA, CanadaGlobally, the frequency of red tideshas been on the increase. Some ofthe algal bloom incidences areattributed to urban pollution andeutrophication. This is true in thewaters off Kuwait where 18potentially harmful algal speciesexist. A perturbation experimentwas conducted, whichdemonstrated that naturalassemblages of phytoplankton fromthe Kuwait Bay environment couldbe stimulated and sustained to197

INTERNATIONAL SOCIETY FOR THE STUDY OF HARMFUL ALGAE12 th <strong>International</strong> <strong>Conference</strong> on Harmful Algae, Copenhagen, Denmark, 4-8 September 2006bloom levels. High levels of algaldensity (up to 28.9 millionflagellates/l, 31.6 millionpicoplankters/l and 8.9 million otheralgal cells/l) were attained.Phytoplankton biomass measuredin terms of chlorophyll alsoresponded similarly. From thisstudy, it is evident that enrichmentwith sewage could inducedevelopment of algal blooms inmicrocosms. The magnitude of theblooms and their productioncharacteristics were high. Thepresence of a variety ofphytoplankton species in bloomdensities, particularly thedinoflagellates implicated intoxigenic episodes elsewhere, is amatter of concern anddemonstrated the existence of apotential for development oftoxigenic algal blooms off this coastdue to eutrophication.PO.08-01Verification of diarrhetic activitiesof PTX-2 and okadaic acid in vivoSession: PO.08 - ToxicologyEmiko ItoChiba University, CHIBA, JapanDiarrhetic activities of OA and PTX-2 were studied in mouse and rat byoral route.Stock solutions of OA and PTX2were prepared with 50 % ethanoland dimethylformamide and dilutedwith saline before use. At sublethaldoses, both toxins produced in micethe severest tissue injuries in thesmall intestine at 60 min and themaximum fluid accumulation at 90min. The recovery thereafter waswell and rapid. The minimumadverse effect doses for OA andPTX2 were estimated to be 75μg/kg and 400 μg/kg, respectively.Single administration of OA at 50μg/kg or PTX2 at 300 μg/kg did notcause fluid accumulation, however,by co-administration they hadsynergistic effect. The effects of thetwo toxins were discernible. TheOA-induced erosion wascharacterized by edema, whilevacuole formation at epithelial cellswas more prominent with PTX2. Incontrast to mice, rats were moretolerant to the toxins. Both OA andPTX2 diluted in saline causedintestinal fluid accumulation at 400μg/kg and over. Use of triolein-oil forOA dilution lowered the minimumeffective dose to 200 μg/kg and theuse of 2% lecithin-water lowered theminimum effective dose for PTX2 to300 μg/kg.PO.01-23Phylogenetic relationshipsbetween Cochlodiniumpolykrikoides populations fromJapanese and East Asian coastsSession: PO.01 - GeneticsMitsunori Iwataki 1 , Hisae Kawami 1 ,Kazumi Matsuoka 1 , Y Fukuyo 21 Nagasaki University, NAGASAKI, Japan2 Tokyo University, TOKYO; JapanThe unarmoured dinoflagellateCochlodinium polykrikoides isresponsible for recurrent massmortalities of fish in East andSoutheast Asian countries. InJapanese and Korean coastalwaters, blooms of this species occurevery summer. To distinguish thepopulations and their geographicaldistribution, SSU rDNA and partialLSU rDNA sequences of C.polykrikoides collected along thecoasts of Western Japan wereanalyzed and compared tosequences from Korea, Philippinesand Malaysia. In the phylogenetictree constructed by the gammaweighted neighbour-joining method,198

INTERNATIONAL SOCIETY FOR THE STUDY OF HARMFUL ALGAE12 th <strong>International</strong> <strong>Conference</strong> on Harmful Algae, Copenhagen, Denmark, 4-8 September 2006all strains formed a well-supportedmonophyletic group within thedinoflagellates. Sequences of allKorean and almost all Japanesestrains were identical, while otherstrains had several basesubstitutions. This indicates that thedominant population of C.polykrikoides from Japanese andKorean coastal waters could beseparated from populationsinhabiting Southeast Asiancountries. Moreover, chain-formingCochlodinium sp. specimens,showing a morphologicalresemblance to C. polykrikoides (i.e.possessing chloroplasts and aneyespot), were also found in thisstudy. This species branched out asa sister to C. polykrikoides.PO.02-02Genomic characterization of thespirolide-producingdinoflagellate Alexandriumostenfeldii with special emphasison PKS genesSession: PO.02 - GenomicsN Jaeckisch 1 , G Glöckner 2 , H Vogel 3 , ACembella 1 , U John 11 Alfred Wegener Institute,BREMERHAVEN, Germany2 Leibnitz Institute for Age Research, JENA,Germany3 MPI Chemical Ecology, JENA, GermanyThe dinoflagellate Alexandriumostenfeldii is the only knownproducer of toxic spirolides.Spirolides are macrocyclic iminesthat are derived via polyketidebiosynthetic pathways - productionis therefore almost certainlymediated by polyketide synthase(PKS) genes. At the genomic level,studies on the biosynthesis ofprotist-derived polyketides havebeen very sparsely reported. Fordinoflagellates, this is due in part tothe peculiarities of the dinoflagellategenome in both structural andregulatory respects. Our researchfocuses on the identification andcharacterization of genes involvedin spirolide biosynthesis, specificallyPKS genes. Genomiccharacterization of A. ostenfeldiiwas conducted by generating anExpressed Sequence Tag (EST)data-bank, based on a normalizedand a standardized cDNA library.About 20,000 ESTs weresequenced and compared from twostrains of A. ostenfeldii (AOSH1 andAOSH2) from Nova Scotia, Canada,which produce distinctive spirolideprofiles. Several genes putativelyrelated to toxin synthesis weredetected, including genes encodingPKS. Genome size and genedensity were estimated via agenomic library analysis. A fosmidlibrary was also generated to detectand further analyse toxin-relatedgenes. Significant insights into thegeneral genomic organisation of A.ostenfeldii and the relationship withputative toxin-producing genes wereobtained by this multi-dimensionallimited genomic characterization.PO.10-05Short-term temporal variability ofammonium and urea uptake byAlexandrium catenella and A.minutum in cultureSession: PO.10 - Ecophysiology &autecologyC. Jauzein 1 , Y Collos 2 , E Garcés 3 , MVila 3 , M Maso 31 IFREMER, SÈTE, France2 UMR5119-CNRS, Univ Montpellier 2,MONTPELLIER, France3 Institut de Ciències del Mar,BARCELONA, SpainIn batch cultures of A. catenella (2strains) and A. minutum on a diellight cycle, ammonium uptake wasestimated by the 15N tracer199

INTERNATIONAL SOCIETY FOR THE STUDY OF HARMFUL ALGAE12 th <strong>International</strong> <strong>Conference</strong> on Harmful Algae, Copenhagen, Denmark, 4-8 September 2006technique and could be describedby Michaelis-Menten kinetics, whileurea uptake was related in a linearor sigmoid way to ureaconcentration in the range 0.1 to 10µgat N/liter. The maximum uptakerate (Vmax) for ammoniumincreased over the day (3-6 h timescale) by a factor of 2-7 dependingon species and strain. Halfsaturationconstants for ammonium(KNH 4 ) did not show significantdifferences over time, but the KNH 4for the Olbia strain of A. catenellawere lower than those of theTarragona strain by factors of 2 to10. Another measure of affinity forammonium, the initial slope of theuptake rate – concentrationrelationship, always increased overthe daylight period, indicating thatthose organisms are influenced bythe diel cycle through their capacityto absorb ammonium at lowconcentrations. For urea, the uptakerate at 10 µgat N/l increased overtime only for the Olbia strain of A.catenella (by a factor of two). Thoseresults are discussed in terms of thecontribution of ammonium and ureato the growth of thosedinoflagellates.PO.15-19The sampling technique greatlyaffects the toxin content inDinophysis spp. cellsSession: PO.15 - MonitoringM Johansen 1 , T Rundberget 21 Marine Ecology, FISKEBÄCKSKIL,Sweden2 National Veterinary Institute, OSLO,NorwayThe toxin content in cells ofDinophysis spp. is often measuredfrom concentrated water samples.One reason for this is thatDinophysis spp. normally appears inrelatively low numbers. In autumn2005, water samples were collectedusing a submersible pump.Samples were collected withoutconcentration and with aconcentration factor of 500 or 1000,using a plankton net of 20-µm meshsize. Cell number per liter wasenumerated and toxin content perliter was measured using LC-MS.The result was striking. Byconcentrating the samples, at leasttwo thirds of the toxin disappeared.The average cell toxin content of D.acuminata in non- concentratedsamples was slightly over 100 pgOA/cell whereas concentratedsamples only contained about 35 pgOA/cell. The same pattern of toxinloss was also found in cells of D.acuta and its content of DTX-1 andDTX-2. These results stronglyemphasize that the handlingprocedure of the cells has a crucialeffect on the toxin content in thecell. This has to be consideredwhen evaluating the toxicity ofDinophysis and its impact onmussel toxicity.PO.02-05Polyketide synthases in protists:a class of their ownSession: PO.02 - GenomicsUwe JohnAlfred Wegener Institut, BREMERHAVEN,GermanyPolyketides (PK) is a structurallydiverse class of natural products,including substances ofpharmaceutical, industrial andchemical ecological interest. PKexpress a number of human healthrelatedeffects (antibiotic, antitumor,and immunosuppressive agents)and many from marine microorganismsare potent biotoxins,which are involved in processessuch as chemical defence or200

INTERNATIONAL SOCIETY FOR THE STUDY OF HARMFUL ALGAE12 th <strong>International</strong> <strong>Conference</strong> on Harmful Algae, Copenhagen, Denmark, 4-8 September 2006complex cell communication. Theyare synthesized by successivecondensations of acetate units viaactivity of enzymes known aspolyketide synthases (PKSs).Bacteria, fungi and plants mayproduce PKS but Type I modularform was formerly known only forbacteria and fungi. DNA sequenceswere used to identify modular TypeI PKS genes within genomes ofprotists belonging to theevolutionary lineages of alveolatesand amoebozoa. We present thatthe newly sequenced genomes ofrepresentatives of other protistangroups, the chlorophytesOstreococcus tauri andChlamydomonas reinhardtii, and thehaptophyte Emiliana huxleyi, as wellas expressed sequence tags(ESTs) of various harmfulmicroalgal species also containputative PKS genes. Bioinformaticanalysis reveals that these protistanPKS genes cluster into a uniqueclade. These observations provideimportant insight into the evolutionof polyketide metabolic pathwaysand suggest that PKS enzymesfound in various lineages representa conserved ancestral form derivedfrom early eukaryotes.PO.02-03Molecular investigations on thetoxic marine dinoflagellateAlexandrium minutumSession: PO.02 - GenomicsI Jung 1 , U John 1 , G Glöckner 2 , UTillmann 1 , B Krock 1 , AD Cembella 11 Alfred Wegener Institute, Bremerhaven,BREMERHAVEN, Germany2 Fritz Lipmann Institute for Age Research,JENA, GermanyAlexandrium minutum is a widelydistributed HAB dinoflagellate thattypically produces PSP neurotoxins(gonyautoxins 1,2,3,4), as well aspoorly characterizedallelochemicals. Within the EU-Project ESTTAL (ExpressedSequence Tags of Toxic Algae), weaim to identify candidate genes andprocesses putatively involved intoxicity and allelochemicalinteractions, and in growthregulation and stress responses. Toobtain RNA samples linked withphysiological status, batch culturesof A. minutum were grown underdifferent environmental conditions,yielding differences in growth, PSPtoxin production, and allelochemicalpotency. As a basis for geneexpression analysis, we generateda normalized cDNA library, fromwhich about 10,000 expressedsequence tags (ESTs) weregenerated. Annotation of these datayielded first insights into thegenome of A. minutum. Based onthe EST library, we designed anoligonucleotide microarray, whichwill be used to screen fordifferences in gene expressionamong the differently treated A.minutum cultures. Here we presentthe results of the EST libraryanalysis, the design of themicroarray, and physiological dataof cultures grown for geneexpression analysis.PO.06-24Dynamic modelling ofcyanobacterial blooms in lakesusing ECO LabSession: PO.06 - Population dynamicsH Kaas 1 , A CHR Erichsen 1 , P Stæhr 21 DHI Water & Environment, HØRSHOLM,Denmark2 Freshwater Biological Laboratory;University of Copenhagen,COPENHAGEN, DenmarkCyanobacterial blooms are wellknown to produce toxins that pose ahealth threat to humans. Therefore201

INTERNATIONAL SOCIETY FOR THE STUDY OF HARMFUL ALGAE12 th <strong>International</strong> <strong>Conference</strong> on Harmful Algae, Copenhagen, Denmark, 4-8 September 2006management of bloom situationsare important issues to managers ofbathing waters and drinking waterreservoirs worldwide. Anoperational approach formanagement would be to model theblooms; thus being able to predictmass occurrences and evaluatevarious measures to reduce thebloom intensity and frequency. Inthe present study, a dynamic modelhas been established for a smallDanish lake using the model toolECO Lab. The objective was toidentify the most importantparameters that must be taken intoaccount when setting up suchmodels. The model describes thedynamics of the most importantalgal groups includingcyanobacteria, using a dynamicdescription of the hydrodynamics ofthe lakes, weather conditions andnutrient loading. The model iscalibrated against monitoring data.A first attempt was made to includepredictions of the toxicity in variouscompartments: intracellular, inwater, in sediment.PO.15-12Development of a comprehensivemethod for monitoring harmfulalgae using real-time PCR assaySession: PO.15 - MonitoringRyoma Kamikawa 1 , J Asai 1 , TMiyahara 2 , K Murata 3 , K Ohyama 4 , SYoshimatsu 4 , T Yoshida 5 , Y Sako 11 Kyoto University, KYOTO, Japan2 Fisheries Research Center of Oita Pref.,OITA, Japan3 Kagoshima Fisheries Technology Center,KAGOSHIMA, Japan4 Akashiwo Research Institute of Kagawa,KAGAWA, Japan5 Fukui Prefectural University, FUKUI,JapanIn Japan, several harmful algaeform red tides and often causemass mortality of cultured fish andshellfish. In order to minimize thedamage to the fisheries industry, itis necessary to monitor thecausative harmful algae rapidly,sensitively, and comprehensively. Inthis study, we developed a sensitivemonitoring method by using realtimePCR (qPCR) assay againstthree dinoflagellates, namelyCochlodinium polykrikoides,Heterocapsa circularisquama, andKarenia mikimotoi, and tworaphidophycean flagellates, namelyChattonella spp. and Heterosigmaakashiwo. The assay contains anefficient DNA extraction protocolfrom these harmful algae, andtherefore DNA extraction for qPCRis necessary only once formonitoring of the algae. Detectionand quantification with qPCR,where the detection sensitivity wasonly 1 cell for all targeted species,were not affected by growth stagesand the presence of non-targetedspecies. QPCR assay also labelledthe harmful algae in environmentalsamples, where no targeted specieswas found by direct counting.Therefore, this comprehensiveassay will be a powerful tool forprecise prediction of the occurrenceof harmful algae.PO.08-08Effects of cyanobacteria oncopepod egg production in theGulf of Finland, Baltic SeaSession: PO.08 - ToxicologyMR Karjalainen, E Lindén, S Viitasalo,M ViitasaloFinnish Institute of Marine Research,HELSINKI, FinlandCyanobacterial blooms occur in theBaltic Sea every summer. Copepodpeak abundance overlaps with thecyanobacteria mass occurrences.Copepods, in turn, are the main202

INTERNATIONAL SOCIETY FOR THE STUDY OF HARMFUL ALGAE12 th <strong>International</strong> <strong>Conference</strong> on Harmful Algae, Copenhagen, Denmark, 4-8 September 2006food source for planktivorous fishlike the Baltic herring and sprat.Therefore the effect ofcyanobacteria on copepodproduction can have an effect onfish nutrition as well. However, littleinformation exists about copepodproduction rates in a naturalphytoplankton communitycontaining cyanobacteria.The copepod (Acartia spp.) eggproduction capacity and faecalpellet production was studiedexperimentally during 2-week fieldstudies in the Gulf of Finland, BalticSea in summer 2004 and 2005. Theexperiments were conductedonboard R/V Aranda, using differentsize fractions of naturalphytoplankton bloom communitiesas food suspensions for copepods.Egg production rates were very loweven in the control treatment,suggesting that copepods werefood-limited in the field. The almostcomplete lack of pellet production incyanobacteria treatments indicatesthat copepod feeding rates werelow. Even though cyanobacterialblooms host a variety ofheterotrophic organisms, which canbe favourable food items forcopepods, apparently they were notconsumed by copepods whencyanobacteria were present. Thesefindings suggest that cyanobacteriaaffect zooplankton feedingbehaviour.PO.01-06Development of a real-time PCRbasednucleic acid test for thedetection of Dinophysis speciesin Irish watersSession: PO.01 - GeneticsSM KavanaghNational Diagnostics Centre, GALWAY,IrelandDiarrheic shellfish toxin (DST)producing Dinophysis species occurin Irish coastal waters throughoutthe year, with cell numbers peakingduring the summer months. Themajority of closures of Irish musselfarmsare attributed to Dinophysisblooms. Routine monitoring of toxicphytoplankton from Irish coastalwaters, carried out by the MarineInstitute, currently relies onmicroscopic identification of targetspecies and biochemical analysis ofshellfish tissue. Nucleic acid testsbased on fluorescent in situhybridisation probes (FISH) andPCR technologies have beenshown to be effective for monitoringtoxic phytoplankton species. We arecurrently developing real-time PCRbased tests to detect D. acuta andD. acuminata in Irish waters, for usein the phytoplankton monitoringprogramme. Single-cell PCR wasperformed to amplify the D1-D2region of the large ribosomal subunit(LSU) from indigenousDinophysis species. The resultingsequence information for D. acutaand D. acuminata was aligned withall available LSU sequenceinformation for Dinophysis speciesfrom GenBank. PCR primers andFRET hybridisation probes specificfor D. acuta and D. acuminata weredesigned for real-time PCR tests onthe LightCyclerTM. These tests arecurrently being optimised on Irishwater samples.PO.05-28Gymnodimine toxins in TunesianshellfishSession: PO.05 - Toxin analysisRiadh KharratInstitut Pasteur de Tunis, TUNIS, TunisiaThe causative agent of toxicity inshellfish from a localized area on203

INTERNATIONAL SOCIETY FOR THE STUDY OF HARMFUL ALGAE12 th <strong>International</strong> <strong>Conference</strong> on Harmful Algae, Copenhagen, Denmark, 4-8 September 2006the Tunesian coast has beenisolated by high-performance liquidchromatography (HPLC), followingbioassay–guided fractionation of adichloromethane extract of shellfish.The identity and the purity of theisolated compounds were confirmedby liquid chromatography coupledwith tandem mass spectrometry(LC-MS-MS). According to its RF,its molecular mass and itsfragmentation patterns the toxinswere identified as a mixture ofgymnodimine A and gymnodimine Bat a concentration of 885 and 80.10 -6 mol /kg of shellfish,respectively. In contrast togymnodimine B, gymnodimine Aexhibited high neurotoxicity in miceand was lethal following inoculationby peripheral andintracerebroventricularadministration.PO.05-02Development of a highlysensitive determination methodfor cylindrospermopsin usingLC/ESI-MSSession: PO.05 - Toxin analysisSachiko KikuchiTohoku University, SENDAI, JapanCylindrospermopsin (CYN) is ahepatotoxic alkaloid produced byseveral freshwater cyanobacteriaincluding Cylindrospermopsisraciborskii. CYN-producingcyanobacteria are abundant insurface waters used as drinkingwater reservoirs throughout theworld. The toxicity of CYN and itspresence have prompted the WorldHealth Organization guideline valuefor drinking water quality of 1.0 µgCYN/L. When the guideline value isdetermined, a highly sensitivedetermination method is imperative.In this study, a highly sensitivedetermination method wasdeveloped, using LC/ESI-MS, andHEPES (2-[4-(2-Hydroxyethyl)-1-piperazinyl] ethane-sulfonic acid) asthe internal standard. In the LC/ESI-MS, the retention times of CYN andHEPES were 12.41 and 14.21 min,and were observed at m/z 414.00for CYN and 237.00 for HEPES,respectively. CYN was determinedfrom peak area ratios in theselected ion monitor (SIM) mode ofm/z 414.00/237.00. Linearity of thismethod was observed in the rangeof 0.05-25 µmol/L (0.1-52 ng/5 µlinjected volume). The quantificationlimit (QOL) at a signal-to-noise(S/N) ratio of 10 was 158 pg. Themethod is useful for determinationof CYN in environmental and/ordrinking waters.PO.10-14Ecological niche of a marine redtide ciliate Myrionecta rubrarevisited: multi-modes ofnutrition in a single speciesSession: PO.10 - Ecophysiology &AutecologyHS Kim 1 , G Myung 2 , KG Chang 2 , WYih 21 Ministry of Marine Affairs and Fisheries,KUNSAN, South Korea2 Kunsan National University, KUNSAN,South KoreaMyrionecta rubra Jankowski 1976(=Mesodinium rubrum Lohmann1908) is a marine kleptoplastidic(=retaining plastids of donor cells)ciliate feeding on cryptophytespecies including Teleaulax sp. Asa functional primary producer M.rubra is very common and oftencauses recurrent red tides in diverseeutrophic marine environments.Recently, we observed activebacterivory by M. rubra MR-MAL01strain that had been isolated fromGomso Bay, Korea. Thus, the204

INTERNATIONAL SOCIETY FOR THE STUDY OF HARMFUL ALGAE12 th <strong>International</strong> <strong>Conference</strong> on Harmful Algae, Copenhagen, Denmark, 4-8 September 2006nutrition of M. rubra, a single ciliatespecies, encompasses 3 differentmodes such as photosynthesis,bacterivory, and algivory. Amongthe metazoan predators of M. rubra,calanoid copepods, mysids, larvaeof ctenophores and anchovies, andspats of bivalves were reported.Feeding on M. rubra bykleptoplastidic dinoflagellates,Dinophysis spp. was suggested toexplain the cryptophyte origin of theDinophysis plastids (Jansson 2004).Here, M. rubra is to serve as adonor of its kleptoplastid for thesecondary kleptoplastidy byDinophysis spp. To conclude, thetraditional ecological niche assignedto M. rubra in marine pelagicenvironment needs to berearranged because of the recentlyunveiling reality of the verycomplicated pelagic food websurrounding M. rubra.PO.05-32Paralytic shellfish poisoning(PSP) toxins in Alexandriumcatenella and A. tamarenseisolated from southern coastaland offshore waters of KoreaSession: PO.05 - Toxin analysisCH Kim, YS KimPukyong National University, BUSAN,South KoreaThirty-two isolates of Alexandriumcatenella and A. tamarense fromthe southern coastal and offshorewaters and from the Yellow Sea inKorea were analyzed for PSPtoxins. All contained toxins in therange of 0.04-46.38 fmol/cell. Inseventeen coastal isolates, themajor toxins were C2, GTX1,4 andneoSTX, and the minor toxins wereC1 and GTX3. However, in fifteenoffshore isolates, the major toxinswere C2 and GTX4, and the minortoxins were C2, GTX1,3,5, andneoSTX. Among them, eightisolates contained GTX5, which wasnot detected in any coastal isolates.In addition, there was a cleardifference in the proportion ofcarbamate to N-sulfocarbamoyltoxins between coastal and offshoreisolates, which were 69:31 and44:56, respectively. The clusteranalysis based on toxin compositionand concentration divided theKorean Alexandrium isolates intothree distinct groups, which wereclearly characterized by a higherproportion of C2, neoSTX, andGTX4, respectively.PO.01-17Isolation of preferentiallyexpressed gene betweendifferent mating type cells in thedinoflagellate AlexandriumtamarenseSession: PO.01 - GeneticsA Kobiyama, K Koike, T OgataKitasato University, OFUNATO, JapanSexual reproduction is an importantprocess in the life cycle ofAlexandrium tamarense. However,nothing is known about themolecular mechanism during sexualreproduction although it is thoughtthat discrimination at the molecularlevel between different mating typecells is important. In this study,subtractive PCR was used to isolatea gene, which is differentiallyexpressed in the different matingtype cells of A. tamarense. Afterthree rounds of subtractive PCRusing cDNAs synthesized frommRNA of different mating type cells,subtractive cDNA libraries wereconstructed. One gene, AT4-3,showed a strong mating typespecificsignal as the results fromcDNA membrane array and RNA205

INTERNATIONAL SOCIETY FOR THE STUDY OF HARMFUL ALGAE12 th <strong>International</strong> <strong>Conference</strong> on Harmful Algae, Copenhagen, Denmark, 4-8 September 2006dot blot analysis of randomlyselected library clones. Thecomplete nucleotide sequence ofAT4-3 was determined by RACEmethod. BLAST homology searchshowed no similarity to any knowngenes or proteins. The predictedamino acid sequence of AT4-3 hasan N-terminal signal peptide forextracellular secretion, an N-linkedglycosylation site and eight cysteineresidues in half of the C-termini.Although the function of this gene isunknown, the results provide thefirst evidence of intracellularvariation between the differentmating-type cells in dinoflagellates.PO.09-08Occurrence of bacterial proteinthat reacts with specific antibodyagainst saxitoxinSession: PO.09 - Toxin synthesis andchemical structure of toxinsMassaki Kodama, Yoshinobu Takata,Shigeru SatoKitasato University, OFUNATO, JapanPreviously, we reported on theoccurrence of a saxitoxin-producingbacterium isolated fromAlexandrium tamarense cells, andwe suggested that PSP toxins of thedinoflagellate originate fromintracellular bacteria. However, thetoxin productivity of the bacteriumwas too small to explain the toxinamount of the dinoflagellate. Itsuggests that PSP toxins areintermediates of some bacterialsubstance. Recently, we have foundthat conjugates of toxins and thiolcompounds are formed bytransformation of 11-O-sulfatederivatives of STX such asgonyautoxin 1-4 to STXs. Thesefindings show that PSP toxins aremore reactive substances thanpreviously thought, and suggest thepossible occurrence of a bacterialsubstance bound to PSP toxins.Using the reaction of PSP toxinswith the thiol compound, the antigenin which STX is coupled with BSAwas prepared for the specificantibody that shows affinity to all thetoxin components examined. Thewestern blot analysis of the bacterialprotein extract using the antibodyagainst STX showed the presenceof bands. The hydrolyzate of theprotein also reacted with theantibody. These results suggest theoccurrence of proteins with PSPtoxin(s) as constituent(s).PO.04-01Growth of harmful blue-greenalgae after viable gut passage incrucian and silver carpSession: PO.04 – Food chainsVI Kolmakov 1 , MI Gladyshev 1 , OVAnishchenko 1 , SM Chuprov 2 , EAIvanova 3 , ES Kravchuk 1 , IV Zuyev 21 Institute of Biophysics of SB of RAS,KRASNOYARSK, Russia2 Krasnoyarsk State University,KRASNOYARSK, Russia3 Krasnoyarsk State AgriculturalUniversity,KRASNOYARSK, RussiaThe role of fish-gut passageenhancing harmful blue-green algaeproductivity has recently beenreported for a number of speciesresiding in eutrophic lakes. The aimof present work was experimentalstudy of growth of harmful bluegreenalgae after passage throughintestinal tract of crucian carp(Carassius auratus Linn.) and silvercarp (Hypophthalmichthys molitrixVal.). Growth of harmful algaepassed through the intestine ofcrucian and silver carp from smallSiberian reservoirs were comparedwith those of harmful algae takendirectly from the reservoirssubjected to blue-green algal206

INTERNATIONAL SOCIETY FOR THE STUDY OF HARMFUL ALGAE12 th <strong>International</strong> <strong>Conference</strong> on Harmful Algae, Copenhagen, Denmark, 4-8 September 2006blooms. The dominantphytoplankton species in thereservoirs, Microcystis aeruginosaKütz. emend. Elenk., showed asignificant increase of growth afterthe passage. However otherdominant phytoplankton species inthe reservoirs, Anabaena flosaquae(Lyngb.) Breb. andAphanizomenon flos-aquae (L.)Ralfs, were not stimulated by thegut passage. Our resultsdemonstrated that when M.aeruginosa was dominant, theeffects of crucian and silver carp onincrease of summer blue-greenalgal bloom could be significant.PO.15-01Monitoring for harmful planktonblue-green algae in smallSiberian reservoirsSession: PO.15 - MonitoringOV Kolmakova 1 , EA Ivanova 2 , ESKravchuk 31 Krasnoyarsk State University,KRASNOYARSK, Russia2 Krasnoyarsk State Agricultural Universit,KRASNOYARSK, Russia3 Institute of Biophysics of SB of RAS,KRASNOYARSK, RussiaResults of summer toxic bloommonitoring in small reservoirs ofKrasnoyarsk region (Siberia,Russia) – Bugach, Bereshskoe,Vetluzhanka - were analyzed.Investigations were conductedduring the period of open water in2003-2005. Water blooms in thesereservoirs were caused by harmfulblue-green algae and had twopeaks. The first peak (June-July)was dominated by massdevelopment of Aphanizomenonflos-aquae (L.) Ralfs and Anabaenaflos-aquae (Lyngb.) Breb. Thesecond peak (August-September) –by Microcystis aeruginosa Kütz.emend. Elenk. The biomass of bluegreenalgae reached 200 mg/lduring the period of bloom. Themost important part of research wasdevelopment of practical measuresdirected at the prevention of harmfulblue-green algae massdevelopment in these reservoirs.Complex 'top-down' and 'bottom-up'biomanipulation should beconducted for prevention of thewater bloom. Levels of sedimentsand phosphorus in the water, thenumber of planktivorous fish needto be reduced, th hypolimnionaerated, and a coastal woodyvegetation must be planted.PO.13-56Seasonal dynamics of harmfulalgae and their amino acids intwo small Siberian reservoirsSession: PO.13 - Regional eventsAA Kolmakova, GS Kalachova, EAIvanovaInstitute of Biophysics of SB of RAS,KRASNOYARSK, RussiaA comparison of the dynamics ofharmful algal biomass and totalamino acid composition was madefor two small Siberian reservoirs.The only factor that significantlychanged the percentages of aminoacids in water was the bloom ofCyanophyta in the 'blooming' waterbody. During the bloom of harmfulCyanophyta, the absolute andrelative content of leucine-glutaminegroup increased, while theconcentrations of other acidsgenerally dropped. Before and afterthe bloom, no significant variation inthe total amino acid compositionwas recorded. In the reservoir,where harmful Cyanophyta didn'tdominate, no significant variations inamino acid composition wererecorded during the season.207

INTERNATIONAL SOCIETY FOR THE STUDY OF HARMFUL ALGAE12 th <strong>International</strong> <strong>Conference</strong> on Harmful Algae, Copenhagen, Denmark, 4-8 September 2006PO.10-02ASP toxin composition ofpennate diatoms and bacterialeffect on the compositionvariationSession: PO.10 - Ecophysiology &autecologyYuichi Kotaki 1 , N Lundholm 2 , TKatayama 1 , EF Furio 3 , ML Romero 4 , JRRelox 4 , T Yasumoto 5 , H Naoki 5 , MYHirose 5 , TD Thanh 6 , CV Thuoc 6 , NTMHuyen 6 , PT Thu 6 , Y Takata 1 , MKodama 1 , Y Fukuyo 71 Kitasato University, OFUNATO, Japan2 University of Copenhagen,COPENHAGEN, Denmark3 NFRDI, MANILA, Philippines4 BFAR, MANILA, Philippines5 Okinawa CREATE, JST, URUMA, Japan6 IMER, HAI PHONG, Vietnam7 Tokyo University, TOKYO, JapanPreviously, we reported thatPhilippine strains of Nitzschia navisvaringicawere separable into twotypes based on the toxincomposition: DA-IB and IA-IB types.The former produced domoic acid(DA) with isodomoic acid B (IB), andthe latter isodomoic acid A (IA) withIB. We further extended toxinanalysis to many culture strainsisolated in Japan, Vietnam, andPhilippines. The IA-IB type waslimited to only 13 strains from threeareas of the northern Philippinesand all other 183 strains belongedto the DA-IB type. When sub-strainswere prepared in non-axenicconditions, they kept the same toxintype of the parent strain. However,when sub-strains were prepared inaxenic conditions, one sub-strainchanged itself from the DA-IB typeto the IA-IB type. It returned to theoriginal DA-IB type, when theculture medium was replaced with acell-free but non-axenic medium ofthe parent culture, suggesting abacterial role in controlling the toxintype. Toxin compositions ofPseudo-nitzschia strains isolatedfrom Ofunato Bay, Japan, will bealso presented.PO.12-11PLANKTON*NET a distributedonline taxonomic databasesystem – its benefits for harmfulalgal researchSession: PO.12 - Taxonomy and phylogenyPresentation time: 16:40 - 18:00A Kraberg 1 , D Vaulot 2 , DJ Patterson 3 , AArdelean 4 , A Amorim 5 , I Probert 6 , JYoung 7 , T Moita 8 , A Macario 1 , KHWiltshire 11 Alfred Wegener Institut, HELGOLAND,Germany2 Station Biologique de Roscoff, ROSCOFF,France3 Marine Biolocial Laboratory, WOODSHOLE, United States of America4 Marine Biological Laboratory, WOODSHOLE, United States of America5 University of Lisbon, LISBON, Portugal6 Université de Caen Basse Normandie,CAEN, France7 Natural History Museum, LONDON, UnitedKingdom8 INIAP/IPIMAR, LISBON, PortugalMany research projects globally areinvestigating harmful algae. Theserequire accurate information on thetaxonomy of different harmfulspecies and their biogeography totarget their research.PLANKTON*NET (e.g.http://www.awi.de/Plankton-Net) is acommunal online database projectwith currently 6 European and 1 USpartners. It aims to providecomprehensive informationincluding images, taxonomicdescriptions and matrix keys onmarine and freshwater plankton.The content will serve the needs ofmany users, including the HABcommunity. PLANKTON*NET isconceived as an open-endednetwork of collaborating web sites(nodes) using micro*scope208

INTERNATIONAL SOCIETY FOR THE STUDY OF HARMFUL ALGAE12 th <strong>International</strong> <strong>Conference</strong> on Harmful Algae, Copenhagen, Denmark, 4-8 September 2006software. The resources of allnodes will be linked so that contentfrom all local sites, as well asexternal resources accessedthrough linkouts, can be accessedfrom each node. PLANKTON*NETwill use taxonomically intelligentweb services developed by the uBioProject (http://www.ubio.org) toorganize information aboutorganisms. The modular softwarewill also be extended to containenvironmental data.PLANKTON*NET already containsmany records of harmful algae incollections from very differentgeographic areas and the coveragewill increase as new partners maketheir data collections visible throughPLANKTON*NET. By providingcomprehensive, reliable up to dateinformation it will present a valuableresource for research andmonitoring studies on harmfulalgae.PO.07-09Effects of nutrient supply ratiosand initial communitycomposition on dinoflagellatebloom formation: mesocosmstudies from the northern BalticSeaSession: PO.07 - Ecology andoceanographyA Kremp 1 , T Tamminen 2 , K Spilling 21 University of Helsinki, HANKO, Finland2 Finnish Environment Institute, HELSINKI,FinlandSince the early 1980s 'red-tides'caused by cold-waterdinoflagellates have become aregular phenomenon in the coastalN Baltic Sea, where theyincreasingly replace the typicaldiatom-dominated phytoplanktonspring bloom assemblage. Althoughthis trend has generally beenrelated to anthropogenic nutrientenrichment and changing climaticconditions, the mechanismsunderlying the relationship haveremained poorly understood. Usingmesocosms, we studied the effectsof variable nutrient additions andnutrient supply ratios on speciescomposition and dominancepatterns of natural springphytoplankton communities from thecoastal N Baltic Sea. Theexperiments which were repeatedduring 3 consecutive years showedthat bloom formation anddominance of the dinoflagellateWoloszynskia halophila primarilydepended on the size of theinoculum population and the relativeabundance of co-occurring diatoms.Variations of N/P:Si ratios did nothave any significant effect onphytoplankton development andcomposition. Addition of N and P aswell as increased irradiancegenerally stimulated the growth ofdiatoms, but could not alter theoutcome of competition betweendiatoms and dinoflagellates whenthe latter were initially dominant.Our results emphasize theimportance of efficient recruitmentstrategies and initial conditions indinoflagellate bloom formation.PO.05-10Yessotoxin profiles from culturesand planktonic field samples ofthe marine dinoflagellatesProtoceratium reticulatum andGonyaulax spiniferaSession: PO.05 - Toxin analysisB KrockAlfred-Wegener Institute for Polar and M,BREMERHAVEN, GermanyYessotoxins are a large group ofladder-frame disulfated polyethers.Yessotoxin and an array of209

INTERNATIONAL SOCIETY FOR THE STUDY OF HARMFUL ALGAE12 th <strong>International</strong> <strong>Conference</strong> on Harmful Algae, Copenhagen, Denmark, 4-8 September 2006derivatives including glycosides canaccumulate in suspension-feedingshellfish, leading to positiveresponses in the mouse bioassayfor lipophilic marine biotoxins.Yessotoxins are globally distributedin coastal and shelf waters ofdiverse locations, including Japan,Norway, Chile, New Zealand, Italyand the North Sea. There are threeknown natural sources ofyessotoxins – all are marinedinoflagellates belonging to thegonyaulacoid species Protoceratiumreticulatum, Lingoludiniumpolyedrum and Gonyaulax spinifera.Yessotoxins were originally classedas among the diarrhetic shellfishpoisoning (DSP) toxins, but they arenow regarded as a distinct group asthey do not induce diarrheagenicsymptoms. We analyzed theyessotoxin composition of P.reticulatum isolates from theBenguela Current, South Africa andcompared the profiles to cultures ofP.reticulatum and G. spinifera fromthe North Sea off the east coast ofScotland by high performance liquidchromatography coupled withtandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS). The data on the culturedisolates were then compared to theyessotoxin profiles found in naturalphytoplankton assemblages fromboth locations.PO.05-01Direct selective separation ofdomoic acid by molecularlyimprinted polymersSession: PO.05 - Toxin analysisTakuya Kubo 1 , Kunimitsu Kaya 1 ,Tomoharu Sano 21 Tohoku University, SENDAI, Japan2 NIES, TSUKUBA, JapanIn the analysis of domoic acid (DA)in shellfish, phytoplankton andseawater as well as human samplessuch as blood and urine, severalmethods have been reported.However, the procedures of themethods are complicated. In orderto simplify the procedures, selectiveseparation of DA and its isomersfrom samples is the most effective.For the reason above, wedeveloped a novel selectiveseparation medium of DA using themolecular imprinting technique(MIT) that is the most effectivemethod for selective molecularrecognition. In this study, we usedan advanced method of MIT, named'fragment imprinting technique'. Todesign a template for DA, wefocused on carboxylic acid groupsin the molecule, and selectedseveral carboxylic acid groupcontainingcompounds. In the caseof o-phthalic acid as a template, theselective recognition of DA wasobserved by high performanceliquid chromatography (HPLC),while the medium prepared usingm- or p-phthalic acid as thetemplate recognized DA only to asmall extent. Finally, we achieveddirect selective separation of DAfrom shellfish-extracted sample byHPLC using o-phthalic acidimprinted polymer.PO.08-16Effects of microcystins on humanpolymorphonuclear leucocytesSession: PO.08 - ToxicologyP Kujbida, A Campa, P Colepicolo, EPinto, E HatanakaUniversidade de São Paulo, SAO PAULO,BrazilMicrocystins (MCs) are cyclicheptapeptides produced bycyanobacteria present incontaminated reservoirs. Reportedtoxic effects for microcystins are210

INTERNATIONAL SOCIETY FOR THE STUDY OF HARMFUL ALGAE12 th <strong>International</strong> <strong>Conference</strong> on Harmful Algae, Copenhagen, Denmark, 4-8 September 2006liver injury and tumour promotion. Inthis study, we evaluated the effectsof two MCs, MC-LR and [Asp3]-MC-LR, on the human neutrophil cells(PMN). We observed that even atconcentrations lower than thatrecommended by World HealthOrganization for chronic exposure(0.1 nM), MCs affect human PMN.Both MCs have chemotactic activity,induce the production of reactiveoxygen species, and increasephagocytosis of Candida albicans.MC-LR also increased C. albicanskilling. The effect of MCs on PMNprovides support for a damageprocess mediated by PMN andoxidative stress, and may explainliver injury and tumour promotionassociated with long-term MCsexposure.PO.11-08Allelopathic activity ofAlexandrium catenella grownunder N- or P- deficientconditionsSession: PO.11 - AllelopathyMohamed Laabir 1 , C Jeannin 1 , EMasseret 1 , Y Collos 1 , A Vaquer 1 , APastoureaud 21 Laboratoire Ecosystemes Lagunaires,MONTPELLIER, France2 IFREMER LER/LR, SETE, FranceWe demonstrate that Alexandriumcatenella, a dinoflagellate speciesresponsible of recurrent paralyticshellfish poisoning (PSP) blooms inThau Lagoon has an allelopathicactivity on co-ocurringphytoplankton species. Alexandriumcatenella cell-free filtrate obtained inlate exponential phase decreasessignificantly (Anova-test) the growthrate of target species. Becausenutrients are usually present in lowconcentration in situ, weinvestigated the growth of thediatoms Skeletonema costatum,Thalassiosira weissflogii, and thedinoflagellates Scripsiellatrochoidea and Prorocentrumminimum in the presence of thefiltrate of A. catenella grown underN- or P- deficient conditions.Results show that nutrient limitationof A. catenella cultures increasessignificantly its inhibitory effect onthe growth of the tested microlagae.It also enhances the production oftemporary cysts by the targetmicroalgae.These results suggest that A.catenella success in naturalenvironments may be related to itscapacity to produce allelochemicalsagainst potential competitors.PO.10-17Pulsed phosphorus supplydynamics controlling theoutcome of the competitionbetween toxic Alexandriumminutum and non-toxicHeterocapsa triquetraSession: PO.10 - Ecophysiology &autecologyC Labry, E Erard, A Chapelle, AYouenou, MP Crassous, J le Grand, BLorgeouxIFREMER, PLOUZANÉ, FranceSince 1988 Alexandrium minutumhas formed regular blooms in thePenze Estuary (northern Brittany,France) causing shellfish paralytictoxin contamination. This studyaims to establish knowledge baseson the competition with a coexistentspecies, Heterocapsa triquetra andfinally on the ecophysiology ofAlexandrium. A preliminary studyrevealed that Heterocapsa alwaysdominated in excess nutrients butphosphate limitation conditionsfollowed by a phosphate supplyenhanced the growth ofAlexandrium. Different phosphate211

INTERNATIONAL SOCIETY FOR THE STUDY OF HARMFUL ALGAE12 th <strong>International</strong> <strong>Conference</strong> on Harmful Algae, Copenhagen, Denmark, 4-8 September 2006depletion times before a pulse weretested in mixed batch cultures.These experiments showed twocontrasted periods. Heterocapsagrew preferentially for the first threedays of depletion while Alexandriumgrowth was promoted after threedays. This transition correspondedto two favourable physiologicaladaptations of Alexandrium cells:the use of stored intracellularphosphorus for later growth and ahigh capacity to increase its cellphosphate uptake rate. After threedays, Alexandrium consumed thewhole phosphate pulse, reducingHeterocapsa growth. Theseadaptations were confirmed in a P-limited semicontinuous cultureexperiment testing severalphosphate supply frequencies (1, 2,4, 6 days). Alexandrium alwaysoutgrew Heterocapsa and morequickly so for shorter intervals. Theexperiments revealed thatAlexandrium minutum is a 'storagespecialist' and Heterocapsatriquetra rather a 'velocity adapted'species.PO.15-14Solid phase adsorption toxintracking (SPATT) from NewZealand to the Scottish CoastSession: PO.15 - MonitoringJ-P Lacaze, L Stobo, EA Turrell, AScott, E BresnanFisheries Research Services, ABERDEEN,United KingdomAt the XI <strong>International</strong> <strong>Conference</strong>on HABs it was proposed thatSPATT was a simple and sensitivemethod for early warning of shellfishcontamination. SPATT is foundedon the observation that when lownumbers of toxic algae are presentin the water column significantamounts of toxins are dissolved inseawater. Experiments byresearchers from New Zealanddemonstrated a lag betweendetection of dissolved toxinsadsorbed onto porous syntheticresin, phytoplankton peak celldensities and highest toxinconcentrations in shellfish.Preliminary investigations at LochEwe (Scotland) used SPATT in theform of suspended SP-700 resinheld within a mesh bag. Bags weresuspended at 10 m and retrievedand replaced weekly when watersamples for phytoplankton werealso collected. The resin wasextracted and analysed for lipophilictoxins using LC-MS. Okadaic acidand dinophysistoxins were detectedat low concentrations in theabsence of the causativeDinophysis spp. Theseconcentrations increased prior todetection of D. acuminata and D.acuta. Yessotoxin was detectedwhen the causative algae,Protoceratium reticulatum, wasbelow the detection limit using lightmicroscopy. We propose thatSPATT is further developed fordetection of domoic acid andsaxitoxin using other availableresins and computationallydesigned polymers.PO.05-42Evolution of DSP toxicity in amussel-farming raft. Influence ofbacterial faecal contaminationand relative position in the raftSession: PO.05 - Toxin analysisJ Lago, AG Cabado, JM VieitesANFACO-CECOPESCA, VIGO, SpainMarine biotoxins are produced bydinoflagellates or other microalgae.Under optimal ecological conditions,toxic dinoflagellates proliferate,producing a bloom or red tide.212

INTERNATIONAL SOCIETY FOR THE STUDY OF HARMFUL ALGAE12 th <strong>International</strong> <strong>Conference</strong> on Harmful Algae, Copenhagen, Denmark, 4-8 September 2006When a red tide occurs, filterfeedingbivalve molluscsaccumulate the toxins produced bytoxic dinoflagellates and becometoxic for human consumption.Mussels are not affected by toxinaccumulation, and when the bloomstops, they undergo a naturaldetoxification process.The detoxification speed dependson many factors, not wellunderstood so far. Among others,food availability has been proposedto play a positive role in shellfishdetoxification. Food availability formussels in a raft is affected by thetheir relative position, both in depth,because the algal population variesin the water column, and related tothe water stream, because musselsdownstream receive water whichhas been previously filtered byupstream individuals.Our objective was to investigate ifthere is a relationship between DSPdetoxification and the relativeallocation on the raft. Our resultssuggest that upstream mussels loseDSP toxicity faster. Moreover, westudied the relationship betweenfaecal contamination, coliforms andEscherichia coli, and DSPaccumulation.PO.13-87On the genus Alexandrium(Dinoflagellata) in Vietnamesewaters: - two new records of A.satoanum and A. tamutumSession: PO.13 - Regional eventsNguyen N. Lam 1 , Jacob Larsen 21 Institute of Oceanography, NHATRANG,Vietnam2 IOC Sci. & Comm. Centre on HarmfulAlgae, COPENHAGEN, DenmarkBased on observations of cellmorphology and thecal platepattern, two dinoflagellate species,Alexandrium satoanum Yuki &Fukuyo 1992 and A. tamutumMontresor, Beran and John 2004are reported here for the first timefrom Vietnamese waters.Alexandrium satoanum belongs tothe subgenus Gessnerium and ischaracterized as follows: cells widerthan long, ca. 40 µm wide and ca.32 µm long, 1’ plate not connectedto the APC and without a ventralpore. Alexandrium tamutum belongsto the subgenus Alexandrium and ischaracterized as follows:isodiametric cells, 25-30 µm, 1’connected to the APC and with aventral pore, 6' as wide as long, andsp. plate wider than long, cystmorphology unknown. With theserecords, 17 species of Alexandriumhave now been reported fromVietnamese waters.PO.08-03DNA damage and apoptosis inCHO-K1 cells following treatmentwith cylindrospermopsinSession: PO.08 - ToxicologyA Lankoff 1 , WW Carmichael 2 , JBialczyk 3 , H Lisowska 41 Swietokrzyska Academy, Institute of Biol,KIELCE, Poland2 Wright State University, DAYTON, UnitedStates of America3 Jagiellonian University, KRAKOW, Poland4 Institute of Nuclear Chemistry,WARSZAWA, PolandThe aim of our study was toexamine the impact ofcylindrospermopsin on DNAdamage in CHO-K1 cells. Thealkaline version of the comet assay,the micronucleus assay and flowcytometry were applied.The source material for theproduction of cylindrospermopsin(CYN) was a culture ofCylindrospermopsis raciborskii. Theconcentration of CYN was213

INTERNATIONAL SOCIETY FOR THE STUDY OF HARMFUL ALGAE12 th <strong>International</strong> <strong>Conference</strong> on Harmful Algae, Copenhagen, Denmark, 4-8 September 2006determined using LC/MS. CHO-K1cells were treated withcylindrospermopsin at a dose of 0.5,1 and 2 µg/ml for 24 hours. Thelevel of DNA damage as well as thefrequency of apoptosis wereassessed by the alkaline cometassay. The Olive Tail Moment wascalculated using the CASPsoftware.Micronucleus assay was used tocorrelate the results obtained withthe comet assay with thecytogenetic results. The occurrenceof early apoptosis was determinedby the Annexin test and flowcytometry.A missing correlation between thecomet assay and the micronucleusassay results may suggest thatcylindrospermopsin-induced DNAdamage observed in the cometassay may be related to the earlystages of apoptosis due to cytotoxicbut not to genotoxic action of thecompound.This work was supported by thePolish Committee for ScientificResearch No6PO5D01320PO.03-03Using beachfront restaurantsales in Southwest Florida todetermine the localized impactsof HAB eventsSession: PO.03 - Public healthSL Larkin, CM Adams, KL Morgan, RLDegnerUniversity of Florida, GAINESVILLE, UnitedStates of AmericaExtreme environmental events,such as red tide blooms, have beenidentified by owners and managersof waterfront-dependent businessesas a source of appreciableeconomic losses. For the restaurantsector in particular, these lossesmay be irrecoverable since productsare perishable and consumptioncannot be delayed entirely. In aneffort to estimate the potentialnegative correlation betweenadverse weather events and shortrunrestaurant sales, proprietarysales data are combined with redtide and tropical storm data(incidence, intensity, wind speed,and wind direction). Theobservations are on a daily basisand cover three waterfrontrestaurants in Southwest Floridafrom January 1997 throughSeptember 2005. This presentationwill illustrate the restaurant salesdata, discuss the estimated models,and describe the relationshipbetween the revenues and thevarious explanatory factorsincluding red tides and tropicalstorms. In addition, the estimatedimpacts will be used to calculate theregional impacts associated withunforeseen environmental eventsthat could aid in the development ofa cost and benefit analysis ofproposed expenditures oneducation, mitigation, research, andmonitoring.PO.10-40Growth and toxicity of thedinoflagellate Gambierdiscustoxicus under nitrogen andphosphorus limitationSession: PO.10 - Ecophysiology &autecologyJ Lartigue 1 , T Villareal 1 , RW Dickey 21 University of Texas at Austin, PORTARANSAS, TEXAS, United States ofAmerica2 Food and Drug Administration, DAUPHINISLAND, ALABAMA, United States ofAmericaCaribbean strains (CCMP 1651 and1655) of the toxic dinoflagellate214

INTERNATIONAL SOCIETY FOR THE STUDY OF HARMFUL ALGAE12 th <strong>International</strong> <strong>Conference</strong> on Harmful Algae, Copenhagen, Denmark, 4-8 September 2006Gambierdiscus toxicus were grownin N- (nitrate, ammonium, freeamino acids, urea, or putrescine) orP-limited (phosphate, ß-glycerophosphate, or nucleotides)xenic batch cultures. Growth ratesranged from 0.11- 0.18 d -1 excepton urea (no growth). Cellular N andP pools were uncoupled fromconditions in the water and celldivision continued after the limitingnutrient was below detectable limits.N:P varied from 3-34 (1651) and 2-37 (strain 1655) with no relationshipbetween cellular N:P and totaltoxicity. Strain 1655 was roughlyfive-fold more toxic than strain 1651.The N source had no effect ontoxicity in either strain. The Psource had no effect on toxicity instrain 1651, but strain 1655 cellsgrown on ß-glycerophosphate weremore toxic. Stationary phase cellswere more toxic than exponentialphase cells in both strains underboth N- and P-limitation. In P-limited semi-continuous cultures,the toxicity of strain 1655 decreased(43.7-79.3 fg C-Ctx1Eq cell -1 ) as thegrowth rate increased (0.02-0.15 d -1 ). Toxicity differences were afunction of growth phase (batchculture) or growth rate (semicontinuousculture). Nutrient sourceand type of nutrient limitation havinglittle to no effect.PO.13-58Involvement of cyanobacteria inthe tropical ecotoxicologicalphenomenon of ciguatera fishpoisoningSession: PO.13 - Regional eventsD Laurent, AS Kerbrat, I de Fremicourt,T Darius, M Chinain, S PauillacIRD, NOUMEA, New CaledoniaDuring 2005, a cyanobacterialproliferation (Hydrocoleumlyngbyaceum) was found to inducea severe ciguatera outbreak in Lifou(Loyalty Islands, New Caledonia).Lipid-soluble extracts ofcyanobacteria and giant clams werefound to contain CTX-likecompounds, as assessed byneuroblastoma cell bioassays andcompetitive membrane-bindingassay using tritiated brevetoxin-3.According to the mouse bioassay,water-soluble extracts of bothsamples appear to contain the wellknownalkaloid neurotoxinsproduced by cyanobacteria andresponsible for Paralytic ShellfishPoisoning (PSP).This is the first demonstration ofsimultaneous occurrence of PSPtoxins and CTX-like toxins inextracts of marine cyanobacteria.The chemical identification of thesetoxins is currently underway byliquid chromatography coupled withmass spectrometry (LC/MS).Although long-term observations willbe necessary to decipher the trendsin dinoflagellate and cyanobacteriapopulations as well as thefavourable environmentalparameters, the new findingsrequire that CFP risk assessmentprograms must now includemonitoring of cyanobacteria besidesthe usual screening fordinoflagellates. In the perspective ofglobal warming, such events wouldprobably arise more frequently.PO.11-02Effect of bicarbonate addition onallelopathy in OscillatoriaagardhiiSession: PO.11 – AllelopathyLA Lawton 1 , GA Akin-Oriola 2 ,1 The Robert Gordon University,ABERDEEN, United Kingdom2 Lagos State University, LAGOS, Nigeria215

INTERNATIONAL SOCIETY FOR THE STUDY OF HARMFUL ALGAE12 th <strong>International</strong> <strong>Conference</strong> on Harmful Algae, Copenhagen, Denmark, 4-8 September 2006Phytoplankton species competewith each other for limitingresources especially nutrients. Thishas led to the evolution of differentstrategies ensuring their competitiveadvantage over other species inresource utilization. An example ofsuch a strategy is allelopathy – therelease of organic compounds byplants into the medium, whichaffects competiting species. Thisstudy investigates the effect ofbicarbonate-enriched spent mediaof non-toxic O. agardhii CYA 29 ongrowth and toxin concentration in M.aeruginosa PCC 7820.Bioassays were carried out in BG11 media to which were addedeither i) 15mM of bicarbonate ii) 0.1% (v/v) spent medium of O. agardhiior iii) 15mM bicarbonate and 0.1 %(v/v) spent medium of O. agardhii.The cultures were incubated at 25°C and sampled for biomass andtoxin concentration.A statistical analysis using Tukey’shonestly significant difference testshowed that after 3 weeks, biomassand total microcystin concentrationwere higher in cultures with spentmedia than those with bicarbonateand spent media. In contrast,microcystin concentrationdecreased six-fold in cultures withbicarbonate.Conclusion: addition of bicarbonateand/or spent media of O. agardhiihas a significant impact on growthand toxin production in M.aeruginosa.PO.11-14Epilithics biofilms: effect ofallelopathic compound onstructure and algal productionSession: PO.11 - AllelopathyJ Leflaive, L Ten-HageUniversité Paul Sabatier, TOULOUSE,FranceProduction of allelochemicals maybe considered as a competitor- andpredator-exclusion process. Epilithicbiofilms are benthic microbialaggregates formed by anassociation of autotrophs andheterotrophs, prokaryotes as well aseukaryotes. With the relativelycohesive organization ofmicroorganisms, theseagglomerates are quite auspiciousfor allelopathic interactions. The aimof this study is to show the effects ofthe presence of an allechemicalproducingstrain on biofilm structureand production. The experimentalset-up was based on artificialbiofilms, grown in microcosms andcomposed of a limited number ofalgal species (cyanobacteria anddiatoms, isolated from naturalbiofilms). Non-destructivetechniques of biofilm investigationswere used in order to elucidate bothspatial structure and functioning(laser-scanning confocalmicroscopy, microelectrodes). Toeliminate the effects of competition,extracts containing cyanobacterin,an allelopathic compound producedby the cyanobacteria Scytonemahofmannii, were added to thebiofilms. In a more general context,epilithic biofilm is an example ofcomplex integrated system whosedynamic functioning involves manysignalisation and regulationnetworks. This study aim tounderstand how allelopathicinteraction can modify biofilmfunctioning and structure.PO.06-13Effects of varying salinity andN:P ratios on the growth andtoxicity of Karenia brevisSession: PO.06 - Population dynamicsDK Lekan216

INTERNATIONAL SOCIETY FOR THE STUDY OF HARMFUL ALGAE12 th <strong>International</strong> <strong>Conference</strong> on Harmful Algae, Copenhagen, Denmark, 4-8 September 2006WILMINGTON, NC, United States ofAmericaThe toxic dinoflagellate Kareniabrevis forms extensive blooms inthe Gulf of Mexico, releasingbrevetoxins with implications forhuman health, mortalities of marinemammals and fishes. Historically, K.brevis was considered to formblooms above a salinity barrier of 24PSU. Recently, blooms in lowsalinity waters were recorded in theFlorida Panhandle and near theMississippi River outflow. In thisstudy K. brevis was cultured atsalinities of 15-40 at 5 PSU intervalsand N:P ratios (N:P = 16:1, 4:1 and80:1), to measure the influence ofsalinity and nutrients on growth andtoxicity. No growth of K. brevisoccurred at 20 PSU or below, butgood growth occurred at 25-40PSU. Growth varied from 0.36 to0.64 div day -1 . Highest growth ratesoccurred at 35 and lowest at 25PSU. Salinity was a primary factorregulating growth, with nutrients assecondary factors. Using an ELISAassay the highest per cellconcentration occurred in the 25 N-limited treatment with 100.0 and 40-Balanced with 99.2 pg toxin cell -1 .Similarly salinity was a primaryfactor regulating toxin productionparticularly at 25 and 40 PSU.Nutrient stress appears to stimulatetoxin production, prompting furtherinvestigation as to the relationshipbetween nutrients and toxins.PO.10-19Nutrient acquisition in theharmful dinoflagellateAlexandrium tamarense inresponse to different nitrogensupplySession: PO.10 - Ecophysiology &autecologySCY Leong, M Maekawa, S TaguchiSoka University, HACHIOJI, TOKYO,JapanNitrogen (N) is an essential variablecontrolling the bloom dynamics ofdinoflagellates in marineenvironments. The ability to take updifferent species of N readily andsimultaneously, and to switch Nsource rapidly is one of themechanisms that may enhance thebloom potential for dinoflagellates.In the present study, dinoflagellateAlexandrium tamarense grown on asingle N source was supplied withdifferent forms of N, and two Nspecies simultaneously to examinethe cellular nutrient uptake kineticsunder different supply mode. A.tamarense was able to take up Nreadily regardless of the previouslysupplied N source. Cells grown oneither nitrate or urea were observedto take up ammonium rapidly.However, with ammonium-growncells lower uptake rates of nitrateand urea were observed.Alexandrium tamarensedemonstrated the ability to take uptwo N species simultaneously.When ammonium and nitrate (orurea) were supplied in equalconcentrations, more ammoniumwas taken up and assimilated. Theability to take up different species ofN rapidly and also simultaneously isone of the advantages that mayallow A. tamarense to proliferateand form blooms in marineenvironments with complex Nsources.PO.01-20The distribution of Alexandriumspecies in British coastal watersSession: PO.01 - GeneticsJM Lewis, L Carter, L PercyUniversity of Westminster, LONDON,United Kingdom217

INTERNATIONAL SOCIETY FOR THE STUDY OF HARMFUL ALGAE12 th <strong>International</strong> <strong>Conference</strong> on Harmful Algae, Copenhagen, Denmark, 4-8 September 2006In 1968 the first instance of PSPtoxicity in the UK was documented,linked to Alexandrium tamarense.Alexandrium species are a regularfeature of the early summerphytoplankton assemblage invarious parts of the country andPSTs are regularly recorded inshellfish. Over the years a range ofstudies on Alexandrium have beencarried out in various parts of thecountry and further Alexandriumspecies (A. minutum and A.ostenfeldii) have been detected.The advent of molecular studiesand the identification of tworibotypes for Alexandriumtamarense (North American andWestern European) that occur in theUK, have further complicated thispicture. The overlap in occurrenceof these ribotypes is particularlyinteresting from an ecologicalstandpoint and as part of the EUfunded SEEDS project we areinvestigating the occurrence andmating capability of Alexandriumtamarense strains around the coastof the British Isles. In thispresentation we will bring togetherall that is known (from disparatesources) of the occurrence ofAlexandrium species in Britishcoastal waters and highlight areaswhich merit more detailedinvestigation.PO.08-17Production of spirolides in singlecells of Alexandrium ostenfeldiithroughout the diurnal cycleSession: PO.08 - ToxicologyNI Lewis, CM Garnett, CT Leggiadro,CM Rafuse, MA QuilliamNational Research Council, HALIFAX, NS,CanadaThe production of toxic metabolitesby dinoflagellates is known to beaffected by both environmental andgenetic factors. Changes in toxincontent during the cell cycle havebeen observed in several toxicspecies including Alexandrium spp.In this study, a micro-column LC-MS system was used to quantifytoxin concentration within a singlecell over the diurnal cycle, allowingthe accurate determination ofchanges in spirolide quota of singlecells of AOSH1, an isolate ofAlexandrium ostenfeldii. Digitalimage analysis was used todetermine the volume of individualcells, which facilitated accuratecalculation of des methyl-Cconcentration following analysis. Inaddition, changes in mean cell sizein the culture were monitored usinga Coulter Multisizer. A distinctadvantage of this method was thatthe toxin profile and concentrationcould be determined for individualcells undergoing division. Thesemethods allowed furtherexamination of differences in thebio-volume of live and preserved(Lugol’s) cells.PO.10-25Nitrogen uptake rates bysuccessive dinoflagellate bloomsin the East China Sea, 2005, andvariation with nitrogen andphosphorus statusSession: PO.10 - Ecophysiology &autecologyJ Li 1 , PM Glibert 1 , S Lu 2 , D Lu 3 , X Shi 4 ,C Zhang 41 Horn Point Laboratory, UMCES,CAMBRIDGE, MD, United States ofAmerica2 Institute of Hydrobiology, Jinan Univ.,GUANGZHOU, China3 Second Institute of Oceanography, SOA,HANGZHOU, China4 Ocean University of China, QINGDAO,China218

INTERNATIONAL SOCIETY FOR THE STUDY OF HARMFUL ALGAE12 th <strong>International</strong> <strong>Conference</strong> on Harmful Algae, Copenhagen, Denmark, 4-8 September 2006During late spring and earlysummer of 2005, large scale(>10,000 km 2 ) mixed dinoflagellateblooms developed in the coastalEast China Sea, associated withmassive fish kills in coastalaquaculture areas. Samples werecollected from different stationsalong both north-south and westeasttransects during 3 cruises ofthe Chinese Ecology andOceanography of Harmful AlgalBlooms (CEOHAB) Program, fromApril-June 2005, for assessing ratesof N (NO 3 - , NH 4 + , urea, and glycine)uptake during these blooms.Nutrient uptake rates andpreferences varied during theblooms, which were explained bythe change of phytoplanktoncommunity, total nutrient availability,and its relative composition. Preandearly-bloom rates showed highuptake of nitrate, but increasingdependence on reduced nitrogensources as the blooms progressed.Later in the bloom, nitrogen uptakerates also increased withsupplemental phosphorusenrichment, suggestingphysiological phosphorus limitation.PO.01-26Genetic diversity studies onSkeletonema species(Bacillariophyta) in the coastalwaters of southern China by SSUrDNA sequence analysisSession: PO.01 - GeneticsJunrong Liang 1 , Jinfeng Chen 1 , PengWan 1 , Yahui Gao 1 , Kinchung Ho 2 , YangLi 11 Xiamen University, XIAMEN, China2 The Open University of Hong Kong,HONG KONG, ChinaSmall subunit (SSU) rDNAsequence analysis was applied tostudy genetic diversity of ten strainsof Skeletonema collected fromcoastal waters of southern China.SSU gene fragments(approximately 1666 bp long) werecloned, sequenced and analyzed forcomparison with morphologicalcharacters. Based on morphology,three species were identified: S.subsalsum (Cleve) Bethge (mainlyfrom Shenzhen water), S. marinoiSarno et Zingone (from Xiamen andHongkong waters) and S. dohrniiSarno et Kooistra (from Xiamen andHongkong waters). All strains hadpolymorphic sites, with proportionsranging from 0.1% to 1.4%.Samples of Skeletonemasubsalsum showed highersequence diversity (from 1.3% to1.4%) compared to the otherstrains. It was also found that S.subsalsum formed an individuallineage in NJ and UPGMAevolutionary trees. The strains of S.marinoi and S. dohrnii showed verylow sequence divergence (rangingfrom 0.1% to 0.3%). Thus,molecular analyses using SSUrDNA were able to clarify thegenetic diversity and taxonomiccomplexity of Skeletonema.This work was supported by NSFC(40476055) and China 973 program(2001CB409701, 2005CB422305)PO.13-81Monitoring a bloom ofPyrodinium bahamense var.compressum occurring in ElSalvador, Guatemala and Mexico(November 2005-March 2006)Session: PO.13 - Regional eventsS Licea-Duran 1 , A Navarrete 2 , RRodríguez 3 , J Bustillos 4 , B Martínez 1 , CRamírez 51 Universidad Nacional Autónoma deMéxico, MEXICO D. F., Mexico2 Universidad del Salvador, SANSALVADOR, El Salvador219

INTERNATIONAL SOCIETY FOR THE STUDY OF HARMFUL ALGAE12 th <strong>International</strong> <strong>Conference</strong> on Harmful Algae, Copenhagen, Denmark, 4-8 September 20063 Centro de Estudios Tecnologicos del Mar,PUERTO MADERO, Chiapas, Mexico4 Northwest Biological Research Center, LAPAZ, Mexico5 Instituto Nacional de la Pesca, MÉXICO D.F., MexicoWater samples were analyzed byinverted microscope, and saxitoxin(STX) content of dead turtles wasmeasured by HPLC methods.During the present bloom oneperson died and seven intoxicationsoccurred. In addition, 206 deaths ofturtles and numerous quantities ofjellyfish were found on theSalvadorian beaches. Data analysisfrom Sea WiFS and Modis showeda positive temperature anomaly (1-5°C) in November 2005 betweenCosta Rica and Southern Mexicolasting until March. Chlorophyll adata registered a positive anomalyas well (0.5-1.0 mg/m 3 ) following asimilar path. The concentration ofSTX in turtles ranged from 27.9 -627.8 µg STX eq/100 g, while oncollected live jellyfish 17.3 - 21.4 µgSTX eq/100 g were detected.Concentrations of STX in oysterscollected in Mexico had 58 µgeq/100 g in December 2005 and upto 200.44 µg /100 g on February2006. Microscope analysesrevealed the presence of 48,900cells ml -1 in December 2005 and aminimum of 15 cells l -1 in March2006 in Salvadorian waters; while insouthern Mexico maximum densitywas 12 cells l -1 on February 2006.Discussed also are ocean colourimagery collected during previousblooms in the same area andunpublished data obtained fromMexican coasts between December1989 to February 2002.PO.09-01New gonyautoxin analogueisolated from the toxicdinoflagellate Alexandriumminutum (Dinophyceae)Session: PO.09 - Toxin synthesis andchemical structure of toxinsPT Lim 1 , S Sato 1 , CV Thuoc 2 , PT Tu 2 ,NTM Nguyen 2 , Y Takata 1 , M Yoshida 3 ,A Kobiyama 1 , K Koike 1 , T Ogata 11 Kitasato University, OFUNATO CITY,IWATE, Japan2 Inst. of Marine Environment and Resource,HAI PHONG, Vietnam3 Prefecture Uni. of Kumamoto,KUMAMOTO, JapanSix clonal cultures of Alexandriumminutum established from HaiPhong, Northern Vietnam inOctober 2004 were examined fortoxin production. The culturescontained predominantly GTX4.Other toxin congeners GTX1 - 3,NEO and dcSTX were alsodetected. Toxin content (Qt) variedamong the strains and growthstages, and ranged from 3.0 to 12.5fmol PST cell -1 . Interestingly, a peakeluted between GTX4 and GTX1was consistently detected in all A.minutum strains with concentrationsdepending on the growth phase.The peak disappeared under nonoxidizingHPLC-FD condition butremained unchanged aftertreatment with 0.05 M ammoniumphosphate/ 10 % mercaptoethanolor 0.1 N HCl hydrolysis. The peakwas partially purified using Bio-GelP2 after GTX1 - 4 were convertedinto STXs with ammoniumphosphate /mercaptoethanoltreatment. In LCMS, mass spectraof the peak showed predominant[M+H]+ ion at m/z 396. Ion scanningfrom 150 to 450 Da showed similarfragmentation to other GTX 1-4 withparental ion of [M+H]+ at m/z396,and fragment ions [M-SO3]+ atm/z 316, and [M-SO4]+ at m/z 298.220

INTERNATIONAL SOCIETY FOR THE STUDY OF HARMFUL ALGAE12 th <strong>International</strong> <strong>Conference</strong> on Harmful Algae, Copenhagen, Denmark, 4-8 September 2006The congener was identified as adeoxy GTX4-12ol lacking an oxygenatom at position C12. This is thefirst report of the congener.PO.02-09Is application of quantitative-PCRpossible for measurements intoxic Microcystis populations?Session: PO.02 - GenomicsJZ Lin, HN ChouNational Taiwan University, TAIPEI, TaiwanSix characteristic segments,mcyA~E, and the promoter of themicrocystin synthetase genecluster, designed in a Quantitative-PCR amplification were applied forquantitative measurements of toxicpopulations in environmentalsamples. Observations during themethod-development experimentsagainst 8 toxic and 4 non-toxicclones of Microcystis were: (i) theexpected specific amplicons werefound in all toxic clones but wereabsent or less abundant in non-toxicclones; (ii) all the toxic clonesshowed consistent Tm values ofmcyD, implying this partial mcyDsegment as the most conservedamong the tested mcys; (iii) a linearcorrelation was obtained betweenthe microscopically determined cellnumbers and the PCR thresholdcycles; (iv) cell concentration of thetoxic Microcystis from Q-PCRmeasurement was not affected byaddition of non-toxic populations; (v)gene copy number per cell wasvariable during the different growthstages and a maximal of 20 at theearly logarithmic and stationaryphase of batch cultures of toxicMicrocystis. This Q-PCR can beapplied in the environmentalsamples to as few as 800 toxiccells. The selection of suitableprimer pairs for specific mcysegments is important to avoidmisleading results.PO.10-01Effects of UVBR on differentstrains of the cyanobacteriumNodularia spumigena from theBaltic SeaSession: PO.10 - Ecophysiology &autecologyV Lindberg, M Mohlin, A WulffGöteborg University, GÖTEBORG, SwedenNodularia spumigena is one ofseveral toxin-producingcyanobacteria in the Baltic Sea. Itproduces the hepatoxin nodularin, atumour promoter known to havekilled wild and domestic animals.Nodularia spumigena blooms occurduring late summer, a period withstrong light, calm weather andstable water-column stratification.The tolerance to high lightintensities of three different strainsof N. spumigena was tested for 10days in two different laboratoryexperiments. Cultures were kept insemi-continuous growth andexposed to UVBR and UVAR, up to0.8 W/m 2 and 5 W/m 2 , respectively.Variables measured: growth (lightmicroscope), photosyntheticcapacity (phyto-PAM, Walz),content and composition ofphotosynthetic pigments, phycobilinpigments and UV-absorbingcompounds (HPLC). Despite sometreatment effects, UVBR intensitiesup to 0.4 W/m 2 do not seem to havea negative impact on the threestrains on day 10. However, whenexposed to UVBR intensities up to0.8 W/m 2 all strains were to someextent negatively affected by alower maximum quantum yield ofphotosynthesis but not growth. Inconclusion, this toxiccyanobacterium appear to have the221

INTERNATIONAL SOCIETY FOR THE STUDY OF HARMFUL ALGAE12 th <strong>International</strong> <strong>Conference</strong> on Harmful Algae, Copenhagen, Denmark, 4-8 September 2006potential to outcompete less UVBRtoleranttaxa at increased levels ofUVBR.PO.13-35Spatial and temporal analysis ofPSP toxins in plankton andmussels along the Swedish WestCoastSession: PO.13 - Regional eventsSusanne Lindegarth 1 , B Lundve 2 , ESelander 31 Göteborg University, Tjärnö Marine Lab.,STRÖMSTAD, Sweden2 Kristineberg Marine Research Station,FISKEBÄCKSKIL, Sweden3 Tjärnö/Göteborg University,STRÖMSTAD, SwedenBlooms of Alexandrium tamarense,A. minutum and A. ostenfeldii,known to produce PSP- toxins,occassionally occur in Swedishwaters. During the last 10-15 years,sporadic testing of PST by themouse bioassay in farmed bluemussels (Mytilus edulis) has shownthat the regulation limit for thesetoxins is rarely exceeded. However,due to the prohibition to performmouse bioassay in Sweden, veryfew data on the spatial andtemporal distribution of PST inmussels exist. Further, there are nostudies confirming the identity of thespecies responsible for PSTproduction in Sweden. During thelast years, HPLC analysis of PSThas been established as a researchtool in Sweden. This paper reportsthe initial results from a 2-yearmonitoring study, where planktonand mussels were sampled alongthe Swedish west coast using aspatial and temporal hierarchialsampling design. The resultsshowed that PST levels above thelimit for marketing were detected inmore than half of the samples fromMay and June 2005. These findingsindicate that PST is more commonthan previously believed and mayconstitute a serious threat toconsumers of uncontrolled mussels.PO.13-19Blooms of Alexandriumostenfeldii in a shallowarchipelago area in Åland, SWFinlandSession: PO.13 - Regional eventsTJ Lindholm 1 , J Franzén 2 , A Kremp 31 Abo Akademi University, ABO (TURKU),Finland2 Farmer, FÖGLÖ, Åland, Finland3 Finnish Environment Institute, HELSINKI,FinlandSummer blooms of the marinedinoflagellate Alexandriumostenfeldii were observed in ashallow, densely vegetatedarchipelago channel in Föglö, Åland(SW Finland) in 2003-2005. Inbrown water with densities of about1000 cells/ml, chlorophyll a valuesexceeded 10 microgram/l. Theblooms were associated with strongbioluminescense, a phenomenonnot previously reported from Åland.Thus, it is possible that A.ostenfeldii has reached Ålandrecently. The blooms were patchyand transported back and forth inthe area. Phototactic behaviour andfast swimming of A. ostenfeldii inresponse to local water currents(partly caused by scheduled shiptraffic in a nearby fairway) may havecontributed to the bloom formation.No harmful effects were observed inthe field, but toxicity is suspected incultured material.PO.12-12Toward integrating moleculardata into the process ofrecognizing new dinoflagellatespeciesSession: PO.12 - Taxonomy and phylogeny222

INTERNATIONAL SOCIETY FOR THE STUDY OF HARMFUL ALGAE12 th <strong>International</strong> <strong>Conference</strong> on Harmful Algae, Copenhagen, Denmark, 4-8 September 2006R. Wayne Litaker, Patricia TesterNational Ocean Service, NOAA,BEAUFORT, NC, United States of AmericaDinoflagellate taxonomy is based onmorphological criteria that areinherently more difficult to obtainthan are corresponding DNAsequence data. This results in therapid accumulation of sequenceinformation indicating many morespecies exist than can beadequately described given theextant morphological data.Currently, no method exists forsystematically categorizing thesesequences into potential speciesgroups for use in ecological studiesor for taxonomic characterization.We examined whether geneticdistances among ITS1/5.8S/ITS2rDNA sequences could be used forthis purpose. The analysis involvedidentifying sequences from 81dinoflagellate species to determineif simple uncorrected geneticdistances (p) above a certain levelconsistently correlate with knownspecies boundaries. For a diverseassemblage of dinoflagellatespecies, the within species geneticdistances between ITS1/5.8S/ITS2copies (p=0.000-0.021 substitutionsper site) were consistently less thanthose observed between species(p=0.042-0.580). Our resultsindicate that a between speciesuncorrected genetic difference>0.04 could be used to delineatemost dinoflagellate species,including cryptic forms. Recentlyevolved species, however, mayhave ITS p values

INTERNATIONAL SOCIETY FOR THE STUDY OF HARMFUL ALGAE12 th <strong>International</strong> <strong>Conference</strong> on Harmful Algae, Copenhagen, Denmark, 4-8 September 2006donghaiense, and that N-phenyl-2-naphthylamine and linoleic acidmight play an important role in theinhibition.PO.05-44Production of monoclonalantibody and development of anenzyme-linked immunosorbentassay for the determination ofokadaic acid in shellfishSession: PO.05 - MonitoringRen-Yan Liu 1 , Bing-Jun Chen 2 , Dao-Yan Xu 3 , Yu-Bo Liang 4 , Bing Liang 31 Dalian Maritime University, DALIAN, China2 Dalian Fisheries University, DALIAN,China3 Natl. Marine Environ. Monitoring Centre,DALIAN, China4 SOA Key Lab of Coastal Env. & EcosysRes, DALIAN, ChinaAn indirect competitive enzymelinkedimmunosorbent assay forquantitation of okadaic acid(OA), amarine biotoxin associated redtides, was developed by preparationof a monoclonal antibody againstOA using the cell-fusing method.OA-KLH was used as immunogen,and the spleen cells of immunizedmice were fused with Sp2/O cells.Clones secreting specificmonoclonal antibodies werescreened by indirect ELISA usingOA-OVA as coating ligand. Aftercloning, three hybridoma cell clonesstably producing anti-OAmonoclonal antibody were obtained.Detection of OA concentrations byindirect competitive ELISA wasestablished. The detection limit ofOA was 0.781ng/ml. The level ofOA in shellfish from China wasdetermined using the idc-ELISAmethod. A good correlation(R=0.7963,P‹ 0.001) was observedbetween idc-ELISA and HPLC-MS/MS.PO.10-28Response to small-scaleturbulence by naturalmicrophytoplanktonassemblages along a naturalAlexandrium minutum bloomeventSession: PO.10 - Ecophysiology &autecologyG Llaveria, E Garcés, E Berdalet, NSampedro, S Anglès, Ò GuadayolInstitut de Ciències del Mar, BARCELONA,SpainSmall-scale turbulence is anenvironmental factor that maydirectly affect different physiologicalprocesses of phytoplankton. Mostavailable data have been generatedin the laboratory using monospecificphytoplankton cultures. In thepresent work we used field samplesof a bloom of dinoflagellatesdominated by Alexandriumminutum, Scrippsiella spp. andProrocentrum micans, in differentphases of the succession, and wetested their sensitivity toexperimentally generated smallscaleturbulence.Three experiments, each 15 daysapart, were performed on themicroplankton fraction (15-60 µm) ofthe natural water. The sampleswere distributed in 4-liter sphericalflasks and maintained still orexposed to turbulence generated byan orbital shaker (turbulentdissipation rate epsilon~15 cm 2 s -3 )for ca. 10 days. The response wasevaluated in terms of biomass yield,net growth rate and cyst abundanceof the dominant species.Diatoms, A. minutum andScrippsiella spp. collapsed understill conditions while P. micansgrowth was not favoured byturbulence. Temporary cystformation of A. minutum was224

INTERNATIONAL SOCIETY FOR THE STUDY OF HARMFUL ALGAE12 th <strong>International</strong> <strong>Conference</strong> on Harmful Algae, Copenhagen, Denmark, 4-8 September 2006markedly reduced in the shakentreatments. The different degree ofsensitivity to turbulence exhibited byeach species appears to be linkedto the initial physiological state ofthe community during the bloom.PO.09-11A new yessotoxin isomer fromProtoceratium reticulatumSession: PO.09 - Toxin synthesis andchemical structure of toxinsJared Loader 1 , Christoph Miles 2 , AllanD. Hawkes 1 , Dwayne J. Jensen 3 ,Jannie M. Cooney 3 , VeronicaBeuzenberg 4 , Alistair Wilkins 51 AgResearch Limited, HAMILTON, NewZealand2 2National Veterinary Institute, OSLO,Norway3 HortResearch Ltd, HAMILTON, NewZealand4 Cawthron Institute, NELSON, NewZealand5 The University of Waikato, HAMILTON,New ZealandA new isomer of yessotoxin wasisolated from extracts of NewZealand Protoceratium reticulatumcultures during large-scalepurification of yessotoxin. Structuralinformation was gained by LC-UV,LC-MS3 and NMR spectroscopy.The information obtained identifiesthe isomeric alteration is confined tothe side chain substructure. Thestructural variation results in anincrease in hydrophilicity of themolecule and a markedly earlierelution time compared to yessotoxinunder reverse-phasechromatographic conditions.LC-UV and LC-MS3 data alsoconfirmed the presence of otherunknown yessotoxin analogues inthe P. reticulatum extracts.PO.08-11Effects of cyanobacteriaingestion on Daphnia magnamidgut epithelium andassociated diverticulaSession: PO.08 - ToxicologyA Lobo-da-Cunha, IC GuimarãesNogueira, VM VasconcelosCiimar, PORTO, PortugalThe effects of ingested CYN(cylindrospermopsin)-producingcyanobacteria on the digestive tractof D. magna were investigated bylight and electron microscopy.Cladoceran survival when feedingon cyanobacteria was alsoevaluated. We used as food threecyanobacteria differing in theirability to produce CYN: CYNproducingC. raciborskii, CYNproducingA. ovalisporum and CYNnon-producingC. raciborskii. Inorder to analyze cyanobacterialnutritional value, individuals werealso exposed to a green alga(Ankistrodesmus falcatus). Othercontrols were given no food. Themidgut from individuals fed withCYN-non-producing C. raciborskiirevealed two distinct features: someindividuals showed features likeunfed individuals, whereas othersshowed features similar to those fedA. falcatus. In contrast, the midgutfrom individuals fed A. ovalisporumshowed features resembling thoseof unfed individuals. In individuals ofD. magna fed CYN-producing C.raciborskii, the midgut showedsevere cell disorganization,suggesting another activemetabolite. Our results show thatcyanobacteria can be a toxic andinadequate food source for D.magna, due to low digestibility andto toxin content. The toxic effectsobserved were also illustrated bysurvival evaluation. Moreover, theCYN-producing C. raciborskii strain225

INTERNATIONAL SOCIETY FOR THE STUDY OF HARMFUL ALGAE12 th <strong>International</strong> <strong>Conference</strong> on Harmful Algae, Copenhagen, Denmark, 4-8 September 2006used in this study may, in addition,produce another(s) secondarymetabolite(s) responsible for thedisruption of epithelial cell adhesionsystems, but not yet identified.PO.12-04Evolutionary relationshipsbetween two winter-bloomingphotosynthetic dinoflagellatesand heterotrophic Pfiesteria-likespeciesSession: PO.12 - Taxonomy and phylogenyRE Logares 1 , K Rengefors 1 , A Kremp 21 Lund University, LUND, Sweden2 Tvärminne Zoological Station, University ofHelsinki, HANKO, FinlandPeridinium aciculiferum is afreshwater dinoflagellate normallyfound in north-temperate lakes.Scrippsiella hangoei is a marinebrackishdinoflagellate endemicfrom the Baltic Sea. Bothmorphospecies are importantcomponents of the winterphytoplankton community andgenerally bloom below the ice-capat the end of the winter. The twomorphospecies differ in habitat,general morphology and physiology.However, they share identicalnuclear ribosomal DNA (SSU, ITS1-2, 5.8S and LSU) and very similarmitochondrial cytochrome b (COB)sequences, indicating a recentevolutionary divergence. AFLPfingerprinting shows that the twomorphospecies are presentlygenetically isolated. The SSU andCOB phylogenies indicate that bothmorphospecies are evolutionaryrelated to estuarine species similarto Pfiesteria. Morphological dataagree with phylogenies: the platepatterns of P. aciculiferum and S.hangoei are very similar to thePfiesteria-like Shepard’s-Crookspecies, and the three taxa appearas most closely related in the SSUphylogenies. Some Pfiesteria andPfiesteria-like species are wellknown toxin producers.Interestingly, P. aciculiferum is oneof the few freshwater dinoflagellatesknown to produce allelopathicsubstances, and there is someevidence that S.hangoei producetoxins. An interesting difference isthat Pfiesteria and Pfiesteria-likespecies are heterotrophic, while P.aciculiferum and S. hangoei havechloroplasts. We are presentlyinvestigating the origin of theirchloroplasts.PO.08-22Comparative pathogenicity ofCochlodinium polykrikoides fromthe York River, Virginia, USA andthe Gulf of CaliforniaSession: PO.08 - ToxicologyVJ Lovko, WK VogelbeinVirginia Institute of Marine Science,GLOUCESTER POINT, United States ofAmericaCochlodinium polykrikoides is aglobally distributed mixotrophicdinoflagellate that forms massiveblooms worldwide. These bloomshave been associated with fish killsin Japan, Korea, the Gulf of Mexicoand the northwest coast of NorthAmerica and C. polykrikoides isoften considered a toxic alga,although the mechanisms ofpathogenicity have not been clearlyidentified. Other regions includingthe east coast of North Americaalso experience blooms of C.polykrikoides, although noassociation with fish kills has beenreported. We conductedcomparative larval fish bioassays(Cyprinodon variegatus) with bloomderivedcultures of C. polykrikoidescollected from the York River,226

INTERNATIONAL SOCIETY FOR THE STUDY OF HARMFUL ALGAE12 th <strong>International</strong> <strong>Conference</strong> on Harmful Algae, Copenhagen, Denmark, 4-8 September 2006Virginia and a clonal cultureobtained from Centro deInvestigaciones Biológicas delNoroeste (CIBNOR), Mexico. Larvalfish exposed to whole-cell YorkRiver culture experienced 100%mortality in

INTERNATIONAL SOCIETY FOR THE STUDY OF HARMFUL ALGAE12 th <strong>International</strong> <strong>Conference</strong> on Harmful Algae, Copenhagen, Denmark, 4-8 September 2006early spring of 2005 obviouslyinfluenced the succession pattern ofphytoplankton, inducing the unusualproliferation of certain algae such asK. mikimotoi.PO.01-12Genetic diversity within BalticSea populations of nodularinproducingNodularia spumigenaand non-toxic NodulariaharveyanaSession: PO.01 - GeneticsB Luckas, T Krueger, S Hiller, ROelmuellerUniversity Jena, JENA, GermanyThe genus Nodularia was recentlydivided into seven species. Fourspecies (Nodularia spumigena, N.baltica, N. litorea, and N. crassa)are planktic with the capability toproduce gas vesicles. Threespecies (N. harveyana, N.sphaerocarpa, and N. willei) lackgas vesicles and grow in benthic,periphytic, or soil habitats. Methodsinvolving the whole genome and16SrRNA sequences have indicatedthe close overall relatedness ofNodularia strains and alsodistinguished the nodularinproducingstrains from the non-toxicones [1].Recently, Nodularia spumigena(Huebel 1988/306) and Nodulariaharveyana (Huebel 1983/300) fromthe Baltic Sea were tested forproduction of nodularin, and only N.spumigena proved to be toxic.Therefore, the gene clusters of bothspecies were analysed.Characteristic differences wereobserved. Southern analysesdemonstrated that the cluster of N.harveyana lacks DNA sequencesencoding the subunits NdaE/F.[1] M.J. Laamanen, M.F. Gugger,J.M. Lehtimaki, K. Haukka, K.Sivonen. 2001. Appl. Environ.Microbiol. 67:4638-4647.PO.13-92Cyanobacteria blooms - apossible cause of mass mortalityof Lesser Flamingos in LakeManyara and Lake Big Momela,TanzaniaSession: PO.13 – Regional eventsCharles Lugomela, Harish B. Pratap,Yunus D. MgayaUniversity of of Dar es Salaam, DAR ESSALAAM, TanzaniaLimnological studies wereconducted in three alkaline lakes(Lake Big Momela, Manyara andEmbagai) with the aim ofinvestigating the cause of massmortality of the Lesser Flamingos inLake Manyara and Lake BigMomela during July–August 2004.High concentrations, up to 150million filaments per liter of thepotentially toxic planktoniccyanobacterium Arthrospirafusiformis were found in surfacescum of Lake Big Momela whereLesser Flamingos were dying at arate of between 15 and 50individuals per day during the studyperiod. Gut content analysesindicated that A. fusiformis was themain food item in moribundflamingos. Mouse bioassaysuggested that the crude microalgalextract dominated by A. fusiformiswas toxic with all mice close todeath becoming lethargic, with lossof balance, uncoordinatedmovements, intermittent tremors,dyspnoea with gasping followed byrespiratory arrest. This observationgives circumstantial evidence thatA. fusiformis at such highconcentrations was toxic to the228

INTERNATIONAL SOCIETY FOR THE STUDY OF HARMFUL ALGAE12 th <strong>International</strong> <strong>Conference</strong> on Harmful Algae, Copenhagen, Denmark, 4-8 September 2006Lesser Flamingo in Lake BigMomela.PO.08-1235 times higher content of PTX-2in Dinophysis acuta compared toDTX-1Session: PO.08 - ToxicologyBengt Lundve 1 , O Lindahl 1 , M Sandvik 2 ,T.L Torgersen 2 , L Nguyen 31 University of Gothenburg,FISKEBÄCKSKIL, Sweden2 National Veterinary Institute, OSLO,Norway3 Norwegian School of Veterinary Science,OSLO, NorwayThe diarrhea-producing microalgaeD.acuminata and D.acuta arecommon and known aspectenotoxin producers. In 2001,water samples was taken on theSwedish West Coast at threedifferent depths and analysed forpectenotoxins with LC-MS.Countings of D. acuminata and D.acuta were performed forcomparing toxicity contents in thecells. September samples fromKoljörfjord contained 4000 cells/L ofD. acuta, which causedcontamination of 800 μg DTX-1/kilomussel-meat in blue mussels(Mytilus edulis). The content ofDTX-1 in the D. acuta populationwas approximately 700 ng DTX-1/100L seawater. The D. acutapopulation contained up to 25000ng PTX-2/100L, an amount which is35 times higher. PTX-2 is quicklyconverted into PTX-2 seco acid bythe mussel tissue. The permittedlevel of toxin in mussel meat usedfor human consumption is 5000 μg/kg for PTX-2 and PTX-2 seco acidand 160 μg/kg for DTX-1. Weshould take in consideration that thepermitted level for PTXs is 31,25times higher and 35,7 times forPTX-2 production in D.acuta. Moreattention should be taken todetermine if the permitted level oftoxin content should be increased.PO.07-05Transport of potentially harmfulspecies by density-driven coastaljets in the western EnglishChannelSession: PO.07 - Ecology andoceanographySJ Lyons 1 , L Fernand 2 , R Raine 11 The Martin Ryan Marine Science Institute,GALWAY, Ireland2 CEFAS, Pakefield Road, LOWESTOFTNR33 0HT, United KingdomStrong bottom fronts to the west ofBrittany and along the southerncoast of England exist in thewestern English Channel insummer. Strong flows associatedwith these fronts were evidenced bysatellite tracked drifters. In thecentral region, flows were weakerdue to a combination of tide andwind effects.Noticeably discoloured water in thewestern English Channel in lateJune/early July 2003 was due to abloom of Karenia mikimotoi, celldensities reaching 3.8 million cells/l,with associated chlorophyll levels ofup to 70 mg m -3 . Underwaymeasurements and satellite imageryrevealed the bloom to be located inthe central area of the Channelbetween 3 and 5°W. Cell densitiesof K. mikimotoi were substantiallyreduced in late August whenblooms of Pseudo-nitzschia andEmiliania huxleyi were observed.Multivariate statistical analyseswere used to summarise thephytoplankton data from bothcruises. Without doubt, the mostimportant aspect of physicaloceanography relevant to harmfulevents in the near-shelf/coastal229

INTERNATIONAL SOCIETY FOR THE STUDY OF HARMFUL ALGAE12 th <strong>International</strong> <strong>Conference</strong> on Harmful Algae, Copenhagen, Denmark, 4-8 September 2006region studied was the presence ofdensity-driven coastal jets over thebottom fronts. A transport pathwayfor Karenia populations, and otherforms, associated with these flowsfrom Ushant, across the EnglishChannel and around the Celtic Seais discussed.PO.05-26Within-day variations in responseof the mouse bioassay fordiarrhetic shellfish poisoningtoxin (okadaic acid)Session: PO.05 - Toxin analysisK Machii 1 , M Kawasaki 21 National Institute of Health Sciences,TOKYO, Japan2 Food and Drug Safety Center,KANAGAWA PREF., JapanThe mouse bioassay (MBA) fortesting of marine biotoxins is still animportant tool in food safetymonitoring. During the symposium'Marine and Freshwater ToxinsAnalysis' held in Baiona, Spain lastyear, we reported that following i.p.injection of PSP the mice showed atendency to die more quickly wheninjected in the morning compared tothose injected in the afternoon.Recently, we found the samephenomenon when okadaic acid(OA) was injected in mice. That is,mice injected with OA tended to diemore quickly when injected in themorning than when injected in theafternoon. Further, the death timefollowing injection of OA, wassignificantly different (p12µM-N. Thissuggests that the metabolicpathways and assimilation of N maydiffer among N sources. Therefore,the type of N supply to coastalenvironments may contribute to thebloom potential of dinoflagellates.Information on the nutrientdynamics of dinoflagellates may230

INTERNATIONAL SOCIETY FOR THE STUDY OF HARMFUL ALGAE12 th <strong>International</strong> <strong>Conference</strong> on Harmful Algae, Copenhagen, Denmark, 4-8 September 2006assist in controlling blooms of toxicdinoflagellate and thus preventing abloom from being fully developed.PO.05-29Evidence of yessotoxins inAlfacs Bay - toxic effectevaluation by cell-based assaysand toxin profile determinationby liquid chromatographySession: PO.05 - Toxin analysisE Mallat 1 , E Cañete 1 , A Caillaud 1 , MFernández 1 , I Bravo 2 , B Paz 2 , JMFranco 2 , J Diogène 11 Centre d'Aqüicultura-IRTA, ST. CARLESDE LA RÀPITA, Spain2 Instituto Español de Oceanografía, VIGO,SpainIn July 2005, a bloom of thedinoflagellate Protoceratiumreticulatum at cell concentrationlevels of 1600 cells/L was detectedin Alfacs Bay, in conjunction withthe presence of Dinophysissacculus.Positive DSP mouse bioassaymeasurements indicated thepresence of diarrhetic toxins inmussels. Analytical procedureswere optimised and applied tophytoplankton and to musselextracts. Mussel samples were firstextracted in methanol/H2O (80:20),further percolated through anoctadecylsilica cartridge, derivatizedusing the dienophile fluorescencereagent, DMEQ-TAD, andsubsequently analysed by liquidchromatography coupled tofluorescence detection (LC-FD).Concentration levels of yessotoxinin mussels about 0.3 to 1.0 µg/kgwere detected during this event.Phytoplankton samples wereextracted by sonication withmethanol, followed by a clean-upstep. Okadaic acid concentrationlevels in these samples were alsostudied to confirm the toxic effectsrecorded along theProtoceratium/Dinophysis bloom.Evaluation of cell-based toxicity offield samples by estimation of cellviability, IC 50 and morphologicaleffects was studied and comparedto the analytical measurements.Protoceratium reticulatum waspreviously detected inphytoplankton samples from theEbro Delta embayments in summer2001, and concentration levels ofyessotoxin and homoyessotoxinwere then confirmed in musselsamples.PO.13-45The influence of Pseudonitzschiaaustralis blooms inshellfish domoic acidaccumulation on the Andalusiancoast (southern Spain)Session: PO.13 - Regional eventsLuz Mamán, D Jaén, R Fernández, MAOcaña, l Fernández, I MarquezLaboratorio Control Recursos Pesqueros,HUELVA, SpainDiatoms of the genus Pseudonitzschiahave been detected at theAndalusian coast since themonitoring program began in 1996.Some species from this genus areharmful because of the productionof the toxin domoic acid. During2006, samples from the monitoringprogram were analysed with LMand EM, allowing identification ofPseudo-nitzschia australis as themost abundant Pseudo-nitzschiaspecies. This event resulted inmarked toxin accumulation inseveral bivalve molluscs from theMediterranean coast.231

INTERNATIONAL SOCIETY FOR THE STUDY OF HARMFUL ALGAE12 th <strong>International</strong> <strong>Conference</strong> on Harmful Algae, Copenhagen, Denmark, 4-8 September 2006PO.05-07Testing of a passive adsorptiondevice in the detection of DTXsunder controlled conditionsSession: PO.05 - Toxin analysisClaire Marcaillou, Florence Mondeguer,Jean Bapt Bérard, Amélie GoupilIFREMER, NANTES, FranceRecently, McKenzie and hiscollaborators described an attractivetechnique to detect lipophilic toxinsin the field. The principle is basedon the passive adsorption of toxinsonto porous synthetic resin held insmall bags. For the purpose ofusing this technique for adecontamination trial, anexperiment was set up in thelaboratory with a Prorocentrum limaculture. Prorcentrum lima is abenthic species producing DTXsand cultivable in the laboratory. Thecumulative adsorption was studiedunder three environmentalconditions: in the raw culture, in thefiltrate and in the lysate of the sameculture. The results obtained fromthis preliminary experiment were asfollows: the cumulative adsorptiondoes not seem to be modified bythe cell presence, its relationshipwith exposure time is linear overtime and for the toxin levels studied,and the reproducibility is good in allcases.PO.15-16The Environmental SampleProcessor (ESP): a robotic devicefor detecting microorganismsremotely using molecular probetechnologySession: PO.15 - MonitoringR Marin III 1 , C Scholin 1 , S Jensen 1 , BRoman 1 , J Feldman 2 , D Greenfield 1 , CPreston 1 , W Jones 1 , E Massion 1 , GDoucette 3 , T Mikulski 31 MBARI, MOSS LANDING, CA, UnitedStates of America2 Jet Propulsion Labaratory, PASADENA,CA, United States of America3 Marine Biotoxins Program, NOAA/NOS,CHARLESTON, SC, United States ofAmericaOne of our primary research goalsis to develop analytical techniquesand instrumentation that allow us touse molecular probe technology todetect microorganisms, their genesand gene products remotely, in situ.Towards that end we havedeveloped the ESP,http://www.mbari.org/microbial/ESP,a device designed to collect discretewater samples from the oceansubsurface, concentrateparticulates, and automateapplication of ribosomal RNA(rRNA) targeted DNA probe arrays(see Greenfield et al.) and antibodybaseddiagnostics (see Doucette etal.). The ESP can also be used toarchive samples for a variety ofnucleic acid analyses, microscopyand other types of analyticalprocedures after the instrument isrecovered. To date, 3 differentclasses of DNA probe arrays thattarget a variety of bacteria andarchaea, harmful algae, and larvalinvertebrates have been applied insingle field deployments inMonterey Bay, CA, lasting ~20 d. Inconcert with the probe arrays fordetecting a suite of HAB speciesthat include Pseudo-nitzschiaaustralis, P. multiseries and P.pseudodelicatissima, we havesuccessfully utilized a competitiveELISA technique for detectingdomoic acid. In this presentation wewill review the design and workingsof the ESP, and our plans for futuredeployments, developments andtechnology transfer.232

INTERNATIONAL SOCIETY FOR THE STUDY OF HARMFUL ALGAE12 th <strong>International</strong> <strong>Conference</strong> on Harmful Algae, Copenhagen, Denmark, 4-8 September 2006PO.08-25Effect of emersion on diarrheticshellfish toxins depuration fromthe blue mussel MytilusgalloprovincialisSession: PO.08 - ToxicologyC Mariño 1 , H Martín 2 , CP Acosta 1 , JBlanco 1 ,1 C. Invest. Mariñas, VILANOVA DEAROUSA, Spain2 Centro Tecnológico del Mar CETMAR,VIGO, SpainThe effect of emersion on thedepuration of DSP toxins DTX2,okadaic acid and conjugated formsof these two compounds, in themussels Mytilus galloprovincialis,was studied. Contaminated musselswere placed in tanks with runningseawater and maintained for oneweek. On days 2 and 5 of theexperiment a subgroup of musselswas kept out the water for one day,another subgroup for 12 h, and athird subgroup was maintainedsubmerged. The observeddepuration was slow for the threetreatments. Emersion seems tohave no relevant effect on DSPtoxin depuration. Notwithstanding,the relative contribution ofconjugated forms was lower in thetwo treatments that involvedemersion than in the one in whichmussels were always submergedand in the initial samples, probablybecause of increased esteraseactivity in the two former treatments.This likely hydrolytic activityproduces an increase of the freeforms of the toxins after one week ofdepuration in the mussels subjectedto emersion.PO.08-10Do toxic Alexandrium minutumstrains affect feeding andsurvival rates of the pelagicmarine copepod Euterpinaacutifrons?Session: PO.08 - ToxicologyR Marinho da Costa 1 , LCC Pereira 1 , FFernández 21 UFPA, BRAGANÇA, Brazil2 Universidad de Barcelona, BARCELONA,SpainShort-term feeding and survivalexperiments with three differenttoxic strains of Alexandriumminutum revealed that the copepodEuterpina acutifrons was able toconsume them to a similar extent atwhich they fed on the non-toxic andsimilar-sized Scrippsiellatrochoidea. Feeding showed atypical satiation response toincreasing food concentrations. Fora given food concentration, nosignificant differences between theingestion rates of E. acutifrons onthe different dinoflagellate strainswere found, except for differencesbetween AL1V and S. trochoidea.Concentrated extracts of copepodtissues fed on A. minutum revealedthe dominance of N -sulfocarbomoyl toxins. Somegonyautoxins were also detected incopepods fed on AL1V. At the endof the feeding experiments,organisms were healthy. During the288-h exposure time no differenceswere found between survival ratesof E. acutifrons when fed on AL1V(55 %) or AL2V (70 %) nor whenfed AMINAR1 (80 %) or S. T. (95%), but significant differences wereobserved between copepods fedboth AL1V or AL2V with respect toAMINAR1 or S. T. Our resultssuggest that E. acutifrons canconsume A. minutum and act asPSP toxin vector through the foodweb during bloom events.233

INTERNATIONAL SOCIETY FOR THE STUDY OF HARMFUL ALGAE12 th <strong>International</strong> <strong>Conference</strong> on Harmful Algae, Copenhagen, Denmark, 4-8 September 2006PO.05-22Isolation of novel spirolides fromthe marine dinoflagellateAlexandrium ostenfeldiiSession: PO.05 - Toxin analysisI. Marschallek, B. Krock, A. CembellaAlfred Wegener Institute, BREMERHAVEN,GermanySpirolides are macrocycliccompounds characterised by atricyclic ether system and a sevenmemberedcyclic imine moiety. Themarine dinoflagellate Alexandriumostenfeldii is the only knownproximal source of these biologicallyactive compounds that evokeapparent neurotoxicologicalsymptoms in mice. In recentinvestigations of a strain of A.ostenfeldii (AOSH2) originating fromShip Harbour in Atlantic Canada,we found several previouslyundescribed spirolides. Precursorscans of characteristic fragmentionsby liquid chromatographycoupled with tandem massspectrometry (LC-MS/MS) revealedmolecular ion masses that did notcorrespond to known structures andexhibited fragment ion spectra thatdiffered from spirolides of equalmolecular weight. An LC-MS/MSmethod was optimised for thebaseline separation of the complexspirolide mixture. Since theunambiguous structural elucidationof these compounds requiresnuclear magnetic resonance (NMR)spectroscopy, dinoflagellate batchcultures were harvested to generatesufficient spirolides (uppermicrogram range) and high puritycomponents for spectroscopicanalysis. Low pressure columnchromatography and solid phaseextraction (SPE) techniques wereemployed to remove major matrixcompounds from the raw cellextracts. These combined methodsprovide a feasible scheme for theproduction of high purity spirolidesfor structural elucidation.PO.15-04Status of potentially harmfulalgae in the Chesapeake Bayestuarine systemSession: PO.15 - MonitoringH.G. Marshall 1 , L Burchardt 2 , TAEgerton 1 , MF Lane 11 Old Dominion University, NORFOLK,VIRGINIA, United States of America2 Adam Mickiewicz University, POZNAN,PolandChesapeake Bay is the largestestuary in United States. Twomonitoring programs started in 1985and 1998 have provided dataregarding phytoplanktonpopulations for Virginia tributariesand regions in Chesapeake Bay.These programs have resulted todate in the identification of 1454taxa within these waters with 34potentially toxic (2.3%) species.These include common bloomproducers: Akashiwo sanguinea,Cochlodinium polykrikoides, andProrocentrum minimum, plus nontoxicCeratium furca, Heterocapsatriquetra, Heterocapsa rotundata,Scrippsiella trochoidea. Also,Dinophysis acuminata blooms in2002 reached highs of 236,000cells/l, with okadaic acid present.Long-term trend analysis hasindicated significant (p=0.01)increasing trends in abundance andbiomass of cyanobacteria in Virginiatidal river sections. For example, in2004, Microcystis aeruginosaPotomac River blooms lasted 3months at salinities up to 7.5 ppt.Although no re-occurring toxicevents within this estuary haveoccurred, there are potentially toxicflora, which under specificenvironmental conditions, may234

INTERNATIONAL SOCIETY FOR THE STUDY OF HARMFUL ALGAE12 th <strong>International</strong> <strong>Conference</strong> on Harmful Algae, Copenhagen, Denmark, 4-8 September 2006through increased developmentinfluence the health status andwater quality within this system.Supported by Virginia Dept.Environmental Quality, VirginiaDept. Health, and USEPA.PO.08-15Antimicrobial and cytotoxicassessment of marinecyanobacterial extractsSession: PO.08 - ToxicologyMR Martins 1 , MF Ramos 2 , L Herfindal 3 ,K Skærven 3 , VM Vasconcelos 21 Escola Superior de Tecnologia da Saúde,PORTO, Portugal2 CIIMAR, PORTO, Portugal3 Department of Biomedicine, BERGEN,NorwayMarine cyanobacterial strainsisolated from Portuguese rockyshores and adapted to large-scalelaboratory culture were screened forbiological activities. Seventeenstrains belonging to the generaCyanobacterium, Oscillatoria,Synechocystis and Synechococcuswere tested for antifungal andantibacterial activity and ten ofthese strains were screened forcytotoxic activity against primary rathepatocytes and HL-60 cells.Extracts of different polarities weretested. No inhibitory effects werefound against the fungi Candidaalbicans and a wide range of Gramnegativebacteria. Ninecyanobacterial strains were found tohave antibiotic activity against twoGram-positive bacteria, Clavibactermichiganensis subsp. insidiosumand Cellulomonas uda. Slightapoptotic effects were observed inprimary rat hepatocytes whenexposed to aqueous extracts but nosignificant apoptotic effects wereregistered when cells were exposedto organic extracts. A highpercentage of apoptotic cells wereobserved for HL-60 cells whentreated with the cyanobacterialorganic extracts. Our datademonstrated that marinecyanobacteria extracts causeinhibition of Gram-positive bacteriaand induce apoptosis in eukaryoticcells. The different activity indifferent extracts suggests differentcompounds with different polarities.Cyanobacterial strains of the generaSynechocystis and Synechococcusproved to be a potential source ofbioactive compounds.PO.13-86The genus Ostreopsis in therecreational waters along theCatalan Coast and BalearicIslands (NW Mediterranean Sea)Session: PO.13 - Regional eventsM MasoInstituto Ciencias del Mar, BARCELONA,SpainTwo Ostreopsis species have beendetected in the Mediterranean Sea,Ostreopsis cf. siamensis and O.ovata. Both are toxic (palytoxinanalogues) and live looselyattached to macroalgae, althoughthey have the availability to detachand swim in the water column.Respiratory problems have beenrecently related with theseorganisms in some Mediterraneancoastal areas. In August 2004, 200people were affected by respiratorydifficulties in the central part of theCatalan coast. Studies on thedistribution of these epiphyticdinoflagellates are scarce and it isan urgent task to be done due to itspotential danger. During the touristseason, an extensive monitoringassociated with bathing beacheswas performed in twoMediterranean coastal regionsexploited for recreational use.235

INTERNATIONAL SOCIETY FOR THE STUDY OF HARMFUL ALGAE12 th <strong>International</strong> <strong>Conference</strong> on Harmful Algae, Copenhagen, Denmark, 4-8 September 2006Sampling was performed in 240beaches along the Catalan coast(CSIC_Agència Catalana del’Aigua) and 80 beaches along theBalearic Islands (CSIC_Conselleriadel Govern Balear). Resultsrevealed the widespread distributionof the genus Ostreopsis in thebathing waters of these tworecreational coastal areas.Concentration of the organismaround 200 cells l -1 is a commonsituation in the water column and inseveral occasions concentrations ashigh as 10 4 cells l -1 have beendetected.PO.01-22Testing the hypothesis oftemperate Asia origin ofAlexandrium catenella in ThauLagoon (NW Mediterranean)using microsatellite markersSession: PO.01 - GeneticsE Masseret 1 , S Nagai 2 , D Grzebyk 1 , BGenovesi-Giunti 1 , B Lasserre 1 , MLaabir 1 , D Alrivie 1 , Y Collos 1 , AVaquer 1 , P Berrebi 11 University Montpellier II, MONTPELLIER,France2 National Research Institute of Fisheries,HIROSHIMA, JapanA massive bloom of Alexandriumcatenella associated with paralyticshellfish poisoning first occurred inThau Lagoon (FrenchMediterranean) in 1998. Since then,A. catenella has been repeatedlyblooming in this lagoon. Morerecently, A. catenella blooms alsooccurred for the first time in severalareas in the NW Mediterranean(Spain, Italy) where this speciesseems to be expanding. On thebasis of genetic analyses of A.catenella strains isolated from theNW Mediterranean, using rDNAmarkers, it was suggested that thisMediterranean population couldhave been introduced fromtemperate Asia (e.g. Japan) throughballast waters. In order to test thishypothesis, we carried out a geneticanalysis of French Mediterraneanand Japanese strains usingmicrosatellite markers (MS). MSsequences are highly polymorphicmarkers, which are nowadayswidely used to study populationgenetics in terrestrial and aquaticmacroorganisms. This approachhas been recently used toinvestigate genetic diversity inphytoplankton. MS have beendeveloped in A. catenella (Nagai etal., Molecular Ecology Notes 6:120-122, 2006). Using these markers,we will present the comparativeanalysis of A.catenella strainsisolated from Thau Lagoon (fromblooms and resting cysts) and fromJapanese waters. The data arediscussed with respect to analysesbased on rDNA data.PO.11-06Inhibitory effects of diatoms onthe growth of the dinoflagellateAkashiwo sanguineaSession: PO.11 - AllelopathyT Matsubara, S Nagasoe, Y Yamasaki,T Shikata, Y Shimasaki, Y Oshima, THonjoGraduate School, Kyushu University,FUKUOKA, JapanResults of phytoplankton highfrequencystudies over four years inHakozaki Harbour, Hakata Bay,Japan, showed that thebacillariophytes Skeletonemacostatum and species of the genusChaetoceros are dominant in springand summer, whereas Asterionellajaponica is dominant in the fall. Onthe other hand, the density ofAkashiwo sanguinea began toincrease during early fall, when the236

INTERNATIONAL SOCIETY FOR THE STUDY OF HARMFUL ALGAE12 th <strong>International</strong> <strong>Conference</strong> on Harmful Algae, Copenhagen, Denmark, 4-8 September 2006diatoms began to decline. Akashiwosanguinea occasionally formedblooms during late fall when alldiatoms had disappeared. Thus,inhibitory effects on growth of A.sanguinea by these diatoms wereexamined under laboratoryconditions. The growth of A.sanguinea was strongly inhibited inbi-algal cultures with S. costatumand Chaetoceros didymium, andslightly inhibited by A. japonica.Furthermore, the growth of A.sanguinea was significantly lower infiltrates (enriched with nutrientmatter) containing medum on whichS. costatum and C. didymium hadgrown thickly than in fresh medium.These results suggest that A.sanguinea was inhibited byallelopathy and cell contact with S.costatum and Chaetoceros sp.blooms in spring and summer. Thegrowth rate of A. sanguineaincreased in the fall, due to theabsence of diatoms anddisappearance of inhibitoryconditions.PO.13-88Red tide due to the dinoflagellateKarenia mikimotoi occurred inHiroshima Bay in 2002Session: PO.13 - Regional eventsYukihiko MatsuyamaNatl Res Inst Fish Env Inland Sea,HIROSHIMA, JapanA large-scale red tide due to harmfuldinoflagellate Karenia mikimotoioccurred in Hiroshima Bay, westernpart of Seto Inland Sea, Japan in2002. Hydrographic and biologicalinvestigations were conducted at amonitoring station from the initialoutbreak to cessation of the redtide. Visible blooms (>10 6 cells/L)occurred 6-22 July during themonitoring station. Maximum celldensity was 1.35 x 10 7 cells/L at themonitoring station and 2.74 x 10 8cells/L in a harbour located near thestation. Water temperature andsalinity during the outbreaks of thered tide ranged from 23.5 to 26.1 °Cand 27.5 to 31.3 psu, respectively.Finfish and oyster aquaculture heldin the bay were devastated by thered tide. Total fisheries damage tofarmed finfish was 950,000 US$.The average mortality of the Pacificoyster Crassostrea gigas and themussel Mytilus galloprovincialiswere 46% and 65%, respectively.Massive kills of shellfish wereprobably caused from a detrimentaleffect of K. mikimotoi because thedeath of shellfish had occurredbefore the lowest values of ofanoxic water (2.0 mg/L in bottom)had developed.PO.01-14A molecular approach to identifyPseudo-nitzschia species innatural samplesSession: PO.01 - GeneticsSM McDonald, D Sarno, A Amato,WHCF Kooistra, A ZingoneStazione Zoologica, NAPLES, ItalyDuring recent years, a number ofnew Pseudo-nitzschia species havebeen described (e.g. Lundholm etal. 2003) that are geneticallydistinct, but difficult to distinguishusing light microscopy and in somecases even with electronmicroscopy. Therefore molecularmethods must be developed toidentify the various species for thepurposes of both monitoringprogrammes and ecological studiesat sea. A PCR-based method wasemployed to assess the seasonaldistribution of Pseudo-nitzschiaspecies during 2004 within the Gulfof Naples. A genus-specific primer237

INTERNATIONAL SOCIETY FOR THE STUDY OF HARMFUL ALGAE12 th <strong>International</strong> <strong>Conference</strong> on Harmful Algae, Copenhagen, Denmark, 4-8 September 2006set was derived from PseudonitzschiaLSU sequences and usedfor PCR on environmental DNAsamples. Clone libraries wereconstructed from the DNAfragments obtained at six differentdates, chosen among samples withmaximum abundances and diversityof Pseudo-nitzschia species.Sequence analysis revealed 13LSU types, ten of which correspondto known species such as P.galaxiae and P. delicatissima andthree seem to be novel genotypeswarranting further investigation. Thecomposition of the clone librariesdiffered among the dates, reflectingseasonal succession among thePseudo-nitzschia species asdetected by LM identifications. Thepotential applications of this methodare discussed as a means tosupport identification of Pseudonitzschiaspecies in naturalsamples.PO.06-19Dynamics of Prorocentrum limaon mussel ropes and theimplications for economic impactand site managementSession: PO.06 - Population dynamicsCH McKenzieFisheries & Oceans Canada, ST. JOHN'S,CanadaMussels harvested in May (2001)from a site in Newfoundland werefound to contain DSP toxins andwere rejected from European Union(EU) markets. The cost of theproduct and more importantly thecost of shipping were a significanteconomic loss to the producer. TheCanadian Food Inspection Agency(CFIA) now routinely tests for DSPtoxins in product destined for the EUin addition to the toxins that it hadtraditionally tested. The probablesource of the DSP toxin in themussel product was determined tobe Prorocentrum lima growingepiphytically on the mussel ropes.This study examines the seasonalityand spatial distribution of thesedinoflagellates within theaquaculture site and in relation tothe other epiphytic species found onthe mussel ropes and collectors.Epiphyte samples were collectedover a two- year period from musselsocks and collector lines andexamined microscopically todetermine the distribution of harmfulalgal species. The implications forsite management and thesubsequent economic impact on theproducer are discussed.PO.05-14A fast and sensitive multi-analyteUPLC-MS/MS method for thedetection of DSP and otherlipophilic marine biotoxins inshellfishSession: PO.05 - Toxin analysisD McMillan 1 , E Fux 2 , P Hess 2 , R Bire 21 Waters Corp, MANCHESTER, UnitedKingdom2 Marine Institute, GALWAY, IrelandThe high sensitivity and selectivityof LC-MS/MS have proven to bereliable and effective in many areasof analysis where validatedquantitation and confirmation arerequired. Recent advances in thetechnologies involved show greatpotential for the technique in thefield of biotoxin research, where thedetection of shellfish toxins isbecoming increasingly reliant oninstrumental methods.The diversity of structures andchemistries exhibited by thesecompounds, the extreme complexityof the matrices and the requirementfor a fast and efficient analysis have238

INTERNATIONAL SOCIETY FOR THE STUDY OF HARMFUL ALGAE12 th <strong>International</strong> <strong>Conference</strong> on Harmful Algae, Copenhagen, Denmark, 4-8 September 2006given rise to considerable analyticalchallenges. The high resolutionoffered by Ultra-Performance LChelps to minimise co-elution ofanalytes and matrix and in turnreduces suppression effects in themass spectrometer, increasingoverall sensitivity. The latestgeneration of tandem-quadrupolemass spectrometers use novel ionoptics and high performanceelectronics, enabling fast switchingbetween MRM transitions andpolarity switching, to allow for moreanalytes in a single run.Presented here is a methoddeveloped for the analysis of 23marine biotoxins from six distinctcompound classes. Secondary,confirmatory transitions andcalibration curves for the mostimportant compounds are includedand an overall cycle time of 6minutes is achieved with LoDs from0.17 to 43pg on-column.PO.13-54Blooms of Pyrodiniumbahamense var. compressa alongthe Central American Pacificcoast and south of MéxicoSession: PO.13 - Regional eventsE Meave del Castillo 1 , R Rodríguez S. 2 ,M Vargas M. 31 Universidad Autonoma Metropolitana,MEXICO DF, Mexico2 CETMAR, PUERTO MADERO, Chiapas,Mexico3 Universidad de Costa Rica, SAN JOSÉ,Costa RicaThe first toxic episode of Pyrodiniumbahamense in America occurred inGuatemala (July 1987), when 26people died after consumption ofclams. In Costa Rica andTehuantepec Gulf (México) the firstbloom was in October 1989,resulting in 99 sick people and 3fatalities. The toxin level was 811 µgSTXeq 100g –1 . Subsequently (1995-1996), this species was registeredagain in México, reaching the coastof Michoacán, and causing death ofmarine organisms at a toxin level of6,337 µg STXeq 100g –1 . In CostaRica a subsequent bloom tookplace 10 years later (1999-2001)covering the entire Pacific coast,and both morphotypes var.compressa and var. bahamenseoccurred. In Acapulco, México in2001 the toxin level reported was7,309 µg STXeq 100g –1 . Meanwhilein Chiapas, resting cysts wereregistered in the water column fromJanuary 2001 and the firstvegetative cells in March 2001. Weobserved exponential growth untilthe formation of the bloom sixmonths later. Cysts were alsoobserved in the water column whenthe bloom advanced. The lastregistration was in November-December 2005 in the Gulf ofPapagayo (Costa Rica) withdensities of 350x10 6 cells l -1 . Thesame event was registered inChiapas (México) from December toMarch 2006, reaching cell densitiesof 950 cells l -1 and a toxin level of200 µg STXeq 100g –1 .PO.06-04Dinoflagellate blooms andparalytic shellfish poisoningproducers in Uruguayan waters,in relation to environmentalconditionsSession: PO.06 - Population dynamicsSM Méndez, O GalliNational Direction of Aquatic Resources,MONTEVIDEO, UruquayToxic dinoflagellate blooms havebeen a recurrent phenomenon inUruguayan waters since 1991. Theobjective of the present study wasto analyze the relationship between239

INTERNATIONAL SOCIETY FOR THE STUDY OF HARMFUL ALGAE12 th <strong>International</strong> <strong>Conference</strong> on Harmful Algae, Copenhagen, Denmark, 4-8 September 2006the PSP- producing speciesGymnodinium catenatum andAlexandrium tamarense and severalenvironmental factors in the period1991-2004. The study zoneincluded three Uruguayan coastallocations along a 140-km stretch:Piriápolis, Punta del Este andArachania. The relation betweenweekly abundance of the twospecies, water temperature, salinity,temperature anomalies, seawatertemperature (SST 3.4 Index) fromNOAA, and Río de la Plata wasanalyzed.The A. tamarense blooms higherthan 10,000 cells/l occurredbetween 11 and 14 ºC, 17.3 and32.2 psu, without strong incidenceof temperature anomalies, and aRio de la Plata flow between 17,000and 23,000 m 3 /s. Gymnodiniumcatenatum blooms occurredbetween 21.8 and 24 ºC, generallyunder positive anomalies of seasurface temperature, with salinitiesfrom 18.4 to 32 psu, under higherRio de la Plata flow dischargebetween 18,000 and 34,000 m3/s.PO.15-23California Program for RegionalEnhanced Monitoring ofPhycoToxins (Cal-PReEMPT)Session: PO.15 - MonitoringP E Miller 1 , GW Langlois 2 , RM Kudela 1 ,MW Silver 11 University of California, Santa Cruz,SANTA CRUZ, United States of America2 California Department of Health Services,RICHMOND, United States of AmericaCalifornia’s expansive coastline isthreatened by blooms of a variety ofharmful algal genera, includingPseudo-nitzschia and Alexandrium.Efficient and cost-effective newmethods for species and toxindetection have been developed, ashave remote sensing capabilities forbloom tracking. Although thesetechnologies are available, aconstraint to adoption of them bythe California Department of HealthService (CDHS) is the lack of fundsfor ground-truthing them, anecessary step before full adoptionand incorporation into the state’smonitoring effort. To bridge the gulfbetween availability of new toolsand integration of those intomonitoring efforts, NOAA, throughits Monitoring and Event ResponseProgram for Harmful Algal Blooms(MERHAB), is providing funding toperform necessary validation of newtools for incorporation of them intothe CDHS monitoring program. Wehave established pilot project siteswhere new technologies areincorporated into an intensivemonitoring program. Our approachis to shift much of the monitoringeffort to the field, where fieldtechnicians pre-screen samples fortoxins and toxin-producing species,thus ensuring early warning ofimpending blooms while avoidingun-necessary and expensive labbasedsample testing. Thispresentation will provide anoverview of our MERHAB-fundedprogram, detailing our progress andaccomplishments to date.PO.12-09Molecular phylogeny andultrastructural studies of theperiflagellar area of some benthicspecies of Prorocentrum(Dinophyceae)Session: PO.12 - Taxonomy andPhylogenyNormawaty Mohd Noor, NielsDaugbjerg, Øjvind MoestrupBiological Institute, COPENHAGEN K,Denmark240

INTERNATIONAL SOCIETY FOR THE STUDY OF HARMFUL ALGAE12 th <strong>International</strong> <strong>Conference</strong> on Harmful Algae, Copenhagen, Denmark, 4-8 September 2006The taxonomy of the genusProrocentrum is currently in a stateof flux. McLachlan et al. (1997)suggested reinstatement of thegeneric name Exuviella for somespecies presentl included inProrocentrum. To further explorethe taxonomy of ‘Prorocentrum’species we sequenced the nuclearencodedlarge subunit (LSU)ribosomal DNA gene of someProrocentrum species isolatedmainly from Malaysia. Molecularphylogenetic analyses revealed afew lineages which could be dividedinto several groups supported bymorphological characters such asthe presence of trichocysts,ornamentation of the periflagellararea, ornamentation of valvesurface and type of toxin.Additionally, the periflagellar area oftwo Prorocentrum species, viz. P.emarginatum and P. concavum,was studied by serial sectioning inthe TEM to examine whether thischaracter is a useful taxonomiccharacter for inferring relationship atthe species level. The platelets werelabelled according to Taylor’sscheme. The results showed thatthe platelets of the twoProrocentrum species were uniformin number, arrangement andornamentation such as flanges andcollars extending from the platelets.We conclude that additional genesequence data are needed beforethe taxonomy of Prorocentrum canbe finally settled with anyconfidence.PO.10-15Interaction effects of highirradiances and nutrientconcentrations on thecyanobacterium Nodulariaspumigena from the Baltic SeaSession: PO.10 - Ecophysiology &AutecologyM Mohlin, V Lindberg, A WulffMarine Ecology, GÖTEBORG, SwedenNodularia spumigena is one of thedominant species during thecyanobacterial blooms in the BalticSea. The blooms occur during latesummer, a period with increasedirradiances, low DIN:DIP and stablewater-column stratification. It hasbeen observed that increasingirradiance has a stimulating ratherthan an inhibitory effect on N.spumigena. Because of its ability fornitrogen fixation, a low DIN:DIPwould not be expected to negativelyaffect N. spumigena. In this studywe tested the interaction effect ofhigh irradiance (PAR andUVBR+UVAR) and differentDIN:DIP on a strain of N.spumigena. The laboratoryexperimental period was 17 daysand the cultures were kept in semicontinuousgrowth and exposed toPAR and PAR+UVBR+UVAR.Variables measured: nutrientconcentrations (PO 4 - , NO 3 - ) growth(light microscope), photosyntheticcapacity (phyto-PAM, Walz),content and composition ofphotosynthetic pigments (HPLC),phycobilin pigments(spectrophotometer), UV-absorbingcompounds (HPLC), and nodularin(HPLC). The experiment is currentlyrunning and the results will bepresented at the conference.241

INTERNATIONAL SOCIETY FOR THE STUDY OF HARMFUL ALGAE12 th <strong>International</strong> <strong>Conference</strong> on Harmful Algae, Copenhagen, Denmark, 4-8 September 2006PO.06-14The return of Gymnodiniumcatenatum after 10 years: bloominitiation and transport off thePortuguese coastSession: PO.06 - Population dynamicsMT Moita 1 , S Palma 1 , PB Oliveira 1 , TVidal 2 , A Silva 1 , MG Vilarinho 11 INIAP/IPIMAR, LISBOA, Portugal2 INIAP/IPIMAR-CRIP Centro, AVEIRO,PortugalThe last bloom of Gymnodiniumcatenatum on the western Iberiancoast was reported in 1995although some cells were detectedin the following years. Previousstudies on the species dynamicssuggest that bloom initiationoccurred in Lisbon Bay in aretention area related to the CapeRoca upwelling plume. During 2005,in this Bay, G. catenatum wasobserved up by the monitoringprogramme from mid-July. InAugust/September, a survey carriedout on the area showed that G.catenatum was distributed (>500cells/L) along a strong thermal front,resulting from the interaction of thecolder upwelled waters of CapeRoca plume and oceanic waters.Satellite-derived sea level anomalymaps revealed that during thecruise, and for at least three weeksbefore, the off-shelf surfacecirculation was dominated by thepresence of two counter rotatingmesoscale eddies, responsible for astrong northeastward flow of warmoceanic waters into the survey area.During autumn, the monitoringprogramme allowed the following ofa northward shift of the populationrelated to a poleward surface flow.On 29 November, G. catenatumreached the maximumconcentration (43x10 3 cells/L) onthe Aveiro coast and lasted innorthern Portuguese waters untilJanuary 2006.PO.05-06First evidence of DTX2 inFrance: detection by LC-ESI-MS2during 2004-2005 south Brittanyphytoplankton bloomsSession: PO.05 - Toxin analysisFlorence Mondeguer, Elizabeth Nézan,Dominique Le Gal, Claire MarcaillouIFREMER, NANTES, FranceOur study relates to phytoplanktonsamples collected during one yearon the southern Brittany coast(05/10/04-07/18/05). For eachsample, we worked at the sametime on taxonomic and toxin profiles(lipophilic phycotoxins). To ensurethat all samples were treatedidentically for optimumreproducibility, all phytoplanktonextracts were quickly purified onSolid Phase Extraction (SPE), witha robotic station (ASPECXli,Gilson). The simultaneousidentification and quantification oftoxin profiles were achieved byusing a liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry (LC–MS/MS) with electrospray ionisation(+) and monitoring of daughter ionsin multiple reaction modes. Theresults obtained in the taxonomicanalysis showed that Dinophysisacuminata was the predominantspecies (75%). The toxin analysis ofthe samples by LC-ESI-MS/MSshows that okadaic acid (AO) is theprincipal lipophilic toxin. Howeve,r02/11/04 a monospecific samplecontaining 75% of Dinophysisacuta, was an exception to theuniformity of the profiles observedduring this year. The LC-MS2analysis of this plankton net towshows the rare presence of DTX2(dinophysistoxin-2). For this sample242

INTERNATIONAL SOCIETY FOR THE STUDY OF HARMFUL ALGAE12 th <strong>International</strong> <strong>Conference</strong> on Harmful Algae, Copenhagen, Denmark, 4-8 September 2006(42 600 cells of Dinophysis spp/L),[AO] was 25,4 pg/cell, while forDinophysis acuta, the [DTX2] was25 pg of equivalent AO/cell.than 32 psu. The characteristicsand the distribution of thispotentially toxic genus arediscussed.PO.13-64A post-tsunami study on thediversity of dinoflagellates in thecoastal area of Phang-ngaProvince, ThailandSession: PO.13 - Regional eventsN Mongkonsangsuree, C Songroop, APiumsomboon, N PhapavasitChulalongkorn University, BANGKOK,ThailandAn assessment of tsunami damageon the mangrove and coastalecosystem of Nam Khem Village,Phang-nga province, southernThailand was carried out in October2005. The area was damaged bythe tsunami event in December2004. The water intrusion intomangrove creeks and thedestruction of mangrove trees bythe over-washed wave causedserious problems for both theecosystem diversity and function.Thus, a study on the diversity anddistribution of phytoplankton andbenthic microalgae was conductedto assess the long-term impact ofthe tsunami. Duplicate watersamples were collected fromsubsurface and bottom depths at 7stations located along the waterchannel between the main land andKho-kao Island and in the mangrovecreeks. A total of 15 genera ofdinoflagellates were found in thearea with Protoperidinium, Ceratiumand Prorocentrum as the mostabundant genera. Dinoflagellatecysts were also observed. A highdensity of Prorocentrum, more than200 cells/l, was recorded in the midchanneland the adjacent mangrovecreek where the salinity was higherPO.01-07Molecular characterization andmorphological variability ofseven strains of thedinoflagellate ProrocentrumminimumSession: PO.01 - GeneticsM Monti, B CatalettoOGS, TRIESTE, ItalyThe class Dinophyceae has beenthe subject of several molecularstudies that have clarified thephylogenetic position ofdinoflagellates with respect to otherprotists and have helped toestablish new genera. However,within the same dinoflagellatespecies, morphological features cansometimes vary in response tochanging environmental conditionsor physiological states.Prorocentrum minimum has been asubject of interest to taxonomistsbecause of its highly variablecellular morphology. This has givenrise to a debate about whether thedifferent shapes represent separatespecies or only one variable taxon.The morphological diversity ofseven strains of P. minimum fromdifferent geographical areas wasinvestigated using a range of cellcharacters, and intraindividualgenetic diversity was assessed bysequencing the internal transcribedspacer regions (ITS1 – ITS2). Threestrains originated from the AdriaticSea, two from the Baltic Sea, onefrom the Gulf of Finland and onefrom Chesapeake Bay (USA). Allstrains were kept under controlledconditions, at their original salinities.From the morphological and243

INTERNATIONAL SOCIETY FOR THE STUDY OF HARMFUL ALGAE12 th <strong>International</strong> <strong>Conference</strong> on Harmful Algae, Copenhagen, Denmark, 4-8 September 2006phylogenetic analyses, it wasconcluded that size and shapevariations are indicative of differentmorphotypes of the same species.PO.16-10Life cycle transformations in HABspecies: Pseudo-nitzschia in theGulf of NaplesSession: PO.16 – Life cyclesM Montresor, D D'Alelio, SMMcDonald, D Sarno, A ZingoneStazione Zoologica 'Anton Dohrn', NAPOLI,ItalyThe EU project SEED(http://www.icm.csic.es/bio/projects/seed/) aims at improving andextending our knowledge of theshifts between the different lifestages in HAB species and atidentifying the environmental andphysiological factors that regulatethose transitions. The two domoicacid-producing diatoms Pseudonitzschiagalaxiae and P.multistriata regularly bloom in theGulf of Naples (Mediterranean Sea).The former species consists ofthree genetically distinct populationswith different seasonal timing oftheir bloom, whereas the latterspecies generally blooms in latesummer-autumn, with a secondarypeak in early winter. The temporaldynamics of their cell size spectrummay provide a hint for theoccurrence of sexual reproduction.Do the different species havedistinct environmental windows foroptimal growth? Does a bloomrepresent the occasion in whichsexual reproduction occurs? Whereare the species when they are notseen in plankton? We providepreliminary data gained fromlaboratory experiments and in situobservations of P. galaxiae and P.multistriata in the Gulf of Naples.PO.08-13Lipid, fatty acid and sterolcomposition of 8 species ofKareniaceae: chemotaxonomyand putative lipid phycotoxinsSession: PO.08 - ToxicologyBD Mooney 2 , PD Nichols 2GM Hallegraeff 1 ,1 University of Tasmania, HOBART,Australia2 CSIRO Marine and AtmosphericResearch, HOBART, AustraliaLipid class, fatty acid and sterolcomposition of 8 species ofichthyotoxic marine gymnodinioiddinoflagellates (Karenia,Karlodinium,Takayama) wasexamined. The commondinoflagellate polyunsaturated fattyacids (PUFA), octadecapentaenoicacid (OPA 18:5ω3) anddocosahexaenoic acid (DHA22:6ω3), were present in all speciesin varying amounts (14-35% and 8-23%, respectively). The very longchainPUFA (VLC-PUFA) 28:7ω6and 28:8ω3 were present at lowlevels (

INTERNATIONAL SOCIETY FOR THE STUDY OF HARMFUL ALGAE12 th <strong>International</strong> <strong>Conference</strong> on Harmful Algae, Copenhagen, Denmark, 4-8 September 2006veneficum 71-83%). The relativelevels of the PUFA OPA and DHA,coupled with the potential inhibitoryaction of Δ8(14) sterols, and thepotential by many of these speciesto produce reactive oxygen species,may provide insight into theichthyotoxicity of these bloomformingdinoflagellates.PO.15-32Utilization of volunteers tomonitor harmful algal blooms inthe southeastern coast of theUnited StatesSession: PO.15 - MonitoringSteve L MortonNOAA/NOS, CHARLESTON, SC, UnitedStates of AmericaThe Southeast PhytoplanktonMonitoring Network (SEPMN) wasestablished by the National Oceanic& Atmospheric Administration(NOAA) as an outreach program tounite volunteers and scientists inmonitoring harmful algal blooms.Currently, there are 60 volunteergroups that monitor 72 sites alongthe southeast Atlantic coast fromnorthern Outer Banks, NC toJacksonville, FL.The Program is based on avolunteer network of schools,community groups, andparks/recreational facilities.Volunteers are instructed on algalidentification and sample on aweekly/biweekly basis, reportingtheir data to researchers at theMarine Biotoxins Program. Resultsfrom volunteer groups enableresearchers to identify problemareas to isolate for further study. Avolunteer based monitoring networkenables researchers to maintainand monitor an extended surveyarea throughout the year.Since 2001, SEPMN has providedopportunities for teachers, students,and community members toparticipate in real scientificresearch, helping to expandknowledge about phytoplankton andthe roles these organisms play inour daily lives. For more informationabout SEPMN, visit the website:http://www.chbr.noaa.gov/PMN/.PO.12-02Species of the genus PseudonitzschiaPeragallo(Bacillariophyceae) in Greekcoastal watersSession: PO.12 - Taxonomy and phylogenyK Moschandreou, G NikolaidisAristotle University of Thessaloniki,THESSALONIKI, GreeceRecords of species belonging to thepotentially toxic (Amnesic ShellfishPoisoning) diatom genus Pseudonitzschiain Greek coastal watersare limited. This study presentsdetailed information about theoccurrence and morphologicalvariability of Pseudo-nitzschiaspecies in Greek coastal waters. Ataxonomic survey was carried out atthe main harvesting and shellfishgrowing areas 2004-2006. Speciesidentification was based on light(LM) and electron (SEM and TEM)microscopy of field samples(preserved and live material) andunialgal cultures. Eight species/taxawere identified; P. fraudulenta, P.multiseries, P. multistriata, P.pungens and four species within theP.pseudodelicatissima/cuspidatacomplex: P. caciantha, P. calliantha,P. pseudodelicatissima, and amorphospecies that closelyresembles what is described as P.caciantha (Pseudo-nitzschia cf.caciantha). Morphometric data aregiven and the observed245

INTERNATIONAL SOCIETY FOR THE STUDY OF HARMFUL ALGAE12 th <strong>International</strong> <strong>Conference</strong> on Harmful Algae, Copenhagen, Denmark, 4-8 September 2006morphological variability of thespecies within P. pseudodelicatissima/cuspidatacomplex isdiscussed. The spatial distribution ofthe various species is also outlined.PO.09-02Enhancement of gymnodimineproduction in automated cultureof Karenia selliformisSession: PO.09 - Toxin synthesis andchemical structure of toxinsDO Mountfort, V. Beuzenberg, LMacKenzie, P HollandCawthron, NELSON, New ZealandGymnodimine has recently attractedinterest because of itspharmacologically interestingproperties mainly residing in thespiro-cyclic imine ring, which isthought to activate L-type calciumchannels of brain receptors. Inorder to investigate itspharmacology, a requirement forthe production of gymnodimine isthe guarantee of a reliable andenhanced supply of the compound.We have constructed aphotoreactor (15 L capacity)allowing improved light access (190μmol/m 2 /s) operated in a 12hlight:12h dark cycle, with gentlestirring and aeration of culture. Theunit also has an inlet for carbondioxide injection, and capability ofpH and turbidometricmeasurements. We have operatedthe reactor on a semi-automaticbasis with pH poised at 8.5. Growthkinetics and gymnodimineproduction by K. selliformis (growthyield maximum, 46510 cells/ml;doubling time, 8.6 days;gymnodimine, 0.5 μg/ml) weresubstantially improved compared tostandard (12 L) batch culture(growth yield max. 41,510 cells/ml;doubling time, 17.3 days;gymnodimine, 0.16 μg/ml) with nopH amendment. As a consequencea fully automated culture systemhas been developed. We describeparameters for growth andgymnodimine production byK.selliformis with respect to fixedculture pH in this system.PO.10-27Comparison of growth rate andefficiency of the Texas brown tidealga Aureoumbra lagunensiswhen grown on DON and DINSession: PO.10 - Ecophysiology &autecologyHI Muhlstein 1 , TA Villareal 21 The University of Texas at Austin,DAUPHIN ISLAND, ALA, United States ofAmerica2 The University of Texas, PORTARANSAS, TX, United States of AmericaThe nuisance Texas brown tide(TBT) alga, Aureoumbralagunensis, reached bloomdensities once again beginning inthe spring of 2005. Although theoriginal Texas brown tide bloompersisted 1990-1997, there is onlylimited information on the growth ornutritional characteristics of thecausative organism. Weinvestigated the effect that organicnitrogen availability and reducedphotosynthetically availableradiation (PAR) have on the growthof TBT. Such parameters seemcritical for blooms of themorphologically and geneticallysimilar east coast brown tidespecies Aureococcusanophagefferens. We tested theability of TBT to utilize DIN (NO 2 - orNH 4 + ) and DON (urea or glutamicacid) as the sole source of nitrogenunder 8 light intensities ranging fromlimiting to saturating irradiancesusing a light gradient table. Theexperiments demonstrated highest246

INTERNATIONAL SOCIETY FOR THE STUDY OF HARMFUL ALGAE12 th <strong>International</strong> <strong>Conference</strong> on Harmful Algae, Copenhagen, Denmark, 4-8 September 2006TBT growth on NH 4+(1.0 div day -1 ),followed by urea (0.8 div day -1 ),glutamate (0.54 div day -1 ), and NO 2-(0.48 div day -1 ). Growth rate vs.irradiance curves revealed that thetested forms of organic nitrogen donot enhance growth of the TBT atany irradiance above that observedfor NH 4 + grown TBT. Wehypothesize that the TBT mayutilize ambient DON to sustaingrowth at lower rates when DINbecomes limiting.PO.10-21Nitrate and phosphate uptakekinetics of the dinoflagellateAlexandrium tamarense inrelation to N:P supply ratiosSession: PO.10 - Ecophysiology &autecologyAI Murata, SCY Leong, S TaguchiSoka University, HACHIOJI, JapanNitrogen (N) such as nitrate, andphosphate (P) are primary nutrientsin coastal ecosystems. Theirconcentrations vary so dramaticallythat phytoplankton is bound to beexposed to variable N:P supplyratios. The present studyinvestigated nitrate and phosphateuptake parameters of A. tamarensein relation to N:P supply ratios in asemi-continuous experiment.Alexandrium tamarense was grownat five different N:P supply ratios(N:P = 4, 8, 16, 32 and 64) bykeeping phosphate concentration at1.56 μM-P with variable nitrateconcentrations. Increasing the N:Psupply ratios induced a decrease incellular nitrate uptake rates.However, cellular phosphate uptakerate showed a maximum value atthe N:P supply ratio 16. The cellularC:N ratio decreased with increasingN:P supply ratio, and reachedminimum value at high N:P supplyratios. This suggests that thedinoflagellate may responddifferently to nitrate or phosphatedue to N:P supply ratio. Therefore,the N:P supply ratio in coastalenvironments should be taken intoconsideration when assessing thenutrients utilized by dinoflagellatessuch as Alexandrium species.PO.13-72Brevetoxin contamination iscommon in fish from the easternGulf of MexicoSession: PO.13 - Regional eventsJ Naar 1 , LJ Flewelling 2 , JH Landsberg 21 Center for Marine Science-UNCW,WILMINGTON, NC, United States ofAmerica2 Fish and Wildlife Research Institute, STPETERSBURG, FL, United States ofAmericaBrevetoxins are potent neurotoxinsproduced by a few species ofharmful algae, most notably Kareniabrevis. These toxins are highlyichthyotoxic, leading to massive fishkills during red tide events. Fishcan be exposed to brevetoxins byabsorption of dissolved toxinthrough the gills, or by ingestion ofK. brevis cells or toxic prey such asshellfish, seagrass or zooplankton.Although very susceptible to solublebrevetoxins, a series ofexperimental exposures of fish tocontaminated prey revealed thatichthyotoxicity is modulated by theroute of exposure which allows forfish survival and toxin accumulationin tissues by dietary transfer.In light of these results and giventhe involvement of brevetoxincontaminatedfish in a 2004bottlenose dolphin mortality 1 , livefish throughout the Gulf Coast ofFlorida (n>500, more than 69distinct species) were collected andanalyzed. Our results indicate that247

INTERNATIONAL SOCIETY FOR THE STUDY OF HARMFUL ALGAE12 th <strong>International</strong> <strong>Conference</strong> on Harmful Algae, Copenhagen, Denmark, 4-8 September 2006brevetoxin accumulation in fish ismuch more common than initiallyexpected. More than 70% of the fishanalyzed were found to containdetectable levels of brevetoxins intheir tissues. Prevalence, toxinlevels and distribution in tissuesfrom fish at all positions in the foodwebare discussed with regards tohuman and natural resourceshealth.1 Flewelling, Naar et al. Nature 2005435:755-756PO.15-11Rapid detection of toxicAlexandrium species by Loopmediatedisothermalamplification, a new DNAamplification methodSession: PO.15 – MonitoringSatoshi Nagai, Y Matsuyama, S ItakuraFisheries Research Agency of Japan,HIROSHIMA, JapanIn order to detect toxic Alexandriumspecies, we designed andevaluated a novel DNA amplificationmethod using Loop-mediatedisothermal amplification (LAMP).This method synthesizes a largeamount of DNA with high specificity,sensitivity, and rapidity underisothermal conditions at 60-65 °C,and it is unnecessary to useexpensive equipments (thermalcycler and Q-PCR system). Themethod employs a DNA polymerasewith strand displacement activityand a set of four specially designedprimers that recognize a total of sixdistinct sequences on the targetDNA. This method can bemonitored the target DNA in realtimeby increase in turbidity due toan abundance of the by-product,pyrophosphate, and also detectedthe DNA in the presence offluorescent intercalating dye withthe naked eye. The primerstargeting the D1/D2 region of thelarge-subunit rDNA were designedin each species. LAMP was carriedout in a reaction mixture containingBst DNA polymerase and itsappended buffer, dNTPs, andbetaines to screen for specificity,rapidity and simplicity i.e. primercombination and DNA extraction,etc. The LAMP method is a simplemethod which can detect the DNAof target species from a single cellin natural samples within 20-25 minwith high specificity (

INTERNATIONAL SOCIETY FOR THE STUDY OF HARMFUL ALGAE12 th <strong>International</strong> <strong>Conference</strong> on Harmful Algae, Copenhagen, Denmark, 4-8 September 2006and a known volume of filteredseawater was added. Bags wereshaken for 1 min to dislodgeepiphytic microalgae. Thesuspension was preserved withneutral lugol iodine for microscopicidentification and enumeration.Epiphytic microalgae werequantified by sedimentation in asettling chamber and examinedunder an inverted epifluorescencemicroscope using calcofluorstaining. Species composition andabundance are reported. Species ofProrocentrum and Ostreopsis wereobserved, indicating the potentialrisk of toxin accumulation throughthe food web.PO.04-02Short-term feeding response ofthe mussel Mytilus chilensisexposed to diets containing thetoxic dinoflagellate AlexandriumcatenellaSession: PO.04 – Food chainsJM Navarro, AM ContrerasUniversidad Austral de Chile, VALDIVIA,ChileFrequent blooms of Alexandriumcatenella in southern Chileencouraged undertaking of thepresent study, which uses themussel Mytilus chilensis as a modelfor evaluating the feeding responseto diets containing PSP producedby A. catenella. Short-term feedingresponses were measured usingfour diets containing differentproportions of Alexandriumcatenella. Four specimens wereexposed to diets containing A.catenella and three controls werefed with a diet free of A. catenella.Diets containing the highestpercentages of A. catenellasignificantly affected clearance rateduring the initial hours. After thisperiod M. chilensis demonstrated anability to acclimate to toxincontainingdiets, approachingsimilar values to the controlmussels. The relative insensitivity ofM. chilensis to PSP resulted in therapid normalization of its feedingbehaviour, allowing it to accumulatethe paralytic toxin within a shortperiod of time. This capacity madeMytilus chilensis a good indicatorspecies for detection of PSP eventspotentially dangerous to humanhealth. The capacity for acclimationof M. chilensis may be an adaptiveproperty within the naturalpopulation of origin, which wasaffected by the toxic bloom of A.catenella during 2002.(We are grateful for financialsupport from: Grant FONDECYT1030340 and DID-UACH).PO.13-10HABs and hurricanes in FloridaSession: PO.13 - Regional eventsMerrie Neely 1 , Cynthia A Heil 1 , SueMurasko 1 , Kristy Dziemiela 1 , ErinFaltin 1 , Matt Garrett 1 , Earnest Truby 1 ,Tom Corbin 1 , Dan Carlson 2 , DaveEnglish 31 Florida Fish and Wildlife Conservation C,ST. PETERSBURG, FL, United States ofAmerica2 Florida State University, TALLAHASSEE,FL, United States of America3 University of South Florida, ST.PETERSBURG, FL, United States ofAmericaThe 2004 and 2005 hurricaneseason provided two uniqueopportunities to evaluate the effectsof post-hurricane nutrientenrichment of the West FloridaShelf (WFS) and HAB initiation andmaintenance. Multidisciplinaryresearch cruises beganapproximately 10 days after bothHurricanes Charley and Wilma, the249

INTERNATIONAL SOCIETY FOR THE STUDY OF HARMFUL ALGAE12 th <strong>International</strong> <strong>Conference</strong> on Harmful Algae, Copenhagen, Denmark, 4-8 September 2006former occurred during a periodwithout a HAB event and the latteroccurred during a HAB event. Inboth cases, nutrient loading on theWFS was up to an order ofmagnitude greater than prehurricane,wet season conditionsand much greater than dry seasonconditions. Nutrient bioassaystaken at the mouths of bays andrivers during each cruise indicatedthat nitrogen was the most limitingnutrient in these locations, althoughP co-limitation was also implicatedin some regions and light was theprimary limiting factor forphytoplankton growth in about halfthe locations. Comparisons oflimiting nutrients in similarbioassays within offshore andinshore blooms during nonhurricaneconditions providesupporting evidence of nutrientneeds in Karenia brevis blooms.The passage of Hurricanes Katrinaand Rita ameliorated a HAB relatedhypoxia/anoxia event on the WFS.PO.12-13Pseudanabaena cf. moniliformis,a new toxic cyanobacterium fromVietnamSession: PO.12 - Taxonomy and phylogenyLTT Nguyen, N Daugbjerg, Ø MoestrupBiological Institute, COPENHAGEN,DenmarkA freshwater cyanobacterium fromHuong River (Hue, Vietnam) hasbeen isolated into clonal culture(strain HOs24). Based on thegeneral morphology seen in thelight microscope (including size andshape), it was identified asPseudanabaena cf. moniliformis.However, in the transmissionelectron microscope, thin sectionsrevealed the thylakoids having aradial arrangement. It can thereforebe distinguished from thePseudanabaena group sensuKomárek and Caslavská (1991),which is characterized by a more orless concentric arrangement of thethylakoids. A detailed description ofthe ultrastructure including the cellwall and cellular inclusions is alsoprovided. The phylogeneticrelationship between this speciesand other cyanobacteria wasinvestigated by sequencedetermination of the phycocyaningene. Toxin production studies ofstrain HOs24 using ELISA andHPLC analyses showed it toproduce six variants of microcystins.PO.13-07Mucilage phenomena in NorthAegean Sea, Greece: anotherharmful effect of dinoflagellates?Session: PO.13 - Regional eventsG Nikolaidis, K. Aligizaki, K Koukaras,K MoschandreouAristotle University of Thessaloniki,THESSALONIKI, GreeceMucilage phenomena are known inthe Mediterranean Sea since the18th century, while in Greece thefirst reports go back to the ’80s.Recently, the formation of mucilagehas been associated with thedinoflagellates Gonyaulax hyalinaand G. fragilis in Tasman Bay (NewZealand) and the Adriatic Sea(Italy), respectively. Aftersuccessive mucilage formations andsubsequent fisheries problems thelast years in Greek coastal waters,samples were collected on a weeklybasis from 14 sampling stations inThermaikos Gulf (NW Aegean Sea)and sporadically from 20 sites inNorth Aegean Sea between Juneand October 2005 in order toinvestigate any causative organismfor mucilage aggregations; G. cf.250

INTERNATIONAL SOCIETY FOR THE STUDY OF HARMFUL ALGAE12 th <strong>International</strong> <strong>Conference</strong> on Harmful Algae, Copenhagen, Denmark, 4-8 September 2006fragilis was found from June toSeptember coinciding with mucilagephenomena. Towards the end ofsummer, Gonyaulax cells wereoften found inside aggregationsalong with diatoms and heliozoans,while on many occasions only thethecae were found. Furthermore,the examination of preserved watersamples collected in 2004 revealedthat G. cf. fragilis was also presentin summer 2004 when mucilagephenomena were also intense. Thehighest abundances of Gonyaulax(7.92x10 3 cells/L) were found onAugust 2005 in integrated watersamples, while their abundance in2004 did not exceed 1.40x10 3cells/L.PO.13-32DSP shellfish toxicity in relationto occurrence of Dinophysis fortiiand D. caudata bloomsSession: PO.13 - Regional eventsŽ Nincevic Gladan, I Marasovic, SSkejic, M BužancicInstitute of Oceanography and Fisheries,SPLIT, CroatiaTemporal and spatial distribution ofDinophysis species in relation toDSP shellfish toxicity was studied atsix areas with 13 sampling stationsalong the eastern Adriatic coastfrom January 2001 to December2005. Seven potentially toxicDinophysis species were recordedincluding D. acuta, D. acuminata, D.caudata, D. fortii, D. rotundata, D.sacculus, and D. tripos. Dinophysisspecies differed in seasonaloccurrence. Dinophysis acuta, D.acuminata and D. sacculus weremore abundant in spring and autum.Dinophysis rotundata and D. triposoccurred in high abundance duringwinter and spring, while higherabundance of D. rotundata in NWAdriatic usually occurred in earlysummer. Dinophysis caudata andD. fortii showed maximumabundance in summer and autumn.Dinophysis species showed strongseasonal variability and differentspatial distribution. Diarrheticshellfish toxins outbreaks wereusually associated with thepresence of D. fortii and D. caudata.Dinophysis fortii was alwaysassociated with shellfish toxicitywhile D. caudata blooms werepresent during both periods withand without shellfish toxicity,indicating D. fortii as the most DSPtoxic species in these areas.PO.06-07The emergence and dynamics ofred tide blooms caused byCochlodinium polykrikoides inthe Peconic Estuary, NY, USASession: PO.06 - Population dynamicsR Nuzzi 1 , CJ Gobler 21 Suffolk County Department of Health Serv,YAPANK, United States of America2 Stony Brook University, SOUTHAMPTON,United States of AmericaThe dinoflagellate Cochlodiniumpolykrikoides is well known forforming harmful red tide blooms inAsian waters to the detriment offisheries and aquaculture there. Inthe US, C. polykrikoides bloomshave been less common. Here wereport on the emergence of a C.polykrikoides blooms in the PeconicEstuary, NY, USA, during the latesummer and early fall of 2004 and2005. During both years, bloomsachieved cell densities exceeding10 7 /L and chlorophyll levelsexceeding 100μg/L throughoutmuch of the estuary, althoughbloom waters were characterized byextreme patchiness. Highresolutionspatial and temporalsampling during 2005 suggested251

INTERNATIONAL SOCIETY FOR THE STUDY OF HARMFUL ALGAE12 th <strong>International</strong> <strong>Conference</strong> on Harmful Algae, Copenhagen, Denmark, 4-8 September 2006that the bloom was initiated in theupper tributaries of the PeconicEstuary in August, andprogressively spread to the outerestuary in September. Aquaculturedjuvenile oysters (Crassostreavirginica) and wild juvenile and adultsoft shell clams (Mya arenaria)experienced elevated mortalityduring the blooms, a findingparticularly troubling in light of theongoing multi-million dollar efforts torestore the Peconic Estuary’sshellfish populations. Incubationexperiments during bloom eventssuggested that both nitrogen andorganic micronutrients (vitamins)may both play a key role instimulating the growth of C.polykrikoides during bloom events.PO.05-04Nitric oxide synthase-mediatednitric oxide (NO) generation byharmful red tide phytoplankton,Chattonella marinaSession: PO.05 - Toxin analysisTatsuya Oda, Kim Daekyung, KenichiYamaguchiNagasaki University, NAGASAKI, JapanThe harmful red tide phytoplanktonspecies Chattonella marina isknown for its potent fish-killingactivity. Previous studies havedemonstrated that C. marinaproduces reactive oxygen species(ROS), and a ROS-mediatedichthyotoxic mechanism has beenpostulated. In this study, we foundthat C. marina is producingrelatively high levels of nitric oxide(NO) under normal growthconditions. We utilized achemoluminescence (CL) reactionbetween NO and luminol-H 2 O 2 todetect NO in a C. marina cellsuspension. Significant CL wasobserved in a cell-numberdependent manner, and itdecreased after addition of carboxy-PTIO, a specific NO scavenger. Theestimated level of NO produced byC. marina was higher than those ofROS. The NO generation by C.marina was also confirmed by aspectrophotometric assay based onthe measurement of the diazoreactionpositive substances (NOx)and by fluorometric assay using ahighly specific fluorescent indicatorof NO. The NO level in C. marinawas significantly reduced by L-NAME, a specific NO synthase(NOS) inhibitor, and the addition ofL-arginine resulted in an increase inNO level, whereas NaNO 2 had noeffect. These results suggest thatNOS-like enzymes are mainlyresponsible for NO generation in C.marina.PO.10-03Growth and toxin production ofthe dinoflagellate, Alexandriumminutum (Dinophyceae) isolatedfrom Tumpat Estuary,northeastern part of PeninsulaMalaysiaSession: PO.10 - Ecophysiology &autecologyT Ogata 1 , CP Leaw 1 , G Usup 2 , AKobiyama 1 , K Koike 1 , PT Lim 1,31 Kitasato University, OFUNATO CITY,Iwate, Japan2 Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, BANGI,MalaysiaThe tropical estuarinedinoflagelallate, A. minutum Halimwas used to determine theecophysiological adaptation inrelation to the temperatecounterparts. This species has beenfrequently associated with incidenceof paralytic shellfish poisoning(PSP) in Southeast Asia in recentyears. The effects of irradiance andtemperature on growth, nitrate252

INTERNATIONAL SOCIETY FOR THE STUDY OF HARMFUL ALGAE12 th <strong>International</strong> <strong>Conference</strong> on Harmful Algae, Copenhagen, Denmark, 4-8 September 2006assimilation and PST productionwere investigated in clonal batchcultures over the growth cycle.Growth rates increased withincreasing temperature andirradiance. Growth was depressedat lower temperature (20 °C) andirradiance (40 µmol photons m -2 s -1 ).The species showed no net growthat 10 µmol photons m -2 s -1 and atemperature of 15 °C, although cellsremained alive. Cellular toxin quotas(Qt) varied in the range 10 – 42 fmolPST cell -1 . Toxin production rate,Rtox increased with elevated light atboth 20 °C and 25 °C, withpronounced effect observed in theexponential phase (r 2 = 0.96). Rtoxalso increased significantly withincreased temperature (P < 0.05).The ecotypic variations in growthadaptations and toxin production ofthis Malaysian strain may reveal aunique physiological adaptation oftropical Alexandrium species.PO.14-15Exterminating model of toxicmicroalgae by electrochemicalmethodSession: PO.14 - MitigationH OgawaUniv. Tamagawa, MACHIDA-SHI TOKYO,JapanChemical methods to exterminatetoxic microalgae have beingdeveloped; but application of themethods in river head areas andfish farms is restricted.Exterminating toxic cyanobacteriais important because of increasingconcentrations of toxic compoundsthrough the food chains. A methodthat does not use chemicals ispreferred in riverhead areas andfish farms.The electrochemical method ischaracterized by the elution of ametallic ion from the structures.Large amount of calcium andmagnesium dissolved in water canbe obtained easily from shells andused for the machine structure.Iron, aluminum, sodium andpotassium are dissolved as ions inwater, but their concentrations arelow. Iron and aluminium chelateshave effective cohesion effects butthey spoil the taste of water.The performance of the modeldevice based on adsorption,precipitation (effect of cohesion)and surfacing was evaluated byusing the solution in which severalkinds of algae have been cultured.The toxic microalgae wereadsorbed and concentrated by thedevice. Different methods toremove the chemicals and theelements discharged from toxicmicroalgae were tested.PO.07-11Impact of Lingulodiniumpolyedrum blooms on thenorthern coast of Baja California,MexicoSession: PO.07 - Ecology andoceanographyE Orellana-Cepeda 1 , C Granados-Machuca 2 , M Avalos-Borja 3 , LAMorales-Zamorano 4 , M Valdez-Marquez 5 , D Parlange-Lamshing 5 , IGradilla-Martínez 31 Universidad Autónoma de Baja California,SAN YSIDRO, United States of America2 FCM, UABC, ENSENADA, BajaCalifornia., Mexico3 CCMC, UNAM, ENSENADA, Mexico4 FCAS, UABC, ENSENADA, BajaCalifornia, Mexico5 Maricultura del Norte SRL de CV,ENSENADA, MexicoRed tides occur annually on thecoast of Baja California (BC) and aphytoplankton monitoring programwas therefore initiated in 2003 to253

INTERNATIONAL SOCIETY FOR THE STUDY OF HARMFUL ALGAE12 th <strong>International</strong> <strong>Conference</strong> on Harmful Algae, Copenhagen, Denmark, 4-8 September 2006detect potentially harmful algaebefore they impact fish farms.Phytoplankton samples were takenusing a segmented pipe. The mostimportant red tide event of the last20 years occurred in spring/summer2005 and the dominant species wasLingulodinium polyedrum. Amaximum value of 17 500 000cells/L was recorded for this speciesat Salsipuedes, BC, in August, whilevalues of 4 500 000 and 4 990 000cells/L were obtained at PuertoEscondido, BC, in June and July,respectively. In addition to the directimpact on the bottom fauna when L.polyedrum attained a density of 6300 000 cells/L in a shallow area ofEnsenada Bay in June, secondaryeffects were observed. In October,in Ensenada Harbour and CoralMarina, tons of anchovy (Engraulismordax) were infected byAcinetobacter vaumannii and died.Subsequently, unusual tunamortalities occurred in farms atdifferent localities. Paralytic andamnesic shellfish poisoning werenot detected in the dead tuna. TheL. polyedrum bloom could haveplayed a role in these complex toxicoutbreaks.Akashiwo, Alexandrium,Dinophysis, Karenia, Karlodinium,Lingulodinium, Pfiesteria,Prorocentrum and Protoceratium,and to a lesser extent toHeterokontophyta, represented byChattonella, Fibrocapsa andHeterosigma, or Haptophyta, withharmful representatives ofChrysochromulina, Phaeocystis,Platychrysis, Pleurochrysis andPrymnesium. Some species suchas Heterosigma akashiwo andPhaeocystis globosa appearrecurrently and, in many cases, atelevated densities. The remainingspecies appeared in very lowconcentrations or were identified incultures of natural samples togetherwith the dinoflagellates Karlodiniummicrum and Karlodinium sp., andthe haptophytes Prymnesiumparvum, Chrysochromulinabrevifilum, Pleurochrysispseudoroscoffensis andPlatychrysis pienaari. In this study,we present the relationship betweenthe physical environment, withemphasis on haline or thermalstratification, and the presence ofthese harmful species along thelongitudinal axis of the estuary.PO.13-20Harmful flagellates in the NervionRiver EstuarySession: PO.13 - Regional eventsE Orive, A Laza, S SeoaneUniversity of the Basque Country, LEIOA,SpainSeveral potentially harmful flagellatespecies have been identified in theNervion River Estuary, a eutrophicwarm temperate estuary which hasexperienced in the last years amarked improval of water quality.Species belong mostly toDinophyta, including the generaPO.13-61Bloom-forming Pseudo-nitzschiaspecies (Bacillariophyceae) fromthe southeastern coast of Russia:morphology, distribution andtoxicitySession: PO.13 - Regional eventsTatiana OrlovaInstitute of marine Biology,VLADIVOSTOK, RussiaA survey for species of thepotentially toxic diatom genusPseudo-nitzschia was carried out onthe south-eastern coast of Russia:Peter the Great Bay (within the Sea254

INTERNATIONAL SOCIETY FOR THE STUDY OF HARMFUL ALGAE12 th <strong>International</strong> <strong>Conference</strong> on Harmful Algae, Copenhagen, Denmark, 4-8 September 2006of Japan) and Aniva Bay (within theSea of Okhotsk). The bloomformingPseudo-nitzschia speciesfound were P. multiseries, P.multistriata and P. calliantha, asidentified by TEM and SEM.Morphometrics, taxonomicdiscussion and distribution patternsare presented for these threespecies. We document, for the firsttime, the toxicity of a Pseudonitzschiaspecies isolated fromRussian waters. The highestdomoic acid concentration was3,780 ng ml -1 (11 pg cell -1 ), in a 23day-old culture of P. multiseriesfrom Amursky Bay. No domoic acidwas detected (

INTERNATIONAL SOCIETY FOR THE STUDY OF HARMFUL ALGAE12 th <strong>International</strong> <strong>Conference</strong> on Harmful Algae, Copenhagen, Denmark, 4-8 September 2006local clays (ball clay, brownbentonite and white clay) andmarine sediments was determinedin a microscale set up. Ball clayexhibited high removal efficiency of>99% at final concentration of 1 g/L.Removal efficiency was 69% forbrown bentonite, 48% for white clay,and 59% for marine sediments.Cell removal of ball clay wasconsistent from 2.5 to 24 h after clayaddition. The effectiveness of ballclay was also tested against otherHAB species, Chatonella marinaand Amphidinium carterae, showingcell removal of 25% and 50%,respectively. Mesoscaleexperiments will be done for theefficacy of ball clay on larger volumeand under turbulent condition. Theeffect of ball clay addition onseawater chemistry showed nochange in ambient ammoniaconcentration but nitrate decreasedafter 5 and 24 h of clay addition.Results for nitrite and phosphatevaried between two runs.PO.13-67Harmful algal blooms along theKerala coast, southern IndiaSession: PO.13 - Regional eventsK PadmakumarUniversity of Kerala, TRIVANDRUM, IndiaDuring 9 – 21 September 2005, thecoastal regions from Kollam toVizhinjam of Kerala experiencedmassive fish kills followed byobnoxious and nauseating smell forabout a 100-km stretch along thecoast. The coastal waters hadstrong discolouration and highconcentration of Cochlodiniumpolykrikoides. There was a drasticdecline in the concentration ofoxygen, nitrite, nitrate andphosphate during the initial bloomperiod. The concentration of thedinoflagellates ranged from 2.5 to4.7 X 10 6 cells L -1 . This resulted in aserious health hazard as more than200 persons, especially schoolchildren were admitted in hospitals.It also adversely affected themussel and fin- fish fishery alongthe coast. The mouse bioassayrevealed no toxicity in mussels.Subsequent to this event, anothermassive fish kill had occurred atVarkala on 27 September 2004,which coincided with highconcentration of Ceratium furca (1.6X 10 4 cells L -1 ) and Cochlodiniumpolykrikoides (2.2 X 10 4 cells L -1 ).The HAB is a recurringphenomenon along the Keralacoast. Currently a nationalcoordinated monitoring programme'Harmful Algal Blooms in the IndianEEZ' is being carried out along thesouthern coasts of India.PO.14-03Modified local soils/sediments forHAB removal and macrophytesrestoring in shallow lakesSession: PO.14 - MitigationG Pan, M Zhang, H Zou, H Chen, BTian, X Yuan, S GaoRes. Cent. Eco-environ. Sci., BEIJING,ChinaThe major concerns for mitigatingHAB using clays in shallow lakesare low HAB removal efficiency formost clays in fresh waters; high clayloading and operating costs;ecological risks for adding exoticclays; re-suspension of algal cellsand increased anaerobic release ofnutrients/pollutants from thesediment; and the inherentincapability for preventing theoccurrence of HAB from long pointof view. We proposed a MLSIER(PCT patent filed) technology(modified-local-soils/sediments256

INTERNATIONAL SOCIETY FOR THE STUDY OF HARMFUL ALGAE12 th <strong>International</strong> <strong>Conference</strong> on Harmful Algae, Copenhagen, Denmark, 4-8 September 2006induced ecological restoration),which made it possible to solve allthese problems. In the study of theMLS technique, it was found thatsome natural netting and bridgingmaterials, such as chitosan, turnedmany solids, such as localsoils/sediments, into highly effectiveflocculants in removingcyanobacterial blooms fromn freshwaters (1-3). When MLS was furthermodified with macrophyte seeds(MLSIER), the short-term effect ofalgal removal triggered a long-termmacrophyte growth (the latter wouldotherwise die in HAB waters), whichpermanently fixed the cells andnutrients into the sediments.1. Pan G, Zhang MM et al.,Environmental Pollution, 2006, 141(2): 195.2. Zou H, Pan G et al.,Environmental Pollution, 2006, 141(2): 201.3. Pan G, Zou H et al.,Environmental Pollution, 2006, 141(2): 206.PO.10-18Trying to cultivate Dinophysisacuminata, a dinoflagellatecausing diarrhetic shellfishpoisoningSession: PO.10 - Ecophysiology &autecologyMG Park 1 , S Kim 2 , HS Kim 3 , YG Kang 2 ,W Yih 21 Chonnam National University, GWANGJU,South Korea2 Kunsan National University, KUNSAN,South Korea3 Gunsan RMAFO, MOMAF, KUNSAN,South KoreaThe dinoflagellate genus Dinophysisincludes several toxic species whichcause diarrhetic shellfish poisoning,and no species of the genus has yetbeen established in culture. Whilethe plastids in Dinophysis areknown to be of cryptophyte orhaptophyte origin, whether they arekleptoplasts and how they areacquired by Dinophysis still remainunresolved. To address theseissues, we tried to establish D.acuminata in laboratory culture. Theresults will be discussed in contextof biology and plastid evolution ofDinophysis species.PO.12-08Morphological characteristicsand life cycle of the diatomThalassiosira cf stellarisSession: PO.12 - Taxonomy and phylogenyJG Park, J RenKunsan Univ., JEOLLABUK-DO, SouthKoreaStrains of Thalassiosira stellaris andThalassiosira cf stellaris wereisolated off the coast of Wando,Korea. T. cf stellaris resembles T.stellaris in many morphologicalcharacteristics such as cell length,fascicular distribution of areolae,and the number and interval ofstrutted processes on the marginand middle of the valve face. T. cfstellaris differs in lacking dot-shapedsmall processes on the valve face,and the strutted processes aresurrounded by four additional smallareolae. T. cf stellaris displayedtypical oogamous reproduction. In aphase of vegetative multiplication,several cells were connected bymucous threads to build up shortchains in which each cell standsapart at regular intervals, but duringand/or just before sexualreproduction, the cells were closelyconnected to neighbouring cellsproducing chains withoutmucilaginous threads. Cell counts ofsingle cells decreased with growthof the filamentous chains. These257

INTERNATIONAL SOCIETY FOR THE STUDY OF HARMFUL ALGAE12 th <strong>International</strong> <strong>Conference</strong> on Harmful Algae, Copenhagen, Denmark, 4-8 September 2006results imply that the filamentouschains might play the role of oocyteand the single cells may bespermatocytes. In spite of identicalculture conditions of T. cf stellarisand T. stellaris, sexual reproductionwas observed only in T. cf stellaris.PO.10-41Examination of the cell cycle,growth rate, and meiosis ofKarlodinium spp. by flowcytometrySession: PO.10 - Ecophysiology &AutecologyMW Parrow 1 , JM Burkholder 2 , EGarcés 31 University of North Carolina Charlotte,CHARLOTTE, United States of America2 Center for Applied Aquatic Ecology,RALEIGH, United States of America3 IRTA, Inst. de Recerca i Tecnol. Agroal.,SANT CARLES DE LA RÀPITA, SpainThe DNA content, DNA synthesiscycles, and growth rates of differentstrains of Karlodinium veneficumand K. armiger were studied inculture by flow cytometry. A 3-folddifference in DNA content wasfound between K. veneficum and K.armiger, indicating a significantdifference in genome size. K.veneficum strains had a dielperiodicity of DNA synthesis (S) andcell division (G2M) that was phasedwith the photocycle. Cells with 1CDNA (G1) began DNA synthesis (S)during the latter half of the lightperiod, then entered G2M anddivided during the dark period.Variation among K. veneficumstrains was found in the duration ofthe S phase (3.2-8.4 h) and G2Mphase (2.0-12.7 h). Potential growthrates derived from cell cycle dataranged from 0.55 to 1.03 divisionsday -1 , and were higher than netgrowth rates calculated from cellnumbers. In most strains, a distinctsubpopulation of cells with a singlenucleus containing 4C DNA alsooccurred during the dark period.Based on observations of thesexual life cycle of K. veneficum, itis proposed that these 4C DNA cellswere zygotes undergoing meiosis.This potentially co-occurring meioticcycle could impact determinationsof the mitotic cell cycle ofKarlodinium.PO.08-20Impacts of the toxicdinoflagellate Alexandriummonilatum on three ecologicallyimportant shellfish speciesSession: PO.08 - ToxicologySE Pate 1 , JM Burkholder 1 , SEShumway 21 North Carolina State University, RALEIGH,United States of America2 University of Connecticut, GROTON,United States of AmericaAlexandrium monilatum is a toxicdinoflagellate that forms bloomsmostly in the Gulf of Mexico. ToxicA. monilatum has been linked to fishand invertebrate kills, and producesendotoxins with hemolytic andneurotoxic properties. Weexperimentally assessed responsesof ecologically important shellfish totoxic A. monilatum (AMO3 isolate).Grazing studies were conductedwith eastern oysters (Crassostreavirginica), northern quahogs(Mercenaria mercenaria) and greenmussels (Perna viridis), all of whichinhabit areas where A. monilatumblooms occur. Clearance rates ofeach shellfish species weredepressed when exposed to toxic A.monilatum alone or with nontoxicInstant Algae® Pavlova, incomparison to control animals thatwere fed benign algal prey.Exposure to A. monilatum alsosignificantly decreased shellfish258

INTERNATIONAL SOCIETY FOR THE STUDY OF HARMFUL ALGAE12 th <strong>International</strong> <strong>Conference</strong> on Harmful Algae, Copenhagen, Denmark, 4-8 September 2006valve gape. Bioassays wereconducted to test survival of larvalshellfish exposed to A. monilatumas whole, unconstrained cells, cellsheld in dialysis tubing, or sonicatedcells. Sonicated A. monilatumcaused a significant decrease inlarval survival, in comparison tosurvival of the control larvae thatwere tested with nontoxicAlexandrium tamarense. Overall,these data indicate that A.monilatum blooms can adverselyaffect shellfish survival by reducingclearance rate and valve gape,affecting food intake, and inducinglarval mortality.PO.13-53Early detection and intensivemonitoring during an unusualtoxic bloom of Gymnodiniumcatenatum advected into theGalician Rías (NW, Spain)Session: PO.13 - Regional eventsY Pazos 1 , A Moroño 1 , J Triñanes 2 , MDoval 1 , P Montero 1 , MG Vilarinho 3 , MTMoita 31 INTECMAR, PONTEVEDRA, Spain2 Universidad de Santiago de Compostela,SANTIAGO DE COMPOSTELA, Spain3 IPIMAR, LISBOA, PortugalCooperation between Galician andPortuguese monitoring programsallowed an early alert of aGymnodinium catenatum bloom inthe Galician Rías a month beforethe PSP toxin accumulation inmussels. Both programs detectedisolated chains of G. catenatumfrom July 2005. The Portuguesemonitoring system warned abouthigh concentrations of G. catenatumon the Lisbon shelf in Septemberand the progressive increase in theconcentrations northward thereafter.From the near real-time sea surfacetemperature fields, it was inferredthat a northward coastal currentwas present during this period.On October 24th, a strong-downwelling (Iw < -1000 m3·s-1·km 1 ) event occurred and surfacewaters warmer (>16.5 ºC) and lesssaline (35.2) flowed into the Rías,advecting a G. catenatumpopulation (max. 1.7 x10 5 cells·L -1 ).Data from a lagrangian drifter(NOAA/CoastWatch) confirmed thepresence of a northward coastalcurrent (Vel ~0.2-0.6 m·s -1 ) on thesedates. Temporal fluctuations in G.catenatum bloom dynamic followedthe upwelling-downwelling events.High cell concentrations persisteduntil December, decreasinggradually until spring 2006. After tenyears of no G. catenatum bloomingin Galician Rías, this intense andpersistent episode caused bans onmussel culture areas (averageproduction>2x10 5 tons·year -1 ) untilmid-February, having an importantsocial and economic impact.PO.10-45Carbon dioxide productionduring an exceptionaldinoflagellate bloom at TodosSantos Bay, Baja California,MéxicoSession: PO.10 - Ecophysiology &autecologyJL Peña-Manjarrez 1 , MD Martinez-Gaxiola 1 , G Gaxiola-Castro 2 , ME de laCruz-Orozco 2 , J Cepeda-Morales 21 Centro de Estudios Tecnologicos del Mar,ENSENADA, B. C., Mexico2 CICESE, ENSENADA, B. C., MexicoDuring an exceptional dinoflagellatebloom in 2005 at Todos SantosBay, Baja California (perhaps themost intense bloom during the last45 years), a 2-day survey cruisewas carried out to study the impactof this event on the CO 2 oceanatmosphereflux. Continuousmeasurements of carbon dioxide259

INTERNATIONAL SOCIETY FOR THE STUDY OF HARMFUL ALGAE12 th <strong>International</strong> <strong>Conference</strong> on Harmful Algae, Copenhagen, Denmark, 4-8 September 2006partial pressure (pC O 2 sea) alongthe sea surface were made,pCO 2 sea average values of 600?atm were measured, inducing anocean-atmosphere flux of 13.55mmol CO 2 m -2 d -1 , our estimationsrevealed that the Todos Santos Bayexported at least 97 ton CO 2 perweek to the atmosphere during thebloom. When the bloom began, thephytoplankton community wasdominated by thecatedinoflagellates (Lingulodiniumpolyedrum, Ceratium furca, C.fusus, Prorocentrum micans andDinophysis spp.) with maximum cellcounts of 7 x 10 6 cells L -1 . At theend, the dominant species were L.polyedrum together with nonthecatedinoflagellates(Gymnodinium spp., Gyrodiniumspp. and Amphidinium spp.) and thediatom Cylindrotheca closterium.Inorganic nutrients, oxygen,temperature and chlorophyll 'a'fluorescence profiles were alsomeasured. A conceptual model isproposed in which the autotrophicrespiration and bacterial oxidation oforganic matter controls thepCO 2 sea levels.PO.15-05Ribosomal DNA quantification inthe dinoflagellates Alexandriumcatenella and Alexandrium taylorifor application in real-time PCRbasedmonitoringSession: PO.15 - MonitoringA. Penna 1 , Luca Galluzzi 1 , ElenaBertozzini 2 , E Garcés 3 , MauroMagnani 11 University of Urbino, PESARO, Italy2 Università degli Studi di Urbino, PESARO,Italy3 Institut de Ciències del Mar,BARCELONA, SpainSeveral molecular methods formonitoring of HAB species havebeen recently developed. Inparticular, quantitative real-timePCR can be used for the detectionand quantification of geneticallydistinct HAB species inenvironmental samples using astandard curve as reference. Thestandard usually consists in thetarget sequences of rDNA genescloned into a plasmid, or in DNAextracted from a known amount ofcultured target cells. When aplasmid is used as standard, it isessential to know the amount of thetarget rDNA copy number per cell.In this study, the rDNA content ofthe HAB species A. catenella and A.taylori was estimated by real-timePCR using specific primersdesigned on the 5.8S rDNA region,and standard curves constructedwith serial dilutions of the clonedtarget sequences. The data wereuseful for quantification of A.catenella and A. taylori in bloomsamples using the real-time PCRbasedapproach. While A. tayloricell quantification was generally inagreement with microscope cellcount, A. catenella cellquantification was underestimatedcompared to standard countingmethod. This could be partiallyexplained by the presence of apseudogene in the 'A.tamarense/catenella/fundyense'complex. Further experiments willbe needed in order to address thisissue.260

INTERNATIONAL SOCIETY FOR THE STUDY OF HARMFUL ALGAE12 th <strong>International</strong> <strong>Conference</strong> on Harmful Algae, Copenhagen, Denmark, 4-8 September 2006PO.06-15An investigation of therelationship between Pseudonitzschiaspecies and domoicacid in Mytilus sp. in the FalEstuary, UKSession: PO.06 - Population dynamicsL Percy 1 , W Higman 2 , K Bateman 2 , EBresnan 3 , S Morris 2 , J Lewis 11 University of Westminster, LONDON,United Kingdom2 CEFAS, WEYMOUTH, United Kingdom3 Fisheries Research Services,ABERDEEN, United KingdomAn 18-month detailed time serieshas been constructed for theoccurrence of Pseudo-nitzschiaspecies and domoic acid in Mytilussp. from the Fal Estuary, UK.Pseudo-nitzschia species wereregularly observed with fourPseudo-nitzschia species isolatedinto culture; P. fraudulenta, P. cf.pseudodelicatissima, P. multiseriesand P. pungens, of which P.multiseries was confirmed toproduce domoic acid. However,domoic acid was only detected inshellfish during a peak in Pseudonitzschia,when TEM analysisconfirmed the dominant species tobe P. cf. pseudodelicatissima.Spatial and temporal data indicatedthat these cells entered the estuaryfrom the seaward source (i.e. theEnglish Channel). There were alsoperiods where Pseudo-nitzschiaspecies occurred without thepresence of domoic acid in shellfish.The presence of a range of nondomoic acid producing Pseudonitzschiastrains/species in the FalEstuary could explain noncorrelation between cell abundanceand domoic acid concentration inshellfish in this region. In addition,the use of size classing of Pseudonitzschiacells provided limitedcapability in aiding speciesprediction and therefore hasrestricted capability in the predictionof domoic acid accumulation inshellfish in this region.PO.08-06Cyanobacterial toxins as triggersfor oxidative stress in plantsSession: PO.08 - ToxicologyAnja Peuthert, Stephan PflugmacherIGB, BERLIN, GermanyCyanobacterial toxins have beenshown to have adverse effects onplants, both terrestrial and aquatic.Microcystins are cyclicheptapeptides and the main groupof cyanotoxins. During exposure ofplants to cyanobacterial toxins theformation of reactive oxygenspecies can occur. These reactiveoxygen species have strongreactivity and are able to interactwith other cellular compounds likelipids, proteins and DNA.Plants do have an effectiveantioxidative system which will limitthe negative effects caused byreactive oxygen species. Seedlingsof Alfalfa exposed to purifiedcyanobacterial toxins and cell-freecyanobacterial crude extractshowed uptake of toxin, andadverse effects on germination,growth and root development.Antioxidative enzymes, such assuperoxide dismutase (SOD) andcatalase were examined at theprotein- as well as on the genelevel.PO.13-63First evidence of spirolideaccumulation in northwesternAdriatic shellfishSession: PO.13 - Regional eventsS Pigozzi 1 , M Cangini 1 , A Ceredi 1 , FMagnani 1 , A Milandri 1 , M Pompei 1 , E261

INTERNATIONAL SOCIETY FOR THE STUDY OF HARMFUL ALGAE12 th <strong>International</strong> <strong>Conference</strong> on Harmful Algae, Copenhagen, Denmark, 4-8 September 2006Riccardi 1 , L Bianchi 2 , L Boschetti 2 , SMontanari 2 , S Rubini 21 Centro Ricerche Marine, CESENATICO(FC), Italy2 IZS Lombardia-Emilia Romagna,FERRARA, ItalyIn autumn 2003, shellfish samplesfrom the Northwestern Adriatic Sea,collected during the routinemonitoring programme, testedpositive by mouse bioassay forlipophilic toxins (Yasumoto, 2001).Unusual symptoms and theextremely short survival times (aslow as 5 min), alerted the monitoringoperators, suggesting the presenceof compounds previouslyundetected in Italy. During theevent, the dinoflagellateAlexandrium ostenfeldii reached itsmaximum concentration of 15,612cells/L. The microalga, isolated andgrown in culture, was demonstratedto produce mainly spirolide 13-desmethyl C but no PSP toxins(Ciminiello, 2006). Here we reporton the first evidence of spirolideaccumulation in Adriatic mussels.Analyses were carried out by liquidchromatography tandem massspectrometry.PO.05-34Use of electrospray tandem massspectrometry for identification ofmicrocystins during acyanobacterial bloom eventSession: PO.05 - Toxin analysisE Pinto 1 , HV Frias 1 , P Colepicolo 1 ,KHM Cardozo 1 , MA Mendes 1 , VMCarvalho 2 , D Tomazela 31 Universidade de São Paulo, SÃO PAULO,Brazil2 Instituto Fleury, SAO PAULO, Brazil3 Waters Tecnologies, SAO PAULO, BrazilDrastic environmental conditionssuch as elevated temperature,abrupt pH variation, low turbulence,and high nutrient inputs canenhance the development of toxiccyanobacterial blooms in lakes andreservoirs. This study describes theoccurrence of four microcystinvariants (MC) in a bloom in theeutrophic reservoir Billings, in SaoPaulo City. The bloom sample wascollected in October 2003, andMicrocystis was the main genusfound. The MC were separated andpurified by reverse phase highperformance liquid chromatography(RP-HPLC). Their structures wereelucidated by electrospray ionizationtandem mass spectrometry (ESI-MS/MS) and four variants weredetermined: MC-RR, MC-LR, MC-YR, and MC-hRhR. MC-hRhR isdescribed for the first time as a newvariant of MC with twohomoarginines at positions 2 and 4in its structure. ESI-MS/MS analysisthus provides a powerful andconvenient tool for thedetermination of variants of MC.These results represent animportant contribution to theknowledge of the biochemistry oftoxic cyanobacteria and their toxins,specifically in Sao Paulo State.PO.04-03Effects of harmful algae on rotiferfeeding behaviour andreproduction: Karenia brevisuses chemical defense to detergrazersSession: PO.04 – Food chainsC Pirkle, TW Snell, J KubanekGeorgia Institute of Technology, ATLANTA,United States of AmericaBloom-forming phytoplankton mayavoid becoming prey forzooplankton because phytoplanktoncells are toxic, unpalatable, ornutritionally inadequate to supportzooplankton growth or reproduction.Using laboratory feeding assays, we262

INTERNATIONAL SOCIETY FOR THE STUDY OF HARMFUL ALGAE12 th <strong>International</strong> <strong>Conference</strong> on Harmful Algae, Copenhagen, Denmark, 4-8 September 2006tested the effects of threedinoflagellates, Karenia brevis,Prorocentrum minimum, andPeridinium sp., on the feedingbehaviour and fitness of theestuarine rotifer Brachionusplicatilis. Prorocentrum minimumand Peridinium sp. were consumedat similar rates as a control food(Rhodomonas lens), but theconsumption of P. minimum orPeridinium sp. resulted in reducedrotifer reproduction. In contrast, K.brevis cells and extracts deterredrotifer feeding, indicating that K.brevis is chemically defendedagainst rotifer grazing.PO.13-60Killing effect of heterotrophicbacteria on bloom-formingphytoplankton species from thecoastal area of ThailandSession: PO.13 - Regional eventsA Piumsomboon 1 , P Soasii 1 , ISivaipram 1 , C Songroop 1 , SRungsupa 1 , K Fukami 21 Chulalongkorn University, BANGKOK,Thailand2 Kochi University, KOCHI, JapanThe relationship between theabundance of heterotrophic bacteriaand the bloom-forming species ofdiatoms Skeletonema costatum andChaetoceros spp., cyanobacteriaOscillatoria spp. and dinoflagellatesNoctiluca scintillans and Ceratiumfurca was investigated from naturalsamples collected from the coastalarea of Bangpra, in the eastern partof the Upper Gulf of Thailand fromJanuary 2003 to January 2004. Thetemporal variation in the abundanceof heterotrophic bacteria showedthe same trend as those of thedominating phytoplankton species,S. costatum, Chaetoceros spp. andO. erythraeum. The effects ofnatural bacterial populations onrepresentative phytoplankton speiessuch as O. erythraeum, C.curvisetus and S. costatum studiedfrom May to July 2003 (early rainyseason) were not clearlyestablished. However, three clonalcultures of bacteria, Bacillus sp.,Pseudomonas sp. and unidentifiedpale yellow bacterial colony,isolated from seawater in June 2004at the concentrations higher than10 5 cells/ml, inhibited growth of C.curvisetus and S. costatum. Thegrowth of a natural population of thedinoflagellate Noctiluca scintillanswas also affected by Bacillus sp.concentrations higher than 10 5cells/ml and the pale yellow bacteriaand Pseudomonas sp. of theconcentrations higher than 10 4cells/ml.PO.05-11Variability of particulate anddissolved lipophilic toxins duringand after Dinophysis acutagrowth in the Galician RiasSession: PO.05 - Toxin analysisGM Pizarro 1 , JM Franco 2 , S González-Gil 1 , B Reguera 11 Instituto Español de Oceanografia, VIGO,Spain2 Instituto de Investigaciones Marinas,VIGO, SpainIn autumn 2005, moderate numbersof Dinophysis acuta in the GalicianRías Baixas were found from earlySeptember, and recordconcentrations were reached thesecond week of November. Toxinprofiles and toxin content oflipophylic toxins (okadaiates,pectenotoxins) in plankton net-hauls(40-77 µm size fraction, pumpedfrom 3-5 m), picked Dinophysisacuta cells, and seawater (adsorbedwith DIAION HP20 resins) weremonitored weekly at a fixed stationin Ria de Pontevedra. A more263

INTERNATIONAL SOCIETY FOR THE STUDY OF HARMFUL ALGAE12 th <strong>International</strong> <strong>Conference</strong> on Harmful Algae, Copenhagen, Denmark, 4-8 September 2006intense monitoring (every 2h for 24h) of toxins in Dinophysis wascarried out during a cell cycle studyin November. Dinophysis cells andnet-hauls contained OA, DTX2, OAdiol-esters and PTX2; the sametoxins plus PTX2SA and PTX1, butno diol-esters were dissolved inseawater and adsorbed by theresins. Toxins dissolved in seawaterwere detected until the end ofJanuary 2006, at least one monthafter the disappearance ofDinophysis cells. Seasonal and cellcycle variability in toxin content percell (up to 95 pg of okadaiates and38 pg of pectenotoxins) will bediscussed in relation to cell size,phase of the population, and stagesof the cell cycle. The origin and fateof toxins released in the seawaterare discussed.PO.08-07Preliminary cultures in vitro ofpotentially toxic epiphyticdinoflagellates from a northernPhilippine reefSession: PO.08 - ToxicologyGN Pocsidio 1 , LM Dimaano 21 University of the Philippines, QUEZONCITY, Philippines2 University of Santo Tomas, MANILA,PhilippinesStudies were conducted onlaboratory cultures of the epiphyticdinoflagellates Gambierdiscus sp.,Ostreopsis spp., and Prorocentrumspp. collected from depths of 1-1.5m at Lingsat Reef, La Union,Philippines. The initial cultureutilized the ES1 medium instoppered 15-ml culture tubes. At atemperature of 27±20 °C, irradiance3,200 lux, salinity 23 ppt and pH8.0, Gambierdiscus sp., startingfrom 8 cells/ml, reached a density of15 cells/ml in 23 days, Ostreopsisspp. from 9 cells/ml to 22 cells/ml in16 days, Prorocentrum spp. from 7cells/ml to 190 cells/ml in 51 days.The cultures maintained themselvesas follows: Gambierdiscus up to the48th day, Ostreopsis up to the 57thday and Prorocentrum up to morethan 150 days. This study wasfinanced by the U.P. NaturalSciences Research Institute.PO.02-01Comparative genomic analysis ofDNA fragments from a toxiccyanobacterial bloomSession: PO.02 - GenomicsPB Pope, BKC PatelGriffith University, BRISBANE, AustraliaThe variety of secondarymetabolites found in cyanobacterialblooms and the impacts they haveon human health warrants largescaleapproaches intounderstanding the ‘bigger picture’ ofcyanobacterial bloom populationstructure and function. Ametagenomic approach, whichenables studies on genomes ofmixed natural communities, hasbeen utilized to overcome thisproblem of microbe 'unculturability'.We have prepared a bacterialartificial chromosome library (BAC)from the DNA extracted from anaturally occurring toxin-producingcyanobacterial bloom. The 3000clone BAC library, which is the firstreport of a BAC library constructedfrom cyanobacterial bloom DNA,had an average insert size of 30kbwith a number of clones containinginserts >50kb. From metagenomiclibrary 16S rDNA PCR screens anda random BAC-end sequencingsurvey, 10 clones were selected forinsert sequencing completion andanalysis. Approximately 200 kb ofcyanobacterial bloom metagenome264

INTERNATIONAL SOCIETY FOR THE STUDY OF HARMFUL ALGAE12 th <strong>International</strong> <strong>Conference</strong> on Harmful Algae, Copenhagen, Denmark, 4-8 September 2006has currently been sequenced andgene-finding and annotationanalysis has identified andexamined over 150 open readingframes (ORF’s). This informationhas provided an insight into thephysiology of a toxin-producingcyanobacterial bloom metagenomeand identified proteins of interestboth ecologically and in terms ofpotential in industrial processes.PO.11-03Species-specific allelopathicinteractions involving the red tidedinoflagellate Karenia brevisSession: PO.11 - AllelopathyEK Prince 1 , T Myers 1 , J Naar 2 , JKubanek 11 Georgia Institute of Technology,ATLANTA, United States of America2 University of North Carolina at Wilmingt,WILMINGTON, United States of AmericaCompetition is one of the dominantprocesses structuring marinepelagic communities. Allelopathy, amechanism of interferencecompetition by which one speciesinhibits another via excretion ofnatural products, may allow aphytoplankton species with poornutrient acquisition abilities to be adominant competitor, and may alsocontribute to the formation ofharmful algal blooms (HABs) byexcluding non-bloom-formingspecies. We have found thatallelopathy is common among Gulfof Mexico phytoplankton species,but that compounds other than wellknownHAB neurotoxins aretypically involved. Bioassay-guidedfractionation, followed byspectroscopic identification ofallelopathic compounds, is beingused to identify the molecularstructures of allelopathiccompounds produced by the redtide dinoflagellate Karenia brevis.Allelopathy may also be inducible,whereby the presence of a specificcompetitor led to increasedallelopathy by K. brevis.PO.11-04Phaeocystis globosa Scherffel,its haeomolytic and allelopathiceffectsSession: PO.11 - AllelopathyYZ Qi 1 , JS Liu 1 , WD Yang 1 , XC Peng 1 ,SH Lu 1 , Y Wang 1 , JF Chen 1 , TJ Jiang 1 ,ZH Wang 1 , YH Gao 2 , VR Marion 31 Jinan University, GUANGZHOU, China2 Xiamen University, XIAMEN, China3 University of Groningen, HAREN, TheNetherlandsPhaeocystis globosa blooms wererecorded in China since 1997. Thephysiological characteristics of thisspecies, as well as characters of itshaemolysins were described.Haemolytic substances producedunder nutrient limitation showed anallelopathic response to adverseconditions. Potential allelopathiceffects on three harmful bloomalgae, Prorocentrum donghaiense,Chattonella marina and Chattonellaovata were studied. Growth of C.marina and C. ovata was inhibitedconsiderably when co-cultured withP. globosa or cultured in cell-freespent medium. Haemolytic extractsfrom P. globosa cells in thesenescence phase had a similarinhibitory effect on the three HABspecies. The brine shrimp Artemiasalina was less affected by P.globosa. The results indicate that P.globosa has an allelopathic effecton microalgae, and this may explainits superior competitive abilities.Since addition of the haemolytictoxins from P. globosa gave similareffects on the algae compared tospent media, these compoundscould be involved in the allelopaticaction.265

INTERNATIONAL SOCIETY FOR THE STUDY OF HARMFUL ALGAE12 th <strong>International</strong> <strong>Conference</strong> on Harmful Algae, Copenhagen, Denmark, 4-8 September 2006PO.13-14Temporal and spatial distributionof Pseudo-nitzschia species(Bacillariophyceae) along the NEcoast in Catalan coastal waters,NE Spain (Mediterranean Sea)Session: PO.13 - Regional eventsS Quijano-Scheggia, E Garcés, NSampedro, J M Fortuño, K vanLenning, J CampInstituto Ciencias del Mar, BARCELONA,SpainTemporal and spatial distributions ofpotentially toxic species of thegenus Pseudo-nitzschia werestudied in 2005 along the Catalancoast (NW Mediterranean). Electronmicroscopic techniques revealedthe presence of Pseudo-nitzschiabrasiliana, P. calliantha, P.delicatissima, P. fraudulenta, P.multistriata and P. pungens. Thetwo species P. pungens and P.fraudulenta were mainly found inthe northern region, with maximumconcentrations between Februaryand May (3.2·10 4 and 5.04·10 5 cellsL -1 , respectively). Pseudo-nitzschiadelicatissima and P. calliantha werefound at the northern stationsbetween February and March(6.08·10 5 to 4.56 10 5 cells L -1 ,respectively), and appeared at thesouthern locations between Augustand November (7.92· 10 5 to3.37·10 5 cells L -1 , respectively).Pseudo-nitzschia brasiliana and P.multistriata were only occasionallydetected in the southern region, withmaximum concentrations betweenAugust and September (2.5·10 5 and4.16·10 6 cells L -1 , respectively). Thesum of the identified Pseudonitzschiaspecies showed highvalues (up to 4.16·10 6 cells L -1 )during most of the year, thepopulation initiated a sharp declineat all stations when watertemperature increased beyond 21°C(April to May). Cultured isolateswere submitted for HPLC analysisof pigments to evaluate thepossibility of monitoring naturalpopulations by a chemotaxonomicapproach.PO.05-41Emerging algal toxins in CanadaSession: PO.05 - Toxin analysisMA Quillam 1 , CM Garnett 1 , NI Lewis 1 ,R Yu 1 , W Hardstaff 1 , JM van de Riet 2 ,RA Potter 2 , WA Rourke 2 , BG Burns 21 National Research Council of Canada,HALIFAX, Canada2 Canadian Food Inspection Agency,HALIFAX, CanadaPrior to 1987, the only phycotoxinsof concern to Canada were thoseresponsible for PSP. In 1987,domoic acid caused a seriousincident of ASP in Eastern Canadaand in 1992, the toxin DTX1 wasimplicated in a DSP event in NovaScotia. In 1995, an entirely newclass of toxins, spirolides (SPX),were identified in shellfish thatcaused anomalous mouse deaths inthe lipophilic toxin assay. Followingthese incidents, a more proactiveapproach was taken, based oncomprehensive surveillance ofshellfish and plankton for other toxinclasses using LC-MS. This led tothe detection of PTX2 in net towsamples and PTX2sa in musseltissue in Nova Scotia in 2000. Morerecent discoveries includegymnodimine, DTX1 and PTX2 inBritish Columbian samples in 2003;PTX2, DTX and SPX throughoutEastern Canada; and yessotoxin(YTX) in mussels fromNewfoundland in 2004. Additionally,with the implementation of solidphase toxin tracking (SPATT), YTX,266

INTERNATIONAL SOCIETY FOR THE STUDY OF HARMFUL ALGAE12 th <strong>International</strong> <strong>Conference</strong> on Harmful Algae, Copenhagen, Denmark, 4-8 September 2006PTX11 and azaspiracids (AZAs)have been detected and confirmedin Nova Scotia. Causativeorganisms have been identified formost of these toxins. This poster willreview these discoveries anddemonstrate the capacity of LC-MSand SPATT techniques guidedecision making for traditionalmonitoring programs.with an abundance peak during thehot season, corresponding to theappearance of seafood poisoningincidents. Benthic dinoflagellatesare abundant during the hot periodof the year between January andMarch. They are present ondifferent types of substrate, butmacroalgae and especially deadcoral are preferred.PO.13-91Toliara reef-lagoon ecosystemquality and state of healthSession: PO.13 – Regional eventsChristian RalijaonaInstitut Halieutique et des SciencesMarinesUniversité de TOLIARA, MadagascarThe Toliara region of Madagascaris concerned with ciguateraseafood poisoning. The Toliararegion is a tourist developmentarea with the Great Reef of Toliaraas one of the main attractions. Theobjectives of this study is (i) adiagnosis of the Toliara reef-lagoonecosystem quality and state ofhealth, (ii) an identification ofsources of pollution and otherthreats, (iii) delivery of advice formeasures to eliminate or reducepollution. A suite of microbiologicparameters are monitored in timeand space, including entericbacteria, phytoplankton, andmicrophytobenthos. The bacterialcharge to this ecosystem is highparticularly along the seaside, inthe sediments, and in front ofsettlements. Open waters seemsless charged in bacteria.Phytoplankton shows presence ofindicators of environmentaldegradation such as toxicdinoflagellates and cyanobacteriaPO.13-37First record of Gymnodiniumcatenatum, Gambierdiscustoxicus and Pyrodiniumbahamense var. compressum inthe northern part of LuandaCoast (Angola)Session: PO.13 – Regional eventsIsabel M. Rangel, Sónia SilvaInstituto Nacional de InvestigaçãoPesqueira, Ilha de Luanda, P.O. Box2601, Luanda/AngolaPhytoplankton samples werecollected each month from July2003 to October 2004 in fourstations along the northern area ofLuanda coast, with the aim ofcharacterizing the dynamics ofphytoplankton community. Duringthis period two peaks ofphytoplankton abundance werefound, between August and Octoberin both years. The results show thathigher phytoplankton abundance innorthern Luanda cost area occursduring the transition of the winter(dry season) to summer (warmseason). The appearance ofharmful algal blooms occurredconcurrently with the phytoplanktondensity peaks in August. The HABsfound in 2003 were dominated bydinoflagellates Pyrodiniumbahamense var compressum, and267

INTERNATIONAL SOCIETY FOR THE STUDY OF HARMFUL ALGAE12 th <strong>International</strong> <strong>Conference</strong> on Harmful Algae, Copenhagen, Denmark, 4-8 September 2006Gymnodinium catenatum. In 2004were also registered the occurrenceof Gambierdiscus toxicus. Duringthis last years, in August, wereobserved the highest peak ofdensities of these species namely265463 cells/L of Pirodiniumbahamense var compressum,164305 cells/L of Gambierdiscustoxicus and 158333 cell/L ofGymnodinium catenatum. Theoccurrence of these species may berelated to the environmentalparameters such as temperatureand salinity.PO.10-13Biology and seasonal distributionof Hermesinum adriaticum in theNew River of North CarolinaSession: PO.10 - Ecophysiology &autecologyR. N. Reger 1 , C. R. Tomas 21 UNCW, WILMINGTON, United States ofAmerica2 University of North Carolina Wilmington,WILMINGTON, NC, United States ofAmericaThe New River in southeasternNorth Carolina is a brackish watersystem having a variety ofmicroalgae that annually formblooms. Some bloom species areconsidered toxic; however one raremicroorganism that may play asignificant role in the river’s ecologyhas been overlooked. An ebridian,Hermesinum adriaticum is foundfrequently in the New River duringmonths when water temperaturesare above ~22 °C. This unicellularorganism contains an internalskeleton protruding from both endsof the cell making the cell about50µm by 20µm. Cell populations inthe New River commonly reach40,000 cells/L and once apopulation of 150,000 cells/L wasobserved at French Creek. Lugolspreserved monthly water samplesfrom seven different stations in theNew River collected from 2001-2006 were observed to determineannual abundance and seasonaldistribution of H. adriaticum. Fromlive samples and cells cultivated inthe laboratory, observations weremade on live material to determinegrowth characteristics, including lifecycle stages, feeding and growthbehavior. Also, detailed studieswere conducted using bothscanning and transmission electronmicroscopy. SEM was used toexamine external morphologicalchanges including possible loss ofskeletons, while TEM was used tostudy nutrition, possibleendosymbiotic relationships, andinternal structural changes.PO.13-38Diarrhetic shellfish toxins at theSwedish West Coast 1987-2005Session: PO.13 - Regional eventsA.-S. Rehnstam-Holm 1 , B Karlson 2 , L.-O. Loo 31 Kristianstad University, KRISTIANSTAD,Sweden2 SMHI, GÖTEBORG, Sweden3 Göteborg University, GÖTEBORG,SwedenDiarrheic shellfish toxins haveoccurred and been regularlychemical monitored in blue mussels(Mytilus edulis) at the Swedish westcoast from year 1987. In generalthere is a seasonal variation ofDSTs in mussels withconcentrations low from March toAugust and high from October toDecember. Peaks above the limitfor consumption have in some yearsalso occurred in late June to lateJuly. A rapid intoxication vs. slowdetoxification of mussels iscommon. Temporal and regionaldifferences are large. Mussels268

INTERNATIONAL SOCIETY FOR THE STUDY OF HARMFUL ALGAE12 th <strong>International</strong> <strong>Conference</strong> on Harmful Algae, Copenhagen, Denmark, 4-8 September 2006grown in areas exposed to the opensea have in general higher toxinvalues than semi-enclosed fjordsystems. There is also aconsiderable variation in toxin levelsbetween years. In 1997 musselfarmers experienced very lowlevels. In autumn 1989 to spring1990 and in early autumn 2000 toearly 2001, high levels wererecorded during 26 weeks in a row.In neither of these cases toxicitycould be linked to unusually high orlow levels of Dinophysis. The KoljeFjord region had low levels of toxinsuntil year 1998, despite regularrecordings Dinophysis in the area.Today mussels grown andharvested in this area have similartoxin levels as mussels from otherfjords in the region.PO.13-36An investigation into theecotoxicology of different strainsof Lingulodinium polyedrum fromthe Portuguese coastSession: PO.13 - Regional eventsM A ReisAlfred-Wegener Institute, HELGOLAND,GermanyLingulodinium polyedrum is knownto be a common species along thePortuguese coast. In this region thefirst record that associates L.polyedrum with red-tide eventsdates back to 1944. This species isfrequently associated with shellfishcontamination and fish mortality,and yessotoxin production hasalready been detected in L.polyedrum from other areas.Blooms occurred along the southand west coast in the summers of2004 and 2005, leading to extensiveprecautionary beach closures.However, prior to the present work,no information was availableregarding the toxicity of PortugueseL. polyedrum populations. Here, weinvestigate the potential yessotoxinproduction by different strainsisolated from the west coast andsouth coast. Toxin production wasstudied in the lag, exponential,stationary and death phase, usingHPLC-MS as a detection method.Preliminary results suggest thatnone of these strains are yessotoxinproducers and the strains are nottoxic in any of the examined growthphases. Intraspecific differences ingrowth rates were also investigatedand preliminary results will bepresented.PO.06-08Time-series study of theoccurrence of dinoflagellatecysts in surface sediments froma warm temperate region(Cascais Bay, Portugal)Session: PO.06 - Population dynamicsSS Ribeiro, A AmorimUniversity of Lisbon, LISBON, PortugalA five-year survey was conductedbetween January 2000 andNovember 2005 to assess theseasonal occurrence ofdinoflagellate cysts in surfacesediment samples from CascaisBay, Portugal. A total of 53 cystmorphotypes were found. Resultsindicate that the overall cystproduction follows a seasonalpattern, with maximum abundanceof cysts with cell contents occurringin late autumn. However, individualcyst morphotypes and dominance oftaxonomic groups present avariable year-to-year behaviour,associated with major shifts on thespecies composition of thecommunity, and some speciesshowing cyst 'blooms' at timeintervals larger than 5 years. Cysts269

INTERNATIONAL SOCIETY FOR THE STUDY OF HARMFUL ALGAE12 th <strong>International</strong> <strong>Conference</strong> on Harmful Algae, Copenhagen, Denmark, 4-8 September 2006of the toxic species Gymnodiniumcatenatum, responsible for the mainPSP events along the Portuguesecoast, and the potentially toxicspecies Lingulodinium polyedrumwere recorded, but never accountedfor significant relative abundancesduring the study period. Correlationbetween cyst assemblages andseveral environmental parameterswere studied by correspondenceanalysis. Mean SST and surfaceChl a were found to be importantfactors influencing cyst seasonality.PO.01-08Genetic variation in ribosomalDNA of Chattonella aff.verruculosa, a new harmfuldictyochophyte forming recurrentblooms in Scandinavian watersSession: PO.01 - GeneticsI Riisberg, B EdvardsenUniversity of Oslo, OSLO, NorwayThe ichthyotoxic dictyochophyteinitially named Chattonella aff.verruculosa, was for the first timerecorded in Norwegian waters in1998 and has since then formedrecurrent blooms in the North Seaand Skagerrak. We have isolatedstrains from Skagerrak (2001 and2006) and generated ribosomalDNA sequences from these strains,as well as of strains of C.verruculosa from other geographicalregions. The relationships amongthese strains and to some otherdictyochophytes were inferred frompartial LSU (D1 and D2 domains)rDNA phylogeny. The C. aff.verruculosa/C. verruculosa strainsdiverged into two well supportedclades: one clade included five C.aff. verruculosa strains fromSkagerrak and the other embracedC. verruculosa from Germany,Japan and New Zealand. Thedistance between these clades was1-2 % that may suggest aseparation at the species level. Thepartial LSU rDNA phylogenyrevealed Florenciella parvula as theclosest relative to C. aff.verruculosa/C. verruculosa. We alsoamplified the ITS1- ITS2 ribosomalDNA region by PCR. The PCRproducts were cloned, and 5 clonesfrom each of five Chattonella aff.verruculosa strains and C.verruculosa from Japan weresequenced. The ITS sequencesshowed intraspecific and intraclonalvariation and was not related togeographical origin.PO.13-52First record of a harmful bloom ofGymnodinium catenatum alongthe Michoacán coast, MéxicoSession: PO.13 - Regional eventsMónica Cristina Rodríguez-Palacio,Cruz Lozano Ramírez, Sergio AlvarezHernández, Graciela de Lara IsassiUniversidad Autonoma Metropolitana-Iztapalapa, DF, MexicoIn Lazaro Cardenas, Michoacan inNovember 2005 the first record wasmade of a harmful algal bloomcaused by the naked dinoflagellateGymnodinium catenatum Graham1943. Cochlodinium polykrikoidesMargalef 1961 was also present inthe bloom. In situ, G. catenatumformed chains of 12-64 cells, mostly56 cells, while C. polykrikoidesformed two-celled colonies only.The density of G. catenatum was560,000 cells/liter compared to20,000 of C. polykrikoides. Theformer species was the dominantdinoflagellate. Isolates of these twoPSP producers are maintained asclonal cultures, not axenic, andmaintained in a new medium270

INTERNATIONAL SOCIETY FOR THE STUDY OF HARMFUL ALGAE12 th <strong>International</strong> <strong>Conference</strong> on Harmful Algae, Copenhagen, Denmark, 4-8 September 2006(L1VASE), a modification of the L1media.PO.10-50Inorganic carbon acquistion inthree red-tide dinoflagellatesSession: PO.10 – Ecophysiology andautecologyB Rost 1 , K-U Richter 1 , N Lundholm 2 ,PJ Hansen 31 Alfred Wegener Institute for Polar andMarine Research, BREMERHAVEN,Germany2 Dept of Phycology, University ofCopenhagen, COPENHAGEN, Denmark3 Marine Biological Laboratory, Universityof Copenhagen, HELSINGØR, DenmarkCarbon acquisition wasinvestigated in marine bloomformingdinoflagellates,Prorocentrum minimum,Heterocapsa triquetra, andCeratium lineatum. Activities ofcarbonic anhydrase (CA),photosynthetic O 2 evolution, CO 2and HCO 3 - uptake rates weremeasured by membrane inlet massspectrometry in cells acclimated tolow and high pH. A secondapproach used short-term 14Cdisequilibriumincubations toestimate the carbon source utilizedby the cells. All species showednegligible extracellular CA activityin cells acclimated to low pH andonly slightly higher activities whenacclimated to high pH. Halfsaturation concentrations forphotosynthetic O 2 evolution werelow compared to RubisCO kinetics.Moreover, affinities for inorganiccarbon increased with increasingpH in the acclimation, indicating theoperation of an efficient CO 2concentrating mechanism. Rates ofHCO 3 - uptake were high in theinvestigated species, contributingmore than 80% of photosyntheticcarbon fixation. Affinity for HCO 3-and maximum uptake ratesincreased under higher pH. Modesof carbon acquisition are consistentwith the 13C-fractionation patternindicating a strong species-specificdifference in leakage. Our resultssuggest that photosynthesis inmarine dinoflagellates is not limitedby inorganic carbon even at highpH.PO.05-12Alternative bioassays for thedetection of cyanotoxinsSession: PO.05 - Toxin analysisDR RuebhartGriffith University, MEADOWBROOK,AustraliaThe principal method for detectingthe presence of unknowncyanotoxins in Australia hastraditionally been the mousebioassay. When specificcyanotoxins are suspected,instrumental methods are generallyused, but the identity of potentialcyanotoxins is not always knownand there is still the requirement fora broad screening assay for use inthe water industry. Despite thewidespread use and currentreliance on the mouse bioassay,this test has several constraints.These constraints include: lack ofprecise quantification of cyanotoxinsat low concentrations, insensitivity,difficulties in the interpretation ofresults and slow turnaround time.Additionally, animal ethicsguidelines are calling for theelimination of the use of vertebratesin applications such as toxicitytesting. This means that alternativebioassays for the detection ofcyanotoxins in water supplies need271

INTERNATIONAL SOCIETY FOR THE STUDY OF HARMFUL ALGAE12 th <strong>International</strong> <strong>Conference</strong> on Harmful Algae, Copenhagen, Denmark, 4-8 September 2006to be developed. Thus, theCombined Research Centre forWater Quality and Treatment hasprovided funding for this PhD studyto investigate, optimise and validateof a range of microbial andinvertebrate bioassays forcyanotoxin testing. The resultsrelating to the sensitivity andapplicability of these bioassays willbe presented.PO.05-21Large-scale pumping andrecovery of algal toxins from seawaterSession: PO.05 - Toxin analysisThomas Rundberget, Morten Sandvik,Chris MilesNational Veterinary Institute, OSLO,NorwayThere is an expanding need forstandard specimens of algal toxinsfor chemical analysis and toxicitytesting. DSP toxins andazaspiracids, which are producedby non-cultivable algal species, cancurrently only be harvested fromcontaminated shellfish or directlyfrom the alga when a bloom can beidentified. We have developed aportable pumping system to harvestalgae and lipophilic algal toxinsdirectly from sea water. Theautomated system can filter 600-1000 L of water per hour and be rununattended for 3-4 days. Thesystem has been evaluated withgreat success in Norway and Spainduring the 2005–2006 season withtens of milligrams of DTXs andPTXs being harvested. The materialobtained from this system is mucheasier to purify than materialextracted from shellfish, andprovides a convenient method forisolation and purification of algaltoxin standards.PO.07-10A red tide incubator in theupwelling shadow of MontereyBay, CaliforniaSession: PO.07 – Ecology andOceanographyJP Ryan 1 , AM Fischer 1 , FP Chavez 1 , RKudela 2 , P Bissett 3 , C Scholin 1 , JGower 41 MBARI, MOSS LANDING, CA, UnitedStates of America2 University of California, SANTA CRUZ,United States of America3 Florida Environmental Research Institute,TAMPA, FL, United States of America4 Institute of Ocean Sciences, SIDNEY, BC,CanadaRed tide blooms occur in coastalwaters throughout the world. Theseblooms can harm ecosystem andhuman health, and create economichardship. Due to limitedunderstanding of red tide organismsand the environmental conditionsleading to blooms, detection andmonitoring of these events ischallenging. In Monterey Bay,California, multi-platform remotesensing observations between2002-2005 indicate the existence ofa red tide 'incubator' in an upwellingshadow in a northern region of thebay. Relative to the rest of the bay,wind mixing in this region is weak,stratification is strong, andresidence times are long.Additionally, this region receivesinput from estuarine waters, whichinfluences stratification, nutrientinput, and plankton speciescomposition. Using high-resolutionairborne remote sensing fromPHILLS, AVIRIS and MAS, and timeseries of satellite observations fromSeaWiFS, MODIS and MERIS, wedetail characteristics of thisincubator region. We integrateremote sensing with observationsfrom moorings, ships, and272

INTERNATIONAL SOCIETY FOR THE STUDY OF HARMFUL ALGAE12 th <strong>International</strong> <strong>Conference</strong> on Harmful Algae, Copenhagen, Denmark, 4-8 September 2006autonomous underwater vehicles, toshow that the incubator region canseed bay-wide red tide events whenmesoscale dynamics of theCalifornia Current stir the bay.PO.13-73Temporal and spatial distributionof the dinoflagellate genusAlexandrium along the Catalancoast (NW Mediterranean)Session: PO.13 - Regional eventsN Sampedro 1 , M Vila 1 , E Garcés 1 , LArin 1 , A Reñé 1 , S Fraga 2 , M Masó 1 , JCamp 11 Institut de Ciències del Mar-CSIC,BARCELONA, Spain2 Instituto Español de Oceanografía, VIGO,SpainThe genus Alexandrium containsspecies associated with paralyticshellfish toxins. These species aremorphologically similar and can beidentified by small differences in thethecal plates using epifluorescencemicroscopy. Blooms and mixedpopulations of different Alexandriumspecies (toxic and non-toxic) arefrequently observed at inshoreareas of the NW MediterraneanSea. Until now, ten Alexandriumspecies have been identified in thisarea, either in the water column orin the sediment, which correspondsto one third of the species describedfor this genus. We present thetemporal and spatial distribution ofseven Alexandrium species (A.minutum, A. catenella, A. taylori, A.pseudogonyaulax, A. tamutum, A.insuetum, A. peruvianum) based onsamples collected during six years(2000 to 2005) on surface water ofseveral harbours and beaches. Cellconcentrations of the mentionedspecies are presented together withdata of the relevant physical andchemical variables.PO.15-08The use of SPATT. Detection ofAza and comparison with toxinprofiles in shellfish in relation toalgal cell countsSession: PO.15 - MonitoringMorten Sandvik 1 , ThomasRundberget 1 , Peter Hovgaard 2 , TonjeCastberg 3 , Lai Nguyen 4 , ChristophMiles 51 National Veterinary Institute, OSLO,Norway2 Sogn og Fjordane University College,SOGNDAL, Norway3 The Institute of Marine Research Flødevi,HIS, Norway4 Norwegian School of Veterinary Science,OSLO, Norway5 Agresearch Ltd, HAMILTON, New ZealandWe have developed solid phasetoxin tracking (SPATT) disks basedon the method of MacKenzie et al.(2004). Data from spatial and timeintegratedsampling of disks withsubsequent extraction and MRMLC/MS analysis for AZAs, PTX-2s,OA/DTXs, and YTX are presented.Profiles of toxins in the disks andblue mussels (M. edulis) arecompared with the abundance oftoxin producing algal species.Toxins accumulated in the disksand, generally, their concentrationsfollowed the abundance of the algalspecies from which they hadoriginated. However, largevariations in toxin profiles wereobserved during mixed blooms ofDinophysis spp. At Flødevigen,mussels and disks containedsubstantial levels of DTX-2throughout the trial; at Sogndal, onlytrace amounts could be detected inthe disks from and DTX-2 could notbe detected in the mussels. Inmussels, AZA-1, -2, -3 and -6typically occurred in ratios of ca2:1:1:1, respectively. However, inextracts from the disks only AZA-1273

INTERNATIONAL SOCIETY FOR THE STUDY OF HARMFUL ALGAE12 th <strong>International</strong> <strong>Conference</strong> on Harmful Algae, Copenhagen, Denmark, 4-8 September 2006and -2 (5:1) were detected,suggesting that AZA-3 and -6 maybe produced by in vivobiotransformation in shellfish.SPATT disks are a convenient toolfor monitoring toxigenic algalblooms, and should also be usefulfor identifying toxigenic algalspecies and studying toxinmetabolism.PO.05-17Microcystins in the NIES CertifiedReference Materials No. 26Session: PO.05 - Toxin analysisT Sano 1 , H Takagi 1 , M Nishikawa 1 , KKaya 21 National Institute for Environmental Stu,TSUKUBA, Japan2 Tohoku University, SENDAI, JapanThe Certified Reference Material(CRM) for metal elements andmicrocystin analyses was preparedby NIES. The microcystins in theCRM are mainly [Dha7]microcystin-RR and -LR. To determinemicrocystin content in the CRM, welooked up authorized standards of[Dha7]microcystin variants.However, we could not obtain thestandards. The microcystin contentin the CRM was thereforedetermined according to the MMPBmethod. In the LC-MS analysis ofthe CRM, the results suggested theexistence of [Dha7]microcystin-YR,[D-Asp3, Dha7]microcystin-RR and[D-Asp3, Dha7]microcystin-LR asthe previously identified variants,and some unknown microcystins asminor variants. The NMR and MSspectra of the minor variants weremeasured for the elucidation of thestructures. Amino acid compositionsof the variants were also analyzed.All the data show that the minorvariants are novel microcystinvariants.The CRM is useful not only asstandard material for quantificationof microcystins but also foridentification of [Dha7]microcystinvariants. The CRM No. 26 withanalytical data of microcystinvariants has been supplied aroundthe world.PO.01-04Development of microsatellitemarkers to study the populationgenetics of Skelotonema sp. - amarine diatomSession: PO.01 - GeneticsV SaravananCollege of Fisheries, MANGALORE, IndiaSkelotonema is a marine diatomspecies that contributes significantlyto phytoplankton blooms. Restingstages are abundant in sediments.Allozyme studies have showngenetic differences between springand autumn populations ofSkeletonema. Recent studies haveshown that phytoplankton can haveextensive intraspecific variationwithin a geographic location. Thisvariation can be measured usinggenetic markers such as RAPD andmicrosatellite DNA. Thesetechniques can be applied to withinspeciesanalyses of Skelotonemaresting stages and planktonic cellsto study population differences.Microsatellites have never beenused to discriminate betweenplanktonic and benthic life stages ofmicroalgal species. In the presentstudy, Skeletonema genomic DNAlibraries were constructed bymicrosatellite methods, andsequence data of microsatellitepositive clones were obtained forPCR primer development. We havelocated (CA)n and (AT)n coresequences within the genome.Primer sequences flanking these274

INTERNATIONAL SOCIETY FOR THE STUDY OF HARMFUL ALGAE12 th <strong>International</strong> <strong>Conference</strong> on Harmful Algae, Copenhagen, Denmark, 4-8 September 2006tandem repeat regions aredeveloped using the analyticalsoftware programs.PO.15-21Harmful algal blooms monitoringplan in the Chubut coastalwaters, Patagonia, ArgentinaSession: PO.15 - MonitoringAV Sastre 1 , NH Santinelli 1 , M Solís 2 , JLEsteves 2 , ME Ferrario 3 , P Ciccarone 1 , LPérez 11 Universidad Nacional de la Patagonia,TRELEW, CHUBUT, Argentina2 Centro Nacional Patagónico. CONICET,PUERTO MADRYN, CHUBUT, Argentina3 Facultad de Ciencias Naturales y Museo,LA PLATA, ArgentinaThe Harmful Algal BloomsMonitoring Plan design andimplementation along Chubutcoastal waters (Patagonia,Argentina) is reported. Theprovincial littoral zone involves morethan 1000 kilometers with bays andgulfs where culture activities andshellfish harvesting from naturalbanks are carried out.The plan includes five programmes:1) Harmful algal blooms and waterquality monitoring, 2) Shellfishtoxicity control, 3) Educational andtraining activities and publicinformation, 4) Summary of humanconsumers intoxication cases inMedical Centres, 5) temporalclosing of shellfish fishing andselling.This work communicates the resultsconcerning the harmful algal bloomsand environmental marineconditions monitoring, the activitiesof education and public information,the evaluation of results, themanagement plans and regulatoryactions.Toxic species observed in thesecoastal waters are: Alexandriumtamarense, Prorocentrum lima, P.minimum, several toxigenic speciesof Dinophysis and the Pseudonitzschiaseriata/delicatissimacomplex. Temporal and spatialvariations in relation toenvironmental parameters areanalyzed.Obtained data provide bases forpublic health protection andresources management actions.Educational activities involvetraining of the main actors as wellas public awareness andcommunication.PO.16-15Abundance variations indinoflagellate sedimentary cysts:the importance of time in sampleanalysisSession: PO.16 – Life cyclesCT Satta 1 , S Anglès 2 , I Bravo 3 , GCeccherelli 1 , E Garcés 2 , A Luglié 1 , BMPadedda 1 , N Sechi 11 University of Sassari, SASSARI, Italy2 Institut de Ciéncies del Mar,BARCELONA, Spain3 Instituto Oceanografico, VIGO, SpainCounting of dinoflagellatesedimentary cysts is timeconsuming;thus, preservationmethods are necessary to keepcysts intact until they are analysed.This experiment aims to establishwhether the time of cold and darkstorage and fixation methods affectthe abundance of resting cysts insediment samples.To verify whether cyst abundanceand species composition changewith time, sediment samples fromdifferent sites (Sardinia, Italy;Catalan coast, Spain) have beenstudied. Subsamples were fixedwith 10% formaldehyde beforebeing treated with SPT (SodiumPolytungstate) at time zero (justafter the sampling). The results275

INTERNATIONAL SOCIETY FOR THE STUDY OF HARMFUL ALGAE12 th <strong>International</strong> <strong>Conference</strong> on Harmful Algae, Copenhagen, Denmark, 4-8 September 2006were compared to those from alivefreshsubsamples analysed at thesame time. In addition, livesubsamples were kept in the dark attwo different temperature conditions(at 15 ºC and 4 °C); they wereanalysed one and two months afterthe samplings.The results have providedinformation about which storageand/or fixation methods to use ifcysts from sediment samples haveto be stored for longer periods.PO.05-36Determination of paralyticshellfish toxins in seafoodSession: PO.05 - Toxin analysisSJ Sayfritz 1 , E Lundanes 2 , J Aasen 1 , TAsp 1 , T Aune 11 Norwegian School of Veterinary Science,OSLO, Norway2 Chemistry Department, University of Oslo,OSLO, NorwayParalytic Shellfish Poisoning (PSP)represents a real threat to the healthof shellfish consumers. The PSPtoxins (saxitoxin group) are a groupof naturally occurring neurotoxinsthat specifically block the excitationcurrent in nerve and muscle cells byblocking the sodium channels. Thiscan lead to paralysis if a largeenough dose is consumed. TheHPLC-FLD method based onOshima, 1995, is currently in use atthe Norwegian School of VeterinaryScience for the analysis of PSPtoxins. However, this method hasbeen shown to be susceptible toinference peaks from a variety ofdifferent seafood matrixes. Theposter will outline an improved SPE(solid phase extraction) basedclean-up procedure for the completeremoval of major chromatographicinference peaks. An improvedextraction technique will also bepresented.PO.14-01Potential role of clay in mitigatingChesapeake Bay algal bloomsSession: PO.14 - MitigationKG Sellner 1 , EF Brownlee 2 , SG Sellner 31 Chesapeake Research Consortium,EDGEWATER, MD, United States ofAmerica2 Hood College, FREDERICK, MD, UnitedStates of America3 Morgan State University ERC, ST.LEONARD, MD, United States of AmericaBecause of increasing concern foralgal blooms in Chesapeake Bayand proximal coastal bays,laboratory studies were undertakento examine the removal of severalbloom species through the additionof treated kaolin clay. Prorocentrumminimum, Chattonella subsalsa,and a small coccoidcyanobacterium were grown in thelaboratory and exposed to 0.9 gclay L -1 . In vivo fluorescence (IVF)was measured on 4 replicates foreach taxon (control and treated)before clay additions, 2.5 h afterclay addition, and 4 d later. Therewas a significant decrease in IVF inall clay treatments with largestreductions in IVF noted forProrocentrum and Chattonella (99%and 92%, respectively) within 2.5 hof the addition; there was no furtherdecline in IVF over the next fourdays. For the cyanobacterium, claywas not as effective, removing only61% and 38% of total cells over the4 d when initial densities were 10 9and 10 8 cells L -1 , respectively.These results suggest that treatedkaolin may be an effective mitigationstrategy for flagellates common toBay blooms whereas coccoidcyanobacteria may persist followingclay additions.276

INTERNATIONAL SOCIETY FOR THE STUDY OF HARMFUL ALGAE12 th <strong>International</strong> <strong>Conference</strong> on Harmful Algae, Copenhagen, Denmark, 4-8 September 2006PO.13-11Crassostrea ariakensis and C.virginica responses toichthyotoxic KarlodiniumveneficumSession: PO.13 - Regional eventsSG Sellner 1 , EF Brownlee 2 , KGSellner 3 , A Place 4 , JE Adolf 4 , HNonogaki 4 , TR Bachvaroff 41 Morgan State University ERC, ST.LEONARD, MD, United States of America2 Hood College, FREDERICK, MD, UnitedStates of America3 Chesapeake Research Consortium,EDGEWATER, MD, United States ofAmerica4 UMD Center of Marine Biotechnology,BALTIMORE, MD, United States ofAmericaThe Eastern oyster Crassostreavirginica and the Asian oyster C.ariakensis are native and potentiallyintroduced oysters, respectively, inthe Chesapeake Bay and as such,will be exposed to the naturalphytoplankton assemblagesincluding harmful speciesthroughout their life cycles. Recentwork suggests that at least one ofthese prey items, the ichthyotoxicdinoflagellate Karlodiniumveneficum, occurs frequentlythroughout the growth period for theoysters and produces linearpolyketide toxins (karlotoxins) whichelicit toxicity through steroldependent,non-specific membranepores. Spat and juvenile oysters ofeach species were exposed tomoderately toxic strains [18.5 ± 6.2ng ml -1 ] at environmentally-relevantcell densities and growth andclearance rates contrasted withrates observed on otherphytoplankton species, including thespring bloom former Prorocentrumminimum and phytoplanktonmixtures routinely used in oysterhatcheries. Spat growth andclearance rates and juvenileclearance rates of both oysterswere significantly reduced whenfeeding on Karlodinium, relative tothe other prey species. These initialresults suggest that thecosmopolitan Karlodiniumveneficum inhibits growth and wouldpotentially curtail oyster productionwithin the tidal bay and its tributariesthroughout the oysters' growthperiods and considering its globaldistribution, potential impactthroughout temperate areas shouldbe assessed.PO.13-89The present state of toxinproducing cyanobacteia speciesin the southern Lake Victoria(Tanzania)Session: PO.13 – Regional events1 Pazi M. Semili, 2 Dickson K.Rutagemwa, 3 Hassan J. Mjengera1 Faculty of Aquatic Sciences andTechnology (FAST), University of dar esSalaam, DAR ES SALAAM,Tanzania2 Lake Victoria Environmental ManagementProject, MWANZA, Tanzania3 Ministry of Water, Water LaboratoriesUnit, DAR ES SALAAM, TanzaniaCyanobacterial blooms havebecome an increasing worldwideproblem in aquatic habitats. Theseoccurrences can be partiallyattributed to gradual eutrophicationof waterways caused by increaseof nutrient inputs. Certain speciesof cyanobacteria produce toxinsand, as a result, blooms createmajor threats to animal and humanhealth, tourism, recreation, andaquaculture. Despite these facts,studies on toxic cyanobacteriaspecies and their associatedenvironmental factors are limited inthe tropics. Worse still, in EasternAfrica, farmers and the generalpublic are not aware of thechallenges posed by toxin-277

INTERNATIONAL SOCIETY FOR THE STUDY OF HARMFUL ALGAE12 th <strong>International</strong> <strong>Conference</strong> on Harmful Algae, Copenhagen, Denmark, 4-8 September 2006producing cyanobacteria. In thispaper, we present the recent statusof toxin- producing cyanobacteria inrelation to environmental factorslinked to their dominance in LakeVictoria, from 2000 to 2005. Thestudy revealed that blooms ofcynobacteria occur frequently, andmicroscopic examination of theblooms showed dominance of thepotentially toxic genera ofMicrocystis, Anabaena andCylidrospermopsis. Average totalabundance and biomass ofphytoplankton were approximately5 times higher than in the studiesfrom the 1960s and 1980s. Thepersistence of toxic cyanobacteriaappears to be favoured by amultiplicity of factors of importance:nutrient concentration (P), watertemperature, mixing conditions,under-water light availability andfood web structure.PO.14-06The use of clays to controlharmful algal blooms in the U.S.:from laboratory to the fieldSession: PO.14 - MitigationM. Sengco 1 , DM Anderson 2 , V.M.Bricelj 3 , RH Pierce 41 Smithsonian Environmental Research Ctr,EDGEWATER, MD, United States ofAmerica2 Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution,WOODS HOLE, MA, United States ofAmerica3 Institute for Marine Biosciences, HALIFAX,NS B3H 3Z1, Canada4 Mote Marine Laboratory, SARASOTA, FL,United States of AmericaFor nearly a decade, the efficacy ofclay flocculation and the potentialimpacts of clay dispersal have beenexamined in the United States. Todate, the removal ability of variousclays has been tested againstKarenia brevis, Heterosigmaakashiwo, Prymnesium parvum,Aureococcus anophagefferens,Pfiesteria piscicida and Alexandriumtamarense, with most of theresearch focusing on K. brevis andphosphatic clays. This presentationwill summarize the major finding ofthe research from small tomesoscale studies – with andwithout flow – culminating in a pilotexperiment in open waters duringan actual bloom. Recentobservations regarding the effect ofphosphatic clays on the motility andviability K. brevis in flow will bepresented. The potential benefitsand disadvantages of usingchemical flocculants such aspolyaluminum chloride and cationicpolymers in combination with clayswill also be discussed. Finally,results from impact studies onselect benthic organisms andseveral bivalve species, will bepresented. Overall, this researchhas demonstrated the applicabilityof clays to treat harmful algalblooms under certain conditions incertain locations. However, thereare also limitations to the methodand possible impacts that must beconsidered.PO.06-20Microscopic digital holographyimaging of dinoflagellatebehaviour in laboratory culturesSession: PO.06 - Population dynamicsJ Sheng 1 , E Malkiel 1 , DW Pfitch 1 , JKatz 1 , J Adolf 2 , R Belas 2 , AR Place 21 The Johns Hopkins University,BALTIMORE, United States of America2 UMBI Center of Marine Biotechnology,BALTIMORE, United States of AmericaPredator-prey interactions arefundamental to a greaterunderstanding of harmful algalbloom (HAB) dynamics; however,interactions between dinoflagellates278

INTERNATIONAL SOCIETY FOR THE STUDY OF HARMFUL ALGAE12 th <strong>International</strong> <strong>Conference</strong> on Harmful Algae, Copenhagen, Denmark, 4-8 September 2006and their prey are difficult to monitorusing standard microscopy. Thehigh magnification needed todistinguish between HAB and preyspecies results in shallow depths offield and prevents tracking the 3-dimensional paths of multipleswimming organisms. Microscopicdigital holography overcomes thislimitation by using numericalreconstruction to provide in-focusviews of all the organisms within a 3mm depth. The accuracy in thetracking procedure is sufficient toprovide fully 3-dimensionaltrajectories from one view. Thetechnique is applied to cultures oftoxic and nontoxic strains ofKarlodinium veneficum with andwithout a predator, Oxyrrhis marina,as well as Pfiesteria piscicida withand without its algal prey,Rhodomonas. Typical swimmingbehaviors include helical swimmingand conspecifics revolving aroundeach other. Karlodinium individualsare observed to have swimmingspeeds ranging from 0.05 to 0.5mm/s and Pfiesteria cells 0.1-1mm/s. We also observe a changein the average swimming speed ofP. piscicida from 0.5 mm/s inisolation to 0.9 mm/s in thepresence of its prey, Rhodomonas.PO.16-06Effects of temperature and lighton benthic cell germination andgerminated cell survival of thenoxious raphidophyteHeterosigma akashiwoSession: PO.16 – Life cyclesTomoyuki Shikata 1 , S Nagasoe 2 , TMatsubara 2 , Y Yamasaki 2 , YShimasaki 2 , Y Oshima 2 , T Honjo 2FUKUOKA, Japan2 Graduate School, Kyushu University,FUKUOKA, JapanThe effects of temperature and lighton germination of benthic cells andsurvival of the germinated motilecells of Heterosigma akashiwo wereexamined with bottom sedimentsincluding the benthic cells of thisorganism. The motile cellsappeared in a temperature rangefrom 5 °C to 30 °C in suspensionsof mixed sediment and seawaterwithin three weeks, but attemperatures ≦12 °C, the cellnumbers were markedly low and theappearance was delayed. When thesamples, incubated at eachtemperature, were incubatedat 20°C, only few motile cells appeared.In suspensions incubated in the lightor dark, despite counting motilecells at six-hourly intervals, thenumber of motile cells germinated inthe dark was significantly lower thanthose in the light. Subsequently,when the suspension incubated inthe dark was exposed to light, onlya few newly germinated motile cellswere observed. These resultsindicate that germination of thebenthic cells is independent oftemperature and light if thesediment is suspended intoseawater, but the speed of thegermination process depends ontemperature, and survival of thecells just after germination isstrongly affected by temperatureand light.PO.15-27Development of a simple andsensitive monitoring method forthe shellfish-killing dinoflagellateHeterocapsa circularisquamausing real-time PCR assaySession: PO.15 - MonitoringT Shiraishi 1 , R Kamikawa 1 , Y Sako 1 , STaino 2 , Y Hayashi 2 , I Imai 11 Kyoto University, KYOTO, Japan279

INTERNATIONAL SOCIETY FOR THE STUDY OF HARMFUL ALGAE12 th <strong>International</strong> <strong>Conference</strong> on Harmful Algae, Copenhagen, Denmark, 4-8 September 20062 Kochi Pref. Fish. Experimental Station,KOCHI, JapanHeterocapsa circularisquama is themost noxious red tide dinoflagellatealong the Japanese coasts, causingmass mortalities of both natural andcultured bivalves. It is indispensablefor mitigating the negative impactsto monitor this species rapidly,easily, and sensitively. Real-timePCR assay is a sensitive andspecific method for the detectionand quantification of microalgae,however, procedures for real-timePCR assay are not practical for fieldmonitoring. In this study, wedeveloped a simple and sensitivemonitoring method for H.circularisquama using real-timePCR assay. Quantitative DNAextraction was made by boiling thefilter in TE (Tris-HCl and EDTA)buffer after concentrating the cellson the Nuclepore filter. This assaymade specific and quantitativedetection possible even with theabundant presence of other algae.Enumeration of cells in naturalsamples revealed identical resultsby real-time PCR assay and theindirect fluorescent antibodytechnique even at cell densities aslow as 1 cell per liter. Hence, thismethod is a powerful and feasibletool for monitoring of H.circularisquama. The work nowcontinues using this method tounderstand population dynamics.PO.01-03Harmful algae can be transportedvia relocation of bivalve shellfishSession: PO.01 - GeneticsSE Shumway 1 , HT Hégaret 1 , GHWikfors 21 University of Connecticut, GROTON,United States of America2 NOAA-NMFS, MILFORD, CT 06460,United States of AmericaOur study tested the hypothesis thatharmful algae can be introducedinto new environments by means ofshellfish relocations, a commonpractice for commercially-exploitedbivalve molluscs. We identifiedwhich managed shellfish speciesand HABs co-occur geographicallyand established a protocol toassess the potential of the bivalvespecies to be vectors for transportof harmful algae. Cultured strains ofharmful algae, Alexandriumfundyense, Heterosigma akashiwo,Prorocentrum minimum, andGymnodinium mikimotoi were fed tobivalve molluscs for two days at anatural bloom concentration toassess the ability of the algal cellsto pass intact through the digestivetract and subsequently grow. Afterfeeding, the bivalves were kept fortwo days in ultrafiltered seawater.Biodeposits were collected andobserved under the microscopeafter 24 and 48 h to evaluate thepresence or absence of intact,viable cells or temporary cysts ofthe algae. Subsamples ofbiodeposits were transferred intoboth algal culture medium andfiltered seawater and monitoredmicroscopically for algal growth.Intact algal cells of the variousharmful algae were seen inbiodeposits and generally these reestablishedgrowing populations.PO.10-42Phosphatase activity in PfiesteriashumwayaeSession: PO.10 - Ecophysiology &autecologyHM Skelton 1 , MW Parrow 2 , JMBurkholder 11 North Carolina State University, RALEIGH,United States of America2 University of North Carolina,CHARLOTTE, United States of America280

INTERNATIONAL SOCIETY FOR THE STUDY OF HARMFUL ALGAE12 th <strong>International</strong> <strong>Conference</strong> on Harmful Algae, Copenhagen, Denmark, 4-8 September 2006Phosphatases, enzymes thathydrolyze organic phosphorus,include both alkaline and acidvarieties with pH-dependent optima.Phytoplankton phosphataseresearch has focused primarily onalkaline phosphatase expression inphotosynthetic species, includingdinoflagellates. Acid phosphataseshave been less studied in algae andhave been examined in very fewdinoflagellates (Lingulodiniumpolyedrum, Schmitter andJurkiewicz 1981; Crypthecodiniumcohnii, Barlow and Triemer 1986).Traditionally, phosphatase activityhas been measured usingcolourimetric or fluorometricmethods that cannot resolvevariability within populations andamong taxa in mixed assemblages.Recently, the molecular probe ELF-97® (Enzyme-LabelledFluorescence; Molecular Probes,Inc., Eugene, OR) was developedfor in situ fluorescencemeasurements of both alkaline andacid phosphatases in individualcells. In this study, ELF-97® wasused to examine phosphataseactivity in the heterotrophicdinoflagellate Pfiesteriashumwayae. Phosphatase activityalso was evaluated at different pHvalues using colorimetric methods.Active phosphatases generally werelocalized in dense deposits near orsurrounding the food vacuole. Thelocation of enzyme activity andsupporting colorimetricmeasurements suggest that acidphosphatases predominate in P.shumwayae and have a generalcatabolic function.PO.13-22Field and laboratory mortalityand bloom decay rates ofGymnodinium catenatum:improving parameters in coastalmodelsSession: PO.13 - Regional eventsJH Skerratt, A Holmes, S BlackburnCSIRO, HOBART, AustraliaPhytoplankton mortality is rarelyaddressed in ecological models yetis seen by both modellers andecologists as significant. Mortalityrates of a number of micro-algalspecies present in the Huon EstuaryTasmania, Australia were assessedusing both laboratory and field data.Particular emphasis was placed onGymnodinium catenatum, a harmfuldinoflagellate that forms recurrentblooms in the estuary. Mortalityrates are new in marine ecologicalmodels so we transferredmethodology and techniques frombacterial mortality models as thesehave been extensively researchedbecause of food pathogens.Mortality rates for all microalgalspecies tested in the laboratorywere between 0.04-0.3/day andfield data for G. catenatum bloomsfrom 1989 to 2004 concurred withthese rates of decline. The mortalityrates will be incorporated into thepresent biogeochemical models ofthe estuary and surrounding waters.PO.10-12Growth preferences and toxicityof Chattonella aff. verruculosa(Heterokontophyta)Session: PO.10 - Ecophysiology &autecologyB SkjelbredUniversity of Oslo, OSLO, NorwayThe heterokont flagellate under theprovisional name Chattonella aff.verruculosa has formed recurrent281

INTERNATIONAL SOCIETY FOR THE STUDY OF HARMFUL ALGAE12 th <strong>International</strong> <strong>Conference</strong> on Harmful Algae, Copenhagen, Denmark, 4-8 September 2006extensive blooms in the North Seaand Skagerrak since 1998.According to phylogenetic analysesC. aff. verruculosa belongs toDictyochophyceae, notRaphidophyceae. Water sampleswere collected from Skagerrak fromJanuary to March 2006 and strainsof C. aff. verruculosa were isolated.The cells were grown in IMR ½medium with salinity 25 PSU andtemperature 4 ºC. Twelvemonoclonal strains were obtainedusing the capillary isolation method.The newly isolated strains andseven isolated from previousblooms in Skagerrak or elsewherewere grown under differenttemperatures, salinities and lightclimates to determine the optimalgrowth conditions. Based on fieldobservations and cultureexperiments, C. aff. verruculosaseems to prefer cold, brackishwater. The toxicity to various celllines and fish preparations was alsoexamined.PO.13-83Occurrence of phytoplanktonpotentially causing shellfishtoxicity in the Skagerrak, theKattegat and the Sound(Öresund) 1985-2005Session: PO.13 - Regional eventsA-T Skjevik 1 , AY al-Handal 1 , L Edler 1 ,M. Kuylenstierna 2 , B Karlson 11 SMHI, Oceanographic services, VÄSTRAFRÖLUNDA, Sweden2 Kristineberg Marine Research Station,FISKEBÄCKSKIL, SwedenAs part of the environmentalmonitoring programmes along theSwedish West coast phytoplanktoncomposition and abundance hasbeen monitored 1985-2005. Someof the data sets start in 1985 whileothers start ca 1990. Sampling is ingeneral monthly and the Utermöhlsedimentation chamber technique isused for analyses of Lugol fixedsamples. We report on theabundance of taxa and generapotentially causing shellfish toxicity.Genera include Dinophysis,Alexandrium, Lingulodinium,Protoceratium, Protoperidinium andPseudo-nitzschia. Results indicatethat phytoplankton producing DST(Diarrhetic Shellfish Toxins), PST(Paralytic Shellfish Toxins), AZT(Azaspiracidic Shellfish Toxins),Yessotoxins and Amnesic ShellfishToxins (AST) occur regularly in thewhole area. Comparisons withrecommendations from the SwedishNational Food Administrationregarding regulatory limits forabundance of harmful algae aremade. The long-term data sets andthe seasonal distribution of theharmful phytoplankton species arepresented. Also comparisons withlong-term monitoring of DST in bluemussels (Mytilus edulis) along theSkagerrak coast is made.PO.12-10Parasites of the genusBlastodinium are peridinioiddinoflagellatesSession: PO.12 - Taxonomy and phylogenyA Skovgaard 1 , R Massana 2 , E Saiz 21 University of Copenhagen,COPENHAGEN, Denmark2 Institut de Ciències del Mar, CSIC,BARCELONA, SpainDinoflagellates of the genus i areparasites that spend part of their lifecycle as multicellular trophontsinside the gut of marine, planktoniccopepods. The individual cells in thetrophont as well as the dinosporesthat they produce are thecate. Theplate tabulation formula ofBlastodinium contortum and B.navicula dinospores concurs withthat of the order Peridiniales. In282

INTERNATIONAL SOCIETY FOR THE STUDY OF HARMFUL ALGAE12 th <strong>International</strong> <strong>Conference</strong> on Harmful Algae, Copenhagen, Denmark, 4-8 September 2006phylogenetic analyses based onSSU rRNA genes, Blastodiniumspp. branch with the typical,dinokaryote dinoflagellates. Thistaxonomic position of Blastodiniumspp. is in contrast to currentclassifications in which the orderBlastodiniales is thought torepresent an early evolutionarybranch of the dinokaryote lineage.Species currently included inBlastodiniales are all parasites, butthere is a notable morphologicaldiversity in this order. Moleculardata does not suggest thatmembers of Blastodiniales aremonophyletic or even closelyrelated and, therefore, thetaxonomy of the group should be reevaluated.PO.04-04Copepod grazing on a toxicDinophysis acuta thin-layerbloomSession: PO.04 – Food chainsL Sobrinho-Gonçalves, MT MoitaINIAP-IPIMAR, LISBON, PortugalDuring a subsurface Dinophysisacuta thin layer bloom (max. 24000cells.L -1 ) off the NW coast ofPortugal, we conducted a fieldevaluation of the importance of thisdinoflagellate in the diet of 5copepod species, covering 2 depthstrata. The copepod communityreached a maximum of 17,800ind.m -3 , with an average of 8,000ind. m -3 . The average presence ofD. acuta in the copepods’ digestivecontents was low (0.3 cells.ind -1 )and related to the localdinoflagellate concentration. Onlythe larger copepods, Calanushelgolandicus and mostlyCentropages chierchiae, showedrelevant grazing, although restrictedto locations with more than 9,000cells.L -1 of D. acuta. On thecontrary, the smaller speciesshowed insignificant ingestionvalues, probably due to weakfiltering capacities and/or to activerejection in the presence of othermore edible phytoplankton. Asthese small copepod speciesaccounted for 45% of allmesozooplankton, we canspeculate that, despite the highpotential grazing pressure, the thinlayer bloom of D. acuta was notbeing top-down controlled.Centropages chierchiae showed thehighest ingestion values (max. of 10cells inside one individual),indicating some degree of 'active'feeding on D. acuta associated withits omnivore-raptorial behaviourand/or with a possible immunity tothe toxins.PO.08-23Sodium chloride inducesextracellular PSP toxin releasefrom the cyanobacteriumCylindrospermopsis raciborskiiSession: PO.08 - ToxicologyK Soto 1 , A Murillo 1 , K Stucken 1 , MAMendez 2 , N Lagos 3 , C Garcia 3 , BKrock 4 , A Cembella 4 , M Vasquez 11 Pontificia Universidad Catolica de Chile,SANTIAGO, Chile2 INTA-Universidad de Chile, SANTIAGO,Chile3 ICBM-Universidad de Chile, SANTIAGO,Chile4 Alfred Wegener Institut, BREMERHAVEN,GermanyThe filamentous cyanobacterium,Cylindrospermopsis raciborskiistrain D9 from freshwater in Brazilproduces PSP toxins - mainlysaxitoxin (STX) and gonyautoxins(GTX2/3), and low amounts ofdcSTX and dcGTX2/3. We analyzedthe effect of NaCl concentration ongrowth and toxin production in strain283

INTERNATIONAL SOCIETY FOR THE STUDY OF HARMFUL ALGAE12 th <strong>International</strong> <strong>Conference</strong> on Harmful Algae, Copenhagen, Denmark, 4-8 September 2006D9 in comparison with that reportedfor strain T3. Intra- and extracellulartoxins were determined bypost-column derivatization LC withfluorescence detection; structureswere confirmed by LC-MS/MS. Incontrast to strain T3, which isgrowth sensitive to NaCl (10mM),strain D9 grew at NaClconcentrations as high as 17 mM.At this high salt concentration,intracellular toxins levels in strainD9 cells were reduced by 80% and95% for GTX2/3 and STX,respectively, by 36 h, concomitantwith extracellular increase inGTX2/3. Decline in intracellular STXlevel was transient and returned tonormal by 156 h. Extracellular toxinrelease was not associated with celllysis because cell integritydetermined by chlorophyll a contentand cell morphology wasmaintained. These data suggestthat D9 exhibits an active toxinrelease in response to high salinity.Regulation of PSP toxin synthesisand release appears to bedifferentially regulated by strains T3and D9 under salt stress.Fondecyt 1050433; Núcleo MilenioEMBA:PO4/007-F.PO.11-13Diatom effect on dinoflagellategrowthSession: PO.11 - AllelopathyK SpillingFinnish Environment Institute, HELSINKI,FinlandDiatoms release secondarymetabolites, but little is known aboutthe ecological effect of theseexudates. This study wasconducted to test if diatom exudateshave any effect on co-occurringdinoflagellates. For this purposegrowth and primary production of:Peridiniella catenata, Scrippsiellahangoei and Woloszynskiahalophila were determined infiltrates (0.2µm and 2.0µm) ofdiatom cultures and aged,autoclavated seawater. The growthof P. catenata and W. halophila wassignificantly reduced in filtrates ofdiatom cultures compared with agedseawater; S. hangoei, on the otherhand, had increased growth rate indiatom filtrates. The response wasgenerally greater in the 2.0µmfiltrate compared with the 0.2µmfiltrate. The instantaneous primaryproduction was, however, notaffected by the origin of the growthmedia. The results indicate thatdiatom exudates do affect thegrowth of the studieddinoflagellates. This effect is notdue to immediate change in shortterm primary productivity but ratheraffects other growth regulatingmechanisms.PO.01-02Dinoflagellate cysts from NewZealand ports and harbours, withemphasis on the distribution ofharmful and potential invasivespeciesSession: PO.01 - GeneticsR Stewart, FH ChangNational Inst. of Water & Atmosph. Res.,WELLINGTON, New ZealandOver the period 2003-2005, 179sediment samples, collected fromfourteen New Zealand ports andharbours, were analysed. Thesamples were part of a large-scalebaseline survey for the NZ Ministryof Agriculture & Forestry,Biosecurity New Zealand. Morethan twenty distinct cyst types,representing nine dinoflagellategenera, were identified. Thenumber of cyst types from individual284

INTERNATIONAL SOCIETY FOR THE STUDY OF HARMFUL ALGAE12 th <strong>International</strong> <strong>Conference</strong> on Harmful Algae, Copenhagen, Denmark, 4-8 September 2006ports and harbours varied from oneto six, most belonging to the threecommon genera Gonyaulax,Protoperidinium and Scrippsiella.Six species were harmful: four wereparalytic shellfish poison (PSP)-producers, Gymnodiniumcatenatum, Alexandrium tamarense,A. cf. catenella and A. minutum, andtwo potential yessotoxin/yessotoxinlikeproducers, Protoceratiumreticulatum and Lingulodiniumpolyedrum. Cysts of G. catenatumwere most widespread but confinedmainly to the North Island ports andharbours. They coincidedapproximately with the sites ofspread of G. catenatum bloomsduring the 2000 North Island PSPevents. The possible spread of thisspecies to new areas and potentialinvasive species from othercountries are discussed.PO.13-39Domoic acid in Minke whaleSession: PO.13 - Regional eventsL Stobo, A Scott, EA TurrellFisheries Research Services, ABERDEEN,United KingdomJust as human consumers ofseafood contaminated with algaltoxins are at risk of poisoning, otheranimals in marine food webs areimpacted by these toxins.Documented cases of algal toxinsassociated with cetacean mortalitiesare limited; yet, recent research byscientists (USA and Canada)demonstrated that North Atlanticwhales in the Bay of Fundy areexposed to PSP toxins. In MontereyBay, domoic acid (DA), the ASPtoxin, was reported in humpbackand blue whale faeces followingfeeding on toxic planktivorous fish;demonstrating that algal toxins canbe ingested and pass through thedigestive tract of cetaceans.Recently, using HPLC and LC-MS,we detected DA (0.5 μg/g) in skinand blubber from a Minke whalestranded on the west coast ofScotland during a bloom of DAproducingdiatoms (Pseudonitzschiaaustralis and P. seriata).Little is known about how and towhat extent algal toxins affectmarine mammals. Toxin absorptionacross digestive tract membraneswill play a major role in determiningthe dose interacting with thenervous system via the blood.Humans exposed to DAexperienced nausea, vomiting,dizziness and confusion. If Minkewhales are as sensitive as humansthen they may also be likely victims.PO.12-03Diatoms from coastalenvironments of Buenos AiresProvince (Argentina).Taxonomical analysis of generathat include species producingharmful algal bloomsSession: PO.12 - Taxonomy andPhylogenyInés Sunesen, EA Sar, SE SalaUniversidad Nacional de La Plata, LAPLATA, ArgentinaMany diatoms are involved in HABevents. In addition to domoic acidproducingspecies, the literaturereports cases of severe economiclosses to aquaculture, fisheries andtourism by blooms of harmful nontoxicspecies. In the framework of amonitoring project in Buenos Airescoastal waters, we have detectedseveral of these species.Phytoplankton was collectedmonthly at eight stations, with 30-µm net hauls, and examined withlight and scanning electronmicroscopes. The aim of this study285

INTERNATIONAL SOCIETY FOR THE STUDY OF HARMFUL ALGAE12 th <strong>International</strong> <strong>Conference</strong> on Harmful Algae, Copenhagen, Denmark, 4-8 September 2006is to analyze the specific diversity ofCoscinodiscus, Chaetoceros,Rhizosolenia, Thalassiosira,Cerataulina, Cylindrotheca,Leptocylindrus and Asterionellopsis,to determine their temporal andspatial distribution, to solvetaxonomical/nomenclaturalproblems and to detect blooms ofthe species reported as causingharmful events.Seventy four taxa were determined.Thalassiosira fryxelliae is new toscience, Cerataulina dentata,Chaetoceros filiferus andRhizosolenia hyalina are newrecords for Argentina.Among the potentially noxiousspecies we found Asterionellopsisglacialis, Cerataulina pelagica,Chaetoceros socialis, C. debilis,Coscinodiscus wailesii, C.concinnus, Cylindrothecaclosterium, Rhizosolenia setigera,Thalassiosira curviseriata, T. mala,T. minima and T. minuscula. Someof them were occasionallyabundant, but only Asterionellopsisglacialis has been observedproducing blooms that affected thetourism of the area during summermonths.PO.13-85Recent reports on occurrenceand toxin characterization ofMicrocystis aeruginosa – afreshwater toxic algal bloom fromIndiaSession: PO.13 - Regional eventsM R SuseelaNational Botanical Research Institute,LUCKNOW, IndiaIn our routine fresh water algalfloristic surveys, we have comeacross heavy algal water blooms ofMicrocystis aeruginosa inCosmunda Pond, Champa district,and Kurung Tank, Bilaspur district,both in Chattisgarh State, CentralIndia. The Cosmunda pond waterbloom caused severe fish toll andhuman illness. No human deathswere recorded but heavy liverdamage cases were reported. Thepond is polluted by effluents fromnearby cotton and silk textileindustries. Kurung tank water ispolluted with Jute industry effluents.Vishnoi et al. (2005) reported anabundance of M. aeruginosa in awater pond near Jodhpur, Rajastan,Western India, which was isolatedand used for recovery of textileeffluent. Studies related to thehepatotoxicity were associated withMicrocystis blooms in Central Indiaand reported by Ghosh et al.(2006). Jaiswal et al. (2006)reported on Microcystis strains andcharacterization of biocidalsecondary metabolites. Kumar etal. (2006) surveyed several pondsof Varanas, North India, and foundheavy infestation of Microcystis inseveral ponds. The toxin wasidenfied by the mcyA genesegment.PO.13-49Diarrhetic shellfish toxin links todinophysis populations inCalifornia coastal watersSession: PO.13 - Regional eventsCristy M Sutherland, Mary W SilverUniversity of California, Santa Cruz,SANTA CRUZ, United States of AmericaIn Monterey Bay, California,Dinophysis has recently beenimplicated in the production ofDiarrhetic Shellfish Poisoning (DSP)toxins. Our goal was to determinethe annual Dinophysis cycle andpossible relationship to DSP toxinsin mussels. Collecting water and286

INTERNATIONAL SOCIETY FOR THE STUDY OF HARMFUL ALGAE12 th <strong>International</strong> <strong>Conference</strong> on Harmful Algae, Copenhagen, Denmark, 4-8 September 2006mussel samples (Mytiluscalifornianus) for 16 months at theSanta Cruz Wharf in Monterey Bay,we measured Dinophysisabundance in our lab and sentmussels to the regulatory FoodInspection Agency in Canada fortoxin analyses. Results indicatedthat Dinophysis average abundancewas higher (2,000 cells per Liter) insummer than in other months (90cells per Liter) and DSP toxins inmussels were higher in summer(OA+DTX-1= 0.11 µg per gram)than in other months (OA+DTX-1=0.04 µg per gram), though at leastone of the DSP toxins wasdetectable nearly year round. Asignificant correlation betweenDinophysis fortii cell biomass, thedominant biomass contributor, andOA concentrations in musselssuggests this species is the OAsource, whereas the correlationcoefficient became weaker whenthe biomass of other Dinophysisspecies was included. Thus DSPtoxins, not previously monitored onthe US west coast, mayoccasionally represent a potentialhealth threat to human consumersof mussels, and possibly other filterfeeding organisms.PO.05-13Preparation and simultaneousLC-MS analysis of fourteenshellfish toxinsSession: PO.05 - Toxin analysisM Suzuki, R Sekiguchi, M Watai, TYasumotoJapan Food Research Laboratories, TAMA,JapanFor use as calibrants in LC-MSanalysis, we prepared fourteenshellfish toxin standards: okadaicacid (OA), dinophysistoxin-1(DTX1), pectenotoxin (PTX) -1, -2, -3, -6, azaspiracid (AZA) -1, -2, -3,yessotoxin (YTX), 45-OHYTX,brevetoxin-B2 (BTXB2), 7-OpalmitoylOAand 7-OpalmitoylDTX1.The former eleventoxins were purified fromcontaminated shellfish, except forYTX which was obtained fromcultures of Protoceratiumreticulatum. 7-O-PalmitoylOA and 7-O-palmitoylDTX1 were chemicallyprepared from OA and DTX1,respectively. The purity of thestandard toxins was checked by 1H-NMR, LC-DAD, and LC-MS. Alltoxins were quantifiable in 30 min ina single run by monitoring negativeions, except for AZAs that weredetected on positive ions. Weproved the practicality of the methodby carrying out recovery tests using90% methanol extracts preparedfrom scallop and musselhepatopancreas spiked with thestandard toxins or extracts fromnaturally contaminated shellfish.PO.13-30Species dominance andpermanence of Gymnodiniumcatenatum Graham blooms onthe estern Mediterranean coast ofMorocco (1994-2004)Session: PO.13 - Regional eventsLTJ Tahri JouteiInstitut National de Recherche Halieutiq,CASABLANCA, MoroccoThe chain-forming dinoflagellateGymnodinium catenatum is themain species associated withparalytic shellfish poisoning (PSP)outbreaks in Moroccan coastalwaters, since 1994. The seasonaldistribution of G. catenatum in theMediterranean coast of Morocco(35°05’N) during the period 1994-2004 is described. Gymnodiniumcatenatum is present throughout the287

INTERNATIONAL SOCIETY FOR THE STUDY OF HARMFUL ALGAE12 th <strong>International</strong> <strong>Conference</strong> on Harmful Algae, Copenhagen, Denmark, 4-8 September 2006year, but maximum concentrationsare detected in spring (early May)and autumn (November). PSPtoxicity was detected in shellfishafter winter and autumn blooms.Alexandrium minutum, also a PSPagent, was observed in spring andsummer. Dinophysis caudata, aDSP producer, bloomedoccasionally in spring, and thepotential ASP producer Pseudonitzschiaspp. increased to bloomproportions sometimes in winter. Ahigh correlation between toxic andnon-toxic species has beenestablished (r>0, 7); Lauderia spp.and Thalassionema nitzschioideswith G. catenatum; Ceratium sp withDinophysis spp; Navicula andCeratium karstenii with Alexandriumspp; Coscinodiscus andLeptocylindrus minimus withPseudo-nitzschia spp.PO.05-16On the correlation betweenMMPB and ELISA methods fortotal microcystin concentrationsSession: PO.05 - Toxin analysisH Takagi 1 , T Sano 2 , K Kaya 31 National Inst. for Envirometal studies,TSUKUBA, Japan2 National Inst. for Environmetal Studies,TSUKUBA, Japan3 Tohoku University, SENDAI, JapanTotal microcystin concentrations ofcultured cells and naturalwaterblooms were determined bythe methods of MMPB and ELISA.In the case of ELISA, the crossreactivityof the antibody andmicrocystin depended on the type ofmicrocystin present. The crossreactivityof microcystin-LR and RRwas almost the same, whereasthose of other variants were lowerthan that of microcystin-LR. Whentotal microcystin concentrations ofnatural waterblooms weredetermined by the two methods, theresults obtained from the MMPBmethod were always higher thanthose from the ELISA method.However, in some samples theresults obtained from the ELISAmethod were higher than those fromthe MMPB method. These resultssuggest that some non-microcystincompounds reacted with themicrocystin antibody, or theantibody was denatured bybiosurfactants in the fractions of thecell extracts.In the fractionation of naturalwaterblooms using HPLC, thecross-reactivity was found in nonmicrocystinfractionations. If thefractions did not contain even atrace amount of microcystin, nonmicrocystincompounds ought tohave reacted with the antibody. Toconfirm this hypothesis, compoundsin the non-microcystin fractionswere isolated and purified by HPLCand thin-layer chromatography.PO.14-13Growth control of toxicmicroalgae cell by using directcurrent electricity, direct currenthigh voltage electrical discharge,ozone gas dissolution andhydrogen peroxideSession: PO.14 - MitigationShin Takano, Asami Touno, HitoshiOgawaUniv. Tamagawa, Machida-shi, TOKYO,JapanThe direct current electricity iscalled DC (direct current), and hasbeen used for portable apparatuseslike batteries, flashlights, etc. Theelectric current in a solution showselectro-physical phenomena likethe electrical short circuit throughthe surface. The DC high voltagedischarge in water will find the288

INTERNATIONAL SOCIETY FOR THE STUDY OF HARMFUL ALGAE12 th <strong>International</strong> <strong>Conference</strong> on Harmful Algae, Copenhagen, Denmark, 4-8 September 2006shortest route. On the other hand,the discharge will generate radicalsin water and a bleaching effect canbe expected. There are many ionssuch as nitric acids, phosphoricacid, calcium, magnesium presentat the growth locality of algae, andthe electric conductivity is thereforerelatively good. By using ozone gasand hydrogen peroxide solution asreferences, the bleaching effect ofthe radicals on algae wasexamined.Different varieties of algae wereexposed to the DC high voltagedischarge pulse and to thecontinuous DC. A bleaching effectwas observed that seems to becaused by the radical induction inwater and movement of algae tothe electrode. A momentarytemperature rise and temperaturerise around the electrode, causedby the DC high voltage discharge,causes death of all algaeregardless of the variety.PO.09-06First detection of azaspiracidoutside European coastal watersSession: PO.09 - Toxin synthesis andchemical structure of toxinsHamid Taleb 1 , Paulo Vale 2 , RachidAmanhir 1 , Asia Benhadouch 1 , ReqiaSagou 11 Institut National de Recherche Halieutiq,CASABLANCA, Morocco2 Instituto Nacional de Investigação Agrár,LISBOA, PortugalOutbreaks of DSP have beenrecorded in summer 2004 and 2005at the same region of the northAtlantic coast of Morocco. DSPpositivesamples of musselsdetected by mouse bioassay werestored for further identification.Chemical analysis by HPLC/MSconducted in mussels harvestedfrom Dar Hamra (DH) and OuladGhanem (OG) showed thepresence of OA and DTX2.Analyses carried out in the samesamples revealed also the presenceof three main azaspiracidcongeners, namely AZA1, AZA2and AZA3. The discovery of thethree azaspiracid congeners hasbeen confirmed by mass spectracharacteristic of each toxin.Mussel samples harvested in 2004in OG and DH, showed the toxinprofile mainly composed of AZA2(75 and 100%) and AZA1 (15 to25%), but AZA3 was present attrace level. In 2005, the musseltoxin profiles from the same areaswere slightly different and therelative composition was AZA2 (80to 100%) and AZA1 (0 to 20%), andAZA3 at 10%. In both years AZA2was three to four times higher thanother congeners.PO.07-03Harmful algal blooms (HABs) inthe South China Sea and theirrelations to marine and coastalenvironmentsSession: PO.07 - Ecology andoceanographyDanling Tang 1 , SF Wang 2 , BP Di 2 , JYu 11 Chinese Academy of Sciences,GUANGZHOU, China2 South China Sea Institute of Oceanology,GUANGZHOU, ChinaHABs occur frequently in the SouthChina Sea (SCS), causing hugeeconomic losses in recent years.This study analyzed historical HABrecords for the period from 1980 to2003, focusing on four majorregions of the SCS: northern,southern, western and easternregions. HAB affected area spreadand its frequency increased, with289

INTERNATIONAL SOCIETY FOR THE STUDY OF HARMFUL ALGAE12 th <strong>International</strong> <strong>Conference</strong> on Harmful Algae, Copenhagen, Denmark, 4-8 September 2006high frequent periods in 1990-1991,1998 and 2002; the seasonal andannual variation, and the causativealgal species of HAB were alldifferent among the 4 regions. ManyHABs occurred in the northernregion, and two high frequent areaswere off the Pearl River and theManila Bay. Relatively, HABsoccurred frequently during March-May in the northern region and inJuly in the western region. Ascausative species Noctilucascintillans dominated in the northernregion, and Pyrodinium bahamensein both eastern and southernregions. Pyrodinium bahamenseand Noctiluca scintillans were thedominating species during 1980-2003, but more Phaeocystis cfglobosa and Alexandrium spblooms occurred 1991-2003. Thosevariations are related to regionalocean environments, such asreversed monsoon winds, riverdischarges, and upwelling, and alsoaffected by local conditions, such aseutrophication off the Peal Riverand in the Manila Bay.PO.13-42Dynamics of harmful algalblooms in the Ukrainian coastalBlack SeaSession: PO.13 - Regional eventsLudmila Terenko, Galyna TerenkoOdessa Branch of the Institute of Biology,ODESSA, UkraineDuring the last 10 years (1995–2005), 62 cases of microalgalblooms have been mentioned in theUkrainian coastal Black Sea.Basic main features of microalgalblooms in the Ukrainian Black Seaare:– The number of microalgal speciesthat produce blooms has increased(in the 1960s – 14, in 70-80s – 24,and in the 90s – 37 species);– Blooms of Skeletonema costatumare frequent (15 cases) at allseasons, which indicate high levelsof eutrophication. Maximal densitiesregistered were 50 10 6 cells l -1 ;– Within the last years, there hasbeen a simultaneous dominance of2-4 species of microalgae (S.costatum, Heterocapsa triquetraand Eutreptia lanowii);– There has been a development ofblooms caused by Chrysophyceae(Emiliania huxleyi, Apedinellaspinifera) and Euglenophyceae(Eutreptia lanowii, E. viridis);– Dinoflagellate species that did notcause blooms earlier (Gymnodiniumsimplex, Gyrodinium instriatum,Scrippsiella trochoidea) startedoccurring in this region;– The density of the invasive toxicspecies Cochlodinium polykrikoidesincreased from 0,7-10 3 cells l -1 in2001 up to 0,16-10 6 cells l -1 in 2005;– Potentially toxic diatoms (Pseudonitzschiaseriata, P. delicatissima)and dinoflagellates (Gymnodiniumaureolum, C. polykrikoides,Alexandrium pseudogonyaulax, A.tamarense) are frequentlydominant.The analysis of long-term changesof blooms in the Ukrainian BlackSea has shown an increase innumber of episodes from the end ofthe 90s.PO.12-16Does Gambierdiscus toxicus typematerial exist?Session: PO.12 - Taxonomy and phylogenyPA Tester 1 , MA Faust 2 , MWVandersea 1 , SR Kibler 1 , M Chinain 3 ,MJ Holmes 4 , WC Holland 1 , RW Litaker 11 National Ocean Service, NOAA,BEAUFORT, NC, United States of America2 Smithsonian Institution, WASHINGTONDC, MD, United States of America290

INTERNATIONAL SOCIETY FOR THE STUDY OF HARMFUL ALGAE12 th <strong>International</strong> <strong>Conference</strong> on Harmful Algae, Copenhagen, Denmark, 4-8 September 20063 Micro-Algues Tox., Inst.Louis Malarde,PAPEETE, TAHITI, French Polynesia4 Trop Mar Sci Inst, Natl Univ Singapore,SINGAPORE, SingaporeGambierdiscus species have a pantropical distribution and someproduce ciguatoxins whichconcentrate in marine food webs,causing ciguatera fish poisoning.Though Gambierdiscus cells aretypically referred to as eitherGambierdiscus toxicus orGambierdiscus sp., the genusencompases a diverse multispeciescomplex. This species diversity isgenerally underappreciated in mostecological studies. Our researchwas undertaken to bettercharacterize the Gambierdiscusspecies both morphologically, usingSEM and calcofluor staining, andmolecularly, using SSU through-D1-D3 LSU rDNA sequences. Themolecular and morphological datasupport the existence of at least fivenew species, plus five of the sixcurrently described species. Themajor problem was with G. toxicus,which could not be resolvedbecause type material wasunavailable. Also, despite anexcellent description of the genusmorphology in the original paper,the large range in cell sizes andmultiple collection sites for the typematerial causes us to ask if the typeG. toxicus description includedmultiple species. We would like toopen discussions on whether typematerial exists or if a new,molecularly well defined, typespecies should be established.Once ecological studies includespecies level identifications, thedifferences in distribution,abundance and toxicity of CFPoutbreaks may be betterunderstood.PO.13-68A toxic benthic dinoflagellateProrocentrum faustiae Mortonisolated from Phanri Bay, SouthCentral VietnamSession: PO.13 - Regional eventsHo Van The 1 , Nguyen N. Lam 1 , SteveMorton 21 Institute of Oceanography, NHA TRANG,Vietnam2 NOAA National Ocean Service,CHARLESTON, United States of AmericaDinoflagellates were isolated fromLiagora sp. (Rhodophyta) in a tidalarea of Phanri Bay, BinhthuanProvince. The species wasidentified as Prorocentrum faustiae.This is a new record of microalgaein Vietnam. The cells are widelyoval, 30-40 µm wide and 40-45 µmlong. Thecal surface is rugose withscattered large /and small poresexcept at the centre. A largenucleus and pyrenoid are positionedat the lower part and the centre ofthe cell, respectively. Intercalarybands are horizontally striated. Thisstrain of P. faustiae produces twocytotoxic fractions, a non-polar anda polar fraction. The polarcompound was found to beichthyotoxic and the non-polarcompound was found to becytotoxic.PO.13-40Pseudo-nitzschia spp. anddomoic acid in Maryland andVirginia watersSession: PO.13 - Regional eventsAE Thessen 1 , HA Bowers 2 , DKStoecker 1 , DW Oldach 21 UMCES Horn Point Laboratory,CAMBRIDGE, United States of America2 University of Maryland, IHV, BALTIMORE,United States of America291

INTERNATIONAL SOCIETY FOR THE STUDY OF HARMFUL ALGAE12 th <strong>International</strong> <strong>Conference</strong> on Harmful Algae, Copenhagen, Denmark, 4-8 September 2006Some species of the diatom genusPseudo-nitzschia are known toproduce the neurotoxin domoic acid(DA) which is responsible foramnesic shellfish poisoning inhumans and domoic acid poisoningin animals. Current phytoplanktonmonitoring by Maryland Departmentof Natural Resources identifiesPseudo-nitzschia in water samplesvia light microscopy as either P.seriata or P. pungens. From 2002to 2006 water samples werecollected throughout theChesapeake Bay (Maryland andVirginia), the coastal bays, and theDelaware coast for culture isolation,toxin analysis and Pseudo-nitzschiaenumeration and speciesidentification via TEM. Four speciesof Pseudo-nitzschia were identifiedin Maryland and Virginia waters (P.multiseries, P. fraudulenta, P.pungens and P. calliantha).Pseudo-nitzschia multiseries, P.calliantha, and P. fraudulenta havebeen isolated from field samples,cultured in the laboratory andsequenced (see poster by H.Bowers, this meeting). Domoic acidwas found in 6 of 14 cultures and insome field samples containingPseudo-nitzschia. Pseudo-nitzschiawas most abundant in the southernportion of the Chesapeake Bay fromJanuary to March. The datasuggest that Pseudo-nitzschia in theChesapeake Bay region is moreabundant at higher salinities andduring colder months.PO.10-44Evidence for neurotoxins fromspecies of the raphidophytegenera Chattonella, Fibrocapsaand HeterosigmaSession: PO.10 - Ecophysiology &autecologyCR Tomas, A. Bourdelais, T Schuster,J NaarUniversity of North Carolina Wilmington,WILMINGTON, NC, United States ofAmericaBlooms of raphidophyte flagellateswere implicated with fish-killingevents, intoxication of bivalves andallelopathic effects on otherphytoplankton. The mode of toxicityis a complex one involving reactiveoxygen species, hemolytic toxins,polyunsaturated fatty acids andneurotoxins. This last toxincategory was inferred from HPLCseparation of compounds that comigratedwith brevetoxins. Theiractual structures and thus finalidentity remained to be defined.This study examined extracts ofChattonella antiqua, C. marina, C.subsalsa, Fibrocapsa japonica andHeterosigma akashiwo. Cultures ofthese organisms were grown in thelaboratory to stationary phase,harvested, extracted with ethylacetate. The dried residue wasresuspended in absolute methanol,filtered and applied to the ELISAassay specific for brevetoxins and toESI and MALDI HPLC Massspectroscopy. All cultures werefound to contain PbTX 2, -3 and -9.While the cellular concentrations ofthese toxins were low this evidenceindicates that among the differingtoxic substances produced inraphidophyte blooms, neurotoxinscannot be excluded as a contributorto their toxicity.PO.15-15Remote sensing for the detectionand monitoring of Microcystisaeruginosa in western Lake Erieand Saginaw Bay, USASession: PO.15 - MonitoringMC Tomlinson 1 , RP Stumpf 1 , GLFahnenstiel 2 , J Dyble 2 , PA Tester 3292

INTERNATIONAL SOCIETY FOR THE STUDY OF HARMFUL ALGAE12 th <strong>International</strong> <strong>Conference</strong> on Harmful Algae, Copenhagen, Denmark, 4-8 September 20061 National Ocean Service, NOAA, SILVERSPRING, MD, United States of America2 NOAA/GLERL, MUSKEGON, MI, UnitedStates of America3 NOAA/NCCOS, BEAUFORT, NC, UnitedStates of AmericaThe toxic cyanobacterium,Microcystis aeruginosa, hasbecome a dominant component ofthe summer phytoplanktonpopulation in Saginaw Bay andwestern Lake Erie, USA. Expansiveblooms of Microcystis have causedconsiderable concern to the GreatLakes region due to the use ofthese waters for recreation. Thetoxin, microcystin, has beenobserved in both regions above therecommended limit of 1 µg L -1 andposes a threat to human health.Microcystis blooms have uniquescattering and absorptionproperties, due to the production ofsurface scum and the dominantaccessory pigment, phycocyanin.In an effort to better detect andmonitor these blooms, satellitederived products from SeaWiFSand MODIS which highlight theseoptical properties will be comparedwith in situ measurements ofMicrocystis and its toxin, from 2004and 2005. Phycocyanin has anabsorption peak centered at 620nm. Therefore, changes in theabsorption spectra centered at thiswavelength will be investigatedusing spectral curvature methods.In addition, the use of a particulatebackscatter ratio method will betested for its ability to detect theseblooms. The ability to detectsurface scum using the MODISnear-infrared band (865 nm) may becompromised by shallow waterdepth but looks promising in deeperwater.PO.09-10Fatty acid esters of pectenotoxinseco acids in Norwegian andIrish musselsSession: PO.09 - Toxin synthesis andchemical structure of toxinsT. Torgersen 1 , AL Wilkins 2 , NRehman 3 , T Rundberget 1 , D Petersen 4 ,P Hess 3 , F Rise 4 , CO Miles 11 National Veterinary Institute, OSLO,Norway2 The University of Waikato, HAMILTON,New Zealand3 Marine Institute, GALWAY, Ireland4 University of Oslo, OSLO, NorwayPectenotoxin-2 (PTX-2) from marinedinoflagellates of the genusDinophysis is rapidly hydrolyzed inmany shellfish to pectenotoxin-2seco acid (PTX-2 SA), whichisomerises to 7- 7-epi-PTX-2 SA.Pectenotoxin-12 (PTX-12) from thesame dinoflagellates is alsobelieved to be hydrolyzed inshellfish to PTX-12 SAs, which arein equilibrium with isomerspresumed to be 7-epi-PTX-12 SAs.Three series of fatty acid esters ofPTX-2 SA and 7-epi-PTX-2 SAwere detected by LC-MS analysis ofan extract from Irish blue mussels(Mytilus edulis). Fatty acids wereconjugated on C-11, C-33 and C-37of the PTX-skeleton. In methanolicextracts from two samples of bluemussels from Norway, three seriesof fatty acid esters of PTX-2 SA,with only minor accompanyingamounts of the 7-epi-analogues,and a series of fatty acid esters ofPTX-12 SAs and its presumed 7-epi-analogues, were detected.The location of the fatty acid esterlinkages were identified by LC-MSnin positive- and negative-ionizationmodes, LC-MS analysis of theproducts of the reaction with sodiumperiodate, and NMR analysis ofpurified samples of the mostabundant derivatives. For PTX-2293

INTERNATIONAL SOCIETY FOR THE STUDY OF HARMFUL ALGAE12 th <strong>International</strong> <strong>Conference</strong> on Harmful Algae, Copenhagen, Denmark, 4-8 September 2006SA, the 37-O-acyl esters were themost abundant, while the mostabundant side chain was the 16:0fatty acid.PO.14-12Growth control of toxicmicroalgae by electrostaticadsorption and decentralizationSession: PO.14 - MitigationAsami Touno, Shin Takano, HitoshiOgawaUniv. Tamagawa, MACHIDA-SHI TOKYO,JapanAdsorption and desorption by staticelectricity happens here and there.An electrostatic phenomenon in theinterface can be strong, and anunpleasant phenomenon causedby the static electricity in winter isaccompanied with dry air. Theinfluence of static electricity inwater is not like in air, i.e. notcaused by the electric charge. Itcan be observed in the interfacebetween water and a body of aninsulator and a semiconductor.Algae adhering to rice plants in apaddy field are a well-knownphenomenon. It is also reportedthat straw bundles scattered in thepaddy field adsorb algae. Wethought that an electrostatic circuitformed in the environment aroundthe rice and wheat straws rich inhydrated silica could possiblycause electrostatic adsorption andmigration of algae.The adsorption and desorption ofalgae around the straws of rice andwheat was studied by changing theelectrostatic voltage and thecurrent. The electrostatic inductionin the environment is possiblyinfluenced by the wind and thehumidity around the straws abovethe water surface. An electrostaticinduction model based on thestraws as an induction medium wasstudied using toxic microalgae.PO.06-12A drifter study of a toxic Pseudonitzschiabloom from the Juan deFuca Eddy in the PacificNorthwestSession: PO.06 - Population dynamicsCG Trick 1 , EJ Lessard 2 , WP Cochlan 3 ,B Hickey 2 , VL Trainer 4 , ML Wells 51 Schulich School of Medicine, LONDON,Canada2 School of Oceanography, U. Washington,SEATTLE, United States of America3 Romberg Tiburon Centre, SFSU,TIBURON, United States of America4 Northwest Fisheries Science Center,SEATTLE, United States of America5 School of Marine Sciences, U. Maine,ORONO, ME, United States of AmericaAs part of the ECOHAB-PNWprogram to study the communityformation, domoic acid (DA) toxicityand transport of Pseudo-nitzschiafrom the coastal waters ofWashington State and BritishColumbia to the shoreline, weemployed drifters to follow bloomsemitted from their putative origin,the Juan de Fuca Eddy. InSeptember 2004, we followed thedynamics of a bloom of the highlytoxic Pseudo-nitzschia cuspidataand a small, vertically migratingflagellate. Over ten days, particulateDA reached more than 40 nM anddissolved DA reached up to 15 nM.Our analysis of temporal changesallowed us to evaluate nutrientdrawdown rates and correspondingbiomass increase, and to testhypotheses regarding bloomsuccess: 1) Is the bloom communitycomposition a direct result ofphysical processes of eddy mixingof nutrients? 2) Is communitycomposition the result of grazing294

INTERNATIONAL SOCIETY FOR THE STUDY OF HARMFUL ALGAE12 th <strong>International</strong> <strong>Conference</strong> on Harmful Algae, Copenhagen, Denmark, 4-8 September 2006removal of competing species? 3) Isbloom formation a result ofincreased well-being of thesuccessful phytoplankton species(measures of photosyntheticefficiency and potential)? We alsotested the effect of both cellular andextracellular DA production on thecompetitive success of Pseudonitzschia(grazing reduction,improved cell physiology). This isone of the most comprehensivestudies of an in situ toxigenic diatombloom to date.PO.10-49Regulation of inorganic carbonacquisition in toxic diatomsunder different pHSession: PO.10 – Ecophysiology andautecologyS Trimborn 1 , N Lundholm 2 , B Rost 1 , PJHansen 31 Alfred Wegener Institute for Polar andMarine Research, BREMERHAVEN,Germany2 Dep. of Phycology, University ofCopenhagen, COPENHAGEN, Denmark3 Marine Biological Laboratory, Universityof Copenhagen, HELSINGØR, DenmarkThe effect of elevated pH oninorganic carbon acquisition wasstudied in three marine diatoms,two potentially toxic speciesPseudo-nitzschia multiseries andNitzschia navis-varingica, and thenon-toxic Coscinodiscus sp.. Incells acclimated to low pH (7.9) andhigh pH (8.4 or 8.9), in vivoactivities of extracellular carbonicanhydrase (eCA), photosyntheticO 2 evolution, CO 2 and HCO 3-uptake rates were measured bymembrane inlet mass spectrometry(MIMS). Independent of the pH inthe acclimation, P. multiseriesshowed highest photosynthesisrates in comparison to the twoother species. Large differences inthe mode of carbon acquisitionwere monitored among species.While eCA activities wereincreased in P. multiseries andCoscinodiscus at elevated pH, N.navis-varingica showed low eCAactivities independent of pH. Halfsaturationconcentrations (K 1/2 ) forphotosynthetic O 2 evolution werehighest for Coscinodiscus andlowest for P. multiseries andgenerally decreased with inceasingpH. CO 2 and HCO 3 - were taken upsimultaneously by all species. K 1/2for inorganic carbon uptakedecreased with increasing pH withthe exception of N. navis-varingica.The contribution of both carbonspecies to photosynthetic carbonfixation differed strongly amongspecies. Whereas in CoscinodiscusHCO 3 - uptake contributed to carbonnet fixation by almost 100%, it wasaround 60% in P. multiseries. In N.navis-varingica, it only accountedfor ~ 30% indicating a strongpreference for CO 2 . Our resultsindicate strong species-specificdifferences in carbon acquisitionamong diatoms. In view of pHchanges occuring especially duringblooms as well as the ongoingacidification of the oceans, theobserved differences in CCMefficiency and regulation may playan important role for theoccurrence of diatoms.PO.15-28Use of geographic informationsystem software and approachesto analyze long-term databaseSession: PO.15 - MonitoringJA Tustison, JM Lewis, KA SteidingerFlorida Fish and Wildlife Research Institute,ST.PETERSBURG, United States ofAmerica295

INTERNATIONAL SOCIETY FOR THE STUDY OF HARMFUL ALGAE12 th <strong>International</strong> <strong>Conference</strong> on Harmful Algae, Copenhagen, Denmark, 4-8 September 2006The historical Florida red tidedatabase provides a cross-platformfor applying and advancing GIStechnology for the monitoring andvisualization of HABs. By using theTemporal Analyst tool, the data arebrought into an event which can beset to replay on any temporal scale;a HAB bloom can then be visualizedand tracked over time. TrackingAnalyst also creates animationloops in either a video (.avi) file oras an animated .giff. The TrackingAnalyst Data Clock Wizard can beused to create a graph of concentricrings representing months of theyear. The rings allow an illustrationto be created that represents certaintemporal patterns in the database.This is helpful in understandingwhen a event begins and ends.The data clock is able to show thatbloom events are able to carry overfrom previous years. GIStechnology is advancing rapidly tothe point that seamless merging ofdifferent databases can occuralmost near real-time. This hasapplications for monitoringprograms involving platforms, e.g.,buoys, gliders, satellites, etc. If theintent is to have web-based datamanagement and visualization, thenadvancing GIS technology willfurther this approach. End productswould be maps and animations fortime series.PO.01-11Molecular approaches for thedetection and characterization ofAlexandrium species in naturalbloomsSession: PO.01 - GeneticsKerstin Töbe, T Alpermann, U John, UTillmann, B Krock, LK Medlin, ADCembellaAlfred Wegener Institute, BREMERHAVEN,GermanyVarious molecular methods wereused to detect and discriminateAlexandrium species inenvironmental samples collectedalong the Scottish east coast in2004. Plankton samples werecollected by vertical plankton net(20 µm) hauls (20-0 m) as well asby Niskin bottle casts from discretedepths. Cells filtered ontopolycarbonate membranes wereanalysed using fluorescence in situhybridisation (FISH) in combinationwith solid-phase cytometry to detectand enumerate Alexandriumtamarense, A. ostenfeldii and A.minutum. Additionally, conventionaland real-time quantitative PCR (RTq-PCR) was applied to the samefield samples to detect, differentiateand quantify the differentAlexandrium species. For thisapproach, new species-specificprimers and MGB-probes targetingthe small- or large-ribosomalsubunit of Alexandrium spp. weredeveloped and successfully appliedin both PCR approaches. Theobtained results were comparedwith Utermöhl microscopic countsand toxin profiles generated byHPLC-FD and LC-MS/MS to detectPSP toxins and spirolides,respectively. The combined data setwas analyzed by multivariatestatistical methods to describe thevertical distribution of toxic speciesand their respective toxins profiles.PO.13-41DSP toxins in the Gulf of Finland,Baltic SeaSession: PO.13 - Regional eventsP Uronen, P KuuppoFinnish Environment Institute, HELSINKI,Finland296

INTERNATIONAL SOCIETY FOR THE STUDY OF HARMFUL ALGAE12 th <strong>International</strong> <strong>Conference</strong> on Harmful Algae, Copenhagen, Denmark, 4-8 September 2006Dinophysis species are known to betoxic around the world. Their toxinsaccumulate in filter-feeding animalslike mussels, and may causediarrhetic shellfish poisoning tohumans. In the Baltic Sea, there areonly few measurements of thesetoxins in the Dinophysis cells. DSPtoxins (DTX and PTX) have beenfound in Dinophysis cells on theFinnish coast in late summer andautumn 2004. Spatial variability ofDSP toxins is measured along acoastal gradient in the Gulf ofFinland. In addition, the DSP toxicityis related to the occurrence ofDinophysis acuminata, D. norvegicaand D. rotundata and varyingenvironmental conditions.PO.09-05Profiles of PSP toxins in shellfishfrom Portugal explained bydecarbamoylase activitySession: PO.09 - Toxin synthesis andchemical structure of toxinsP Vale 1 , ML Artigas 2 , SS Gomes 1 , MJBotelho 1 , SM Rodrigues 1 , A Amorim 31 IPIMAR/INIAP, LISBON, Portugal2 University of Lisbon, PÓVOA DE STA.IRIA, Portugal3 Instituto de Oceanografia, LISBOA,PortugalThe presence of PSP toxins has notbeen recorded along thePortuguese coast since 1995. Abloom of Gymnodinium catenatumoccurred at the NW coast ofPortugal in the autumn of 2005, andPSP profiles were determined inseveral inshore and offshoreshellfish species by HPLC. Most ofthe species studied contained acomplex toxin profile, typicallyrepresentative of contamination byG. catenatum. However, speciessuch as the clam Spisula solidacontained mainly decarbamoyltoxins; carbamate and N-sulfocarbamoyl toxins wererecorded only at trace levels. In vitroincubation of S. solida extracts withPSP standards revealed a rapidtransformation of carbamate and N-sulfocarbamoyl toxins into theircorresponding decarbamateanalogues. After 24 hours less than5% of the carbamate or N-sulfocarbamoyl toxins testedremained.PO.08-21Neuroblastoma cells as a modelto study toxic events triggered bypalytoxinSession: PO.08 - ToxicologyI Valverde, J Lago, JM Vieites, AGCabadoANFACO-CECOPESCA, VIGO, SpainOne of the most potent marinetoxins related to seafood poisoningis palytoxin, a non-TPA-type skintumour promoter. The presence ofpalytoxin has been detected inseveral fish, crabs and seaanemones, from where it can enterinto the food chain and causehuman fatalities. The receptor forpalytoxin is the plasma membraneNa+/K+-ATPase, and it stimulatessodium influx and potassium effluxin every system where it has beentested. Altered intracellular cationconcentrations, in particularincreased calcium, are generallyassociated with cell death orapoptosis. However, biochemicalsignalling cascades that transmitpalytoxin-stimulated signals remainto be clarified.In vitro cytotoxic effects of palytoxinwere characterized on the BE(2)-M17 human neuroblastoma cell line.By using microplate fluorimetrictechniques, we studied severalcytotoxicity features, includingmarkers of cell death and apoptosis,297

INTERNATIONAL SOCIETY FOR THE STUDY OF HARMFUL ALGAE12 th <strong>International</strong> <strong>Conference</strong> on Harmful Algae, Copenhagen, Denmark, 4-8 September 2006such as changes of mitochondrialmembrane potential, inhibition ofcellular proliferation, DNAfragmentation, LDH leakage,propidium iodide uptake, and F-actin depolymerization.Results show that palytoxin causesstrong F-actin disruption dependingon concentration and incubationtime. Palytoxin induces fast cellrounding, a fall in mitochondrialmembrane potential that isdependent on the concentration andthe time of incubation, release ofLDH from the cells, and it inhibitscell proliferation.PO.13-79Occurrence of the toxicdinoflagellate Prorocentrum limain the Caribbean coast of CostaRicaSession: PO.13 - Regional eventsMV Vargas, E. FreerUniversity of Costa Rica, SAN JOSÉ, CostaRicaA monthly survey was carried out infive localities along the Caribbeancoast of Costa Rica in 2005, todetermine the presence anddistribution of P. lima. Thisdinoflagellate, which is known toproduce OA, was identified growingin association with macroalgae,which typically dominates thesubtidal zone near areas of coralreef. Prorocentrum lima appeared tohave a substrate preference infavour of Sargassum sp. andPadina sp. with more than 200cells/g D.W. This dinoflagellate waspresent year round in all the surveyspots, primarily in the southernregion during March andSeptember. This is the first report ofmacroalgae associated with P. limain the Caribbean of CentralAmerica.Prorocentrum lima was isolatedfrom macroalgal sediments,cultured and tested for toxicity withtriplicate using the standard brineshrimp bioassay, each with 10Artemia microalgal cultures (1000-500-250 cells/well) with a stationaryphase of 24 hours. Toxicity wasfound in P. lima cultures, whichkilled seventy five percent of theArtemia during the first 10 h of thebioassay. Cultures of P. micanswere used as non-toxic microalgalcontrols which did not affect theviability of Artemia. Further work willbe carried out by HPLC todeterminate the production of OA bythese organisms.PO.10-47Importance of nitrogen andphosphorus availability on theregulation of Prorocentrum limagrowth and okadaic acidproductionSession: PO.10 - Ecophysiology &autecologyIoanna Varkitzi 1 , Kalliopi Pagou 2 , EdnaGranéli 3 , Ioannis Hatzianestis 2 ,Christina Pyrgaki 2 , Aleka Pavlidou 2 ,Georgia Asimakopoulou 2 , BarbaraMontesanto 4 , Athena Economou-Amilli 41 Institute of Oceanography, ATHENS,Greece2 Hellenic Centre for Marine Research,ATHENS, Greece3 University of Kalmar, Marine Sciences Dpt,KALMAR, Sweden4 Athens University,Ecology & SystematicsDpt, ATHENS, GreeceThe benthic dinoflagellateProrocentrum lima has beenassociated with many diarrheticshellfish poisoning (DSP) outbreaksworldwide. The major causativeagent of DSP outbreaks in Greekcoastal waters (E Mediterranean) isDinophysis acuminata, an okadaicacid- (OA) producing species.298

INTERNATIONAL SOCIETY FOR THE STUDY OF HARMFUL ALGAE12 th <strong>International</strong> <strong>Conference</strong> on Harmful Algae, Copenhagen, Denmark, 4-8 September 2006However, D. acuminata cannot begrown in cultures, while P. lima can,and therefore P. lima cultures areused widely in OA-related studies.In this study, a toxic P. lima strainwas grown in batch cultures under:1) N-NO 3 - sufficient, 2) N-NO 3-deficient, 3) P-PO 4 3- deficient and 4)N-NH 4 + sufficient conditions for 57days. Cell numbers, growth rates,chlorophyll a, OA concentrationsper cell and nutrient concentrationsin the culture media weredetermined at regular intervals.Phosphorus was exhausted in theP-deficient and N-NO 3 - sufficienttreatments after the end of thetypical exponential phase. Nitrogendecreased but was not exhausted inany treatment. In all treatments,maximum OA concentrations percell were observed after the end ofthe typical exponential phase, whengrowth rates decreased. However,the highest OA concentration in P.lima cells was found in the P-deficient treatment (2 times higherthan any other treatment), probablydue to further limitation of growthinduced by the heavy deficiency ofphosphorus.PO.11-05Talk to me – communicationbetween cyanobacteria via toxinsand promotion of oxidative stressSession: PO.11 - AllelopathyMaria Vasselikaki, StephanPflugmacherIGB, BERLIN, GermanyCyanobacteria are now common inmany freshwater lakes and riversthroughout the world and are knownto produce a variety of different,often toxic, secondary metabolites.The ecological use of thesemetabolites is still under discussion.One main idea on cyanotoxinsmight be the use as info chemicalsbetween algal cells in the interactionof algae and macrophytes. Thisstudy investigates the idea thatcyanobacterial toxins are acommunication tool betweendifferent cyanobacteria. Thiscommunication might be an indirectone, as cyanotoxins might be atrigger for the promotion of oxidativestress, generating reactive oxygenspecies, which are known to act ascell signals. The existence ofseveral antioxidative enzymes likessuperoxide dismutase, peroxidasesand catalases as markers foroxidative stress in Synechocystissp. will be shown as well as celldamage by extensive generation ofROS like lipidperoxidation due toexposure of Synechocystis sp. tothe cyanobacterial toxin microcystin-LR. As reactive oxygen species arealso thought to have an importantrole in the communication in cells,the main hypothesis presentedhere, is that the communicationbetween cyanobacterial speciesmight be mediated by ROS and theantioxidative cycle.PO.13-76Space distribution of potentiallyharmful species on the coast ofthe state of São Paulo, Brazil(July/04-May/06)Session: PO.13 - Regional eventsMC Villac, VAP Cabral, TO PintoUniversidade de Taubaté, TAUBATÉ, SP,BrazilThis study reports on the spacedistribution of potentially harmfulspecies on the coast of the State ofSão Paulo, Brazil (July/04-May/06),based on a survey carried out incooperation with the StateEnvironmental Agency andmariculture farms to provide299

INTERNATIONAL SOCIETY FOR THE STUDY OF HARMFUL ALGAE12 th <strong>International</strong> <strong>Conference</strong> on Harmful Algae, Copenhagen, Denmark, 4-8 September 2006information to protect tourism andsafety for shellfish consumption.The study of whole water and netsamples (20-µm mesh) revealed thepresence of Anaulus australis*,Asterionellopsis glacialis*,Cerataulina pelagica,Coscinodiscus wailesii, Guinardiadelicatula, Leptocylindrus minimus,Pseudo-nitzschia spp.*; Ceratiumfusus*, C. hircus, Dinophysisacuminata, D. caudata, D.rotundata, D. tripos, Gymnodiniumcatenatum, Noctiluca scintillans,Peridinium quinquecorne,Prorocentrum micans,Trichodesmium thiebautii andDictyocha fibula (* species thatreached 10 4 cells.L -1 and/or whoserelative abundance was over 50%of microphytoplankton count). Noblooms were visually observedduring this period. Anaulus australisand A. glacialis, species that havecaused surf blooms in the area,were indeed dominant in moreexposed beaches. Pseudo-nitzschiaspp., L. minimus, C. fusus and P.quinquecorne were some of themost abundant ones in moreprotected embayments, theenvironment where mariculturefarms are located. Interestingly, therecently introduced species toBrazilian waters, G. catenatum, wasfound to be more restricted to thesurroundings of a port terminal.Support: Biota-Fapesp, Cetesb,Butantan, CNPq-PIBIC.PO.01-13Petroleum production platformsas sites for the expansion ofciguatera in the northwesternGulf of MexicoSession: PO.01 - GeneticsTA Villareal 1 , S Hanson 1 , S Qualia 2 ,ELE Jester 3 , HR Grande 3 , RW Dickey 31 The University of Texas at Austin, PORTARANSAS, TEXAS, United States ofAmerica2 Fishtrackers, Inc., CORPUS CHRISTI,TEXAS, United States of America3 Food and Drug Administration, DAUPHINISLAND, ALABAMA, United States ofAmericaThere are records of ciguatera inthe northwestern Gulf of Mexico, aregion characterized by soft muddybottoms considered to be poorhabitat for the CTX sourcedinoflagellate Gambierdiscustoxicus. We examined petroleumproduction platforms andSargassum as potential substratefor G. toxicus and report a firstrecord of this species in the NWGulf of Mexico. All platforms (n=6 )and some of the Sargassum (n=3)examined harbored G. toxicus.Only minor toxicity (

INTERNATIONAL SOCIETY FOR THE STUDY OF HARMFUL ALGAE12 th <strong>International</strong> <strong>Conference</strong> on Harmful Algae, Copenhagen, Denmark, 4-8 September 2006PO.01-19Distribution and diversity oftoxigenic Microcystis blooms: atemperate-tropical comparisonSession: PO.01 - GeneticsWGA Vyverman 1 , I van Gremberghe 1 ,T Asmelash 2 , T Dejenie 2 , J vanWichelen 1 , K van der Gucht 1 , L deMeester 3 , A Wilmotte 41 Ghent University, GENT, Belgium2 Mekelle University, MEKELLE, Ethiopia3 Catholic University Leuven, LEUVEN,Belgium4 Université de Liège, LIÈGE, BelgiumCyanobacterial blooms wereinvestigated in shallow lakes andponds in Belgium and microdams inEthiopia during respectively threeand two consecutive years. DGGEprofilingof 16S rDNA revealed thatthe most dominant bloom-forminggenus was Microcystis in bothcountries. DGGE-profiling ofMicrocystis-specific16S-23S rDNAITS revealed a significant diversitywithin and among sites. PCR wasused to detect the presence of mcygeneswithin blooms and revealedthat most blooms containedtoxigenic strains. Phylogeneticanalysis of ITS-sequences wasused to relate toxigenic capacity tothe genetic composition of blooms.Multivariate analyses were used torelate bloom composition to climaticcondition, nutrient status andbiological characteristics.PO.15-02The potentially harmful algae andHABs in the East China Sea byregular red tide monitoringprogrammeSession: PO.15 - MonitoringJinhui Wang, R Xu, XS Cheng, XQHuangEast China Sea Environmental Monitoring,SHANGHAI, ChinaAbout 435 red tides are recorded inthe East China Sea since the1930s, which amounts to 54% oftotal red tides in China. Amongthem, 43 toxic HABs were recorded;the causing species includeAlexandrium tamarense, Kareniamikimotoi, Heterocapsacircularisquama, Cochlodinium sp.and Karenia brevis. The HABs ofKarenia mikimotoi in 2005 causeddirect loss of about RMB 20 millionby killing cultured fish (red drum,genuine porgy) and abalone. Thereare about 24 recorded blooms ofKarenia sp. in the East China Seasince 1980s, most of them havedetrimental influence, and thebloom of Karenia sp. has atendency to increase in frequencyand to be spreading from south tonorth. According to regularphytoplankton monitoring since2002, there are 19 potentially toxicalgae: PSP-causing algae(Alexandrium catenella,Alexandrium tamarense); DSPcausingalgae such as Dinophysiscaudata, Dinophysis fortii,Dinophysis acuminate; NSPcausingalgae, Karenia brevis, ASPcausing algae such as Pseudonitzschiamultiseries, Pseudonitzschiamultistriata, Pseudonitzschiadelicatissima, and other 8toxic algae such as Heterocapsacircularisquama, Cochlodinium sp.,Fibrocapsa japonica etc. Amonitoring scheme of toxic algaeand biotoxin is put forward.PO.02-04A proteomic approach to harmfulalgal bloom researchSession: PO.02 - GenomicsDa-Zhi Wang 1 , Hua-Sheng Hong 1 , LeoLai Chan 2 , John Hodgkiss 21 Xiamen Univeristy, XIAMEN, China301

INTERNATIONAL SOCIETY FOR THE STUDY OF HARMFUL ALGAE12 th <strong>International</strong> <strong>Conference</strong> on Harmful Algae, Copenhagen, Denmark, 4-8 September 20062 Hong Kong University, HONG KONG,ChinaProteomics, defined as the study ofproteins expressed by the wholegenome at the setting time andconditions, has been applied in thestudying of harmful algal bloom(HAB) research and has shown highpotential for identification ofspecies-specific proteins for speciesidentification; toxin biomarkers forstrain differentiation; physiologicalindicator proteins to rapidly assessthe nutritional or metabolic status ofcausative agents of HAB forprediction, detection, monitoring andverification of bloom events; and cellsurface associated proteins to studythe interaction betweenphytoplankton and theirenvironment as well as to separatespecies from mixed phytoplanktonpopulations. The paper will presenta review of the various techniqueswe applied; namely 2-DE, 2-DDIGE, MALDI TOF MS/MS, N-terminal sequencing andimmunoblotting; and the results wehave obtained in HAB studies.PO.16-02Distribution of dinoflagellateresting cysts in surfacesediments from ChangjiangEstuary in the spring of 2004Session: PO.16 – Life cyclesZH Wang, YZ Qi, YF YangJinan University, GUANGZHOU, ChinaSurface sediments were sampled inApril and May of 2004 fromsouthern Changjiang Estuary,where a large- scale Prorocentrumdonghaiense red tide accompaniedby Alexandrium sp. occurred inearly May of 2004, in order to studycyst composition and distributionbefore and during the red tide.Results showed only fewdifferences in cyst compositionbetween the two surveys. Theaverage cyst concentrations in Apriland May were 374 and 482 cystsper gram D.W. sediment,respectively. Cysts of Alexandriumoccurred commonly but in lownumbers, and the maximumconcentration during the bloom was219 cysts per gram D.W. sediment.High sand content in sediments,high sedimentary rate, huge dilutedwater and complicated watercurrents, are thought to result in thelow cyst assemblages inChangjiang Estuary. Thedestination of the Alexandrium cystsformed after the bloom is discussedas.PO.06-10The interspecific competition oftwo HAB species: Prorocentrumdonghaiense and AlexandriumtamarenseSession: PO.06 - Population dynamicsZL Wang, RX Li, MY ZhuFirst Institute of Oceanography, SOA,QINGDAO, ChinaWe studied the population dynamicsand interspecific competition ofProrocentrum donghaiense andAlexandrium tamarense, twocommon HAB species in East ChinaSea, by using semi-continuousdilution experiments. Prorocentrumdonghaiense was the winner at lowphosphate concentrations, whichcompletely excluded Alexandriumtamarense. However, at highphosphate conditions, thecompetition between the twospecies was different, and eithercaused exclusion of one species orcoexistence. The results also showthat the competition results dependon the cell densities which the two302

INTERNATIONAL SOCIETY FOR THE STUDY OF HARMFUL ALGAE12 th <strong>International</strong> <strong>Conference</strong> on Harmful Algae, Copenhagen, Denmark, 4-8 September 2006species can reach in bi-culturingexperiments.PO.07-15The role of nutrients on springand summer algal blooms in theEast China SeaSession: PO.07 - Ecology andoceanographyJiangtao Wang, Chuansong Zhang,Xiaoyong Shi, Xiulin WangOcean University of China, QINGDAO,ChinaDiatom and dinoflagellate bloomswere investigated in the East ChinaSea 2002-2005. When diatomblooms started in spring, thephosphate concentration decreasedfrom about 0.6 μM to 0.2 μM, whichsuggests that phosphate mighthave been the limiting factor for thediatom blooms. At the succeedingdinoflagellate bloom, the phosphateconcentration decreased to 0-0.1μM. Prorocentrum donghaiense Luwas capable of growing even atphosphate concentrations below 0.2μM.Nitrate concentration showed agradual decrease, concomitant withthe algal bloom development. At theend of Prorocentrum donghaiensebloom, the average nitrateconcentration was about 1.5 μM inthe surface water. We hypothesizedthat dinoflagellate blooms could notbe maintained when nitrateconcentrations were lower than theabove-mentioned level.It was concluded that phosphateconcentrations are essential fortriggering the blooms, nitrateconcentrations determine theduration and scale of the bloom,and silicate concentration and Si/Nratios influence which species willbe dominant. By determiningnutrient concentrations, algalblooms in the East China Sea canbe forecasted relatively accurately.PO.15-22Application of a MultiparameterMonitoring System (YSI) instudies of large-scale red tidesin the East China SeaSession: PO.15 - MonitoringYF Wang 1 , DD Zhu 2 , MJ Zhou 1 , RC Yu 11 Institute of Oceanology, CAS, QINGDAO,China2 Second Institute of Oceanography, SOA,HANGZHOU, ChinaThe multiparameter monitoringsystem (from YSI), coupled with aglobal positioning system (GPS)and an automatic meteorologicalstation, has been used in fieldcruises to study the large-scale redtides in the East China Sea,supported by the on-goingCEOHAB project. Parametersincluding chl.a, temperature,salinity, turbidity, dissolved oxygen,pH, and depth were recorded withthe YSI system during the cruisesduring the last five years. Theresults suggested that there weregood correlations between themeasured chl.a levels by thesystem and the analytical results ofchl.a from fluorescencespectrometer and cell counting bymicroscopy, during the red tides ofProrocentrum donghaiense, Kareniamikimotoi, Skeletonema costatum,and Thalassiosira sp. The spatialand temporal distribution pattern ofthe red tides, even the subsurfacethin layer distribution of highconcentrated microalgae, could bedepicted with the system. Data onchl.a, temperature, salinity anddepth derived from the system wereused successfully to elucidate thehydrological effects of watermasses and ocean currents on thedynamics of large scale red tides.303

INTERNATIONAL SOCIETY FOR THE STUDY OF HARMFUL ALGAE12 th <strong>International</strong> <strong>Conference</strong> on Harmful Algae, Copenhagen, Denmark, 4-8 September 2006Therefore, data from the YSIsystem could well support thestudies on the dynamics andmechanism of large scale red tidesin this region.PO.12-05Do you know this dinoflagellate?Session: PO.12 - Taxonomy and phylogenyJL Wolny 1 , MJ Garrett 2 , KA Steidinger 11 Florida Institute of Oceanography, SAINTPETERSBURG, FLORIDA, United Statesof America2 Fish and Wildlife Research Institute,SAINT PETERSBURG, FLORIDA, UnitedStates of AmericaDuring routine ballast watermonitoring for harmful algae wediscovered an unusualdinoflagellate. The cyst wasobtained by sediment sampling aballast tank of the cargo containership ‘Southern Fighter’, docked atthe Port of Tampa. In culture, thisdinoflagellate spends the majority ofits life cycle in a non-motile stage.The non-motile stage is twice thesize of the vegetative cell. It issmooth walled, with the exception ofthe apical pore area, and gathers inlarge clusters that are visible to thenaked eye. The vegetative cell is ascrippsielloid dinoflagellate with thefollowing plate tabulation: Po, x, 4’,3a, 7', 6c, 6s, 5’', 2''. The vegetativecell is characterized by a deeplyinvaginated and narrow 1’ plate,unique apical pore complex, anddeep sulcus. The vegetative cellshave been morphometricallycompared to Bysmatrum,Calciodinellum, Ensiculifera,Pentapharsodinium, Peridiniella,Peridinium, Protoperidinium, andScrippsiella with no definitive match,although they most resembleBysmatrum. We presume thisdinoflagellate is a benthic specieslike Bysmatrum, but it lacks theanterior intercalary plate patterntypical of that genus. The routineports of call for this ship, whereballast water exchanges took place,were Antwerp, Belgium, Terneuzen,Netherlands, and Uddevalla,Sweden.PO.10-06Interaction effects of nutrientlimitation and UV radiation onNodularia spumigena - anoutdoor experimentSession: PO.10 - Ecophysiology &AutecologyA Wulff 1 , M Mohlin 2 , V Lindberg 21 Göteborg University, GÖTEBORG,Sweden2 Marine Ecology, GÖTEBORG, SwedenNodularia spumigena is one ofseveral toxin-producingcyanobacteria in the Baltic Sea. Itproduces the hepatoxin nodularin, atumour promoter known to havekilled wild and domestic animals.Nodularia spumigena blooms occurduring late summer, a period withstrong light, calm weather andstable water-column stratification.Due to its ability to fix atmosphericnitrogen, N. spumigena does notdepend on this macronutrient in thewater. Instead it is generallybelieved that growth of N.spumigena is limited byphosphorus. In a mesocosmexperiment we will study theinteraction effects of N and Plimitation, and UV radiation.Cultures of N. spumigena areexposed to, or shielded from,natural levels of UV radiation in 5-Laquaria with and without N- and P-limiting conditions, repectively. Theexperiment will be run for ca 30days (July, 2006). Variables to beanalysed are related to growth andphotosynthetic activity as well as thecontent of nodularin and UVabsorbingcompounds.304

INTERNATIONAL SOCIETY FOR THE STUDY OF HARMFUL ALGAE12 th <strong>International</strong> <strong>Conference</strong> on Harmful Algae, Copenhagen, Denmark, 4-8 September 2006PO.07-14Paralytic shellfish poisoning inthe North Sea – a secularperspectiveSession: PO.07 - Ecology andoceanographyT Wyatt 1 , F Jordan 21 Instituto de Investigaciones Marinas,VIGO, Spain2 Collegium Budapest, BUDAPEST,HungaryParalytic shellfish poisoning (PSP)has been a recognized medicalsyndrome since the late eighteenthcentury, despite the rarity ofdiagnoses. European records from1827 to 1967 (140 years) in whichthe clinical symptoms areunequivocal number only about 100cases distributed between nineoutbreaks, mostly in the UnitedKingdom (UK). Since 1968,following a major episode in the UKthat year, monitoring programmesindicate that the risk of poisoninghas been high most years, and thatin the absence of public healthinitiatives would almost certainlyhave led to many more cases. Thuson the basis of its clinical incidenceprior to 1968, and monitoring sincethen, an abrupt ‘regime shift’ hasapparently occurred which hasprobably led to increasedabundance of the toxic agent,Alexandrium tamarense, since the1960s. Some recent studiesindicate that there may have beensignificant phenological trends inNorth Sea dinoflagellates, but theclinical evidence does notunambiguously support a climaticinterpretation in this case. Thispaper uses network analysis, inwhich fishing plays a major role, toexplore the question.PO.15-07Moving towards an operationalharmful algal bloom forecastingsystem in Texas (USA)Session: PO.15 - MonitoringTT Wynne 1 , RP Stumpf 1 , MCTomlinson 1 , TA Villareal 2 , K Wiles 3 , GHeideman 3 , M Byrd 4 , D Buzan 4 , LCampbell 51 NOAA/NOS, SILVER SPRING, UnitedStates of America2 University of Texas at Austin, PORTARANSAS, United States of America3 Texas Department of State Health Service,AUSTIN, United States of America4 Texas Parks and Wildlife Department,AUSTIN, United States of America5 Texas A&M University, COLLEGESTATION, United States of AmericaBlooms of the toxic harmful algae,Karenia brevis, have beenpersistent and problematic in theGulf of Mexico (USA) for decades.A heuristic ecological model basedon satellite imagery has beenshown to be effective in identifyinglikely Karenia blooms in the easternGulf of Mexico (Florida). 'New'blooms are identified by satellite,and those blooms that meet certaincriteria are identified as likelyKarenia. The method is core to thedetection component of theoperational Harmful Algal Bloom(HAB) forecast deployed by theNational Oceanic and AtmosphericAdministration (NOAA), in October2004. The Texas coast commonlyhas false positives resulting fromfrequent resuspension events. Themethod was modified tocompensate for these events.However, because of theinfrequency of Karenia HABs alongthe Texas coast, only one majorbloom event coincided withavailable SeaWiFS imagery. Thisevent was used to validate themethods presented by Wynne et al.305

INTERNATIONAL SOCIETY FOR THE STUDY OF HARMFUL ALGAE12 th <strong>International</strong> <strong>Conference</strong> on Harmful Algae, Copenhagen, Denmark, 4-8 September 2006(2005). Since the publication of thispaper the Texas coastlineexperienced a major bloom in 2005.This presentation will demonstratethe efficacy of the algorithm using insitu cell count data collected fromthis event. This algorithm will thenbe used to expand NOAA’s HABforecast system to include Texas.PO.10-48Intracellular phosphorusregulates alkaline phosphataseactivity of Karenia mikimotoi(Dinophyceae) and Skeletonemacostatum (Bacillariophyceae)Session: PO.10 – Ecophysiology andautecologyH Yamaguchi 1 , S. Ukita 2 , M Adachi 3 , MYamaguchi 41 Kochi University, KOCHI, Japan2 Hiroshima University, HIROSHIMA, Japan3 Kochi University, KOCHI, Japan4 FEIS, Fisheries Research Agency,HIROSHIMA, JapanAlkaline phosphatase (AP) plays animportant role in utilization oforganic phosphorus by unicellularalgae. AP activity has beenrecognized to be regulated by theexternal phosphate concentration.In the present study, however, weclearly showed that AP activity ofharmful algae Karenia mikimotoiand Skeletonema costatum wasdirectly regulated by the intracellularphosphorus content, not by theexternal phosphate. Underphosphorus-limited steady stateconditions in semi-continuousculture, relationships among APactivity, external phosphate andintracellular phosphorus content (Q)were examined. A significantnegative correlation was foundbetween AP activity and Q of K.mikimotoi. In the case of S.costatum, AP activity increased withincreasing Q and reached amaximum of ca. 4 fmol/cell, then theactivity decreased with increasingthe Q. The threshold values of Q forinducing AP activities in bothspecies were much higher than theminimum cell quota for their growth.The results indicate that theintracellular phosphorusconcentration is fundamentallyimportant to understand APregulation and organic phosphorusutilization of harmful algae.PO.11-09Allelopathic interactions betweenthe bacillariophyte Skeletonemacostatum (Greville) Cleve and theraphidophyte Heterosigmaakashiwo (Hada) Hada ex Hara etChiharaSession: PO.11 - AllelopathyY Yamasaki, S Nagasoe, T Matsubara,T Shikata, Y Shimasaki, Y Oshima, THonjoGraduate School, Kyushu University,FUKUOKA, JapanGrowth interactions betweenSkeletonema costatum andHeterosigma akashiwo wereinvestigated by bi-algal culturesunder axenic conditions. Whenthese species were inoculated athigh cell densities, growth of bothspecies was coincidentallysuppressed. In other combinationsof inoculation density, the speciesthat first reached the stationaryphase seemed to be responsible fora remarkable decrease of the otherspecies’ density. When bothspecies were cultured without cellcontact, growth of S. costatum andH. akashiwo were both suppressed.Furthermore, regardless of nutrientre-enrichment, filtrates from S.costatum and H. akashiwo thickcultures mutually decreased themaximum cell densities. Therefore,306

INTERNATIONAL SOCIETY FOR THE STUDY OF HARMFUL ALGAE12 th <strong>International</strong> <strong>Conference</strong> on Harmful Algae, Copenhagen, Denmark, 4-8 September 2006growth interactions strongly suggestthe involvement of allelopathicsubstances secreted into eachmedium by both species. Finally,growth of S. costatum and H.akashiwo in the bi-algal cultureswas simulated using a mathematicalmodel. This interaction modelindicated that, as time passes, S.costatum and H. akashiwo steadilyapproach a stable equilibrium pointof about 3.4 10 5 cells/ml and 4.8 10 5cells/ml, respectively, when the twospecies coexist.PO.09-09Laboratory and field studies onharmful effects of large-scaleHABs in the East China SeaSession: PO.09 - Toxin synthesis andchemical structure of toxinsT Yan 1 , MJ Zhou 1 , TJ Jiang 2 , YinlinZou 31 Institute of Oceanology, CAS, QINGDAO,China2 Institute of Hydrobiology, Jina U.,GUANGDONG, China3 First institute of SOA, QINGDAO, ChinaTo understand the harmful effects oflarge-scale HABs in the East ChinaSea, a series of experiments andfield investigations have beencarried out since 2002. Laboratoryexperiments were conducted on theeffect of HAB causative species,Prorocentrum donghaiense andAlexandrium catenella on thesurvival, feeding and reproduction ofdifferent organisms: juvenile perch,mysids, copepods, eggs and larvaeof scallop, rotifer, Moina mongolicaand Artemia salina. It was foundthat A. catenella at the bloomdensity of 10 5 cells/mL had anadverse impact on all aboveorganisms. Prorocentrumdonghaiense at lower density couldbe utilized as food by smallzooplankton species, but inhibit theirreproduction at the bloom density of10 7 cells/mL. In situ experimentsshowed that survival of the copepodCalanus sinicus was inhibitedsignificantly by HAB seawater.Prorocentrum donghaienseinfluenced the protozoa communitywhen added at the bloom density;PSP was detected giving a toxicityof 4.3 MU/L during Alexandriumbloom. However, few toxic shellfishsamples were detected near theHAB area islands; severalsimulating food chains have beenset up and the results showed thatPSP from Alexandrium speciescould be transferred to fish andlobster.PO.06-27Were nutrients a driving causefor the formation anddisappearance of a Scrippsiellatrochoidea red tide in a marinebay of Hong KongSession: PO.06 – Population dynamicsKedong Yin 1,2 , Xiu-Xian Song 3 , ShengLiu 2 , Kun Jinjun 2 , Pei-Yuan Qian 21 Key Laboratory of Tropical MarineEnvironmental Dynamics, South ChinaSea Institute of Oceanology, ChineseAcademy of Sciences, GUANGZHOU,China,2 Atmospheric, Marine and CoastalEnvironment Program/BiologyDepartment, Hong Kong University ofScience and Technology, HONG KONGSAR, China3 Key Laboratory of Marine Ecology andEnvironmental Sciences, Institute ofOceanology, QINGDAO, ChinaA semi-enclosed bay in Hong Kongis one of hot spots for red tides(high biomass blooms). However,concentrations of ambient nutrientsare not high enough to supportsuch high biomass. When a redtide of Scrippsiella trochoidea307

INTERNATIONAL SOCIETY FOR THE STUDY OF HARMFUL ALGAE12 th <strong>International</strong> <strong>Conference</strong> on Harmful Algae, Copenhagen, Denmark, 4-8 September 2006occurred in the bay, weinvestigated the field conditions ofthe red tide and conducted nutrientaddition experiments on watersamples from the red tide and nonred-tidewaters to examine whetherthe red tide would be sustainedwith and without added nutrients orwould collapse rapidly in bottles.Chl a was high in the red tidepatch, but nutrients (NO 3 , PO 4 ,SiO 4 , and NH 4 ) were all low in thenon-red-tide waters, suggestingthat nutrients are not a directdriving cause for the formation ofthis high biomass red tide. Duringthe incubation, phytoplanktonbiomass gradually decreased over9 days in the red tide watersamples without nutrient additionsand without N additions andsteadily increased with N additionsuntil day 7. In the non-red-tidesamples, additions of all NO 3 , PO 4 ,and SiO 4 did not produce high S.trochoidea biomass, indicating thatfactors other than nutrientspromoted the red tide formation ofthis species.PO.14-14Control of cell growth ofcyanobacterial cells using extractfrom water grasses and leaves ofevergreen treesSession: PO.14 - MitigationHiroshi Yoshida, Yukie Hatta, ShinTakano, Ayaka Ishiguro, Asami Touno,Hitoshi OgawaUniv. Tamagawa, MACHIDA-SHI TOKYO,JapanGrowth inhibitors againstcyanobacteria were identified inextractions from various plants,andapplied to small surfaces of watersuch as drinking water reservoirsand recreational lakes. It is wellknown that cyanobacterial bloomsdo not form in some eutrophicponds. In these cases, leaves oftrees around the ponds fall into theponds, or some macrophytes growin the ponds. As a possibility, wethought that water-extractablecompounds from the macrophytesand /or the leaves affect the cellgrowth of cyanobacteria.In order to examine the cell growthinhibitory activity of waterextractable compounds from themacrophytes and the leaves,various plants were collected andextracted with water. We foundseveral inhibitory activecompounds from wood, flowerpetals and young leaves. Thecompounds were isolated andpurified from the extracts foridentification of chemical structurePO.16-04Overwintering of Heterocapsacircularisquama (Dinophyceae)as a pellicle cyst induced by lowtemperature in the laboratorySession: PO.16 – Life cyclesTakahiI Yoshida, Yuya Takahashi,Kanae Ishikawa, Ming-Key Wang,Shingo HiroishiFukui Prefectural University, OBAMA,JapanRed tide blooms of Heterocapsacircularisquama Horiguchi causemass mortality of bivalves andpresent a serious problem forshellfish aquaculture in westernJapan. Sexual reproduction has notbeen found in H. circularisquama,and the mechanism of overwinteringof the populations blooming inJapanese waters is unclear.Dinoflagellate temporary cysts arenon-motile and formed fromvegetative cells by shedding of thetheca (pellicle cyst). We proposethat the pellicle cyst of H.308

INTERNATIONAL SOCIETY FOR THE STUDY OF HARMFUL ALGAE12 th <strong>International</strong> <strong>Conference</strong> on Harmful Algae, Copenhagen, Denmark, 4-8 September 2006circularisquama is a temporarystage rather than a resting stage.Heterocapsa circularisquama grewwell at ca.17.5 °C, poorly at 15 °Cand 12.5 °C, and it died at 10 °C.Two weeks after inoculation, theratio of pellicle cyst/total cells at12.5 °C was 57.5±1.4 %,significantly higher than at the othertemperatures. After 60 days and 90days of incubation at 10 °C undercontinuous darkness, viabilitypercentage of the pellicle cyst was0.9% and 0.8 %, respectively. Thus,the pellicle cyst designated astemporally cyst in the otherdinoflagellates is not always in atemporary stage in H.circularisquama, part of a H.circularisquama population mightoverwinter as pellicle cysts formedat low temperature.PO.13-25Long-term variation ofphytoplankton in Harimanada,Seto Inland Sea, JapanSession: PO.13 - Regional eventsSadaaki YoshimatsuAkashiwo Res. Inst. of Kagawa Pref.,TAKAMATSU, JapanChattonella antiqua wasresponsible, in the 1970-1980s, forlarge fishery damages inHarimanada, Seto Inland Sea,Japan. PSP toxicity is also aproblem in this region. Thisresearch was carried out to clarifythe appearance of phytoplankton,including harmful and toxic species.Long-term variations inphytoplankton a point inHarimanada were investigated fromApr. 1983 to Dec. 2005, three to fivetimes a month during summer, andone to three times a month at otherseasons. A litre of seawater wascollected from 8 layers at 5-mintervals, filtered and concentratedto 50 mL. The number ofphytoplankton species in theunfixed samples was counted.Among the species observed in thisstudy, harmful and toxic speciesfound were: Chattonella antiqua, C.marina, C. ovara, C. verruculosa,Heterosigma akashiwo, Kareniamikimotoi, Cochlodiniumpolykrikoides, Heterocapsacircularisquama, Alexandriumcatenella, A. tamarense,A.tamiyavanichii, Gymnodiniumcatenatum and Dinophysis fortii.PO.05-20Preparation of toxin standardsfor use in monitoring diarrheticshellfish toxins by LC-MSSession: PO.05 - Toxin analysisA YoshinoTropical Technology Center Ltd., URUMA-CITY, JapanIn determining marine toxins inseafood, LC-MS is the mostpowerful tool with its high sensitivity,specificity, and accuracy. Topromote wide use of the method,however, an adequate supply ofstandard toxins is imperative.Though highly or moderatelycontaminated shellfish have beenunavailable for years in Japan, wesucceeded in preparing DSP-toxinstandards by taking differentapproaches. First, we obtainedokadaic acid (OA) anddinophysistoxin-1 (DTX1) byculturing Prorocentrum lima.Second, OA and DTX1 wereextracted from the black sponge,Halichondria okadai. Third, in orderto secure DTX1, which was of lowoccurrence in the preceding twosources, we improved purificationprocedures to enable purification ofDTX1 from scallop extracts of very309

INTERNATIONAL SOCIETY FOR THE STUDY OF HARMFUL ALGAE12 th <strong>International</strong> <strong>Conference</strong> on Harmful Algae, Copenhagen, Denmark, 4-8 September 2006low DTX3 contents. Fourth, weimproved reaction conditions tosynthesize from OA and DTX1corresponding 7-O-palmitoyl esters.The structure and purity of thestandard toxins thus prepared wereconfirmed by HPLC-DAD, 1D- and2D-NMR, and ESI-MS. The toxinquantity in a parent stock wasdetermined by weight.impact on the lake, such as deadfish, shrimp or water plants.This represents a successfulexample of mitigation of lakeblooms. It improved the waterquality for the benefit of theresidents and ensured that theaquatic sport activities of the '10thnational games' could proceednormally as scheduled.PO.14-02A successful control of HABs bymodified clay: mitigation ofCyanophyta blooms in XuanwuLake in NanjingSession: PO.14 - MitigationZM Yu 1 , XX Song 1 , XH Cao 1 , ZHZhang 21 Institute of Oceanology, CAS, QINGDAO,China2 Centre of Environment Monitoring,NANJING, ChinaA bloom of Microcystis aeruginosaoccurred in Xuanwu Lake in June,2005, which had serious impact onlandscape, water quality and theliving conditions of residents. It alsoposed as a threat to aquatic sportactivities of '10th national games',scheduled to take place in the lake.Based on the theory of clay surfacemodification, clays with highcoagulation efficiency were madeand disseminated in different ratios,frequency and concentration,matching the distributioncharacteristics of the blooms indifferent lake areas. The bloomswere controlled effectively.Monitoring showed that the averageremoval rate of Microcystisaeruginosa was more than 96% andthe coagulated cells weredecomposed gradually. The qualityof lake water had significantlyimproved. The community structureof phytoplankton had changed.There was no visible negativePO.05-33Analysis of toxins responsible forpoisoning incidents caused byconsumption of the snailNassarius spp.Session: PO.05 - Toxin analysisRC Yu 1 , AF Li 1 , J Li 1 , YF Wang 1 , MJZhou 1 , T Yan 1 , M Quilliam 2 , B Luckas 31 Institute of Oceanology, CAS, QINGDAO,China2 Institute for Marine Bioscience, NRC,HALIFAX, Canada3 Jena University, JENA, GermanyDuring 2002 and 2003, poisoningincidents caused by theconsumption of snail Nassarius spp.were reported in Fujian Provinceand Jiangsu Province, China. Afterobservation of the symptoms in thevictims it was suspected that PSPtoxins were involved, and thetoxicity screening of the snailsamples with mouse bioassaymethod for monitoring of PSP toxinsgave numbers exceeding10,000MU/100g tissue (wet weight).However, no PSP toxins weredetected after analysis of snailsamples using high performanceliquid chromatography (HPLC) withpost-column derivatization. Thetoxins in Nassarius spp. were finallyidentified as tetrodotoxin (TTX),after re-analysis of the samplesusing HPLC coupled with a massdetector. The derivatives of TTX intoxic snail samples were alsoanalyzed, using HPLC coupled with310

INTERNATIONAL SOCIETY FOR THE STUDY OF HARMFUL ALGAE12 th <strong>International</strong> <strong>Conference</strong> on Harmful Algae, Copenhagen, Denmark, 4-8 September 2006a triple quadrupole mass detector(API 4000), in the mode ofprecursor ion scan and product ionscan. Two isomers of trideoxyTTX,two isomers of TTX, two isomers of11-oxoTTX, anhydroTTX and traceamounts of deoxyTTX wereidentified from the toxic snailsamples. Analytical methods usingselect ion monitoring and selectreaction monitoring targeted onthese compounds were thendeveloped.PO.11-11Roles of macroalgae for HABmitigationSession: PO.11 - AllelopathySD Zhang, Y Wang, XX Song, ZM YuInstitute of Oceanology, CAS, QINGDAO,SHANDONG PROVINCE, ChinaThe effects of two macroalgalspecies, Ulva pertusa and Gracilarialemaneiformis, on the growth ofmicroalgae in co-cultured systemswere studied. Both species,especially their fresh tissues,significantly impeded the growth ofHeterosigma akashiwo, P.donghaiense and A. tamarense.Ulva pertusa affected the growth ofmicroalgae more than did G.lemaneiformis. A positive correlationbetween the initial macroalgalbiomass and their effects onmicroalgae during co-culturing wasobserved. Nutrient assays showedthat when microalgal cells weredead, nitrate and phosphate werealmost exhausted in the G.lemaneiformis co-culture, butremained at enough levels in the U.pertusa co-culture to allow forfurther growth of the microalgae.Therefore, allelopathy was theessential factor for the inhibition ofU. pertusa on the microalgae, whilethe combined roles of allelopathyand allelospoly may be responsiblefor that of G. lemaneiformis. In a coculturedsystem of G. lemaneiformiswith Scrippsiella trochoidea thesimultaneous nutrients assay alsorevealed that allelospoly might bethe main reason for inhibition of S.trochoidea under the lower initialratio of G. lemaneiformis to S.trochoidea. However, bothallelopathy and allelospoly could beresponsible for the inhibition of S.trochoidea at higher initial biomassratio.PO.09-03Sulfotransferase activity in PSPproducingAlexandrium speciesSession: PO.09 - Toxin synthesis andchemical structure of toxinsShugang Zhang 1 , Leo Lai Chan 2 , Hua-Sheng Hong 1 , Da-Zhi Wang 11 Xiamen Univeristy, XIAMEN, China2 Hong Kong University, HONG KONG,ChinaSulfotransferase (ST) is animportant modified enzyme relatedto toxin conversion in PSPproducingdinoflagellates. Thisstudy investigated ST activity in thecrude extracts of eight Alexandriumstrains with various toxincompositions. The toxinbiosynthesis pathway inAlexandrium was also examined.ST activity was only detected in thecrude extract of Alexandriumtamarense CI01 (ATCI01), whichwas able to convert GTX2/3 toC1/C2, while it was not found inother PST-producing Alexandriumstrains, even the strains with similartoxin composition as ATCI01.Moreover, ST activity was notdetected in the non-toxic A.tamarense CCMP2023. Theseresults indicated that ST is aspecies/strain-specific enzyme andthat different toxin biosynthesis311

INTERNATIONAL SOCIETY FOR THE STUDY OF HARMFUL ALGAE12 th <strong>International</strong> <strong>Conference</strong> on Harmful Algae, Copenhagen, Denmark, 4-8 September 2006pathways may exist in differentPST-producing Alexandrium strains.This requires further study at themolecular and biochemical level.PO.15-03Relationship of magnitude andposition of the algal SICF withchlorophyll-a concentrationSession: PO.15 - MonitoringDong-Zhi ZhaoNational Marine Enviroment Monitoring C,DALIAN, ChinaTo investigate the relation of suninducedchlorophyll fluorescencenear 685nm with chlorophyll-aconcentration, the reflectancespectra of red tide species such asGymnodinium sp., Heterosigmaakashiwo, Ceratium furca and otheralgae such as Nitzschia closterium,Dicrateria zhanjiangensisHu.,Platymonas sp., Chlorococcumsp., Platymonas helgolandica var.tsingtaoensis, Chlorella sp. fromfield samples and laboratorycultures was used. R max rednormalized at R560 correlated wellwith chlorophyll-a concentration(R>0.82). To different algae, thecoefficient a of the relationshipbetween R max red/R560 andchlorophyll-a presented change.The regression equation(Rmaxred/R560 =a (chl a) b) revealthat the coefficient a varied between0.037 and 1.135, b varied between0.094 and 0.727. Simultaneouslythis study established therelationship between thefluorescence peak position andchlorophyll-a concentration. Allregression coefficients were higherthan 0.75 except Chlorococcum sp.with 0.57. The position of thefluorescence peak shifted to infraredwhen chlorophyll-a concentrationincreased, but for various species,the shift velocities of peak positionswere different. Thus Heterosigmaakashiwo was the fastes and inother algae the shift was between0.1 and 0.3nm per 10mgm -3 . Noshift was observed in Dicrateriazhanjiangensis Hu andChlorococcum sp.PO.11-12The role of allelopathy in diatomand dinoflagellate blooms in theEast China SeaSession: PO.11 - AllelopathyWeihong Zhao 1 , Meimei Chen 1 ,Jiangtao Wang 21 Institute of Oceanology, CAS, QINGDAO,China2 Ocean University of China, QINGDAO,ChinaSkeletonema costatum, Kareniamikimotoi and Prorocentrumdonghaiense blooms took placesuccessively in the East China Seain the spring of 2005. Bloom waterwas collected and filtered.Skeletonema costatum, Pseudonitzschiapungens, Alexandriumtamarense, P. donghaiense, andProrocentrum micans were culturedin the above filtered solutions toexplore the role of allelopathy in thephytoplankton communitysuccession. The results showedthat the water collected from boththe S. costatum bloom and the K.mikimotoi bloom stimulated growthof the five tested species. Mixedwater from K. mikimotoi and P.donghaiense blooms stimulatedgrowth of all tested species exceptS. costatum. The stimulatory effectof K. mikimotoi on P. donghaiensewas most marked and intensifiedwith the concentration of K.mikimotoi. Thus the stimulusproduced by S. costatum on K.mikimotoi and P. donghaiense maygive it an advantage in later K.312

INTERNATIONAL SOCIETY FOR THE STUDY OF HARMFUL ALGAE12 th <strong>International</strong> <strong>Conference</strong> on Harmful Algae, Copenhagen, Denmark, 4-8 September 2006mikimotoi and P. donghaienseblooms. In the same way, somestimulatory substances excreted byK. mikimotoi on P. donghaiensemay play an important role in thesuccession from K. mikimotoi bloomto P. donghaiense bloom.PO.13-13The low temperaturecharacteristics of the East ChinaSea in early spring of 2005 andits influence on HABsSession: PO.13 - Regional eventsDedi Zhu 1 , Xianwei Bu 1 , YunfengWang 2 , Weiyi Xu 1 , Jilan Su 11 Second Institute of Oceanography, SOA,HANGZHOU, China2 Institute of Oceanography, CAS,QINGDAO, ChinaTemperature characteristics of aHAB-frequent area in the EastChina Sea in early spring 2005 andits influence on a large-scale HABare analyzed, based on survey datafrom 2002~2005 and some relatedhistorical meteorological data. Lowtemperature characteristics wereobvious in the HAB- frequent areaduring the early Spring (early April)2005; water temperature was about2-3 °C lower compared to the sameperiod of 2004 and it quickly rosefrom 10 °C to 17 °C during the lasttwenty days of April. Low airtemperature in March and largedischarge of the Yangtze river inWinter (Jan. to Mar.) in 2005 are themain causes for the lowtemperature in this sea area. Thelow temperature may have been animportant factor for the occurrenceof a dinoflagellate HAB in the spring2005 as opposed to the spring2002~2004.PO.07-12Numerical simulation ofcirculation and its application inred tides in the Changjiang RiverEstuary and adjacent sea areasSession: PO.07 - Ecology andoceanographyLS Zhu, XH ChenSouth China Sea Institute of Oceanology,GUANGZOU, ChinaBased on the COHERENS, a threedimensionalbaroclinic model for thesummer of East China Sea wasestablished with the sigmacoordinatein the vertical directionand spherical coordinate in thehorizontal direction. The circulationpatterns of the Kuroshio Current,the Taiwan Warm Current, theTsushima Current, the ChangjiangDiluted Water and the coastalcurrents were successfullysimulated in this model. Thecalculated results are fairlyconsistent with previousobservations and studies. Based onthis baroclinic current field, wesimulated the Lagranian particlestracking to estimate possible originsof the regions where red tidesfrequently occurred in theChangjiang River Estuary andadjacent sea areas. Does seedingfrom cysts take place from red tidealgae in the seabed of the TaiwanStrait, the offshore area of Fujianand Zhejiang Provinces and thenortheast Taiwan Island, to theChangjiang River Estuary andadjacent sea areas. Field data areneeded to confirm this. The buildingof a numerical model based on theCOHERENS to simulate theLagrangian particle tracking forestimating the source of the redtides is the first attempt of this kindin China.313

INTERNATIONAL SOCIETY FOR THE STUDY OF HARMFUL ALGAE12 th <strong>International</strong> <strong>Conference</strong> on Harmful Algae, Copenhagen, Denmark, 4-8 September 2006PO.01-16Diversity in the genusSkeletonema: an overviewSession: PO.01 - GeneticsA Zingone, D Sarno, WHCF KooistraStazione Zoologica A. Dohrn, NAPLES,ItalyRecently, the genus Skeletonemahas undergone profound revision,which has revealed four newspecies within one of the mostconspicuous marine phytoplanktontaxa, S. costatum. Morphologicaland molecular analyses have nowbeen extended to more than 150strains from all over the world withthe aim of a) assessing the diversityof the genus, b) investigating themorphological and molecularvariability of the different species,and c) depicting their geographicranges. This study has uncoveredlive material of S. costatum and S.grevillei, which were previously onlyknown from their type materialcollected in Hong Kong waters 130year ago. In addition, a new specieshas been found in material from thePacific Ocean. The analysis ofstrains from different areas hasrevealed consistent genetic diversity(LSU data) within some species(e.g. S. dohrnii, S. menzelii, S.tropicum), which still retainmonophyly and separation fromclosely related species. Otherspecies (S. marinoi and S.japonicum) are insteadhomogeneous over their range.Despite the limited number ofstrains available for each species,geographic patterns arerecognisable, which differ amongspecies and among geneticallydistinct populations withinmorphologically defined species.The possible origin and ecologicalsignificance of cryptic diversity inSkeletonema is discussed.314

INTERNATIONAL SOCIETY FOR THE STUDY OF HARMFUL ALGAE12 th <strong>International</strong> <strong>Conference</strong> on Harmful Algae, Copenhagen, Denmark, 4-8 September 2006SOCIAL PROGRAMME• Monday 4 SeptemberReception hosted by the City of Copenhagen.Participants must be at the main entrance to the Town Hall at 06.00 pm. It is a10 min walk from the <strong>Conference</strong> Centre.• Thursday 7 SeptemberISSHA General Assembly and Auction at DGI – byen.See elsewhere in Programme.• Friday 8 SeptemberMermaid Dinner Party, Langelinie PavillionenThe congress banquet will take place at Langelinie Pavillionen situated atLangelinie, very close to the Little Mermaid.Transportation will be by canal boats, which will take you on a picturesqueand guided tour through the canals of Copenhagen. The duration of the trip isabout 30 min.The boats will leave from Hotel Marriott situated at Kalvebod Brygge (close tothe Congress Venue see map) at 7:00 PM.Should you miss the boat or prefer to get to Langelinie Pavillionen on yourown:1. Taxi: costs ca. 150 DKr.2. Bus: line A1 from Tietgensgade to Esplanaden and about 5-10 min walkingfrom the bus stop to Langelinie.3. Walk: about 40 min. from the Congress VenueThe Dinner begins at 7:45 PM. There will be busses going back to the citycentre (not each hotel, but close) at 11.00 pm and at midnight. For those whowish to stay longer and dance and talk there is a 15 min walk back or you canorder a taxi. The party closes at 02.00 am.For map see next page:315

INTERNATIONAL SOCIETY FOR THE STUDY OF HARMFUL ALGAE12 th <strong>International</strong> <strong>Conference</strong> on Harmful Algae, Copenhagen, Denmark, 4-8 September 2006316

INTERNATIONAL SOCIETY FOR THE STUDY OF HARMFUL ALGAE12 th <strong>International</strong> <strong>Conference</strong> on Harmful Algae, Copenhagen, Denmark, 4-8 September 2006Excursions (pre-booked)Social tours on Wednesday, September 6Tours start immediately after closing of the symposia.The City, the Canals and the Opera House (4 h. incl. lunch bag)Copenhagen was - for Hans Christian Andersen - “Wonderful, wonderfulCopenhagen, friendly old queen of the sea” and this tour is one of the bestways to see what he meant. During this charming tour of the city, you will seemany of the main points of interest within the city: City Hall Square, theCarlsberg Glyptotek and Tivoli Gardens, the National Museum and the old“Latin Quarter” - so called because here you find the university and academiccentre of old Copenhagen, - the Round Tower and the Old Fish Market. Here,you board our chartered, specially built canal launches and cruise through thecanals and harbour. You will see Copenhagen as sailors have seen it forseveral centuries, passing under the incredibly low bridges to view some ofthe fabulous buildings that - typically for a city with maritime associations - areall close to the sea or the waterways: Christian IV’s Stock Exchange,Christiansborg Palace and Holmens Church - the Naval church inCopenhagen - and the charming old sailor’s quarter Nyhavn, AmalienborgPalace and the Little Mermaid. The Canal tour ends at the new magnificentOpera House that has been donated to the people of Denmark by the worldlargest shipping company Maersk.Kings and Vikings - a step back in history (4 h. incl. lunch bag)The ingredients of this tour are the tough, redbearded warriors and traderswho marauder, conquered and traded with most of maritime western Europeand their descendants, Royal or commoner. The tour takes you to Roskilde,where you will visit the Viking Ship Museum which houses the remains of 5Viking ships salvaged from the bed of the fjord and painstakingly preserved. Ashort drive to the centre of Roskilde, for a visit to the twin-spied Cathedral:until the early 15th century, Roskilde was the capital of Denmark - proof of itsstrategic importance in the early Middle Ages - and all Danish monarchs wereburied here. Although no longer the capital, Danish Kings and Queens are stilllaid to rest in Roskilde.The Castles of North Sealand (4 h. incl. lunch bag)This marvellous outing takes you to North Sealand - the beautiful countrysidenorth of Copenhagen to Fredensborg to see Fredensborg Palace which is theSpring and Autumn residence of the Queen of Denmark and the residence ofthe Crown Prince. The tour continues to the small town of Hillerød where youwill be confronted with one of the dominant figures amongst Danish monarchs- Christian IV and his Frederiksborg Palace. Built on a small island in a lake,Frederiksborg Palace is a magnificent Renaissance palace - beautifullysituated and unbelievably detailed, which today houses the Museum ofDanish National History.317

INTERNATIONAL SOCIETY FOR THE STUDY OF HARMFUL ALGAE12 th <strong>International</strong> <strong>Conference</strong> on Harmful Algae, Copenhagen, Denmark, 4-8 September 2006Rules & Conditions for Social toursAll tours are guided in English. During transportation participants are insuredaccording to Danish Legislation regarding Transportation Insurance, butshould otherwise be covered by their personal travel and health insurancewhen not on the bus.All tours will start/end in front of DGI-Byen (the Venue) at the time mentionedor on the ticket. You are kindly asked to announce your presence at least 10minutes prior to the departure time. To board the bus you have to present avalid ticket, otherwise the tour guide is authorised to refuse admittance on thetour. Cancellation of any tours must be made in writing and forwarded to DISCongress Service at least 21 days prior to operation of tour. After this, norefund can be expected. A cancellation fee at 10% of the price applies for anycancellation.The Congress Bureau reserves the right to adjust or change the programmeas necessary. A minimum advance reservation for 20 persons per tour isrequired in order to guarantee operation. The Congress Bureau reserves theright to cancel operation in the event of insufficient advance reservations. Inthe event that the Congress Bureau cancels the tour full reimbursement willbe made.318

INTERNATIONAL SOCIETY FOR THE STUDY OF HARMFUL ALGAE12 th <strong>International</strong> <strong>Conference</strong> on Harmful Algae, Copenhagen, Denmark, 4-8 September 2006ISSHA GENERAL ASSEMBLY AND AUCTIONProposed Agenda for the General Meeting of The Society for the Study ofHarmful Algae held at the 12 th <strong>International</strong> <strong>Conference</strong> on Harmful Algae7 September 2006Call to orderApproval of minutes of last meetingPat Tester, PresidentTracy Villareal, Secretary(Minutes will not be read but are available on the ISSHA website)Treasurer’s reportNina Lundholm, TreasurerCommittee reports by Chairs• Travel awards Don Anderson• Publications Jane Lewis• Finance Nina Lundholm• (Topics not covered in Treasurer’s Report)• Achievement awards Barrie Dale• (Review of rules - Awards will be announced at the MermaidBanquet)• Membership Pat Tester• Elections Karen Steidinger• Ad hoc Henrik Enevoldsen/Tester/Zingone• <strong>Conference</strong> program Øjvind MoestrupSpecial Orders• Venue for 2010 meeting, presentations from candidates and ballot• Presentation of 2008 venue, Hong Kong, China.Unfinished BusinessNew BusinessAnnouncementsAdjournment319

INTERNATIONAL SOCIETY FOR THE STUDY OF HARMFUL ALGAE12 th <strong>International</strong> <strong>Conference</strong> on Harmful Algae, Copenhagen, Denmark, 4-8 September 2006<strong>Conference</strong> ISSHA Committee Chairs and MembersCommittee on Statutes and BylawsIt was decided not to change the Statutes and Bylaws for now, but to do so oncethere was a greater need. Therefore, no Chair was appointed. For now, the Councilwill remain responsible for this activity and will recruit other members when enoughproposed changes accumulate, to justify revising the Statutes and Bylaws.Committee on ElectionsChair: Karen SteidingerMember: Stephen BatesCommittee on MembershipChair: Pat TesterMembers: Kim Hak-Gyoon, Beatriz Reguera, Gustaaf Hallegraeff and Ted SmaydaCommittee on FinancesChair: the current Treasurer, Nina LundholmMembers: Don Anderson, Karen Steidinger, Henrik Enevoldsen, Yasuwo Fukuyo,Edna GranéliCommittee on <strong>Conference</strong> ProgramChair: Øjvind MoestrupMembers: Don Anderson, Allan Cembella, Barrie Dale, Greg Doucette, HenrikEnevoldsen, Gustaaf Hallegraeff, KC Ho, Jane Lewis, Pat Tester, Adriana Zingone,Minjiang ZhouCommittee on Achievement AwardsChair: Barrie DaleMembers: Allan Cembella, Henrik Enevoldsen, Beatriz Reguera, Pat Tester andMarina MontresorCommittee on Travel AwardsChair: Don AndersonMembers: Allan Cembella, Henrik Enevoldsen, Beatriz Reguera, Karen Steidinger,Yasuwo Fukuyo and Edna GranéliCommittee on PublicationsChair: Jane LewisMembers: Stephen Bates, Alan Cembella, Barrie Dale, Greg Doucette, HenrikEnevoldsen, Karen Steidinger, Pat Tester, Adriana ZingoneAd hoc Committee on Special ProjectsCo-chairs: Henrik Enevoldsen, Pat Tester, Adriana ZingoneExecutivePresident: Pat Testerpat.tester@noaa.govVice President:Gustaaf Hallegraeffhallegraeff@utas.edu.au320

INTERNATIONAL SOCIETY FOR THE STUDY OF HARMFUL ALGAE12 th <strong>International</strong> <strong>Conference</strong> on Harmful Algae, Copenhagen, Denmark, 4-8 September 2006Vice President:Beatriz Reguerabeatriz.reguera@vi.ieo.esSecretary:Tracy Villarealtracy@utmsi.utexas.eduTreasurer:Nina Lundholmnlundholm@bi.ku.dkPast President:Karen SteidingerKaren.Steidinger@MyFWC.comCouncil (2004-2007)Donald Anderson (USA)Barrie Dale (Norway)Greg Doucette (USA)Yasuwo Fukuyo (Japan)Edna Granéli (Sweden)Hai-Gyoon Kim (S. Korea)Jane Lewis (UK)Øjvind Moestrup (Denmark)Marina Montresor (Italy)Ted Smayda (USA)Adriana Zingone (Italy)321

INTERNATIONAL SOCIETY FOR THE STUDY OF HARMFUL ALGAE12 th <strong>International</strong> <strong>Conference</strong> on Harmful Algae, Copenhagen, Denmark, 4-8 September 2006StatutesThese Statutes apply only to the global organization of the <strong>International</strong> Society forthe Study of Harmful Algae.Article 1. The name of the Society shall be "The <strong>International</strong> Society for the Studyof Harmful Algae" (ISSHA), hereafter referred to as "the Society".Article 2. The Society shall be an international non-governmental, non-political andnot-for-profit organization.Article 3. The Society shall be affiliated to the <strong>International</strong> Council for Science(ICSU) family of organizations as a constituent part of the <strong>International</strong> Union ofBiological Sciences (IUBS), through the <strong>International</strong> Association of BiologicalOceanography (IABO). The Society shall have observer status with theIntergovernmental Oceanographic Commission (IOC) of UNESCO.Aims and ObjectivesArticle 4. The aims of the Society shall be to advance understanding by thepromotion and pursuit of all aspects of the study of harmful algae and to widelydisseminate the results of this research.Article 5. The objectives of the Society shall be to:i. promote the study of harmful algae, including their occurrence, relatedoceanographic factors, ecophysiology, taxonomy and systematics, genetics,toxin chemistry, toxicology, and management and mitigation;ii.iii.collect, evaluate and disseminate information on harmful algae;promote harmful algal research, projects, programs and training, and extendthese activities to foster the related subjects of harmful algal bloommanagement and mitigation;iv. promote public awareness of the social, economic and ecological effectscaused by harmful algae;v. arrange and co-sponsor national, regional and international conferences,seminars, symposia and working group meetings;vi. co-sponsor lectures and courses, and the publication of scientific and populararticles, books and proceedings;vii. encourage the participation and training of students in the study of harmfulalgae;viii. support and implement research projects and programs linked to the study ofharmful algae.MembershipArticle 6. The membership of the Society shall be open to anyone interested inpromoting the aims and objectives of the Society.Article 7. Membership of the Society shall comprise the following categories:322

INTERNATIONAL SOCIETY FOR THE STUDY OF HARMFUL ALGAE12 th <strong>International</strong> <strong>Conference</strong> on Harmful Algae, Copenhagen, Denmark, 4-8 September 2006i. Honorary Members: such members will be elected by the Council, on therecommendation of the Executive Committee, in recognition of theiroutstanding services to the furthering of the objectives of the Society;ii. Institutional Members: such members will be from governmentorganizations, academic and research institutions, professional societies,public and private industries, and bilateral and international organizations;iii. Individual Members: such members will be from any individuals interested inpromoting the aims and objectives of the Society.Article 8. All applications for membership, with the appropriate registration fees,should be made directly to the Treasurer of the Society. The Treasurer willacknowledge the application and supply the applicant with a copy of the Statutes andpass the applicant’s registration details to the Secretary. The payment of the annualsubscription shall entitle the member to all privileges of the Society for that calendaryear.Article 9. Fully paid-up members shall have the following privileges:i. receive all notices pertaining to the activities of the Society and to attend allSociety-sponsored meetings, workshops and excursions at an appropriatereduced charge;ii. receive all literature issued by the Society, free or at a reduced rate, as theCouncil may from time to time determine;iii. vote in the election of the members of the Council, and on the conduct of theaffairs of the Society at any meetings of the Society;iv. be eligible for service on the Council and its committees, or as Officers;v. introduce visitors at any meeting of the Society (with the exception of theGeneral Assembly) unless the Council, by resolution, suspends this privilegefor any particular reason.Article 10. Resignation of membership shall be signified in writing to the Treasurer orby failure to pay the membership dues for two successive years.Annual SubscriptionArticle 11. Annual membership subscriptions shall be payable in advance and shallbe due on 31 st December each year. Subscription rates shall be publicized in allrelevant publications of the Society and on the ISSHA website.Article 12. Honorary members are not liable to pay membership subscriptions.Article 13. At the discretion of the Council, reduced subscription may be paid by thefollowing categories of members:i. student members in full-time education (as certified by their supervisor);ii. members retired from full-time employment.Article 14. If any member shall be in arrears of his/her subscription for one year, theTreasurer will advise the member of the fact and, if payment is not made before theend of the subsequent period of one year, the member’s name will be removed fromthe list of members.Governance323

INTERNATIONAL SOCIETY FOR THE STUDY OF HARMFUL ALGAE12 th <strong>International</strong> <strong>Conference</strong> on Harmful Algae, Copenhagen, Denmark, 4-8 September 2006Article 15. The governance of the Society shall be by the following bodies:i. the General Assembly;ii. the Council;iii. the Executive Committee.Article 16. The General Assembly:i. shall be comprised of all members of the Society, 10% of members toconstitute a quorum;ii. shall meet at least once every three years;iii. shall be chaired by the President.Article 17.i. Notice of the General Assembly shall be sent to each member by theSecretary at the earliest possible date (normally at least one year inadvance), and the agenda of the meeting shall be sent out at least one monthbefore the meeting, and posted on the ISSHA website.ii. At the General Assembly, members of the Society present shall consider anybusiness brought before them by the Council, or by any member (of whichnotice in writing has been given to the Secretary at least two weeks beforedistribution of the agenda). The agenda will also include the election of thePresident of the Society, two Vice-Presidents, the Secretary, the Treasurerand Members of Council and approval of the triennial program and budget.iii. At the General Assembly, all members (with the exception of the President)shall have one vote each. In the case of equality of votes, the Chair mayexercise a casting vote.Article 18. The Council:i. shall be comprised of the President, Vice-Presidents, the Secretary, theTreasurer, the immediate Past-President (ex-officio) and a minimum of 4 anda maximum of 14 Members, 60% to constitute a quorum;ii. shall meet at intervals not greater than two years, and yearly if practicable;iii. shall be chaired by the President.Article 19.i. The general business of the Society shall be conducted by the Council.ii. At the Council meetings, each Council member (with the exception of theChair) shall have one vote. In the case of equality of votes, the Chair mayexercise a casting vote.iii. All members of the Council, except the immediate Past-President, shall beelected by written ballot of the members, the result of the ballot beingdeclared at the General Assembly. The Council shall have the power toappoint any member of the Society to fill vacancies arising between elections;the tenure of such co-opted members shall terminate at the next election. Noone may be appointed as a co-opted member if, as a result, more than onethird of the members of Council would be co-opted members.iv. The Council may set up standing or ad hoc committees for specific purposes,consisting either wholly or in part of Council members, provided that all actsand proceedings of any such committees shall be fully and promptly reportedto the Council.324

INTERNATIONAL SOCIETY FOR THE STUDY OF HARMFUL ALGAE12 th <strong>International</strong> <strong>Conference</strong> on Harmful Algae, Copenhagen, Denmark, 4-8 September 2006v. At the request of any three members, the Secretary shall convene a meetingof the Council, stating the nature of the business to be discussed.vi. Meetings of the Council may be in person or by electronic media.Article 20. The Executive Committee:i. shall include the President, the two Vice-Presidents, the Secretary and theTreasurer; 60% to constitute a quorum.ii. shall be chaired by the President.Article 21.i. The Executive Committee shall be responsible for decisions involved inimplementing the Society’s policies, between meetings of the Council.ii. At Executive Committee meetings, each member of the Executive Committeewill have one vote, a majority vote deciding the issue, and ties referred to theCouncil for resolution.iii. Meetings of the Executive Committee may be in person or by electronicmedia.Article 22. The Officers of the Society shall be elected for three years and will beeligible for re-election for one further term, after which they shall be ineligible for thesame office for a period of three years. The Officers of the Society shall comprise:i. The President, who shall chair the General Assembly, the Council and theExecutive Committee. The immediate Past-President will continue to serve onCouncil (ex-officio) until succeeded by the next retiring President.ii. The Vice-Presidents: in the absence of the President, one of the Vice-Presidents, chosen by the Executive Committee, will chair the meetings of theGeneral Assembly, the Council and the Executive Committee.iii. The Secretary, who shall be responsible for maintaining communicationsamong the Executive Committee, the Council and the General Assembly.This task will also include the dissemination of information to the generalscientific community, other non-governmental agencies and to the public,involving both written material and electronic communication (e.g. ISSHA webpages, electronic mailing list). The Secretary will maintain the list of Societymembers and keep the Society membership records.iv. The Treasurer, who shall be responsible for the financial matters of theSociety. The Treasurer shall provide an annual, audited account.v. The Members of Council, who may take on specific duties as directed by theCouncil.vi. A member will not normally hold more than one office at one time.Article 23. ElectionsElections and Ballotsi. Any member of the Society may nominate candidates, who shall be membersof the Society, for the election as President, Vice Presidents, Secretary,Treasurer or Members of Council.ii. All such nominations, with the name of a seconder and with written consent ofthe nominee to act if elected, shall be forwarded to the Secretary no later thanfour months before the General Assembly. If no nomination is received for an325

INTERNATIONAL SOCIETY FOR THE STUDY OF HARMFUL ALGAE12 th <strong>International</strong> <strong>Conference</strong> on Harmful Algae, Copenhagen, Denmark, 4-8 September 2006iii.iv.office falling vacant, it shall be the duty of Council to make suchappointments.Voting shall be by written ballot. For this purpose, the Secretary shall circulateballot forms to all members of the Society three months before the GeneralAssembly. At that meeting, the ballot forms shall be opened and the countmade by scrutineers appointed by Council, and the results of the ballot shallbe declared.Where nominees receive the same number of votes, the matter will beresolved by a further vote of the members present at the General Assembly.Article 24. Ballotsi. When a written vote is necessary, Individual, Honorary and InstitutionalMembers shall each have one vote.ii. Matters of basic organization of the Society, including the election of theCouncil and of the Executive Committee, shall be determined by written ballotof all members.FinancesArticle 25. The revenue of the Society shall be derived from annual subscriptionspaid by Members, the sale of published materials underwritten by the Society andfinancial donations and any other forms of assistance received to further itsobjectives.Article 26. Membership contributions shall be determined by the Council and ratifiedby the General Assembly of the Society or by written ballot.Article 27. The Society shall be registered in Copenhagen, Denmark.Article 28. Annual Accountsi. It shall be the duty of the Treasurer to prepare annual accounts as prescribedby current legislation.ii. The annual accounts will be examined by an Independent Examiner,appointed by Council, who shall be an independent person who is believed byCouncil to have the requisite ability and practical experience to carry outcompetent examination of the records.iii. Copies of the annual accounts and the independent examiner’s report shallbe sent to members and presented to Council annually.Article 29. Expensesi. Members of the Executive Committee and of the Council shall receive nopayment for services.ii. Members required by the Executive Committee to attend official meetings ofthe Society, or of other organizations on behalf of the Society, may receivereimbursement for bona fide travelling expenses and a daily subsistenceallowance.Article 30. On an ad hoc basis, on behalf of the Society, the Executive Committeemay appoint staff members as necessary to carry out the mandates and functions ofthe Society.326

INTERNATIONAL SOCIETY FOR THE STUDY OF HARMFUL ALGAE12 th <strong>International</strong> <strong>Conference</strong> on Harmful Algae, Copenhagen, Denmark, 4-8 September 2006MinutesArticle 31. The Council shall cause Minutes to be duly entered in the books for thepurpose of recording: all the appointments to the Council; the names of the memberspresent at each business meeting (General Assembly, Council, ExecutiveCommittee) of the Society; and the proceedings of these meetings. An ExecutiveSummary of actions of committees and officers of the Society, between GeneralAssembly sessions, shall be prepared by the Executive Committee. This summaryshall be approved by majority vote at the General Assembly and be posted on theISSHA website.Alterations to the StatutesArticle 32. Proposed amendments to the Statues may be initiated by the Council orby a majority of the members of the Society, and shall be approved by the GeneralAssembly, provided that two thirds of all the ballots received (by regular mail, fax ore-mail, and cast at the General Assembly) support the amendment. Any proposedamendments will be circulated to members with the agenda for that meeting.Between General Assembly sessions, amendments to the Statutes may be approvedby written ballot, providing that two thirds of the ballots mailed in support theamendment.Dissolution of the SocietyArticle 33. The Society may be dissolved, after one year’s notice in writing to allmembers, by a two-thirds majority of the vote of the General Assembly or by amajority vote by written ballot of members.i. Such a proposal for dissolution shall be initiated by the Council.ii. On the dissolution of the Society, its assets shall be assigned to the<strong>International</strong> Union for Biological Sciences (IUBS) through the <strong>International</strong>Association of Biological Oceanography (IABO).327

INTERNATIONAL SOCIETY FOR THE STUDY OF HARMFUL ALGAE12 th <strong>International</strong> <strong>Conference</strong> on Harmful Algae, Copenhagen, Denmark, 4-8 September 2006ISSHA AUCTION CATALOGUEThe auction will be held immediately after the ISSHA Assembly. Sandwiches will beserved and beverages can be purchased in a bar set up for the Auction.The proceeds of the Auction will go to ISSHA Travel Awards. So far the followingitems have been donated:DonorItemsHaruyoshi TakayamaWood carvingsAquanetPlankton-netJellett Rapid Testing Ltd.Rapid Test for DSP+Rapid testfor ASPAnon.Books & local specialitiesElizabeth FensinHandmade jewelry-- two algalnecklaces (glass beads)Rut AkselmannOil paintingNikon Microscopy Division in Denmark c/o DFA A/S Nikon digital camera D50KC Denmark Res. EquipmentUtermöhl counting chambers 2 x10 ml, 2 x 25 ml & watersamplerHunters House (Denmark)Kunan fishing rodBiosense Laboratories ASASP ELISA-kitProf. G. R. HasleSigned reprints and books (e.g.Hasle G.R. 1965. Nitzschia andFragilariopsis species studied inthe light and electronmicroscopes. II. The groupPseudonitzschia.)Pat TesterT-shirts and booksSheean Haley (WHOI)algal postcardsJinhui WangEmbroidery from HunanProvince, ChinaPadmakumar, K.Indian art + Aromatic cashewalcoholMaria Faust & Pat TesterDinoflagellate photosKaren SteidingerNikon N60 reflex cameraEdna Granéli'Proceedings of the IVth Int.Conf. on Toxic Phytoplankton,Lund', 'Ecology of Harmful Algae'(Granéli & Turner, eds)Gbemi Akin-Oriolatie and dye men's shirts andjewelryDept. of Phycology, Univ. of Copenhagen Br. Phycol. J., vol. 4-27Jane Lewis'The scallop' (eds. Ian Cox)Olympus, DenmarkOlympus SP500 digital cameraAn updated and complete list of items on aucion will be circulated prior to theauction.Payment can be be made cask in DKR, Euro or USD and by major credit cards328

INTERNATIONAL SOCIETY FOR THE STUDY OF HARMFUL ALGAE12 th <strong>International</strong> <strong>Conference</strong> on Harmful Algae, Copenhagen, Denmark, 4-8 September 2006PRACTICAL INFORMATIONVenue: www.dgi-byen.dkDGI-ByenTietgensgade 65DK- 1704 Copenhagen VPhone: + 45 3329 8128Fax: + 45 3329 8080DGI-byen is located right behind Copenhagen's Central Station and is a popularvenue for cultural and corporate events and sport. 22,000 square metres in areaDGI-byen offers a range of conference facilities, café, restaurant, party and banquetrooms, and three hotels, in addition to all its other facilities: The Swim Centre, TheSpa, The Bowling Alley.The Swim Centre: Open: Monday - Thursday 06.30 - 24.00, Friday 06.30 - 19.00,Saturday and Sunday 09.00 - 17.00. Come and enjoy the facilities, and for as long asyou like. There is no time limit. Swim in the super-ellipse pool. Try out the climbingand diving pool, or relax in the warm spa pool.The Spa: Open: Monday - Thursday 09.30 - 21.00, Friday 09.30 - 19.00,Saturday/Sunday 09.30 - 17.00. Spoil yourself and recharge your batteries at theDGI-byen Spa. Our spa is all about wellness, relaxation and revitalisation andtreatments to imbue new energy. Take a steam bath, sauna and a dip in the cold tub,to give your body a good old scrub. Various treatments are on offer at The Spaincluding aromatherapy, mud packs, facials and body massage.Bowling: Open: Monday 16.00 - 23.00, Tuesday- Thursday 14.00 - 23.00, Fridayand Saturday 11.00 - 01.00, Sunday 10.00 - 20.00. Go bowling at one of ten fullyautomatic lanes, and slake your thirst or have a snack while you’re at it at CaféStrike. To book lanes visit the Bowling Centre, or phone +45 3339 8020 or email abooking request to bowling@dgi-byen.dk. Please arrive 15 minutes before the timescheduled.<strong>Conference</strong> Secretariat / BureauBefore and after the <strong>Conference</strong>:Harmful Algaec/o DIS Congress Service A/SHerlev Ringvej 2CDK-2730 HerlevDenmarkTelephone: +45 4492 4492Telefax: +45 4492 5050E-Mail: HarmfulAlgae@discongress.comDuring the <strong>Conference</strong>:Harmful Algaec/o DIS / DGI ByenTietgensgade 65DK-1704 Copenhagen VDenmarkTelephone: +45 3329 8128Telefax: +45 3329 8080E-Mail: HarmfulAlgae@discongress.comBanksNormal banking hours are from 09:30 to 16:00 hrs Monday through Friday. OnThursday banking hours are extended to 18:00 hrs. Extended banking facilities areavailable at Copenhagen Central Railway Station 7 days/week between 07:00 and329

INTERNATIONAL SOCIETY FOR THE STUDY OF HARMFUL ALGAE12 th <strong>International</strong> <strong>Conference</strong> on Harmful Algae, Copenhagen, Denmark, 4-8 September 200621:00 hrs. There are automatic cash dispensers, usually located in connection with abank branch, which accept a variety of international credit cards. The cards acceptedare indicated on the dispenser.ShopsThe shops are open from 09:30/10:00 to 17:30/18:00 hrs Monday through Thursdayand until 20:00 hrs on Friday. On Saturdays the shops are open until 17:00 hrs andmost shops are closed on Sundays.TipsTips are always included in the prices given in taxies and restaurants.ElectricityElectricity is supplied at 220 volts A/C, 50 Hz cycle.Emergency ServicesPolice - Ambulance - Fire Brigade: Dial 112330

INTERNATIONAL SOCIETY FOR THE STUDY OF HARMFUL ALGAE12 th <strong>International</strong> <strong>Conference</strong> on Harmful Algae, Copenhagen, Denmark, 4-8 September 2006LIST OF RESTAURANTSAt http://www.aok.dk/section/english you will find a comprehensive guide toeverything about Copenhagen.DANISHFor those wishing to taste perhaps themost outstanding of Danish gourmetfood, the best time is at lunch whenthe unique 'smørrebrød' is served.A world-famous lunch restaurant is IdaDavidsen. Here the choice of'smørrebrød', Danish opensandwiches, is so vast that the menuis two meters/6 feet long!Another great restaurant forsmørrebrød is Slotskælderen hos GitteKik across from the Parliament, herespotting Danish MPs is a favouritesport.Ida DavidsenStore Kongensgade 70Tlf. 33 91 36 55Restaurant MøntenMøntergade 24Tlf. 33 13 33 74Kanal-KaféenFrederiksholms Kanal 18Tlf. 33 11 57 70Slotskælderen hos Gitte KikFortunstræde 4Tlf. 33 11 15 37Café ToldbodenAmaliegade 41Tlf. 33 12 94 67Restaurant DomhuskælderenNytorv 5Tlf. 33 14 84 55Det Lille ApotekStore Kannikestræde 15, KøbenhavnKPhone: 33 12 56 06Told & SnapsToldbodgade 2, København KPhone: 33 93 83 85Cafe SorgenfriBrolæggerstræde 8, København KPhone: 33 11 58 80Cafe CharlottenborgNyhavn 2, København KPhone: 33 13 11 58Cafe & Ølhalle 1892Rømersgade 22, kld., København kPhone: 33 33 00 47Den Danske KroNørre Farimagsgade 13, København KPhone: 33 11 15 13FærgekroenVesterbrogade 3, Tivoli, København VPhone: 33 75 06 80GalionenNyhavn 23, København KPhone: 33 32 09 99GrøftenVesterbrogade 3, Tivoli, København VPhone: 33 75 06 75BUDGET (see also undervegetarian)Looking for a nice meal withoutoverextending your budget?Copenhagen offers many possibilities.ChristianiaThe hippie town just across thebridges on the island of Amager isworthwhile visiting. The atmosphere isvery laid back and informal. The cafésand restaurants go for organic foodand the service is very relaxed.French atmosphere331

INTERNATIONAL SOCIETY FOR THE STUDY OF HARMFUL ALGAE12 th <strong>International</strong> <strong>Conference</strong> on Harmful Algae, Copenhagen, Denmark, 4-8 September 2006Are you looking for a quick mealdowntown or a reasonable bite to eatwith your friends? The Francophilecrêperie La Galette, in an alley offLarsbjørnstræde, would be a goodchoice. A paper-thin buckwheatpancake with various fillings can befound on the menu for around DKK 65.ThaiThai Esan is a minor chain of Thairestaurants primarily in the district ofVestebro. The oriental kitchen is spicyand very varied, so if that's your taste,you will find several outlets.Check kitschRestaurant Gold Prag in Gothersgadewas chosen as a favourite budgetplace by the Copenhageners in arecent survey. Large, healthy helpingsof Gullasch or pork chops are served.Burger KingRådhuspladsen 55, København VPhone: 33 11 12 55Restaurant Pizza PastaVesterbrogade 31, København VPhone: 33 24 42 23Burger PalaceVesterbrogade 85, København VPhone: 33 23 26 82Promenaden i TivoliVesterbrogade 3, Tivoli, København VPhone: 33 75 07 70Taste of ChinaVesterbrogade 114, København VPhone: 33 23 05 76American Pizza & Grill BarGyldenløvesgade 13, København VPhone: 33 12 10 13McDonald's Familie-RestaurantBanegårdspladsen 7, København VPhone: 33 11 81 88Astor BurgerVesterbrogade 7, København VPhone: 33 14 90 14BEST OF THE BESTWho else but the Copenhagenersthemselves should you ask, where togo for the just-right-meal? Every yeara survey is carried out locally andbased on the answers a 'Best Of' list iscomplied. Below you can see thewinners:Best Asian:Yans WokBagerstræde 91617 København VBest Design Restaurant:LangeliniepavillonenLangelinie2100 København ØBest Classical Danish LunchRestaurant:Nyhavns FærgekroNyhavn 51051 København KBest New Restaurant:Little VeniceSundkrogskaj 172100 København ØSPECIAL SETTINGSEnjoying dinner is not only about food,and we all know that the surroundingsin which we dine are just as important.If you are looking for something out ofthe ordinary, Copenhagen has avaried selection of restaurants, offeringeverything from Viking parties todesigner dreams.Nyhavn332

INTERNATIONAL SOCIETY FOR THE STUDY OF HARMFUL ALGAE12 th <strong>International</strong> <strong>Conference</strong> on Harmful Algae, Copenhagen, Denmark, 4-8 September 2006Picturesque Nyhavn, where HansChristian Andersen once lived, is theoldest part of the CopenhagenHarbour and leads off from the square,Kongens Nytorv. Today old woodenships are moored along the quay, andduring the summer months the manyrestaurants on the southern, 'sunnyside' move tables oudoors, where youcan enjoy your lunch while watchingthe changing scenery.This used to be the sailors' red lightdistrict but has today become verymuch 'in'. On a warm summer's day,so many people gather here to seeand be seen that it looks as though thequay will sink! Most of the buildingsdate back to 1700s, which adds to theatmosphere.today. But the location has attracted anumber of restaurants, which can befound in the basement of some of the17th century houses.Modern surroundingsNot every eating place in town isnostalgic and historic. The restaurantof the new Royal Danish Library hasan excellent view of the harbour. It isnamed after our famous philosopher,Søren Kierkegaard. Or you maychoose to have your meal in the NewOpera House restaurant, which alsooverlooks the harbour. Here you areon the top floor and look across to theAmalienborg Palace and the MarbleChurch - quite breathtaking!Gråbrødre TorvAnother scenic place is the smallsquare off the main pedestrian street,Gråbrødre Torv, behind the church ofthe Holy Ghost. Under the vaults ofone of Copenhagen's medievalmonasteries are several restaurantsoffering open sandwiches, informallunches as well as French gourmetevening meals.TivoliIn this fairy tale garden in the heart ofCopenhagen, which is open from midApril to mid September and again fromlate November to 23 December, thereare more than 38 restaurants.Between them they have everythingfrom fast food to 5-star gourmetcuisine. After dark, thousands of lightsilluminate the garden making it theideal place to take your date fora romantic evening.Gammel StrandThe name actually means 'old beach'as this was originally theCopenhagen waterfront. Until aboutfifty years ago fishihng ships sailed upto the quay unloading their catch andmaking this the city's open fishmarket. One single fish stall remainsVEGETARIAN (those marked * areparticularly good value for the money)Riz Raz *Kompagnistræde 20, København KPhone: 33 15 05 75CasablancaTuresensgade 21, kld., København KPhone: 33 15 72 62Cafe CharlottenborgNyhavn 2, København KPhone: 33 13 11 58Den Grønne Kælder *Pilestræde 48, København KPhone: 33 93 01 40CascabelStore Kongensgade 80-82,København KPhone: 33 93 77 97Restaurant FlowGyldenløvesgade 10, København KPhone: 33 14 43 43Estin MadbutikLille Strandstræde 13, kld.,København KPhone: 33 32 27 77Govindas Restaurant333

INTERNATIONAL SOCIETY FOR THE STUDY OF HARMFUL ALGAE12 th <strong>International</strong> <strong>Conference</strong> on Harmful Algae, Copenhagen, Denmark, 4-8 September 2006Nørre Farimagsgade 82, København KPhone: 33 33 74 44SamsaraHerluf Trolles Gade 5, kld.,København KPhone: 33 32 37 08Atlas Bar *Larsbjørnsstræde 18, København KPhone: 33 15 03 52TasteStore Kongensgade 80-82,København KPhone: 33 93 77 97Flowfood take awayGyldenløvesgade 10, København KPhone: 33 14 43 43Riz Raz *St. Kannikestræde 19, København KPhone: 33 32 33 45334

INTERNATIONAL SOCIETY FOR THE STUDY OF HARMFUL ALGAE12 th <strong>International</strong> <strong>Conference</strong> on Harmful Algae, Copenhagen, Denmark, 4-8 September 2006LIST OF PARTICIPANTS (as of 21 August 2006)Aasen, John A.B.Norwegian School of Veterinary ScienceP.O.Box 8146N-0033 OsloNorwayjohn.aasen@veths.noAbbott, JayFlorida Fish and Wildlife Conservation C100 8th Avenue Southeast33701 St. PetersburgUnited States of Americajay.abbott@myfwc.comAdachi, MasaoKochi Univ.Monobe Otsu-200,783-8052 Nankoku, Kochi Pref.Japanmadachi@cc.kochi-u.ac.jpAdams, ChuckUniversity of FloridaPO Box 11024032611 Gainesville, FloridaUnited States of Americacmadams@ufl.eduAdolf, JasonUMBI Center of Marine BiotechnologyColumbus Center, Suite 236701 E. Pratt St.21202 BaltimoreUnited States of Americaadolf@umbi.umd.eduAgholor, Daniel AzukaMolokwu Oil & Gas Limited6 Saliu Nbodo Str. AjahWAN-2341 LagosNigeriamolokwuoil@yahoo.comAhmed, SagirUniversity of DhakaDepartment of ZoologyUniversity of Dhaka, Dhaka1000 DhakaBangladeshms2ahmed@yahoo.comAimiuwu, FrankMolokwu Oil & Gas Limited6 Saliu Obodo Str. AjahWAN-2341 LagosNigeriamolokwuoil@yahoo.comAkin-Oriola, GbemisolaLagos State UniversityDepartment of FisheriesP.O. Box 2977Suru-LereLagosNigeriagakinoriola@yahoo.comAlbert, ReñéPg. Marítim de la Barceloneta, 37-49E-08003 BarcelonaSpainalbertrene@icm.csic.esAlbinsson, ElisabethCSIRO Marine and Atmospheric ResearchPO Box 1538, HobartTasmania7001 HobartAustraliamaria.albinsson@csiro.auAlgoet, MyriamCefasCefas, Barrack RoadThe Nothe, DorsetDT4 8UB WeymouthUnited Kingdomphyl.ward@cefas.co.ukAligizaki, KaterinaAristotle University of ThessalonikiDepartment of BotanySchool of BiologyGR-54124 ThessalonikiGreecealigiza@bio.auth.grAlpermann, Tilman JensAlfred Wegener InstituteAm Handelshafen 12D-27570 BremerhavenGermanytalpermann@meeresforschung.deAlverca, ElsaINSAAv. Padre CruzP-1649-016 LisbonPortugalElsa.Alverca@insa.min-saude.ptAlves Dias, Elsa MariaNational Health InstituteAv. Padre CruzP-1649-016 LisbonPortugalelsa.dias@insa.min-saude.ptAmaechina, Arinze119 Ademola Adetokunbo Crescent Wuse 11ABUJANigerianzeunad@yahoo.comAmajuoyi, AlexIMO State Ministry of Water ResourceIMO Water BoardGovernment Reservation Area9234 OwerriNigeriaelusibus@yahoo.comAmorim, AnaFundacão da Faculdade de Ciências daUniversidade de Lisboa - no. 503183504Instituto OceanografiaP-1749-016 LisboaPortugalajamorim@fc.ul.ptAmzil, ZouherIfremer-NantesRue de l'Ile d'Yeu B.P. 21105F-44311 NantesFrancezouher.Amzil@ifremer.fr335

INTERNATIONAL SOCIETY FOR THE STUDY OF HARMFUL ALGAE12 th <strong>International</strong> <strong>Conference</strong> on Harmful Algae, Copenhagen, Denmark, 4-8 September 2006Andersen, PerOrbicon, Joh. Ewaldsvej 42-448230 Åbyhøj, Denmarkpa@bioconsult.dkAnderson, DonWoods Hole Oceanographic InstitutionBiology DepartmentMS 322543 Woods HoleUnited States of Americadanderson@whoi.eduAngles, SilviaICM CSICPasseig Marítim de la Barceloneta 37-49E-08003 BarcelonaSpainsangles@icm.csic.esAnnadotter, HeléneEcology/Limnology Lund UniversityEkologihusetLimnologiS-223362 LundSwedenHelene.Annadotter@limnol.lu.seAnton, AnnUniversity Malaysia SabahLocked Bag 207388999 Kota KinabaluMalaysiaaanton@ums.edu.myAntrobus, RozalindU of California, Santa Cruz1156 High StUCSC95064 Santa Cruz, CAUnited States of Americaantrobus@ucsc.eduArevalo, FabiolaIntecmarPeirao de Vilaxoan S/NE-36611 Vilagarcia de ArousaSpainfarevalo@intecmar.orgArin Carrau, LauraInstitut de Ciències del MarPg. Marítim de la Barceloneta 37-49E-08003 BarcelonaSpainlarin@icm.csic.esArmbrust, VirginiaUniversity of WashingtonBox 35794098195 Seattle,WAUnited States of Americaarmbrust@ocean.washington.eduAsiwaju Dada, OladotunLautechP.O.Box 9149UI Post Office Ibadan200005 Ibadan, Oyo StateNigeriaonatisi@gmail.comAuro, MaureenRomberg Tiburon Center, SFSU3152 Paradise Drive94920-1205 TiburonUnited States of Americamauro@sfsu.eduAyres, DanWashington Dept. of Fish and Wildlife48 Devonshire Road98563 Montesano, WashingtonUnited States of Americaayresdla@dfw.wa.govAzanza, RhodoraUniversity of PhilippinesDiliman, Quezon CityPH-1101 Quezon CityPhilippinesrhod@upmsi.phBachvaroff, TsvetanUMBI701 E Pratt St21202 BaltimoreUnited States of Americabachvaro@umbi.umd.eduBacker, LorraineCenters for Disease Control and Prevention4770 Buford Highway NEMS F-46US-Georgia ChambleeUnited States of Americalfb9@cdc.govBakke, MaritNorwegian School of Veterinary ScienceP.O.Box 8148N-0033 OsloNorwaymarit.bakke@veths.noBalode, MaijaLatvian Institute of Aquatic EcologyDaugavgrivas 8LV-1048 RigaLatviamaija@hydro.edu.lvBand-Schmidt, ChristineCICIMAR-IPNAve. Instituto Politécnico Nacional s/nApdo. Postal 59223096 La Paz BCSMexicocbands@ipn.mxBaptista, MafaldaCIIMARR. Campo Alegre 687P-4169-007 PortoPortugalabaptista@fc.up.ptBaran, ArzuThames Water TurkeyPasadag MevkiiYuvacik41190 IZMITTurkeyarzu.durukan@thameswater.com.trBarranguet, ChristianeElsevier BVExhibitions DepartmentRadarweg 29NL-1043 NX AmsterdamNetherlandsn.tzanikian@elsevier.nl336

INTERNATIONAL SOCIETY FOR THE STUDY OF HARMFUL ALGAE12 th <strong>International</strong> <strong>Conference</strong> on Harmful Algae, Copenhagen, Denmark, 4-8 September 2006Barranguet, ChristianeElsevierRadarweg 291043 NX AmsterdamThe Netherlandsm.gutschner@elsevier.comBates, StephenFisheries & Oceans CanadaP.O. Box 5030343 Université Ave.E1C 9B6 Moncton, NBCanadabatess@dfo-mpo.gc.caBauer, MarybethNOAA1305 East-West Highway20910 Silver SpringUnited States of Americamarybeth.bauer@noaa.govBelas, RobertCenter of Marine BiotechnologyUniversity of Maryland Biotech Inst701 East Pratt Street21202 BaltimoreUnited States of Americabelas@umbi.umd.eduBertozzini, ElenaUniversità di UrbinoViale Trieste 296I-61100 PesaroItalye.bertozzini@uniurb.itBianco, IlenArpalazioVia Serpieri, 3I-04100 LatinaItalyilen.bianco@email.itBinzer, ThomasUnisense A/SSales and Scientific SupportBrendstrupgaardsvej 21FDK-8200 Aarhus NDenmarktb@unisense.comBjergskov, ThyraDanish Veterinary and Food AdministrationMørkhøj Bygade 19DK-2860 SøborgDenmarktbj@fvst.dkBlackburn, SusanCsiroGPO Box 15387001 HobartAustraliasusan.blackburn@csiro.auBlanco, JuanCimaApdo 12E-36620 Vilanova de ArousaSpainjblanco@cimacoron.orgBoisson, Florence<strong>International</strong> Atomic Energy Agency4 Quai Antoine IerMC 98000 MonacoMonacoF.Boisson@iaea.orgBotelho, Maria JoãoINIAP-IPIMARAv. BrasiliaP-1449-006 LisboaPortugalmjoao@ipimar.ptBowers, HollyUniversity of Maryland725 W. Lombard StreetRoom N55721201 BaltimoreUnited States of Americabowers@umbi.umd.eduBoyer, GregState University of New York - ESF1 Forestry Drive13210 SyracuseUnited States of Americaglboyer@esf.eduBrennan, ClaireNational Diagnostics CentreNational University of Ireland, GalwayN/A GalwayIrelandcbrennan@nuigalway.ieBresnan, EileenFisheries Research Services, Aberdeen375 Victoria RoadTorryAB11 9DB AberdeenUnited Kingdome.bresnan@marlab.ac.ukBricelj, V. MonicaNational Research Council1411 Oxford StreetNS B3H 3Z1 HalifaxCanadamonica.bricelj@nrc.caBrosnahan, MichaelWoods Hole Oceanographic InstitutionRedfield 3-32, MS 32266 Woods Hole RoadUSA-02543 Woods HoleUnited States of Americambrosnahan@whoi.eduBrown, LyndsayFisheries Research ServicesFRS Marine Laboratory375 Victoria Road, TorryAB11 9DB AberdeenUnited Kingdombrownl@marlab.ac.ukBrutemark, AndreasUniversity of KalmarSE-39182 KalmarSwedenandreas.brutemark@hik.seBui, Hong LongInstitute of OceanographyDepartment of Marine PlanktonCau Da 01NhatrangVietnamhabviet@dng.vnn.vn337

INTERNATIONAL SOCIETY FOR THE STUDY OF HARMFUL ALGAE12 th <strong>International</strong> <strong>Conference</strong> on Harmful Algae, Copenhagen, Denmark, 4-8 September 2006Busby, PhilNew Zealand Food Safety AuthorityP O Box 2835NZ-60000 WellingtonNew Zealandphil.busby@nzfsa.govt.nzBustillos-Guzman, JoseCibnorPOB 12823000 La PazMexicojose04@cibnor.mxCai, YangCarnegie Mellon University4720 Forbes Ave.CIC 2218PA 15213 PittsburghUnited States of Americaycai@cmu.eduCaillaud, AmandineIRTA-Centre d'AqüiculturaCtra Poble Nou s/nE-43540 Sant Carles de la RapitaSpainamandine.caillaud@irta.esCalado, António JoséUniversity of AveiroDept. of Biology, University of AveiroCampus de SantiagoP-3810-193 AveiroPortugalacalado@bio.ua.ptCamp, JordiInstitut de Ciències del MarPasseig Marítim de la Barceloneta, 37-49E-08003 BarcelonaSpainnagore@icm.csic.esCampbell, Alan RossNelson Marlborough District Health BoardNew Zealandalan.campbell@nmhs.govt.nzCampbell, LisaTexas A&M University3146 TAMU77843 College Station, TexasUnited States of Americalcampbell@ocean.tamu.eduCañete, ElisabethIRTA-Centre d’AqüiculturaCtra Poble Nou s/nE-43540 Sant Carles de la RàpitaSpainelisabeth.canete@irta.esCao, XihuaInstitute of Oceanology, CAS7 Nanhai Rd.266071 QingdaoChinacaoxh@ms.qdio.ac.cnCarreira, CátiaUniversity of AveiroCampus de SantiagoP-3810-193 AveiroPortugalcatiabio@gmail.comCarter, LynnUniversity of Westminster115 New Cavendish StreetW1W 6UW LondonUnited KingdomLynn_Carter2002@yahoo.comCarvalho, WFUniversity of KalmarSE-39182 KalmarSwedenwanderson.carvalho@hik.seCavaliere, RosaliaUniversity of New South WalesHigh Street, Gate 9,Science BuildingKensington,Upper Campus2052 SydneyAustraliarosalia.cavaliere@student.unsw.edu.auCembella, Allan D.Alfred Wegener InstituteAm Handelshafen 12D-27570 BremerhavenGermanyacembella@awi-bremerhaven.deChambouvet, AurelieBiological Station4 place G. TessierF-29680 RoscoffFrancechambouv@sb-roscoff.frChang, HoeNational Inst. of Water & Atmosp. Res.P. O. Box 14-901, Kilbirnie6003 WellingtonNew Zealandh.chang@niwa.co.nzChin, Wei LieUniversity Malaysia SabahBiotechnology Research InstituteLocked bag 207388999 Kota Kinabalu, SabahMalaysiagracejoychin@yahoo.comChinain, MireilleInstitut Louis MalardéBP 3098713 Papeete-TahitiFrench Polynesiamchinain@ilm.pfChiu, EllenThe University of Hong KongRm 3N-13, Kaddrrie Biologial ScienceHK- Hong KongHongkongechiu@hkusua.hku.hkCho, YukoTohoku university1-1, Tsutsumidori-AmamiyaAobaku981-8555 SendaiJapanchoyuko@biochem.tohoku.ac.jpChou, Hong-NongNational Taiwan UniversityIFS, NTU1 Sec. 4, Roosevelt Road10617 TaipeiTaiwanunijohn@ntu.edu.tw338

INTERNATIONAL SOCIETY FOR THE STUDY OF HARMFUL ALGAE12 th <strong>International</strong> <strong>Conference</strong> on Harmful Algae, Copenhagen, Denmark, 4-8 September 2006Christensen, SarahUniversity of CopenhagenInstitute of Biology, Dept. of PhycologyØster Farimagsgade 2DDK-1353 Copenhagen KDenmarksarahc@bi.ku.dkChristian, BerndUniversity of JenaDornburger Str. 25D-07743 JenaGermanyb1chbe@uni-jena.deChristoffersen, Kirsten S.University of CopenhagenFreshwater Biological LaboratoryHelsingørsgade 51DK-3400 HillerødDenmarkkchristoffersen@bi.ku.dkCiminiello, PatriziaUniversità di Napoli Federico II""Via D. Montesano, 49I-80131 NapoliItalyciminiel@unina.itClarke, EdwinLagos State UniversityDepartment of FisheriesLagos State University2341 LagosNigeriaclaralgae5@yahoo.comCoats, D WayneP.O. Box 28647 Contees Wharf Rd21037 EdgewaterUnited States of Americacoatsw@si.eduCochlan, WilliamRomberg Tiburon Center, SFSU3152 Paradise Drive94920 Tiburon, CaliforniaUnited States of Americacochlan@sfsu.eduCollos, YvesCNRSLab. Ecosystèmes Lagunaires, CC093Université Montpellier IIF-34095 MontpellierFrancecollos@univ-montp2.frCongestri, RobertaUniversity of Rome ‘Tor Vergata’Via della Ricerca scientifica 1I-00133 RomeItalyroberta.congestri@uniroma2.itConmy, RobynUniversity of South Florida140 7th Avenue South33701 St. PetersburgUnited States of Americarconmy@marine.usf.eduConnell, LaurieUniversity of MaineSchool of Marine Sciences5735 Hitchner HallUSA-04469 OronoUnited States of Americalaurie.connell@umit.maine.eduCooper, JaneNHS Ayrshire & ArranBoswell House10 Arthur StreetKA7 1QJ Ayr, ScotlandUnited Kingdomcooperj@aapct.scot.nhs.ukCosta, PedroIpimarAv. BrasíliaP-1449-006 LisboaPortugalprcosta@ipimar.ptCox, FrankWashington State Dept. of HealthPO Box 4782498504-7824 Olympia, WAUnited States of AmericaFrank.Cox@doh.wa.govCoyne, KathrynUniversity of Delaware700 Pilottown Rd.19958 LewesUnited States of Americakcoyne@udel.eduCraveiro, Sandra CarlaDept. of Biology, University of AveiroCampus de SantiagoP-3810-193 AveiroPortugalscraveiro@bio.ua.ptCreach, VeroniqueCefasPakefield RoadNR33 0HT LowestoftUnited Kingdomv.creach@cefas.co.ukCreton, StuartFood Standards AgencyRoom 511C, Aviation House125 KingswayGBWC2B 6NH LondonUnited KingdomStuart.Creton@foodstandards.gsi.gov.ukCronberg, GertrudEcology/Limnology Lund UniversityTygelsjövägen 127S-218 73 TygelsjöSwedenGertrud.Cronberg@limnol.lu.seCurrie, BronwenMFMR NamibiaP.O. Box 912SwakopmundNamibiabcurrie@mfmr.gov.naCyronak, TylerUniversity of North Carolina WilmingtonCenter for Marine Science5600 Marvin K. Moss Lane28409 WilmingtonUnited States of Americatjc4596@uncw.edu339

INTERNATIONAL SOCIETY FOR THE STUDY OF HARMFUL ALGAE12 th <strong>International</strong> <strong>Conference</strong> on Harmful Algae, Copenhagen, Denmark, 4-8 September 2006Dale, BarrieUniversity of OsloDepartment of Geosciences,PB 1047 BlindernN-0316 OsloNorwaybarrie.dale@geo.uio.noD'Alelio, DomenicoStazione Zoologica 'Anton Dohrn'Villa ComunaleI-80121 NapoliItalydalelio@szn.itDao, HaNational Institute of Oceanography01 Cau DaNha TrangVietnamtmmp_vnocean@dng.vnn.vnDarius, TaianaInstitut Louis MalardeB.P. 30 PapeeteRue des poilus tahitiens98713 TahitiFrench Polynesiatdarius@ilm.pfDaubjerg, NielsUniversity of CopenhagenInstitute of Biology, Dept. of PhycologyØster Farimagsgade 2DDK-1353 Copenhagen KDenmarknielsd@bi.ku.dkDavidson, KeithScottish Association for Marine ScienceDunstaffnage Marine LaboratoryPA37 1QA ObanUnited Kingdomkda@sams.ac.ukDe Boer, M. KarinUniversity of GroningenP.O. Box 14NL-9750 AA Haren (Groningen)NetherlandsM.K.de.Boer@rug.nlDe la Iglesia González, PabloUniversity of VigoDept.of Analitical and Food ChemistryFaculty Chemistry. Campus of VigoE-36310 Vigo (Pontevedra)Spainpdelaiglesia@uvigo.esDe Lara-Isassi, GracielaUniversidad Autonoma MetropolitanaAv. San Rafael Atlixco No 186Col. Vicentina9340 Mexico D.F.Mexicograce@xanum.uam.mxDe Salas, MiguelUniversity of TasmaniaSchool of Plant SciencePrivate Bag 557001 Hobart, TASAustraliamiguel.desalas@utas.edu.auDeeds, JonathanUS Food and Drug Administration8301 Muirkirk RoadHFS-42620708 Laurel, MarylandUnited States of Americajonathan.deeds@fda.hhs.govDemir, ElifUniversity of Delaware700 Pilottown RdLewes, DE19958 LewesUnited States of Americaelif@udel.eduDiallo, AnisCentre de Recherches OceanographiquesDe Dakar-ThiaroyeParc de Recherches ISRA/HannDakarSenegalh.enevoldsen@unesco.orgDiercks, SonjaAlfred Wegener InstituteAm Handelshafen 1227570 BremerhavenGermanysdiercks@awi-bremerhaven.deDimaano, LuzvimindaUniversity of Santo TomasDepartment of Biological SciencesEspana St., Sampaloc1008 ManilaPhilippineslmdimaano@mnl.ust.edu.phDiogène Fadini, JorgeIRTA-Centre d'AqüiculturaCtra. Poble NouKm 4.5E-43540 Sant Carles de la RapitaSpainjorge.diogene@irta.esDixon, KellieMote Marine Laboratory1600 Ken Thompson Parkway34210 Sarasota, FLUnited States of Americalkdixon@mote.orgDoan Nhu, HaiInstitute of OceanographyCau Da 01NhatrangVietnamhabsea@dng.vnn.vnDortch, QuayNOAA1305 East West Highway20910 Silver Spring MDUnited States of AmericaQuay.Dortch@noaa.govDoucette, GregoryNOAA/National Ocean Service219 Fort Johnson Road29412 CharlestonUnited States of Americagreg.doucette@noaa.govDrain, SusanScottish Association for Marine ScienceDunstaffnage Marine LaboratoryDunbeg, GBPA37 1QA ObanUnited Kingdomsusan.drain@sams.ac.uk340

INTERNATIONAL SOCIETY FOR THE STUDY OF HARMFUL ALGAE12 th <strong>International</strong> <strong>Conference</strong> on Harmful Algae, Copenhagen, Denmark, 4-8 September 2006Duinker, ArneNat. Inslt. of Nutrition and Seafood ResearchPO Box 2029 NordnesN-5817 BergenNorwayadu@nifes.noDyhrman, SonyaWoods Hole Oceanographic InstitutionBiology Dept. MS#322543 Woods HoleUnited States of Americasdyhrman@whoi.eduEaglesham, GeoffQueensland Health Scientific Services39 Kessels RdCoopers Plains4108 BrisbaneAustraliaGeoff_Eaglesham@health.qld.gov.auEdler, LarsSwedenLars.Edler@smhi.seEdvardsen, BenteUniversity of OsloDepartment of BiologyP.O. Box 1066 BlindernN-0316 OsloNorwaybente.edvardsen@bio.uio.noEikrem, WencheNorwegian Institute for Water ResaerchBrekkeveien 19N-0884 OsloNorwaywenche.eikrem@niva.noElandaloussi, Laurence MyriamIRTA-Centre d’AqüiculturaCrta. Poble Nou , Km 5,5E-43540 Sant Carles de la RápitaSpainlaurence.elandaloussi@irta.esEllegaard, MarianneUniversity of CopenhagenInstitute of Biology, Dept. of PhycologyØster Farimagsgade 2DDK-1353 COPENHAGEN KDenmarkme@bi.ku.dkEllison, RobertYSI, Inc.88 Hudson StUS-02909 Providence, RIUnited States of Americarellison@ysi.comEllwood, NeilUniversità Roma TreDipartimento di Scienze GeologicheLargo San Leonardo Murialdo 1I-00146 RomeItalyellwood@geo.uniroma3.itEnevoldsen, Henrik OksfeldtIOCUNESCOØster Farimagsgade 2 DDK-1353 Copenhagen KDenmarkh.enevoldsen@unesco.orgEnevoldsen, TrineDenmarkEscalera Moura, LauraInstituto Espanol de OceanografiaSubida a Radiofaro 50-52E-36200 VIGOSpainlaura.escalera@vi.ieo.esEsplund, ChristinaKalmar UniversityInst. for Biology and Environmental ScienceSE-39182 KalmarSwedenchristina.esplund@hik.seEstrada, MartaInstitut de Ciències del Mar, CMIMA (CSIPg. Marítim de la Barceloneta, 37-49E-08003 BarcelonaSpainmarta@icm.csic.esEtheridge, StaceyUS Food and Drug AdministrationHFS-4268301 Muirkirk Road20708 LaurelUnited States of AmericaStacey.Etheridge@fda.hhs.govFarrell, HazelNational University of Ireland GalwayDept. Marine MicrobiologyMartin Ryan Institute, NUI GalwayGalwayIrelandhazelfarrell@gmail.comFaust, Maria A.Smithsonian InstitutionU.S.A. National HerbariumNational Museum Natural History20660 Washington DCUnited States of Americafaustm@si.eduFawcett, AlexandraUniversity of Cape TownPrivate Bag X3Rondebosch7701 Cape TownSouth Africafawcett@ocean.uct.ac.zaFensin, ElizabethNorth Carolina Division of Water Quality4401 Reedy Creek Road27607 Raleigh, North CarolinaUnited States of Americaelizabeth.fensin@ncmail.netFernández-Tejedor, MargaritaIRTACarretera del Poblenou s/nE-43540 Sant Carles de la RàpitaSpainmargarita.fernandez@irta.esFigoni, SigurdParticipation in Alga Project atUniversity of Kalmar, SwedenLindby 209S-380 65 DergerhamnSwedensigurd.figoni@telia.com341

INTERNATIONAL SOCIETY FOR THE STUDY OF HARMFUL ALGAE12 th <strong>International</strong> <strong>Conference</strong> on Harmful Algae, Copenhagen, Denmark, 4-8 September 2006Figueroa, Rosa IsabelInstituto Español de OceanografíaCabo Estay, CanidoE-36280 VigoSpainRosabel.figueroa@vi.ieo.esForbord, ArildAnalysesenteretLanbruksveien 5N-7047 TrondheimNorwayarild.forbord@trondheim.kommune.noFraga, SantiagoInstituto Español de OceanografíaApdo. 1552E-36200 VigoSpainsanti.fraga@vi.ieo.esFranco, JoseInstituto de Investigaciones MarinasE. Cabello,6E-36208 VigoSpainjose.franco@vi.ieo.esFuentes, SoledadUniversity of Louisiana at Lafayette104 University Circle, Biology DepartmentDepartment of Biology, ULL70504 LafayetteUnited States of Americafsm2335@louisiana.eduFuentes, Maria104 University Circle, Biology Department70504 LafayetteUnited States of Americafsm2335@louisiana.eduFukuyo, YasuwoUniversity of TokyoYayoi 1-1-1, Bunkyo-ku113-8657 TokyoJapanufukuyo@mail.ecc.u-tokyo.ac.jpFux, ElieMarine InstituteRinvilleGY OranmoreIrelandelie.fux@marine.ieGallacher, SusanFRS Marine LabPO Box 101, Victoria Rd.AB119DB AberdeenUnited Kingdomgallachers@marlab.ac.ukGandrass, JuergenGKSS Research CentreMax-Planck-Str. 1D-21502 GeesthachtGermanyjuergen.gandrass@gkss.deGarcés, EstherICM CSICPasseig Maritim de la Barceloneta 37-49E-08003 BarcelonaSpainesther@icm.csic.esGarde, KristineToxiSpot/DHI Water & EnvironmentAgern Alle 52970 HørsholmDenmarkkrg@dhigroup.comGarnett, CorinneNational Research Council of Canada1411 Oxford St.B3H ZJ8 HalifaxCanadacorinne.garnett@nrc.gc.caGas, FabienneCEACEA/DIEP/SBTN ValrhoMarcoule BP17171F-30207 Bagnols sur CezeFrancefabienne.gas@cea.frGenovesi-Giunti, BenjaminEcosystèmes LagunairesUMR 5119 CNRS-univ. montp2Cc 093 Place Eugène BataillonF-34095 MontpellierFrancegenovesi@univ-montp2.frGentien, PatrickIfremerB.P.70Pointe du DiableF-29280 PlouzanéFrancepgentien@ifremer.frGiannoudi, LouisaHCMR46,7 klm, Athinon-Souniou AveP.O. Box 172GR-19013 AnavissosGreecelgiannoudi@hcmr.grGlibert, PatHorn Point LaboratoryUniv MD Center for Envir. SciencePO BOX 775 Cambridge MDUnited States of Americaglibert@hpl.umces.eduGobler, ChristopherStony Brook UniversityMarine Sciences Research Center11794-5000 Stony BrookUnited States of Americachristopher.gobler@stonybrook.eduGodhe, AnnaGöteborg UniversityBox 461SE-405 30 GöteborgSwedenanna.godhe@marbot.gu.seGonzalez-Gil, SonsolesInstituto Español de OceanografíaApto. 1552E-36200 VigoSpainsonsoles.gonzalez@vi.ieo.esGranéli, EdnaDenmarkedna.graneli@hik.se342

INTERNATIONAL SOCIETY FOR THE STUDY OF HARMFUL ALGAE12 th <strong>International</strong> <strong>Conference</strong> on Harmful Algae, Copenhagen, Denmark, 4-8 September 2006Greenfield, DianneMonterey Bay Aquarium ResearchInstitute7700 Sandholdt Road95039 Moss LandingUnited States of Americadianne@mbari.orgGreengrove, CherylUniversity of Washington, TacomaEnvironmental Science1900 Commerce Street98402 Tacoma, WAUnited States of Americacgreen@u.washington.eduGribble, KristinWoods Hole Oceanographic InstitutionRedfield 3-32, MS 322543 Woods Hole, MAUnited States of Americakgribble@whoi.eduGrünewald, Claudio FuentesPlanction Andino Ltda.Chilecfuentesg@hotmail.comGrzebyk, DanielUniversity Montpellier 2CC 93Place Eugene BataillonF-34095 MontpellierFrancedaniel.grzebyk@univ-montp2.frGuimarães Nogueira, Isabel CristinaCiimarRua dos Bragas, 177-289P-4050-123 PORTOPortugalisabelnogueira@ciimar.up.ptGumbo, Jabulani RayUniversity of PretoriaDept of Microbiology & Plant Pathology1 PretoriaSouth Africajabulani_gumbo@yahoo.co.ukGuo, HaoNational Marine Enviroment Monitoring CeNo.42 Linghe StreetShahekou District116023 DalianChinahguo@nmemc.gov.cnGutschner, MareikeElsevier BVChemistry, Earth & Environmental ScienceRadarweg 29NL-1043 NX AMSTERDAMNetherlandsm.gutschner@elsevier.comGöbel, JeanetteLandesamt für Natur und UmweltHamburger Chaussee 25D-24220 FlintbekGermanyjgoebel@lanu.landsh.deHackett, JeremiahWoods Hole Oceanographic InstitutionRedfield 3-32, MS 322543 Woods HoleUnited States of Americajhackett@whoi.eduHagström, JohannesUniversity of KalmarDepartment of Marine SciencesSE-39182 KalmarSwedenjohannes.hagstrom@hik.seHajdu, SusannaStockholm UniversityDept. of System EcologySE-106 91 StockholmSwedenhajdus@system.ecology.su.seHaley, SheeanWoods Hole Oceanographic InstitutionMS #332543 Woods HoleUnited States of Americashaley@whoi.eduHalim, YoussefOceanography dept.Faculty of Science, Oceanography Dept.Alexandria university21511 AlexandriaEgyptyoussefhalim@hotmail.comHallegraeff, GustaafUniversity of TasmaniaPrivate Bag 557001 HobartAustraliaHallegraeff@utas.edu.auHällfors, HeidiFinnish Institite of Marine ResearchErik Palménin aukio 1FIN-00560 HelsinkiFinlandheidi.hallfors@fimr.fiHamano, YonekazuOsaka Pref. Inst. of Public Health1-3-69,Nakamichi,Higashinari-ku537-0025 OsakaJapanhamano@iph.pref.osaka.jpHamza, AsmaInstitut National des Sciences et TechnologieRue Madagascar, BP10353018 SfaxTunisiaasma.hamza@instm.rnrt.tnHandy, SaraUniversity of Delaware700 Pilottown Rd.US-19958 LewesUnited States of Americashandy@udel.eduHansen, GertUniversity of CopenhagenInst. of Biology Phycology Dept.Øster Farimagsgade 2DDK-1353 Copenhagen KDenmarkgerth@bi.ku.dkHaque, Shahroz MaheanBangladesh Agricultural UniversityBangladeshshahrozm2002@yahoo.com343

INTERNATIONAL SOCIETY FOR THE STUDY OF HARMFUL ALGAE12 th <strong>International</strong> <strong>Conference</strong> on Harmful Algae, Copenhagen, Denmark, 4-8 September 2006Härnström, KarolinaGöteborg UniversityMarine EcologyBox 461SE-405 30 GöteborgSwedenkarolina.harnstrom@marbot.gu.seHatta, YukieUniv. Tamagawa6-1-1 Tamagawagakuen194-0041 Machida-shi TokyoJapanhn@wta.att.ne.jpHaukrogh, JohnAquanetFinnedalsvej 16DK-2770 KastrupDenmarkaquanet@haukrogh.dkHegaret, HeleneUniversity of Connecticut1080 Shennecossett Road6340 GrptonUnited States of Americahelene.hegaret@uconn.eduHeil, CynthiaFlorida Fish & Wildlife Res Inst.100 Eighth Ave S33701 St. Petersburg, FloridaUnited States of AmericaCindy.Heil@myFWC.comHenry, MichaelMote Marine Laboratory1600 Ken Thompson Pky34236 Sarasota, FLUnited States of Americamhenry@mote.orgHess, PhilippMarine InstituteRinvilleCO. GalwayIrelandphilipp.hess@marine.ieHigman, WendyCefasCEFAS, Barrack RoadWeymouth, DorsetDT2 0AF WeymouthUnited Kingdomw.a.higman@cefas.co.ukHiller, SusannFSU JenaDornburger Strasse 25D-07743 JenaGermanysusann.hiller@uni-jena.deHitchcock, GaryUniversity of Miami4600 Rickenbacker Cswy.33149 Miami, FLUnited States of Americag.hitchcock@miami.eduHo, Kin ChungOpen University of Hong Kong30 Good Shepherd Street,Homantin, Kowloon,Hong KongHongkongkcho@ouhk.edu.hkHo Van, TheInstitute of OceanographyDepartment of Marine PlanktonCau Da 01, Vinh NguyenNhatrangVietnamhabviet@dng.vnn.vnHoagland, PorterWoods Hole Oceanographic InstitutionMS#41, Marine Policy CenterWoods Hole Oceanographic Institution2543 Woods HoleUnited States of Americaphoagland@whoi.eduHoang, Van ThuNational Fisheries Quality Assurance &Veterinaty Directorate10 Nguyen Cong Hoan, Ba DinhHanoi CityVietnamvinh.nafi@mofi.gov.vnHoffer, SimoneUniversity of Washington -Tacoma15414 41st Ave E.98446 TacomaUnited States of Americashoffer@u.washington.eduHolland, PatrickCawthron Institute98 Halifax St. E8001 NelsonNew Zealandpatrick.holland@cawthron.org.nzHolmes, MichaelTMSI/ National University of SingaporeTMSI, 14 Kent Ridge Road,National University of Singapore119223 SingaporeSingaporemjholmes@singnet.com.sgHonsell, GiorgioUniversity of UdineVia Cotonificio 108I-33100 UdineItalygiorgio.honsell@uniud.itHorner, RitaUniversity of WashingtonSchool of OceanographyBox 35794098195-7940 Seattle, WashingtonUnited States of Americarita@ocean.washington.eduHubbard, KatherineUniversity of WashingtonBox 157940 University of WashingtonSchool of Oceanography98195 Seattle, WAUnited States of Americahubbard@ocean.washington.eduIkehara, TsuyoshiTropical Technology Center Ltd.Suzaki 5-1904-2234 UrumaJapantikehara@ttc.co.jp344

INTERNATIONAL SOCIETY FOR THE STUDY OF HARMFUL ALGAE12 th <strong>International</strong> <strong>Conference</strong> on Harmful Algae, Copenhagen, Denmark, 4-8 September 2006Imai, IchiroKyoto UniversityOiwakecho, Kitashirakawa, Sakyo-ku606-8502 KyotoJapanimai1ro@kais.kyoto-u.ac.jpIshiguro, AyakaUniv. Tamagawa6-1-1 Tamagawagakuen194-0041 Machida-shi TokyoJapanhn@wta.att.ne.jpIshikawa, AkiraFaculty of Bioresources, Mie University1577 Kurima-machiya514-8507 Tsu, MieJapanishikawa@bio.mie-u.ac.jpIsmael, AmanyOceanography Dept.Alexandria University, Faculty of Science21511 AlexandriaEgyptamany_3@yahoo.comIsmail, Wafa'aKuwait Institute for Scientific ResearchP.O. Box 1638, 22017 Salmiya, Kuwait22017 KuwaitKuwaitwismail@mfd.kisr.edu.kwItakura, ShigeruFisheries Research Agency2-17-5, Maruishi, Hatsukaichi739-0452 HiroshimaJapanitakura@affrc.go.jpIto, EmikoChiba University1-8-1, Inohana, Chuoku260-8673 CHIBAJapanemiko@faculty.chiba-u.jpIwataki, MitsunoriNagasaki University1-14 BunkyoNagasaki852-8521 NagasakiJapaniwataki@nagasaki-u.ac.jpJaeckisch, NinaAlfred Wegener InstituteAm Handelshafen 12D-27570 BremerhavenGermanynjaeckisch@awi-bremerhaven.deJauzein, CecileEcosystèmes lagunairesUMR 5119, CNRS - Univ Montp 2Cc 093 Place Eugène BataillonF-34095 MontpellierFrancececile.jauzein@etud.univ-montp2.frJenkinson, IanAgency for Consult Research OceanogrLavergneF-19320 La Roche CanillacFranceian.jenkinson@wanadoo.frJensen, Bettina SkovgaardOrbicon, Natur og VandmiljøJens Juuls Vej 18DK-8260 Viby JDenmarkbsj@bioconsult.dkJeong, Hae JinSeoul National UniversityCollege of Natural SciencesSchool of Earth & Env. Sciences151-747 SeoulSouth-Koreahjjeong@snu.ac.krJohansen, KirstenStorstrøms AmtParkvej 37DK-4800 Nykøbing FalsterDenmarkkij@vm.stam.dkJohansen, MarieMarine EcologyKristineberg 566SE-45034 FiskebäckskilSwedenmarie.johansen@kmf.gu.seJohn, UweAlfred Wegener InstitutAm Handelshafen 12D-27570 BremerhavenGermanyujohn@awi-bremerhaven.deJuhel, GuillaumeUniversity College CorkDept. Zoology, Ecology and Plant ScienceDistillery Fields. North Mall.NONE CorkIrelandg.juhel@mars.ucc.ieJung, InesAlfred-Wegener-InstitutAm Handelshafen 12D-27570 BremerhavenGermanyijung@awi-bremerhaven.deJørgensen, KevinDanish InstituteFood & Veterinary researchMørkhøj Bygade 19DK-2860 SøborgDenmarkkejo@dfvf.dkKamikawa, RyomaKyoto UniversityOiwake-cho, Kitoshirakawa606-8502 KyotoJapankami_88@kais.kyoto-u.ac.jpKarjalainen, MiinaFinnish Institute of Marine ResearchP.O.Box 2FIN-00561 HelsinkiFinlandmiina.karjalainen@fimr.fiKarlson, BengtSMHI, Oceanographic servicesNya Varvet 31SE-426 71 Västra FrölundaSwedenbengt.karlson@smhi.se345

INTERNATIONAL SOCIETY FOR THE STUDY OF HARMFUL ALGAE12 th <strong>International</strong> <strong>Conference</strong> on Harmful Algae, Copenhagen, Denmark, 4-8 September 2006Kavanagh, SiobhanNational Diagnostics CentreNUI, GalwayNONE GalwayIrelandsiobhan.kavanagh@nuigalway.ieKharrat, RiadhInstitut Pasteur de Tunis13, place Pasteur, B.P. 741002 Tunis-BelvedereTunisiariadh.kharrat@pasteur.rns.tnKikuchi, SachikoTohoku universityAoba 6-6-20 Aramaki Aoba-ku980-8579 SendaiJapankikuchi@kaya2.kankyo.tohoku.ac.jpKim, DaekyungNagasaki UniversityFaculty of FisheriesBunkyo-machi 1-14852-8521 NagasakiJapand68kim@yahoo.co.jpKim, Hyung SeopMinistry of Marine Affairs and Fisheries1530-5, Soryong-dong573-882 KunsanSouth-Koreamudskip@kunsan.ac.krKim, Chang-HoonPukyong National UniversityDepartment of Aquaculture599-1 Daeyeon-3-dong, Nam-gu608-737 BusanSouth-Koreachkpknu@hanmail.netKirkpatrick, BarbaraMote Marine Laboratory1600 Ken Thompson Parkway34239 SarasotaUnited States of Americabkirkpat@mote.orgKirkpatrick, GaryMote Marine Laboratory1600 Ken Thompson Parkway34236 SarasotaUnited States of Americagkirkpat@mote.orgKleivdal, HansBiosense Laboratories ASHIB-Thor Mohlensgate 55N-5008 BergenNorwayhans.kleivdal@biosense.comKloepper, SaschaAlfred-Wegener-InstituteAm Handelshafen 12D-27570 BremerhavenGermanyskloepper@awi-bremerhaven.deKluge, RagnhildNorwegian University of Life SciencesSkjærvaveien 53bN-2010 StrømmenNorwayragnhild.kluge@umb.noKobiyama, AtsushiKitasato UniversitySanriku, Ofunato, Iwate 022-0101, Japan022-0101 OfunatoJapankobiyama@kitasato-u.ac.jpKodama, MasaakiKitasato UniversitySanriku, Iwate022-0101 OfunatoJapankodama@kitasato-u.ac.jpKolmakov, VladimirInstitute of Biophysics of SB of RASAkademgorodok, Institute of Biophysics660036 KrasnoyarskRussiavladimkv@lan.krasu.ruKolmakova, OlesyaKrasnoyarsk State UniversitySvobodnyi Av., 81V, 611660041 KrasnoyarskRussiaolesya_kolmakova@mail.ruKolmakova, AnzhelikaKrasnoyarsk State UniversityInstitute of biophysics of SB of RASAkademgorodok660036 KrasnoyarskRussiaangelika_@inbox.ruKotaki, YuichiKitasato UniversitySanriku022-0101 OfunatoJapankotaki@kitasato-u.ac.jpKraberg, AlexandraAWIBiologische Anstalt HelgolandKurpromenade 201D-27498 HelgolandGermanyakraberg@awi-bremerhaven.deKremp, AnkeUniversity of HelsinkiJ.A. Palmenin tie 260FIN-10900 HankoFinlandanke.kremp@ymparisto.fiKrock, BerndAlfred-Wegener Institute for Polar and MarineResearchAm Handelshaven 12D-27570 BremerhavenGermanybkrock@awi-bremerhaven.deKubanek, JuliaGeorgia Institute of TechnologySchool of Biology310 Ferst Drive30332-0230 AtlantaUnited States of Americajulia.kubanek@biology.gatech.eduKubo, TakuyaTohoku UniversityAoba 6-6-20, Aramaki, Aoba-ku9808579 SendaiJapan346

INTERNATIONAL SOCIETY FOR THE STUDY OF HARMFUL ALGAE12 th <strong>International</strong> <strong>Conference</strong> on Harmful Algae, Copenhagen, Denmark, 4-8 September 2006kubo@mail.kankyo.tohoku.ac.jpKaas, HanneToxiSpot (and DHI Water & Environment)Agern Alle 5DK-2970 HørsholmDenmarkhka@dhigroup.comLabry, ClaireIfremerIfremer/centre de BrestBP 70F-29280 PlouzaneFranceclabry@ifremer.frLago, JorgeAnfaco-CecopescaCol. Univ. 16E-36310 VigoSpainjlago@anfaco.esLandsberg, JanFlorida Fish and Wildlife Conserv. Comm.100 Eighth Avenue Southeast33701 St. PetersburgUnited States of Americajan.landsberg@myfwc.comLankoff, AnnaSwietokrzyska Academy, Institute of BiologySwietokrzyska 15PL-25-410 KielcePolandalankoff@pu.kielce.plLara Artigas, MireiaUniversity of LisbonCampo GrandeP-1749-016 LisboaPortugalmireialara@terra.esLarkin, SherryUniversity of FloridaPO Box 11024032611-0240 GainesvilleUnited States of Americaslarkin@ufl.eduLarsen, JacobUniversity of CopenhagenIntergovernemental OceanographicCommission of UnescoØster Farimagsgade 2 DDK-1353 Copenhagen KDenmarkj.larsen@bi.ku.dkLarsen, KristoferNational Veterinary Institute of NorwayP.O. Box 8156 Dep.N-0033 OsloNorwaylaphroaig72@hotmail.comLaurent, DominiqueIRDCentre IRD BPA598848 NouméaNew Caledoniadominique.laurent@noumea.ird.ncLawrence, JaniceUniversity of New BrunswickPO Bag Service 45111E3B 6E1 FrederictonCanadajlawrenc@unb.caLegrand, CatherineUniversity of KalmarLandgångsgatan 3SE-39182 KalmarSwedencatherine.legrand@hik.seLekan, DanelleUniversity of North Carolina WilmingtonCenter for Marine Science5600 Marvin K. Moss Lane28409 WilmingtonUnited States of Americadanelle725@aol.comLeong, SandricSoka University1-236 Tangi-Cho192-8577 Hachioji, TokyoJapancryon@t.soka.ac.jpLewis, Nancy IreneNational Research Council1411 Oxfd. StB3H371 HalifaxCanadanancy.lewis@nrc.caLewis, JaneUniversity of Westminster115 New Cavendish StreetLondonW1W 6UW LondonUnited Kingdomlewisjm@westminster.ac.ukLi, JiHorn Point Laboratory, UMCES2020 Horns Point Rd21613 Cambridge, MDUnited States of Americajili@hpl.umces.eduLicea, SergioUniversidad Nacional Autónoma de MéxicoInstituto de Ciencias del Mar y LimnologiaCiudad Universitaria4510 México D. F.Mexicolicea@mar.icmyl.unam.mxLim, Po-TeenSchool of Fisheries Sciences,Kitasato UniversitySanriku, Okirai,022-0101 Ofunato City, IwateJapanLim@st.kitasato-u.ac.jpLin, Jian-ZhiNational Taiwan University303 Room, Institute of Fisheries ScienceNo.1, Sec. 4, Roosevelt Road, TaipeiTW-106 TaipeiTaiwanqmo691022@yahoo.com.twLindberg, VeronicaGöteborg University/ Marine EcologyP.O. Box 461SE-40530 GöteborgSwedendobobido@hotmail.com347

INTERNATIONAL SOCIETY FOR THE STUDY OF HARMFUL ALGAE12 th <strong>International</strong> <strong>Conference</strong> on Harmful Algae, Copenhagen, Denmark, 4-8 September 2006Lindegarth, SusanneTjärnö/Göteborg UniversityTMBLSE-452 96 StrömstadSwedensusanne.lindegarth@tmbl.gu.seLindehoff, ElinUniversity of KalmarSE-39182 KalmarSwedenelin.lindehoff@hik.seLindholm, Tore JEnvironmental & Marine BiologyÅbo Akademi UniversityAkademigatan 1FIN-20500 ÅboFinlandtlindhol@abo.fiLion, MonicaIOC-IEO Sci. & Commun. Centre on HABIEO - Centro Oceanografico de VigoSubida a Radiofaro 50, CanidoE-36390 VigoSpainmonica.lion@vi.ieo.esLitaker, WayneNational Ocean Service, NOAA101 Pivers Island Road28516 Beaufort, NCUnited States of Americawayne.litaker@noaa.govLlaveria, GiselaInstitut de Ciències del MarPsg. Marítim de la BarcelonetaE-08003 BarcelonaSpainllaveria@cmima.csic.esLoader, JaredAgResearch LtdEast StreetPrivate Bag 31232001 HamiltonNew Zealandjared.loader@agresearch.co.nzLogares, RamiroLund UniversityLimnology Div., Ecology Dept.Solvegatan 37SE-223 62 LundSwedenRamiro.Logares@gmail.comLopez-Santacruz, Ana MariaMinisterio de Administraciones PublicasEstacion Martima S/NE-36271 VigoSpainana.lopezsantacruz@map.esLourenço, SergioUniversidade Federal FluminenseCaixa Potal 10064424001-970 NiteroiBrazilsolourenco@yahoo.comLovko, VinceVirginia Institute of Marine ScienceP.O. Box 134623062-1346 Gloucester PointUnited States of Americavlovko@vims.eduLu, SonghuiJinan UniversityInstitute of Harmful Algae andAquatic Environment510632 GuangzhouChinalusonghui1963@163.comLu, DoudingSecond Institute of OceanographyP.O. Box 1027310012 HangzhouChinadoudinglu@126.comLuckas, BerndUniversity JenaDornburger Str. 25D-07743 JenaGermanyBernd.Luckas@uni-jena.deLuedeking, AlexanderStazione Zoologica di NapoliVilla ComunaleI-80121 NaplesItalyaluedeking@meeresforschung.deLugomela, CharlesAquatic Sciences & TechnologyDepartment of Fisheries Science &AquacultureP.O. Box 35064Dar es SalaamTanzanialugomela@uccmail.co.tzLundholm, NinaUniversity of CopenhagenInstitute of Biology, Dept. of PhycologyØster Farimagsgade 2DDK-1353 COPENHAGEN KDenmarknlundholm@bi.ku.dkLundve, BengtUniversity of GothenburgKristineberg 566SE-450 34 FiskebäckskilSwedenbengt.lundve@kmf.gu.seLuu, Truong DeMinistry of Science & TechnologyDepartment Natural & Social ScienceNederlandLyons, SandraThe Martin Ryan Marine Science InstituteNational University of Ireland, GalwayUniversity RoadGalwayIrelandsandra.lyons@nuigalway.ieLaabir, MohamedUniversitéMontpellier 2Laboratoire Ecosystems LagunairesP.E. Bataillon Case 093F-34095 MontpellierFrancelaabir@univ-montp2.fr348

INTERNATIONAL SOCIETY FOR THE STUDY OF HARMFUL ALGAE12 th <strong>International</strong> <strong>Conference</strong> on Harmful Algae, Copenhagen, Denmark, 4-8 September 2006Machii, KenjiNational Institute of Health Sciences1-18-1, Kamiyouga, Setagaya-ku158-8501 TokyoJapankogmack@hotmail.comMacIntyre, GeoffSatlantic Inc.Richmund Terminal Pier 9 3481 NorthMarginal RoadB3K5X8 HalifaxCanadageoff@satlantic.comMaekawa, MaiSoka University1-236 Tangi-Cho192-8577 Hachioji, TokyoJapanmmaekawa@soka.ac.jpMagnien, RobertNOAA, NCCOS, CSCOR1305 East West Highway20910 Silver Spring, MDUnited States of AmericaBeth.Nelson@noaa.govMallat, ElenaCentre d'Aqüicultura-IRTACtra. Poble Nou s/nE-43540 St. Carles de la RàpitaSpainElena.Mallat@irta.esMaman, LuzLaboratorio Control Recursos PesquerosJunta de AndalucCira Punta Umbrta, Cartaya km. 12E-21450 Cartaya, HuelvaSpainluz.maman.ext@juntadeandalucia.esMann, David GeorgeRoyal Botanic Garden20A Inverleith RowEH3 5LR EdinburghUnited Kingdomd.mann@rbge.org.ukMarcaillou-Le Baut, ClaireIFREMERRue de I'le d'yeu BP 21105F-44311 NantesFranceClaire.Le.Baut@ifremer.frMarin III, RomanMBARI7700 Sandholdt Road95039 Moss Landing, CaliforniaUnited States of Americamaro@mbari.orgMarinho da Costa, RauquirioUFPAUniversidade Federal do ParáAlameda Leandro Ribeiro, s/n, Aldeia.68.600-000 BragançaBrazilraucosta@ufpa.brMarschallek, InesAlfred Wegener InstituteAm Handelshafen 12D-27570 BremerhavenGermanyimarschallek@awi-bremerhaven.deMarshall, HaroldOld Dominion UniversityDepartment of Biological SciencesOld Dominion University23529-0266 Norfolk, VirginiaUnited States of Americahmarshal@odu.eduMartin, JenniferFisheries &Oceans Canada531 Brandy Cove RoadE5B 2L9 St. Andrews, NBCanadaMartinJL@mar.dfo-mpo.gc.caMartins, RosárioCIIMARRua dos Bragas, 289P-4050-123 PortoPortugalmrm@estsp.ipp.ptMartins, ClaudiaFood & Standards AgencyAviation House, 125 KingswayWC2 B6NH LondonUnited Kingdomcmartins@foodstandards.gsi.gov.ukMasó, MercedesInstitut Ciències del MarPsg. Maritim Barceloneta 37-49E-08003 BarcelonaSpainmeme@icm.csic.esMatsubara, Tadashi6-10-1, Hakozaki, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka,Japan812-8581 FukuokaJapantadashi@agr.kyushu-u.ac.jpMatsuyama, YukihikoNatl Res Inst Fish Env Inland Sea2-17-5, Maruichi, Hatsukaichi7390452 HiroshimaJapanyukihiko@affrc.go.jpMattei, DanielaIstituto Superiore di SanitàViale Regina Elena, 299I-00161 RomeItalydaniela.mattei@iss.itMcDonald, SarahStazione ZoologicaVilla ComunaleI-80121 NaplesItalymcdonald@szn.itMcGrane, PauhlaMartin Ryan Marine Science InstituteNational University of Ireland, GalwayUniversity Road,NA GalwayIrelandpauhla.mcgrane@nuigalway.ie349

INTERNATIONAL SOCIETY FOR THE STUDY OF HARMFUL ALGAE12 th <strong>International</strong> <strong>Conference</strong> on Harmful Algae, Copenhagen, Denmark, 4-8 September 2006McKenzie, CynthiaFisheries & Oceans CanadaP.O. Box 5667Northwest Atlantic Fisheries CentreA1C 5X1 St. John'sCanadamckenziec@dfo-mpo.gc.caMcKenzie, DouglasIntegrin Advanced BiosystemsMarine Resource CentreBarcaldinePA37 1SE ObanUnited Kingdomvitt@integrin.co.ukMcMillan, DanielWaters CorpAtlas ParkSimonswayM22 5PP ManchesterUnited Kingdomdaniel_mcmillan@waters.comMeave del Castillo, Maria EstherUniversidad Autonoma MetropolitanaAv. San Rafael Atlixco 186Col. Vicentina, Iztapalapa9340 Mexico DFMexicomem@xanum.uam.mxMedlin, LindaAWIAm HandelhafenD-275770 BremerhavenGermanylkmedlin@awi-bremerhaven.deMéndez, SilviaNational Direction of Aquatic ResourcesPhytoplanktonConstituyente 149711200 MontevideoUruquaysmendez@dinara.gub.uyMerino, DavidMinisterio de Administraciones PublicasEstacion Maritima S/NE-36271 VIGOSpaindavid.merino@map.esMiles, ChrisAgResearchPrivate Bag 3123East Street2001 HamiltonNew Zealandchris.miles@agresearch.co.nzMiller, PeterUniversity of California, Santa Cruz1156 High StreetOcean Sciences95064 Santa CruzUnited States of Americapemiller@ucsc.eduMisner, IanUniversity of North Carolina WilmingtonCenter for Marine Science5600 Marvin K. Moss Lane28409 WilmingtonUnited States of Americamisneri@uncw.eduMoestrup, ØjvindUniversity of CopenhagenInstitute of Biology, Dept. of PhycologyØster Farimagsgade 2DDK-1353 Copenhagen KDenmarkmoestrup@bi.ku.dkMohd Noor, NormawatyBiological InstituteØster Farimagsgade 2DDK-1353 Copenhagen KDenmarknorma@bi.ku.dkMohlin, MalinMarine EcologyGöteborg UniversityBox 461SE-405 30 GöteborgSwedenmalin.mohlin@marbot.gu.seMoita, M.TeresaIPIMARAv. Brasilia, s/nP-1449-006 LisboaPortugaltmoita@ipimar.ptMongkonsangsuree, NiruchaChulalongkorn UniversityDepartment of Marine Science254 Phayathai Road10330 BangkokThailandnicha9@hotmail.comMonti, MarinaOGS - Dept. Biological OceanographyVia Aguste Piccard 54I-34010 TriesteItalymmonti@inogs.itMontresor, MarinaStazione Zoologica 'Anton Dohrn'Villa ComunaleI-80121 NapoliItalymmontr@szn.itMorquecho, LourdesCibnor, S.C.Mar Bernejo 195Playa Palo de Sta. Rita23090 La PazMexicolourdesm04@cibnor.mxMorton, SteveNOAA/NOS331 Fort Johnson Rd29412 Charleston, South CarolinaUnited States of Americasteve.morton@noaa.govMoschandreou, KimonAristotle University of ThessalonikiDepartment of Botany, School of BiologyGR-54124 ThessalonikiGreecekkmosch@bio.auth.gr350

INTERNATIONAL SOCIETY FOR THE STUDY OF HARMFUL ALGAE12 th <strong>International</strong> <strong>Conference</strong> on Harmful Algae, Copenhagen, Denmark, 4-8 September 2006Murata, AiSoka University1-236 Tangi-cho,192-8577 HachiojiJapanamurata@soka.ac.jpNagai, SatoshiFisheries Research Agency of JapanMaruishi 2-17-5, Hatsukaichi739-0452 HiroshimaJapansnagai@affrc.go.jpNaka, HiroyukiTropical Technology Center Lrd.5-1 Suzaki904-2234 Uruma City OkinawaJapannaka@ttc.co.jpNascimento, SilviaUniversidade Estadual Norte FluminenseAv. Alberto Lamego, 200028013-602 Campos dos GoytacazesBrazilsilvia.nascimento@gmail.comNavarro, JorgeUniversidad Austral de ChileCampus Isla Teja567 ValdiviaChilejnavarro@uach.clNguyen, LienØster Farimagsgade 2DDK-1353 CopenhagenDenmarknthulien@yahoo.comNguyen, Anh DungNational Fisheries Quality Assurance &Veterinary Directorate10 Nguyen Cong Hoan, Ba DinhHanoi CityVietnamvinh.nafi@mofi.gov.vnNguyen Ngoc, LamInstitute of OceanographyCau Da 01NhatrangVietnamhabviet@dng.vnn.vnNguyen Ngoc, Tuong GiangInstitute of OceanographyDepartment of Marine PlanktonCau Da 01NhatrangVietnamhabviet@dng.vnn.vnNguyen Thi, Mai AnhInstitute of OceanographyDepartment of Marine PlanktonCau Da 01, Vinh NguyenNhatrangVietnamhabviet@dng.vnn.vnNí Rathaille, AoifeMartin Ryan InstituteNational University of Ireland-GalwayGalwayIrelandaoife.nirathaille@nuigalway.ieNikolaidis, GeorgiosAristotle University of ThessalonikiDepartment of Botany, School of BiologyGR-54124 ThessalonikiGreecenikola@bio.auth.grNincevic Gladan, ZivanaInstitute of Oceanography and FisheriesŠet.I. Meštrovica 63CR-21000 SplitCroatianincevic@izor.hrNwaoribe, LuckyIMO State Ministry of Water ResourceIMO State Water Board HeadquartersGovernment Reservation Area9234 OwerriNigeriaelusibus@yahoo.comOda, TatsuyaNagasaki UniversityFaculty of FisheriesBunkyo-machi 1-14852-8521 NagasakiJapant-oda@net.nagasaki-u.ac.jpOgawa, HitoshiUniv. Tamagawa6-1-1 Tamagawagakuen194-0041 Machida-shi TokyoJapanhn@wta.att.ne.jpOhshima, YasukatsuTohoku UniversitetTsutsumidori-Amamiya 1-1 Aoba-kuJP-9818555 SendaiJapanoshimay@mail.tains.tohoku.ac.jpOkorie, Basila ChidimmaIMO State Ministry of Water ResourceIMO State Water Board HeadquartersGovernment Reservation Area9234 OwerriNigeriaelusibus@yahoo.comOkuani, Mathew CharlesIMO State Ministry of Water ResourceIMO State Water Board HeadquartersGovernment Reservation Area9234 OwerriNigeriaelusibus@yahoo.comOlrik, KirstenLaboratory of Environmental BiologyBaunebjergvej 5DK-3050 HumlebækDenmarkkio@m-b-l.dkOrellana-Cepeda, ElisabethUniversidad Autónoma de Baja California4492 Camino de la Plaza, PMB 137892173-3003 San YsidroUnited States of Americaorellana@uabc.mx351

INTERNATIONAL SOCIETY FOR THE STUDY OF HARMFUL ALGAE12 th <strong>International</strong> <strong>Conference</strong> on Harmful Algae, Copenhagen, Denmark, 4-8 September 2006Orive, EmmaUniversity Basque CountryBarrio SarrienaE-48080 BilbaoSpainemma.orive@lg.ehv.esOrlova, TatianaInstitute of Marine Biology FEB RASPalchevskogo St. 17690041 VladivostokRussiatorlova@imb.dvo.ruPadilla, LarryThe Marine Science InstituteUniversity of the Philippines, Diliman1101 Quezon CityPhilippineslarrypadilla@upmsi.phPadmakumar, K.University of KeralaIndiah.enevoldsen@unesco.orgPagou, KalliopiHellenic Centre for Marine Research,46.7 Km Athninon-Souniou Av.GR-19013 Anavissos, AttikiGreecepopi@ath.hcmr.grPan, GangRes. Cent. Eco-environ. Sci., CAS18 Shuangqing Road100085 BeijingChinagpan@rcees.ac.cnPark, Myung G.Chonnam National University300 Yongbong-Dong, Bukgu500-757 GwangjuSouth-Koreampark@chonnam.ac.krPark, Jong-GyuKunsan Univ.Miryong-dongKunsan573-701 Jeollabuk-DoSouth-Koreartjgpark@kunsan.ac.krParrow, MatthewUniversity of North Carolina CharlotteDepartment of Biology9201 University City Blvd.28223 CharlotteUnited States of Americamwparrow@ncsu.eduPauillac, SergeInstitut Pasteur de Nouvelle-Calédonie9 - 11 av. Paul DoumerBP6198845 NouméaNew Caledoniaspauillac@pasteur.ncPazos, YolandaIntecmarPeirao de Vilaxoán, s/nVilagarcía de ArousaE-36611 PontevedraSpainypazos@intecmar.orgPécseli, MariaCounty of North JutlandNiels Bohrs Vej 30DK-9220 Aalborg ØstDenmarkamt.mape@nja.dkPeña-Manjarrez, Jose LuisCentro de Estudios Tecnologicos del MarKm. 6.5 Carretera Ensenada-Tijuana22860 Ensenada, B. C.Mexicojopema@cicese.mxPenna, AntonellaUniversity of UrbinoViale Trieste 296I-61100 PesaroItalya.penna@uniurb.itPercy, LindaUniversity of Westminster115 New Cavendish StW1W 6UW LondonUnited Kingdoml.percy@wmin.ac.ukPeuthert, AnjaIGBMüggelseedamm 301D-12587 BerlinGermanyanja.peuthert@web.dePflugmacher, StephanIGBMüggelseedamm 301D-12587 BerlinGermanypflugmacher@IGB-Berlin.dePierce, RichardMote Marine Laboratory1600 Ken Thompson Parkway34236 SarasotaUnited States of Americarich@mote.orgPigozzi, SilviaCentro Ricerche MarineVia A. Vespucci 2I-47042 Cesenatico, FCItalysilvia.pigozzi@centroricerchemarine.itPinto, ErnaniUniversidade de São PauloLineu Prestes 580Bloco 13B5508900 São PauloBrazilernani@usp.brPitcher, GrantMarine and Coastal ManagementPrivate Bag X2Rogge Bay8012 Cape TownSouth Africagpitcher@deat.gov.zaPiumsomboon, AjcharapornDepartment of Marine ScienceFaculty of ScienceChulalongkorn University10330 BangkokThailandAjcharaporn.P@chula.ac.th352

INTERNATIONAL SOCIETY FOR THE STUDY OF HARMFUL ALGAE12 th <strong>International</strong> <strong>Conference</strong> on Harmful Algae, Copenhagen, Denmark, 4-8 September 2006Pizarro, GemitaInstituto Español de OceanografíaSubida Radiofaro 50-52 Cabo EstayAptdo 1552E-36200 VigoSpaingema.pizarro@vi.ieo.esPlace, AllenUniversity of Maryland Biotechnology InsColumbus Center, Suite 236701 East Pratt Street21202 Baltimore, MarylandUnited States of Americaplace@umbi.umd.eduPoli, MarkIntegrated Toxicology DivisionUsamriid, US Army1425 Porter Street21702-5011 Fort DetrickUnited States of Americamark.poli@amedd.army.milPope, PhilGriffith UniversityKessels Rd, Nathan4111 BrisbaneAustraliap.pope@griffith.edu.auPoulton, NicoleBigelow Laboratory for Ocean Sciences180 McKown Point RoadP.O. Box 4754575 West Boothbay Harbor, MEUnited States of Americanpoulton@bigelow.orgQi, YuzaoJinan UniversityInstitute of Hydrobiology510632 GuangzhouChinatql@jnu.edu.cnQuijano, SoniaPasseig Marítim de la Barceloneta 37-49E-08003 BarcelonaSpainquijanosonia@gmail.comRaine, RobinMartin Ryan InstituteNational University of IrelandIE-0000 GALWAYIrelandrobin.raine@nuigalway.ieRajan, AnbiahEnvironment AgencyMarine Environment Research CenterPO Box 455534553 Abu DhabiUnited Arab Emiratesanbiahrajan9@hotmail.comRalijaona, ChristianUniversity of ToliaraInstitut Halieutique et des SciencesMarinesBP 141, 601ToliaraMadagascarh.enevoldsen@unesco.orgRamsdell, JohnNOAA-National Ocean Service219 Fort Johnson Road29412 CharlestonUnited States of Americajohn.ramsdell@noaa.govReger, RobertUniversity of North Carolina WilmingtonCenter for Marine Science5600 Marvin K. Moss Lane28409 WilmingtonUnited States of Americarnr6195@uncw.eduReguera, BeatrizInstituto Español de OceanografíaSubida a Radiofaro 50-52Cabo Estay, CanidoE-36200 VigoSpainbeatriz.reguera@vi.ieo.esRehnstam-Holm, Ann-SofiKristianstad UniversityElmetorpsvagen 15SE-28891 KristianstadSwedenann-sofi.rehnstam-holm@mna.hkr.seReis, Mariana AlvesFundacão da Faculdade de CiênciasDe Lisboa - No Contribuinte 503183504Campo GrandeP-1749-016 LisboaPortugalmariana.a.reis@gmail.comRengefors, KarinLund UniversityEcology BuildingLund UniversitySE-22362 LundSwedenKarin.Rengefors@limnol.lu.seRhodes, Lesley LouiseCawthron98 Halifax St. East, Private Bag 27001 NelsonNew Zealandlesley.rhodes@cawthron.org.nzRibeiro Santos, SofiaOceanography InstituteFaculty of ScienceCampo GrP-1749-016 LisbonPortugalsofiasribeiro@gmail.comRiisberg, IngvildUniversity of OsloBlindernveien 31N-0371 OsloNorwayingvild.riisberg@bio.uio.noRoberts, AlexandraUniversity of New South Wales75/57 Ralph St, Alexandria, NSW2015 SydneyAustraliaalexandra.knight@student.unsw.edu.auRobertson, AlisonNRC, National Research Council of Canada1411 Oxford St.B3H ZJ8 HalifaxCanadaalison.robertson@nrc.gc.ca353

INTERNATIONAL SOCIETY FOR THE STUDY OF HARMFUL ALGAE12 th <strong>International</strong> <strong>Conference</strong> on Harmful Algae, Copenhagen, Denmark, 4-8 September 2006Rodríguez-Palacio, Mónica CristinaUniversidad Autonoma MetropolitanaAv. San Rafael Atlixo No 186Col. Vicentina, Del IztapalapaC. P. 0934 D. F.Mexicomony@xanum.uam.mxRoot, HannahUniversity of New South WalesBiological Sciences BuildingUniversity of New South Wales, Kensington2052 SydneyAustraliaz2253089@student.unsw.edu.auRoughan, BrianNew Zealand Food Safety AuthorityP.O.Box 517SH 1 Grovetown7240 BlenheimNew Zealandbrian.roughan@nzfsa.govt.nzRuebhart, DavidGriffith UniversityLogan CampusUniversity Drive4131 MeadowbrookAustraliad.ruebhart@griffith.edu.auRundberget, ThomasNational Veterinary InstituteUllevaalsveien 68N-0454 OsloNorwaythomas.rundberget@vetinst.noRyan, JohnMBARI7700 Sandholdt Road95039 Moss Landing, CAUnited States of Americaryjo@mbari.orgSagir, AhmedUniversity of DhakaDepartment of Zology1000 DhakaBangladeshh.enevoldsen@unesco.orgSakamoto, SetsukoMaruishi, Hatsukaichi739-0452 HiroshimaJapansssaka@affrc.go.jpSalman, Nadir AbedDept. Fisheries & Marine ResourcesBasrah University,NoneGarmat Ali BasrahIraqnadirabd@yahoo.comSamdal, IngunnNational Veterinary Institute in OsloP.O.Box 8156 Dep.N-0033 OSLONorwayingunn.samdal@vetinst.noSamodien, FatimaMarine & Coastal ManagementSouth Africasamodien@deat.gov.zaSampedro Roig, NagorePasseig Marítim de la Barceloneta 37-49E-08003 BarcelonaSpainnagore@icm.csic.esSandvik, MortenNational Vetrinary InstituteUllevålsveien 68N-0033 OsloNorwayMorten.Sandvik@vetinst.noSangiorgi, Vera CharlottaArpa LazioVia Evemero 23 int 7 scala DI-00124 RomaItalyvsangiorgi@hotmail.comSano, TomoharuNational Institute for Environmental Studies16-2 Onogawa305-8506 TsukubaJapansanotomo@nies.go.jpSaravanan, VasudevanCollege of FisheriesDepartment of Fishery MicrobiologyPB 527575002 MangaloreIndiasharuaxl@yahoo.co.inSarno, DianaStazione Zoologica Anton DohrnVilla ComunaleI-80121 NapoliItalydiana@szn.itSatta, CTUniversity of SassariVia Muroni, 25I-07100 SassariItalyctsatta@uniss.itSayfritz, StephenNorwegian School of Veterinary ScienceUllevaalveien 72N-0033 OsloNorwayStephenJohn.Sayfritz@veths.noSchwalger, BeritGKSS research centre (KOC)GKSS (KOC)Max-Planck-Str. 1D-21502 GeesthachtGermanyberit.schwalger@gkss.deSchäfer, SandraGKSS Research CentreMax-Planck-Straße 1D-21502 GeesthachtGermanysandra.schaefer@gkss.deSeifert, MarcThe University of QueenslandC/o 21 Blackthorn Street4077 InalaAustralias4066047@student.uq.edu.au354

INTERNATIONAL SOCIETY FOR THE STUDY OF HARMFUL ALGAE12 th <strong>International</strong> <strong>Conference</strong> on Harmful Algae, Copenhagen, Denmark, 4-8 September 2006Sekiguchi, ReijiJapan Food Research Laboratories6-11-10, Nagayama206-0025 Tama-ShiJapansekiguchir@jfrl.jpSelander, ErikKristineberg Marine Research StationSE-450 34 FiskebäckskilSwedenErik.Selander@tmbl.gu.seSellner, KevinChesapeake Research Consortium645 Contees Wharf Road21037 EdgewaterUnited States of Americasellnerk@si.eduSemili, PaziAquatic Sciences & TechnologyDepartment of Fisheries Science &AquacultureP.O. Box 35064Dar es SalaamTanzaniah.enevoldsen@unesco.orgSengco, MarioSmithsonian Environmental Research CtrPO BOX 28647 Contees Wharf Road21037 Edgewater, MDUnited States of Americasengcom@si.eduSetälä, OutiFinnish Environment InstitutePL 140Mechelininkatu 34aFIN-00251 HelsinkiFinlandouti.setala@ymparisto.fiSheng, Jian3400 N. Charles StreetMD 21218 BaltimoreUnited States of Americajiansh@poseidon.me.jhu.eduShikata, Tomoyuki6-10-1, Hakozaki, Higashi-ku812-8581 FukuokaJapanshikata@agr.kyushu-u.ac.jpShinjo, FukikoTropical Technology Center Ltd5-1 SuzakiUruma904-2234 OkinawaJapanfshinjo@ttc.co.jpShiraishi, TomotakaKyoto UniversityKitashirakawa-Oiwakecho, Sakyoku606-8502 KyotoJapantomotaka@kais.kyoto-u.ac.jpShumway, SandraUniversity of Connecticut1080 Shennecossett Road6340 GrotonUnited States of AmericaSandra.Shumway@uconn.eduSiemer, Berit LumbyeDanish Veterinary & Food AdministrationKlostermarken 16DK-8800 ViborgDenmarkblus@fvst.dkSilke, JoeMarine InstituteRenville Oranmore Co.GalwayIrelandjoe.silke@marine.ieSkjelbred, BirgerUniversity of OsloP. O. Box 1066 Blindern316 OsloNorwaybirger.skjelbred@bio.uio.noSkovgaard, AlfUniversity of CopenhagenØster Farimagsgade 2DDK-1353 CopenhagenDenmarkalfskovgaard@bi.ku.dkSmale, HelenNew Zealand Aquaculture CouncilPO Box 86Blenheim7315 MarlboroughNew Zealandmsqp@xtra.co.nzSmayda, TedGraduate School OceanographyUniversity of Rhode Island2881 Kingston, RIUnited States of Americatsmayda@gso.uri.eduSoares de Menezes Rangel, Isabel MariaInstituto de Investigacão MarinhaIIM Dpto. de OceanografiaIiha de LuandaCP 2601LuandaAngolaiim-oceanografia@angola-minpescas.comSørensen, Helene MunkAarhus CountyLyseng Alle 1DK-8270 HøjbjergDenmarkhms@ag.aaa.dkSopanen, SannaFinnish Environment InstituteP. O. BOX 140Mechelininkatu 34 aFIN-00251 HelsinkiFinlandsanna.sopanen@ymparisto.fiSpilling, KristianFinnish Environment InstitutePO Box 140FIN-00251 HelsinkiFinlandkristian.spilling@helsinki.fi355

INTERNATIONAL SOCIETY FOR THE STUDY OF HARMFUL ALGAE12 th <strong>International</strong> <strong>Conference</strong> on Harmful Algae, Copenhagen, Denmark, 4-8 September 2006Sporon-Fiedler, CharlotteDanish Veterinary and Food AdministrationMørkhøj Bygade 19DK-2860 MørkhøjDenmarkcsf@fvst.dkSteidinger, KarenFlorida Institute of Oceanography, USF830 First St. So.33701 St. Petersburg FLUnited States of Americakaren.steidinger@myFWC.comStumpf, RichardNOAA National Ocean Service1305 East-West HighwayN/SCI1, rm 911520910 Silver Spring, MDUnited States of Americarichard.stumpf@noaa.govSunda, WilliamNational Ocean Service, NOAA101 Pivers Island Road28516 Beaufort, NCUnited States of Americabill.sunda@noaa.govSunesen, InésUniversidad Nacional de La PlataPaseo del Bosque s/n1900 La PlataArgentinaisunesen@fcnym.unlp.edu.arSuseela, MekhalaNational Botanical Research InstituteRana pratap margLucknow226 001 LucknowIndiamrsuseela@yahoo.co.inSutherland, CristyUniversity of California, Santa Cruz1156 High Street95064 Santa CruzUnited States of Americacristym@ucsc.eduSuzuki, MegumiJapan Food Research Laboratories6-11-10, Nagayama206-0025 Tama-ShiJapansekiguchir@jfrl.jpSwan, SarahScottish Association for Marine ScienceDunstaffnage Marine LaboratoryGBPA37 1QA ObanUnited Kingdomscs@sams.ac.ukSørensen, AnnieLaboratory of Environmental BiologyBaunebjergvej 5DK-3050 HumlebækDenmarkans@m-b-l.dkTahri Joutei, LallaInstitut National de Recherche Halleutique2 Rue de Tiznit21000 CasablancaMoroccotahri@inrh.org.maTakagi, HirooNational Institute for Envirometal Studies16-2 Onogawa305-8506 TsukubaJapantakakiho@nies.go.jpTakano, ShinUniv. Tamagawa6-1-1 Tamagawagakuen194-0041 Machida-shi TokyoJapanhn@wta.att.ne.jpTakayama, HaruyoshiHatami 5-20-13, Ondo-cho, Kure737-1207 HiroshimaJapant_haru4576@ybb.ne.jpTang, DanLingChinese Academy of SciencesSouth China Sea Institute of Oceanology164 West Xingang Road,510301 GuangzhouChinalingzistdl@126.comTaylor, Frank J. R.Canadamaxt@unixg.ubc.caTerenko, GalynaOdessa Branch of the Institute ofBiology of the Southern Seas of NASPushkinskaya 3765011 OdessaUkrainegalla@paco.netTester, PatriciaNational Ocean Service, NOAA101 Pivers Island Road28516 Beaufort, NCUnited States of Americapat.tester@noaa.govThessen, AnneUMCES Horn Point LaboratoryPOB 77521613 CambridgeUnited States of Americaathessen@hpl.umces.eduTillmann, UrbanAlfred Wegener InstituteAm Handelshafen 12D-27570 BremerhavenGermanyutillmann@awi-bremerhaven.deTomas, CarmeloUniversity of North Carolina WilmingtonCenter for Marine Science5600 Marvin K. Moss Lane28409 WilmingtonUnited States of Americatomasc@uncw.eduTomlinson, MichelleNational Ocean Service, NOAA1305 East-West Hwy, Sta 925720190 Silver Spring, MDUnited States of AmericaMichelle.Tomlinson@noaa.gov356

INTERNATIONAL SOCIETY FOR THE STUDY OF HARMFUL ALGAE12 th <strong>International</strong> <strong>Conference</strong> on Harmful Algae, Copenhagen, Denmark, 4-8 September 2006Torgersen, TrineNational Veterinary InstituteP.O. Box 8156 DepN-0033 OsloNorwaytrine.torgersen@vetinst.noTouno, AsamiUniv. Tamagawa6-1-1 Tamagawagakuen194-0041 Machida-shi TokyoJapanhn@wta.att.ne.jpTouzet, NicolasNational University of Ireland GalwayMarine MicrobiologyUniversity RoadGalwayIrelandnicolas.touzet@nuigalway.ieTrainer, VeraNOAA Fisheries2725 Montlake Blvd. E.NOAA/NMFS/ECD98112 Seattle, WashingtonUnited States of Americavera.l.trainer@noaa.govTrick, CharlesSchulich School of MedicineRoom 402, North Campus BuildingUniv. Western OntarioN6A5B7 LondonCanadatrick@uwo.caTubaro, AureliaUniversity of TriesteDMRN -Via Valerio 6I-34127 TriesteItalytubaro@units.itTurrell, ElizabethFisheries Research Services375 Victoria RoadAberdeenAB11 9DB AberdeenUnited Kingdomturrelle@marlab.ac.ukTustison, Jacob100 8th Ave SE33702 St.PetersburgUnited States of Americajacob.tustison@myFWC.comTöbe, KerstinAlfred Wegener InstituteAm Handelshafen 12D-27570 BremerhavenGermanyktoebe@awi-bremerhaven.deUronen, PauliinaFinnish Environment InstituteP.O. Box 140FIN-00251 HelsinkiFinlandpauliina.uronen@environment.fiVan Dolah, FrancesNOAAMarine Biotoxins Program219 Fort Johnson Rd.29412 Charleston, SCUnited States of Americafran.vandolah@noaa.govVargas, MaribellUniversity of Costa Rica, CIEMic,San Pedro de Montes de Oca, San José2060 San JoséCosta Ricavmontero@cariari.ucr.ac.crVarkitzi, IoannaInstitute - Hellenic Centre forMarine ResearchPO Box 712GR-19013 AthensGreeceioanna@ath.hcmr.grVasquez, MPontificia Universidad Catolica de ChileAlameda 3406513492 SantiagoChilemvasquez@bio.puc.clVassilakakai, MariaIGBMüggelseedamm 301D-12587 BerlinGermanyMCHera@web.deVelo, LourdesInstituto Español de OceanografíaAptdo 1552E-36200 VigoSpainlourdes.velo@vi.ieo.esVillac, Maria CéliaUniversidade de TaubatéPça. Marcelino Monteiro, 6312030-010 Taubaté, SPBrazilmcvillac@uol.com.brVillareal, TracyThe University of TexasMarine Science Institute78373-5015 Port Aransas, TexasUnited States of Americatracy@utmsi.utexas.eduVyverman, WimGhent UniversityKrijgslaan 281 S8B-9000 GentBelgiumwim.vyverman@ugent.beWall, David5127 Tarnbrook DriveUS-7708423 HoustonUnited States of Americadavcorwall@cs.comWang, ZhaohuiJinan UniversityInstitute of Hydrobiology510632 GuangzhouChinatwzh@jnu.edu.cnWang, JiangtaoOcean University of China5 Yushan Road266003 QingdaoChinajtwang@ouc.edu.cn357

INTERNATIONAL SOCIETY FOR THE STUDY OF HARMFUL ALGAE12 th <strong>International</strong> <strong>Conference</strong> on Harmful Algae, Copenhagen, Denmark, 4-8 September 2006Wang, YunfengInstitute of Oceanology, CAS7, Nanhai Road266071 QingdaoChinayfwang@ms.qdio.ac.cnWang, JunhuiChinawangjinhui@133sh.comWang, Da-ZhiXiamen UniversityEnvironmental Science Research Center361005 XiamenChinadzwang@xmu.edu.cnWang, JinhuiEast China Sea Environmental MonitoringDongtang Road 630200137 ShanghaiChinawangjinhui@133sh.comWasmund, NorbertBaltic Sea Research InstituteSestr. 15D-18119 WarnemündeGermanynorbert.wasmund@io-warnemuende.deWatanabe, RyuichiTohoku UniversityTsutsumidori-amamiyamachi1-1981-8555 SendaiJapanwataryu@biochem.tohoku.ac.jpWells, MarkUniversity of MaineSchool of Marine ScienceLibby Hall4469 OronoUnited States of Americamlwells@maine.eduWhereat, EdwardUniversity of Delaware, CMS700 Pilottown Road19958 Lewes, DelawareUnited States of Americawhereat@udel.eduWiegand, ClaudiaLeibniz Institute of Freshwater EcologyMüggelseedamm 301D-12587 BerlinGermanycwiegand@igb-berlin.deWolny, JenniferFlorida Institute of Oceanography100 8th Avenue SE33701 Saint Petersburg, FloridaUnited States of Americajennifer.wolny@myfwc.comWulff, AngelaGöteborg UniversityP.O. Box 461SE-40530 GöteborgSwedenangela.wulff@marbot.gu.seWyatt, TimothyInstituto de Investigaciones MarinasEduardo Cabello 6E-36208 VigoSpaintwyatt@iim.csic.esWynne, TimothyNOAA/NOSN/SCI1, Room 912020910 Silver SpringUnited States of Americatimothy.wynne@noaa.govYamaguchi, HaruoKochi UniversityMonobe-OtsuNankoku783-8502 KochiJapanyharuo@kochi-u.ac.jpYamagushi, KenichiNagasaki UniversityFaculty of FisheriesBunkyo-machi 1-14852-8521 NagasakiJapankenichi@net.nagasaki-u.ac.jpYamasaki, YasuhiroKyushu UniversityGraduate School6-10-1, Hakozaki, Higashi-ku812-8581 FukuokaJapanyamasak1@agr.kyushu-u.ac.jpYan, TianInstitute of Oceanology, CAS7 Nanhai Road266071 QingdaoChinatianyan@ms.qdio.ac.cnYasumoto, TakeshiOkinawa Create, JST12-75 SuzakiOHBC TTC core Lab.904-2234 Uruma-cityJapanyasumoto@ttc.co.jpYih, WonhoKunsan National UniversitySan 68, Miryong-dong573-701 KunsanSouth-Koreaywonho@kunsan.ac.krYin, KedongAMCE/Biology DeptHong Kong Univ of Sci & TechCLEA WATE KowloonHongkongkyin@ust.hkYoshida, HiroshiUniv. Tamagawa6-1-1 Tamagawagakuen194-0041 Machida-shi TokyoJapanhn@wta.att.ne.jpYoshida, TakashiFukui Prefectural University1-1 Gakuen, Obama, Fukui917-0003 ObamaJapanyoshiten@fpu.ac.jp358

INTERNATIONAL SOCIETY FOR THE STUDY OF HARMFUL ALGAE12 th <strong>International</strong> <strong>Conference</strong> on Harmful Algae, Copenhagen, Denmark, 4-8 September 2006Yoshida, MitsuhiroFukui Prefectural University1-1 Gakuencho917-0003 ObamaJapans0494004@s.fpu.ac.jpYoshimatsu, SadaakiAkashiwo Res. Inst. of Kagawa Pref.75-5 Yashima Higashimachi761-0111 TakamatsuJapanjr4587@pref.kagawa.lg.jpYoshino, AtsushiTropical Technology Center Ltd.12-75 SuzakiOHBC TTC core Lab.904-2234 Uruma-cityJapanyoshino@ttc.co.jpYu, RenchengInstitute of Oceanology, CAS7, Nanhai Road266071 QingdaoChinarcyu@ms.qdio.ac.cnYu, ZhimingInstitute of Oceanology, CAS7 Nanhai Rd.266071 QingdaoChinazyu@ms.qdio.ac.cnZhao, Dong-zhiNational Marine Enviroment Monitoring CenterNo.42 Linghe StreetShahekou District116023 DalianChinadzzhao@nmemc.gov.cnZhao, WeihongInstitute of Oceanology, CAS7 Naihai Road266071 QingdaoChinawhzhao@ms.qdio.ac.cnZhou, MingjiangInstitute of Oceanology, CAS7 Nanhai Road266071 QingdaoChinamjzhou@ms.qdio.ac.cnZimmermann, LeighNOAA2307 Boardwalk Ave.28403 WIlmingtonUnited States of AmericaLeigh.Zimmermann@noaa.govZingone, AdrianaStazione Zoologica 'A. Dohrn'Villa ComunaleI-80121 NaplesItalyzingone@szn.itZou, JingzhongInstitute of Oceanology, CAS7, Nanhai Road266071 QingdaoChinajzou@ms.qdio.ac.cn359

INTERNATIONAL SOCIETY FOR THE STUDY OF HARMFUL ALGAE12 th <strong>International</strong> <strong>Conference</strong> on Harmful Algae, Copenhagen, Denmark, 4-8 September 2006360

INTERNATIONAL SOCIETY FOR THE STUDY OF HARMFUL ALGAE12 th <strong>International</strong> <strong>Conference</strong> on Harmful Algae, Copenhagen, Denmark, 4-8 September 2006AUTHOR INDEXAasen, J: PO.05-36Aasen, J: PO.05-37Aasen, JAB: PO.05-35Abbott, JP: O.03-01Abbott, JP: PO.04-12Abbott, JP: O.21-02Abbott, JP: PO.13-80Abdallah, Aly M. A.: PO.08-18Abraham, A: PO.05-27Acosta-Chamorro, V: PO.15-34Acosta, CP: PO.05-03, PO.08-25,PO.08-26Adachi, M: PO.10-48Adachi, Masao: PO.15-09Adams, CM: PO.03-02Adams, CM: PO.03-03Adolf, J.E.: O.14-04Adolf, JE: PO.13-11Adolf, JE: O.01-06Aguilera Belmonte, A. PO.13-57Ahmed, Sagir Md: PO.05-23Akers, R: O.03-03Akin-Oriola, G.: PO.11-02Akin-Oriola, G.: PO.13-70Akselman, R: PO.15-26Al-Handal, A Y: PO.13-44, PO.13-83Al-Rifaie, K. PO.07-02Al-Yamani, F. PO.07-02Al Abdessalaam, Thabit Z.: PO.13-24Albertano, P: PO.13-21Albertano, P: PO.13-26Albertano, P: PO.06-06Albinsson, M.: PO.13-27Aligizaki, K.: PO.13-06, PO.13-07Allis, O: O.12-01Almandoz, G.: PO.13-17Almroth, E: O.20-05Alonso-Rodríguez, R: PO.08-04Alpermann, T: PO.01-11, O.11-03Alrivie, D: PO.01-22Álvarez-Hernández S: PO.13-78Alverca, E.: PO.02-07Amanhir, Rachid: PO.09-06Amato, A: O.13-03Amato, A: PO.01-14Amorim, A: PO.13-33Amorim, A: PO.06-08Amorim, A: PO.12-11Amzil, Zouher: PO.05-05Anbiah, Rajan: PO.13-24Andersen, P: O.20-05Anderson, DM: O.11-03Anderson, DM: PO.14-06Anderson, DM: O.17-02361

INTERNATIONAL SOCIETY FOR THE STUDY OF HARMFUL ALGAE12 th <strong>International</strong> <strong>Conference</strong> on Harmful Algae, Copenhagen, Denmark, 4-8 September 2006Anderson, DM: O.08-06Anderson, DM.: O.13-04Andree, Kb: PO.01-15Anglès, S: PO.10-28Anglès, S: PO.16-15Angles, S.: PO.16-01Anishchenko, Ov: PO.04-01Annadotter, H: O.15-02Annadotter, Helene: PO.03-09Anton, A: O.20-02Anton, A: PO.01-09Antrobus, RJ: PO.13-47Ardelean, A: PO.12-11Arevalo, F: PO.05-40Arin, L: PO.07-13Arin, L: PO.13-71Arin, L: PO.13-73Armbrust, E. V.: PO.01-10Armbrust, Virginia: Pl.07-01Armstrong, PA: O.05-04Armstrong, PA: PO.06-11Arnqvist, A: O.08-03Artigas, Ml: PO.13-33Asai, J: PO.15-12Asimakopoulou, Georgia: PO.10-47Asmelash, T: PO.01-19Asp, T: PO.05-36Atwood, K: PO.13-80Aune, T: PO.05-36Auro, M: PO.10-35Autio, RM: O.14-03Avalos-Borja, M: PO.07-11Ayres, Dl: O.03-02Azanza, RV PO.13-55Azanza, RV: PO.14-07Azanza, RV: O.20-03Bachvaroff, TR: PO.13-11Bachvaroff, TR: O.14-04Bachvaroff, TR: O.01-06Bachvaroff, TR: O.11-04Backer, LC: PO.05-27Backer, LC: O.03-03Baden, DG: PO.05-27Baden, DG: O.03-03Baden, DG: O.10-03Baeza, J A: PO.15-29Bakke, Marit: O.06-04Balode, Maija: PO.13-65Band-Schmidt, C.: PO.08-27Band-Schmidt, C: PO.08-04Band-Schmidt, C: PO.13-75Baptista, MS: PO.10-16Barbarino, E.: PO.13-59Barda, Leva: PO.13-65Barón-Campis, SA: PO.15-34362

INTERNATIONAL SOCIETY FOR THE STUDY OF HARMFUL ALGAE12 th <strong>International</strong> <strong>Conference</strong> on Harmful Algae, Copenhagen, Denmark, 4-8 September 2006Bateman, K: PO.06-15Bates, SS: PO.10-39Batoréu, C: O.12-03Bauer, M: O.03-02Bean, JA: O.03-03Bechemin, C: O.18-03Belas, M. Robert: PO.06-01Ben Hassen, M.: PO.13-28Ben Hassen, Malika: PO.13-50Ben Khedhir, S.: PO.13-28Benhadouch, Asia: PO.09-06Benoit, E: O.22-01Beran, A: PO.10-46Bérard, Jean Bapt: PO.05-07Berdalet, E: PO.10-28Berden Zrimec, M: PO.10-46Bergkvist, J: O.08-03Bernard, S: O.21-02Bernard, S.: PO.07-17Berrebi, P: PO.01-22Berry, Dl: O.02-05Bertozzini, Elena: PO.15-06, PO.15-05Beszteri, S: PO.02-06Beuzenberg, V.: PO.09-02Beuzenberg, Veronica: PO.09-11Bialczyk, J: PO.08-03Bianchi, L: PO.13-63Bianco, I: PO.13-21Bianco, I: PO.13-26Biggs, B.J.F: PO.13-15Bire, R: PO.05-14Bire, R.: O.07-02Blackburn, S: PO.13-22Blackburn, S: PO.13-27Blackburn, S: PO.10-32Blackburn, S: O.05-04Blackburn, S: PO.06-11Blanco, J: PO.05-03, PO.08-25,PO.08-26Blanco, J: PO.13-46Blanco, J: PO.05-40Blasco, D: PO.07-13Blasco, D: PO.07-16Blasco, D: PO.13-71Blauw, A: PO.07-13Blay, P: PO.05-39Blum, PC: PO.05-27Boisson, FM: PO.04-09Bolch, CJ: O.05-04Bolch, CJ: PO.06-11Bolch, CJS: O.16-04Borchert, Jerry: PO.13-82Borja, V.: PO.16-16Boschetti, L: PO.13-63Botana, LM: 27363

INTERNATIONAL SOCIETY FOR THE STUDY OF HARMFUL ALGAE12 th <strong>International</strong> <strong>Conference</strong> on Harmful Algae, Copenhagen, Denmark, 4-8 September 2006Botelho, M.J.: PO.05-31Botelho, MJ: PO.13-33Bothwell, M.: PO.13-15Bourdelais, A: PO.05-27Bourdelais, A.: PO.10-44Bourdelais, AJ: O.10-03Boutonnier, X: PO.15-20Bouvier, T: O.09-01Bowers, H: PO.01-24Bowers, HA: PO.01-01Bowers, HA: PO.13-40Boyer, G. L.: PO.15-18Boyer, Gl: O.02-05Bravo, I: PO.05-15, PO.10-33Bravo, I: PO.05-29Bravo, I: PO.06-16Bravo, I: O.15-04Bravo, I: PO.16-15Bresnan, E: PO.15-14Bresnan, E: PO.06-15Bresnan, E: PO.13-62Bresnan, E.: PO.13-66Brett Neilan, BN: O.01-03Bricelj, M: PO.04-11Bricelj, V. Monica: PO.04-07Bricelj, V. Monica: PO.04-08Bricelj, V.M.: PO.14-06Briggs, LR: O.06-03Briggs, LR: O.10-01Brotas, Vanda: O.14-02Brown, H: PO.13-80Brown, LM: PO.13-62Brownlee, EF: PO.14-01Brownlee, EF: PO.13-11Brutemark, A: PO.10-11Bu, Xianwei: PO.13-13Burchardt, L: PO.15-04Burchardt, L: PO.13-16Burkholder, J.M.: O.18-02Burkholder, J.M PO.08-20Burkholder, J.M PO.10-41Burkholder, J.M PO.10-42Burkholder, J.M PO.01-24Burns, BG: PO.05-41Burridge, LE: PO.04-06Burridge, LE: PO.04-06Bustillos-Guzmán, J: PO.08-04Bustillos-Guzmán, J: PO.13-75Bustillos-Guzman, J: PO.08-27Bustillos, J: PO.13-81Butron, A: PO.10-08Buzan, D: PO.15-07Bužancic, M: PO.13-32Byrd, M: PO.15-07Cabado, AG: PO.08-21364

INTERNATIONAL SOCIETY FOR THE STUDY OF HARMFUL ALGAE12 th <strong>International</strong> <strong>Conference</strong> on Harmful Algae, Copenhagen, Denmark, 4-8 September 2006Cabado, AG: PO.05-42Cabanas, JM: PO.06-09Cabral, Vap: PO.13-76Cai, Y: PO.15-20Caillaud, A: PO.13-46Caillaud, A: PO.05-29Caillaud, A: PO.15-17Caillaud, A: PO.07-16Caillaud, A: O.09-04Caillaud, A: PO.08-14Calado, AJ PO.15-24Calado, AJ: PO.16-14Calbet, A: PO.13-71Camp, J: PO.13-14Camp, J: PO.07-13Camp, J: PO.01-15Camp, J: PO.13-71Camp, J: PO.13-73Campa, A: PO.08-16Campbell, C: O.07-06Campbell, L: PO.15-07Campbell, L: PO.07-10Cañete, E: PO.13-46Cañete, E: PO.05-29Cañete, E: PO.15-17Cañete, E: PO.08-14Cañete, E: PO.07-16Cañete, E: O.09-04Cangini, M: PO.13-63Cao, XH: PO.14-02Cao, Xihua: PO.14-10Capling, J: O.10-02Cardozo, KHM: PO.05-34Carlson, Dan: PO.13-10Carmichael, WW: PO.08-03Carreira, CC: PO.16-14Carter, L: PO.10-34Carter, L: PO.01-20Carvalho, VM: PO.05-34Carvalho, WF: PO.10-09Cary, S.C.: PO.13-15Cary, S.C PO.06-17Castberg, Tonje: PO.15-08Cataletto, B: PO.01-07Cavaliere, R: O.11-01Cavaliere Rosalia, RC: O.01-03Ceccherelli, G: PO.16-15Cembella, A: PO.05-45Cembella, A: PO.02-02Cembella, A: Pl.04-01Cembella, A: PO.07-16Cembella, A: PO.08-23Cembella, A.: PO.05-22Cembella, AD: PO.02-03Cembella, AD: PO.02-06365

INTERNATIONAL SOCIETY FOR THE STUDY OF HARMFUL ALGAE12 th <strong>International</strong> <strong>Conference</strong> on Harmful Algae, Copenhagen, Denmark, 4-8 September 2006Cembella, AD: PO.01-11Cembella, AD: O.11-03Cembella, AD: O.15-03Cembella, AD: O.21-02Cembella, AD: O.09-04Cepeda-Morales, J: PO.10-45Ceredi, A: PO.13-26Ceredi, A: PO.13-63Cerejo, M: PO.06-09Chafik, Abdelghan: PO.13-18Chambouvet, A: PO.07-07Chan, L: O.01-04Chan, Leo Lai: PO.02-04Chan, Leo Lai: PO.10-23Chan, Leo Lai: PO.09-03Chan, Leo Lai: PO.10-24Chang, BD: PO.04-06Chang, FH: PO.01-02, O.10-03Chang, KG: PO.10-14Chapelle, A: PO.10-17Chapelle, Annie: PO.06-27Cheely, CS: O.03-01Chen, H: PO.14-03Chen, JF: PO.11-04Chen, Jinfeng: PO.01-26Chen, Meimei: PO.11-12Chen, XH: PO.07-12Chen, Y: PO.05-39Chen, Zhi-Lan: PO.14-09Cheng, XS: PO.15-02Cheng, YS: PO.05-27Cheung, IS: PO.13-47Chiantella, Claude: PO.05-05Chin, Wl: PO.01-09Chinain, M: PO.12-06Chinain, M: PO.03-05Chinain, M: PO.13-58Chinain, M: PO.12-16Chiu, Ellen: O.01-04Cho, Y: PO.09-04Chou, HN: PO.02-08Christensen, S: O.15-02Christian, B: PO.08-02Christoffersen, Kirsten S: PO.05-46Christou, E.D.: PO.04-10Chu, K.: PO.03-01Chung, S: PO.15-20Chuprov, SM: PO.04-01Churro, CI: PO.16-14Ciccarone, P: PO.15-21Ciminiello, P: O.07-03Clarke, EO: PO.13-70Clément Díaz, A: PO.13-57Cloete, TE: PO.14-05Coats, D. Wayne: O.13-04366

INTERNATIONAL SOCIETY FOR THE STUDY OF HARMFUL ALGAE12 th <strong>International</strong> <strong>Conference</strong> on Harmful Algae, Copenhagen, Denmark, 4-8 September 2006Cochlan, WP: PO.06-12Cochlan, WP: O.08-02Cochlan, WP: PO.10-35Cochlan, WP: O.08-01Cohen, A: PO.01-24Colepicolo, P: PO.05-34Colepicolo, P: PO.08-16Collos, Y: PO.10-05Collos, Y: PO.11-08Collos, Y: PO.10-31Collos, Y: PO.01-22Congestri, R: PO.13-21Congestri, R: PO.13-26Conmy, RN: PO.06-21Conrad, S.: PO.03-01Conrad, SM: PO.15-31Contreras, AM: PO.04-02Cook, S: O.21-01Cooney, J: O.06-03Cooney, Jannie M.: PO.09-11Corbin, Tom: PO.13-10Correa, J: PO.05-40Costa, Pedro: O.14-02Costisdis, A: PO.13-80Coutinho, L.C.: PO.13-59Couture, D: O.08-06Couture, D.: PO.03-01Cox, A: PO.16-07Cox, F. H.: PO.13-82Coyne, Kathryn J: PO.12-15Coyne, KJ: PO.06-17Craft, C: PO.05-38Crain, S: PO.05-38Crassous, MP: PO.10-17Craveiro, SC: PO.15-24Cronberg, G: O.15-02Cruchet, P: PO.12-06Cruchet, P: PO.03-05Cruz Lozano Ramirez, Cl: PO.13-52Cuadrado, A: PO.02-07Cullen, J: O.19-02Culloty, SC: O.12-01, PO.08-28Cyronak, TI: PO.10-29Czymmek, Kirk: PO.12-15D'alelio, D: O.17-04D'alelio, D: PO.16-10D'alelio, D: O.13-03Daekyung, Kim: PO.05-04Dale, Barrie: Pl.05-01Dalpra, D: O.03-03Dammak-Zouari, Hela: PO.13-50Dao, Viet Ha: PO.13-23Darius, H T: PO.03-05Darius, T: PO.12-06Darius, T: PO.13-58367

INTERNATIONAL SOCIETY FOR THE STUDY OF HARMFUL ALGAE12 th <strong>International</strong> <strong>Conference</strong> on Harmful Algae, Copenhagen, Denmark, 4-8 September 2006Daugbjerg, N: O.15-02Daugbjerg, N: PO.12-13Daugbjerg, N: PO.12-09Davenport, J: O.12-01, PO.08-28Davidson, K: O.07-06Davidson, K.: PO.06-27Davies-Vollum, KS: PO.16-07Davis, TW: O.02-05De Boer, M. K.: PO.10-30De Fremicourt, I: PO.13-58De La Cruz-Orozco, ME: PO.10-45De La Iglesia, Pablo: PO.05-43De Meester, L: PO.01-19De Salas, MF: O.16-04Dea, So: PO.13-80Deeds, J.: PO.03-01Deeds, J: O.03-01Deeds, J: PO.15-31Degner, R: PO.03-02Degner, Rl: PO.03-03Dejenie, T: PO.01-19Delgado, M: PO.15-17Dell'aversano, C: O.07-03Dell’aversano, C: PO.13-48Demir, E: PO.06-17Demir, E: PO.12-15Di, BP: PO.07-03, PO.13-08Dias, E: O.12-03Dickey, R: PO.05-27Dickey, R. W.: PO.01-13Dickey, RW: PO.10-40Diener, M: PO.05-19Diercks, S: O.16-02Dimaano, LM: PO.08-07Diogène, J: PO.15-17Diogène, J: PO.08-14Diogène, J: PO.07-16Diogène, J: PO.01-15Diogène, J: O.09-04Diogène, J: PO.13-46Diogène, J: PO.05-29Distefano, P.: PO.03-01Dixon, LK: PO.06-21Doan-Nhu, Hai: PO.10-38Doblin, MA: O.05-04Doblin, MA: PO.06-17Dortch, Q: PO.13-84Doucette, G: PO.15-16Doucette, GJ.: O.19-01Doucette, GJ.: O.16-01Doucette, GJ: PO.04-09Doucette, GJ: PO.13-84Doval, M: PO.13-53Drinovec, L: PO.10-46Du, Wei: PO.07-06368

INTERNATIONAL SOCIETY FOR THE STUDY OF HARMFUL ALGAE12 th <strong>International</strong> <strong>Conference</strong> on Harmful Algae, Copenhagen, Denmark, 4-8 September 2006Du Randt, A.: PO.07-17Duinker, Arne: PO.08-19Dyble, J: PO.15-15Dyhrman, ST: O.17-01Dyhrman, ST: O.04-04Dziemiela, Kristy: PO.13-10Eaglesham, GK: PO.05-18Economou-Amilli, Athena: PO.10-47Edler, L: PO.13-44Edler, L: PO.13-83Edvardsen, B: PO.01-08Edvardsen, B: PO.12-07Edvardsen, B: PO.12-14Egerton, TA: PO.15-04Eikrem, W: PO.12-14Eilola, K: O.20-05Elandaloussi, LM: PO.07-16Elandaloussi, LM: PO.01-15Elliott, CT: O.16-01Ellwanger, M.: PO.03-01Ellwood, NTW: PO.06-06English, Dave: PO.13-10Ennaffah, Btissam: PO.13-18Erard, E: PO.10-17Erichsen, A Chr: PO.06-24Erler, K: PO.08-04Escalera Moura, L: PO.06-09Espina, RMM: O.20-01Esplund, C: PO.15-33Esteves, JL: PO.15-21Estrada, M: PO.07-13Etheridge, SM: O.03-01Etheridge, SM: PO.15-31Etheridge, Stacey M.: PO.03-01Evans, Km: O.11-03Evans, Km: Pl.06-01Fahnenstiel, GL: PO.15-15Faltin, Erin: PO.13-10Fattorusso, E: O.07-03Fauquier, D: PO.13-80Faust, MA: PO.12-16Faust, MA: PO.06-02Fawcett, A: O.21-02Fawcett, AL: PO.07-17Feki, Wafa: PO.13-50Feldman, J: O.16-01Feldman, J: PO.15-16Fensin, EE: PO.07-18Fernand, L: PO.07-05Fernand, L: O.18-03Fernández-Tejedor, M: PO.07-16Fernández-Tejedor, M: PO.01-15Fernandez-Villamarín, A: PO.06-16Fernández-Villamarín, A: O.15-04Fernández, F: PO.08-10369

INTERNATIONAL SOCIETY FOR THE STUDY OF HARMFUL ALGAE12 th <strong>International</strong> <strong>Conference</strong> on Harmful Algae, Copenhagen, Denmark, 4-8 September 2006Fernández, L: PO.13-45Fernández, M: PO.13-46Fernández, M: PO.05-29Fernández, M: PO.15-17Fernández, M: PO.08-14Fernández, R: PO.13-45Ferrario, ME: PO.13-17Ferrario, ME: PO.15-21Ferreyra, GA: PO.13-17Fiandrino, A: PO.16-12Figueroa, R: PO.05-15Figueroa, RI: O.02-02Figueroa, RI: PO.10-33Figueroa, RI: PO.06-16Figueroa, RI: O.15-04Fleming, LE: PO.05-27Fleming, LE: O.03-03Flewelling, L: O.21-01Flewelling, LJ: PO.13-72Flewelling, LJ: PO.13-80Flewelling, LJ: PO.04-12Flewelling, LJ: O.21-02Forino, M: O.07-03Forsyth, CJ: O.10-01Fortuño, JM: PO.13-14Fraga, S: PO.05-15Fraga, S: PO.06-16Fraga, S: O.15-04Fraga, S: PO.13-73Franca, S: PO.02-07Francesco Pomati, FP: O.01-03Franco, J: PO.07-16Franco, JM: PO.05-11Franco, JM: PO.05-15Franco, JM: PO.05-29Franco, JM: PO.08-14Franco, JM: O.15-04Franzén, J: PO.13-19Freer, E.: PO.13-79Freitag, M: PO.02-06Frias, HV: PO.05-34Friberg-Jensen, U.: PO.05-46Frost, BW: PO.16-07Fu, X: PO.15-20Fuentes, M S: PO.15-29Fuentes Grünewald, Claudio G:PO.13-57Fukami, K: PO.13-60Fukuyo, Y: PO.10-02Fukuyo, Y.: PO.13-55Fukuyo, Y.: PO.16-16Fukuyo, Yasuwo: PO.13-23Funari, E: PO.03-07Funiciello, R: PO.06-06Furey, A: O.12-01Furio, EF: PO.10-02370

INTERNATIONAL SOCIETY FOR THE STUDY OF HARMFUL ALGAE12 th <strong>International</strong> <strong>Conference</strong> on Harmful Algae, Copenhagen, Denmark, 4-8 September 2006Furio, EF: O.13-02Furio, F: PO.16-16Furones, D: PO.15-17Fux, E: PO.05-14Fux, E.E.: O.07-02G Ao, Yahui: PO.07-06Gago-Martinez, A: PO.05-43Gall, M: O.10-03Galli, O: PO.06-04Galluzzi, Luca: PO.15-06, PO.15-05Gao, S: PO.14-03Gao, Yahui: PO.06-05Gao, Yahui: PO.01-26Gao, YH: PO.11-04Gao, YH: PO.01-18Gao, Yonghui: PO.14-10Gárate-Lizárraga, I: PO.08-04Garate-Lizarraga, Ismael: PO.08-27Gárate-Lizárraga, Ismael: PO.13-75Garcé, E: PO.10-33Garcés, E: PO.10-05, PO.15-05Garcés, E: PO.16-01Garcés, E: PO.13-14Garcés, E: PO.10-28Garcés, E: PO.07-13Garcés, E: PO.01-15Garcés, E: PO.13-73Garcés, E: PO.10-41Garcés, E: PO.16-15Garcés, E.: O.15-01Garcia, C: PO.08-23Garde, KG: O.19-04Garibay, SS: O.20-01Garnett, C: O.10-02Garnett, CM: PO.08-17Garnett, CM: O.19-02Garnett, CM: PO.05-41Garrett, M: O.21-01Garrett, Matt: PO.13-10Garrett, MJ: PO.12-05Garrido, Susana: O.14-02Gawel, JE: PO.16-07Gaxiola-Castro, G: PO.10-45Genovesi-Giunti, B: PO.16-12Genovesi-Giunti, B: PO.01-22Gentien, P: O.18-03Gentien, Patrick: O.09-03Gerdts, G: PO.08-02Giacobbe, Maria Gra: PO.15-06Gieseker, C: O.03-01Gilbert, H: PO.15-18Gladyshev, MI: PO.04-01Glibert, P.M.: O.18-02Glibert, PM: PO.10-25Glöckner, G: PO.02-02371

INTERNATIONAL SOCIETY FOR THE STUDY OF HARMFUL ALGAE12 th <strong>International</strong> <strong>Conference</strong> on Harmful Algae, Copenhagen, Denmark, 4-8 September 2006Glöckner, G: PO.02-03Glöckner, G: PO.02-06Gobler, CJ: O.02-05, PO.06-07Gobler, CJ: PO.06-17Godhe, A: PO.01-27Gol'din, Evgeny B.: PO.08-05Gomes, SS: PO.13-33González-Chan, RB: PO.15-34Gonzalez-Gil, S: PO.10-37González-Gil, S: PO.05-11González-Gil, S: O.18-03Goupil, Amélie: PO.05-07Graciela De Lara-Isassi, GDL: PO.13-78Graciela De Lara Isassi, GDL: PO.13-52Gradilla-Martínez, I: PO.07-11Gramaccioni, L: PO.03-07Granados-Machuca, C: PO.07-11Grande, H.R.: PO.01-13Granéli, E: O.06-02Granéli, E: PO.10-11, PO.10-09Granéli, E: PO.15-33Granéli, E: Pl.03-01Granéli, E: PO.10-47Granéli, W: PO.10-11Granholm, A: PO.13-80Greenfield, D: O.16-01Greenfield, D: PO.15-16Greenfield, Dianne I.: O.19-01Greengrove, CL: PO.16-07Gregg, MD: PO.14-04Gribble, Kristin E: O.13-04Grillo, C: O.07-03Grzebyk, D: PO.10-31Grzebyk, D: PO.01-22Gu, JD: O.01-04Guadayol, Ò: PO.10-28Guillén, J: PO.13-71Guillou, L: PO.07-07Guimarães Nogueira, IC: PO.08-11,PO.06-22Guimard, Solene: PO.05-05Gumbo, JR: PO.14-05Guo, Hao: PO.13-43Gutiérrez-Estrada, JC: O.05-02Göbel, J: PO.01-21Göbel, Jeanette: PO.07-06Hackett, JD: O.17-02Hagström, JA.: O.06-02Hajdu, S: PO.10-10Haley, ST: O.17-01Haley, ST: O.04-04Halim, Y: PO.12-01Hall, S: O.03-01Hall, S: PO.15-31372

INTERNATIONAL SOCIETY FOR THE STUDY OF HARMFUL ALGAE12 th <strong>International</strong> <strong>Conference</strong> on Harmful Algae, Copenhagen, Denmark, 4-8 September 2006Hall, S.: PO.03-01Hallegraeff, GM: PO.14-04, PO.08-13Hallegraeff, GM: O.05-04Hallegraeff, GM: PO.10-32Hallegraeff, GM: PO.01-24Hamann, MT: O.01-06Hällfors, HA: PO.10-10Hamano, Y: PO.05-24Hamza, Asma: PO.13-28, PO.13-29Hamza, Asma: PO.13-50Han, Xiaotian: PO.01-18Handy, SM: PO.06-17Hanne Kaas, H: O.19-04Hansen: PO.10-49, PO.10-50Hanson, S.: PO.01-13Hansson, L: O.02-02Hansson, M: PO.15-30Haque, Shahroz M: O.10-04Hardison, Dr: O.18-04Hardstaff, W: PO.05-38Hardstaff, W: PO.05-41Hardstaff, Wr: PO.05-37Härnström, K: PO.16-08Hatanaka, E: PO.08-16Hatta, Y: PO.14-11Hatta, Y: PO.14-14Hattori, M: PO.16-11Hatzianestis, Ioannis: PO.10-47Haubois, Ag: PO.04-11Hawkes, Allan D.: PO.09-11Hayashi, Y: PO.15-27Haywood, A: O.21-01He, R: O.08-06Hegaret, Ht: PO.05-09Hégaret, Ht: PO.01-03Heideman, G: PO.15-07Heil, C: PO.15-20, PO.13-80Heil, C. A.: O.21-01Heil, Ca: O.19-06Heil, Cynthia A: PO.13-10Henry, M: O.03-03Henry, Michael S: PO.05-27Herfindal, L: PO.08-15Hernandez-Sandoval, Francisco:PO.08-27Hernandez Becerril, Du: PO.15-34Hess, P: PO.05-14Hess, P: Pl.01-01Hess, P: PO.09-10Hess, P.: O.07-02Hetland, Rd: PO.07-10Hickey, B: PO.06-12Hickey, Bm: O.08-02Hickey, Bm: O.08-01Hickey, M.: PO.03-01Higman, W: PO.06-15373

INTERNATIONAL SOCIETY FOR THE STUDY OF HARMFUL ALGAE12 th <strong>International</strong> <strong>Conference</strong> on Harmful Algae, Copenhagen, Denmark, 4-8 September 2006Hiller, S: PO.05-45Hiller, S: PO.01-12Hinzmann, Mf: PO.15-24Hiramatsu, K: PO.09-04Hiroishi, Shingo: PO.16-04Hirose, MY PO.10-02Ho-Van, The: PO.13-68Ho, KC: O.08-05Ho, Kinchung: PO.01-26Hoagland, Porter: Pl.02-01Hodgkiss, John: PO.02-04Hoffer, S: PO.16-07Hofmann, Eileen E.: PO.04-08Holland, PT: O.06-03Holland, PT: O.07-05Holland, WC: PO.12-16Holmes, A: PO.13-22Holmes, AK: PO.10-32Holmes, MJ: PO.12-16Hong, Hua-Sheng: PO.02-04Hong, Hua-Sheng: PO.10-23Hong, Hua-Sheng: PO.09-03Hong, Hua-Sheng: PO.10-24Honjo, T: PO.11-06, PO.16-06Honjo, T: PO.11-09, PO.11-10Honsell, G: PO.13-48Horner, RA: PO.16-07Horsberg, TE.: O.06-04Hovgaard, P: PO.08-19Hovgaard, Peter: PO.15-08Howarth, RW.: O.18-02Huang, Bangqin: PO.10-24Huang, XQ: PO.15-02Huang, Xu Guang: PO.10-23Hubbard, KA.: PO.01-10Hubert, J: PO.16-07Hulston, D: O.10-03Hutchins, DA: PO.06-17Hutchins, DA: PO.12-15Huyen, NTM: PO.10-02Hwang, CH: PO.16-13Ibarra, D: PO.07-16Imai, I: PO.16-11Imai, I: PO.14-08Imai, I: PO.15-27Ishiguro, A: PO.14-16Ishiguro, A: PO.14-14Ishikawa, A: PO.16-11Ishikawa, Kanae: PO.16-04Ishimaru, T: PO.09-04Ismael, AA: PO.12-01Ismail, WA: PO.07-02Itakura, S: PO.15-11, O.11-02Itakura, Shigeru: O.13-01Ito, Emiko: PO.08-01374

INTERNATIONAL SOCIETY FOR THE STUDY OF HARMFUL ALGAE12 th <strong>International</strong> <strong>Conference</strong> on Harmful Algae, Copenhagen, Denmark, 4-8 September 2006Ivanova, EA: PO.04-01Ivanova, EA: PO.15-01Ivanova, EA: PO.13-56Iwataki, Mitsunori: PO.01-23Jaeckisch, N: PO.02-02Jaeckisch, N: O.09-04Jaén, D: PO.13-45James, KF: O.12-01Jauzein, C.: PO.10-05Jeannin, C: PO.11-08Jenkinson, IR: O.04-01Jensen, D: O.06-03Jensen, Dwayne J.: PO.09-11Jensen, S: O.16-01Jensen, S: PO.15-16Jensen, S: O.19-01Jeon, YJ: O.11-01Jeong, HJ: O.02-04Jester, ELE.: PO.01-13Jiang, TJ: PO.11-04Jiang, TJ: PO.09-09Johansen, M: PO.15-19John, U: PO.02-02John, U: Pl.04-01John, U: PO.02-03John, U: PO.02-06John, U: PO.01-11John, U: O.11-03John, U: O.15-03John, U: PO.10-34John, U: O.09-04John, U.: O.17-04John, Uwe: PO.02-05Jones, W: PO.15-16Jordan, F: PO.07-14Jordan, P: O.12-03Juhel, Guillaume: O.12-01, PO.08-28Jung, I: PO.02-03Kalachova, GS: PO.13-56Kamikawa, R: PO.15-27Kamikawa, Ryoma: PO.15-12Kang, NS: O.02-04Kang, YG: O.02-03Kang, YG: PO.10-18Kankaanpää, Harri T: O.12-02Kantu, C: O.09-04Karjalainen, Mr: PO.08-08Karlson, B: PO.13-38Karlson, B: PO.13-44Karlson, B.: PO.15-30, O.20-05,PO.13-83Katarzyna Izydorczyk, KI: O.19-04Katayama, T: PO.10-02Kavanagh, SM: PO.01-06Kawabata, K: O.03-01375

INTERNATIONAL SOCIETY FOR THE STUDY OF HARMFUL ALGAE12 th <strong>International</strong> <strong>Conference</strong> on Harmful Algae, Copenhagen, Denmark, 4-8 September 2006Kawami, Hisae: PO.01-23Kawasaki, M: PO.05-26Kawatsu, K: PO.05-24Kaya, K: PO.05-16Kaya, K: PO.05-17Kaya, K: PO.14-14Kaya, Kunimitsu: PO.05-01Keafer, BA: O.08-06Kellmann, R: O.11-01Kellmann Ralf, RK: O.01-03Kerbrat, AS: PO.13-58Kharrat, Riadh: PO.05-28Kibler, SR: PO.12-16Kikuchi, Sachiko: PO.05-02Kilroy, C.: PO.13-15Kim, CH: PO.05-32Kim, CH: PO.16-13Kim, HS: PO.10-14Kim, HS: O.02-03Kim, HS: PO.10-18Kim, KY: PO.16-13Kim, S: O.02-03Kim, S: PO.10-18Kim, TH: O.02-04Kim, YS: PO.05-32King, K: PO.04-09King, KL: O.16-01Kirchhoff, S: O.19-02Kirkpatrick, B: PO.05-27Kirkpatrick, B.: O.03-03Kirkpatrick, GJ: O.19-05Kleivdal, H: O.07-06Klinck, John M.: PO.04-08Kloepper, S: O.15-03Kobiyama, A: PO.09-01, PO.10-03Kobiyama, A: PO.01-17Kodama, M: PO.10-02Kodama, Massaki: PO.13-23Kodama, Masaaki: PO.09-08Koike, K: PO.09-01, PO.10-03Koike, K: PO.01-17Kokocinski, M: PO.13-16Kolmakov, VI: PO.04-01Kolmakova, OV: PO.15-01Kolmakova, AA: PO.13-56Konopko, E: PO.15-18Kooistra, W.: O.17-04Kooistra, WHCF: PO.01-14Kooistra, WHCF: PO.01-16Kotaki, Yuichi: PO.10-02Kotaki, Yuichi: O.04-02Koukaras, K: PO.13-07Kraberg, A: PO.12-11Kraeuter, John N.: PO.04-08Kravchuk, ES: PO.04-01376

INTERNATIONAL SOCIETY FOR THE STUDY OF HARMFUL ALGAE12 th <strong>International</strong> <strong>Conference</strong> on Harmful Algae, Copenhagen, Denmark, 4-8 September 2006Kravchuk, ES: PO.15-01Kremp, A: PO.12-04Kremp, A: PO.13-19Kremp, A: PO.07-09Kristiansen, SI: O.07-06Krock, B: PO.05-45Krock, B: PO.05-10Krock, B: Pl.04-01Krock, B: PO.02-03Krock, B: PO.01-11Krock, B: O.09-04Krock, B: PO.08-23Krock, B.: PO.05-22Krueger, T: PO.01-12Krupatkina, D: O.14-04Kubanek, J: O.09-02Kubanek, J: PO.11-03Kubanek, J: PO.04-03Kubo, Takuya: PO.05-01Kudela, RM: PO.15-23Kudela, RM: O.21-02Kujbida, P: PO.08-16Kumar-Roin, S: O.22-01Kuosa, H: PO.10-10Kuuppo, P: PO.13-41Kuylenstierna, M: O.20-05, PO.13-83Kaas, H: PO.06-24Labry, C: PO.10-17Labry, C.: PO.06-27Lacaze, J-P: PO.15-14, O.07-04Lago, J: PO.08-21Lago, J: PO.05-42Lagos, N: PO.08-23Lam, Nguyen N.: PO.13-68, PO.13-87Landsberg, J: O.21-01, PO.13-80Landsberg, JH O.03-01Landsberg, JH: PO.13-72Landsberg, JH: PO.04-12Landsberg, JH: O.21-02Lane, MF: PO.15-04Langlois, GW: PO.15-23Lankoff, A: PO.08-03Lanni, L: PO.13-26Larkin, S: PO.03-02Larkin, Sl: PO.03-03Larsen, Jacob: PO.13-87Larsson, U: PO.10-10Lartigue, J: PO.10-40Lasserre, B: PO.01-22Laurent, D: PO.13-58Laurent, D: O.22-01Lawrence, JE: O.08-04Lawton, LA: PO.11-02Laza, A: PO.13-20Le Gal, Dominique: PO.05-06377

INTERNATIONAL SOCIETY FOR THE STUDY OF HARMFUL ALGAE12 th <strong>International</strong> <strong>Conference</strong> on Harmful Algae, Copenhagen, Denmark, 4-8 September 2006Le Grand, J: PO.10-17Leaw, CP: PO.10-03Leblanc, P: PO.05-38Lee, SQ: PO.16-13Lee, Y: PO.16-13Lefebvre, K: PO.13-47Leflaive, J: PO.11-14Léger, C: PO.10-39Leggiadro, CT: PO.08-17Legrand, C: PO.13-27Legrand, C.: O.09-01Legresley, MM: O.20-04Legresley, MM: PO.04-06Lekan, DK: PO.06-13Lemkau, KL: PO.05-27Leong, SCY: PO.10-19Leong, SCY: PO.10-20Leong, SCY: PO.10-21Lessard, EJ: PO.06-12Lessard, EJ: O.08-02Lessard, EJ: O.08-01Levin, Ed: O.06-01Lewis, J: PO.10-34Lewis, J: PO.06-15Lewis, JM: PO.01-20Lewis, JM: PO.15-28Lewis, N: PO.05-38Lewis, NI: PO.08-17Lewis, NI: O.19-02Lewis, NI: PO.05-37Lewis, NI: PO.05-41Li, Af: PO.05-33Li, J: PO.10-25Li, J: PO.05-33Li, Rx: PO.06-10Li, Yang: PO.06-05Li, Yang: PO.01-26Li, Ying: PO.10-04Lian, CL: O.11-02Liang, Junrong: PO.06-05Liang, Junrong: PO.01-26Licea-Duran, S: PO.13-81Lidie, KB: O.17-03Lim, PT: PO.09-01, PO.10-03Lin, C: PO.02-09Lin, Lin: PO.10-24Lindahl, O: PO.08-12Lindberg, V: PO.10-01Lindberg, V: PO.10-06Lindberg, V: PO.10-15Lindegarth, Susanne: PO.13-35Lindehoff, E: O.02-01Lindén, E: PO.08-08Lindholm, TJ: PO.13-19Lion, M: PO.15-26378

INTERNATIONAL SOCIETY FOR THE STUDY OF HARMFUL ALGAE12 th <strong>International</strong> <strong>Conference</strong> on Harmful Algae, Copenhagen, Denmark, 4-8 September 2006Lisowska, H: PO.08-03Litaker, R. Wayne: PO.12-12Litaker, RW: PO.12-16Litaker RW, MW Vandersea, SR Kible:PO.06-02Liu, Jie-Sheng: PO.14-09Liu, Jie-Sheng: PO.14-09Liu, JS: PO.11-04Llaveria, G: PO.10-28Loader, J: O.06-03Loader, Jared: PO.09-11Lobo-Da-Cunha, A: PO.08-11Logares, RE: PO.12-04Lohrenz, SE: O.19-05Lona, Bob: PO.13-82Loo, LO.: PO.13-38López-Cortés, DJ: PO.13-75Lorgeoux, B: PO.10-17Lourenço, S.O.: PO.13-59Lovko, VJ: O.04-03, PO.08-22Lozano-Ramírez C., Clr: PO.13-78Lu, D PO.10-25Lu, D: PO.01-21Lu, DD: PO.07-04Lu, DD: PO.01-18Lu, Douding: PO.06-05Lu, Douding: PO.07-06Lu, Douding: O.20-06Lu, S: PO.10-25Lu, SH: PO.10-04Lu, SH: PO.11-04Lu, Songhui: PO.07-04Lucchetti, D: PO.13-26Luckas, B: PO.08-02Luckas, B: PO.08-04Luckas, B: PO.05-45Luckas, B: PO.05-19, PO.01-12Luckas, B: PO.05-33Luckas, B: PO.05-23Luedeking, A.: O.17-04Luglié, A: PO.16-15Lundanes, E: PO.05-36Lundholm: PO.10-49, PO.10-50Lundholm, N: PO.10-02Lundholm, N: PO.16-14Lundholm, Nina: O.04-02Lundve, B: PO.13-35Lundve, Bengt: PO.08-12Lunven, M: O.18-03Lv, Songhui: O.20-06Lüdeking, A: O.13-03Lyons, M: PO.04-06Lyons, SJ: PO.07-05Laabir, M: PO.16-12Laabir, M: PO.10-31Laabir, M: PO.01-22379

INTERNATIONAL SOCIETY FOR THE STUDY OF HARMFUL ALGAE12 th <strong>International</strong> <strong>Conference</strong> on Harmful Algae, Copenhagen, Denmark, 4-8 September 2006Laabir, Mohamed: PO.11-08Macario, A: PO.12-11Macfadyen, A: O.08-02Machii, K: PO.05-26Mackenzie, L: PO.09-02Mackinnon, S: PO.05-38Macquarrie, Scott P.: PO.04-07Madariaga, I: PO.10-08Maekawa, M: PO.10-19Maekawa, M: PO.10-20Magnani, F: PO.13-63Magnani, Mauro: PO.15-06, PO.15-05Magno, GS: O.07-03Makarewicz, J: PO.15-18Mallat, E: PO.13-46Mallat, E: PO.05-29Mallat, E: PO.15-17Mallat, E: PO.08-14Mallat, E: PO.07-16Mallin, MA: PO.01-24Mamán, Luz: PO.13-45Maneiro, I.: PO.04-10Mann, DG: Pl.06-01Marasovic, I: PO.13-32Marcaillou, Claire: PO.05-06Marcaillou, Claire: PO.05-07Marin, R. LII: O.19-01Marin, R: PO.15-09Marin LII, R: O.16-01Marin LII, R: PO.15-16Marinho Da Costa, R: PO.08-10Mariño, C: PO.05-03, PO.08-25,PO.08-26Marion, VR: PO.11-04Marquez, I: PO.13-45Marschallek, I.: PO.05-22Marshall, HG.: PO.15-04Marshall, HG: PO.13-16Martín, H: PO.05-03, PO.08-25,PO.08-26Martin, JL.: O.20-04Martin, JL: O.20-04Martin, JL: PO.04-06Martinez-Gaxiola, MD: PO.10-45Martínez, B: PO.13-81Martins, MR: PO.08-15Maso, M: PO.10-05Maso, M: PO.13-86Masó, M: PO.13-73Massana, R: PO.12-10Masseret, E: PO.11-08Masseret, E: PO.10-31Masseret, E: PO.01-22Massion, B.: O.19-01Massion, E: PO.15-16Massion, G: O.16-01380

INTERNATIONAL SOCIETY FOR THE STUDY OF HARMFUL ALGAE12 th <strong>International</strong> <strong>Conference</strong> on Harmful Algae, Copenhagen, Denmark, 4-8 September 2006Matsubara, T: PO.11-06, PO.16-06Matsubara, T: PO.11-09, PO.11-10Matsuoka, K.: PO.16-16Matsuoka, Kazumi: PO.01-23Matsuyama, Y: PO.15-11, O.11-02Matsuyama, Yukihiko: PO.13-88Mattei, D: PO.03-07Mcdonald, SM: PO.16-10Mcdonald, SM: PO.01-14Mcgillicuddy, JR, DJ: O.08-06Mcglone, MS: PO.14-07Mckenzie, CH: PO.06-19Mcmillan, D: PO.05-14Mcnabb, P: O.07-05Meave Del Castillo, E: PO.13-54Medlin, L: PO.10-34Medlin, LK: O.16-02Medlin, LK: PO.01-11Melchiorre, N: O.07-03Melia, G: PO.01-24Mendes, MA: PO.05-34Mendez, MA: PO.08-23Méndez, SM: PO.06-04Metfies, K: O.16-02Mihali, TK: O.11-01Mikulski, C: PO.04-09Mikulski, CM: O.16-01Mikulski, T: PO.15-16Milandri, A: PO.13-63Miles, Chris: PO.05-21Miles, C: PO.15-08Miles, C: PO.09-11Miles, CO: O.06-03Miles, CO: O.10-01Miles, CO: PO.09-10Miller, PE: PO.15-23Minnhagen, S: PO.10-09Miyahara, T: PO.15-12Moestrup, Ø: O.15-02Moestrup, Ø: PO.08-14Moestrup, Ø: PO.12-13Moestrup, Ø: PO.16-14Moestrup, Ø: PO.12-09Mohammad-Noor, N: PO.08-14Mohammad-Noor, N: PO.12-09Mohlin, M: PO.10-01Mohlin, M: PO.10-06Mohlin, M: PO.10-15Moita, MT: PO.04-04Moita, MT: PO.06-14Moita, MT: PO.13-53Moita, T: PO.06-09Moita, T: PO.12-11Moline, MA: O.19-05Mondeguer, Florence: PO.05-06381

INTERNATIONAL SOCIETY FOR THE STUDY OF HARMFUL ALGAE12 th <strong>International</strong> <strong>Conference</strong> on Harmful Algae, Copenhagen, Denmark, 4-8 September 2006Mondeguer, Florence: PO.05-07Mongkonsangsuree, N: PO.13-64Mónica Cristina Rodríguez P, Mc:PO.13-52Monroe, EA: O.17-03Montanari, S: PO.13-63Montero, P: PO.13-53Montesanto, Barbara: PO.10-47Monti, M: PO.01-07Monti, M: PO.10-46Montresor, M: PO.16-10Montresor, M: O.13-03Montresor, M.: O.17-04Mooney, BD: PO.08-13Morales-Blake, A: PO.15-34Morales-Zamorano, La: PO.07-11Moreno Díaz De La Espina, S: PO.02-07Morey, JS: O.17-03Morgan, K: PO.03-02Morgan, KL: PO.03-03Morono, A: PO.10-33Moroño, A: PO.06-09Moroño, A: PO.13-53Moroño, A: PO.05-40Morquecho, L: PO.08-04Morquecho, L.: PO.08-27Morris, S: PO.06-15Morton, Steve: PO.13-68Morton, Steve: PO.15-32Moschandreou, K: PO.13-07Moschandreou, K: PO.12-02Mosello, R: PO.06-06Mountfort, DO.: PO.09-02Muhlstein, HI.: PO.10-27Mulderij, G.: PO.05-46Munday, R: O.06-03Muñetón-Gómez, MS: PO.13-75Murasko, Sue: PO.13-10Murata, Ai: PO.10-21Murata, K: PO.15-12Murillo, A: PO.08-23Mustaffa, S: O.20-02Myers, T: O.09-02Myers, T: PO.11-03Myung, G: PO.10-14Myung, G: O.02-03Nagai, S: O.13-01Nagai, S: O.11-03Nagai, S: PO.01-22Nagai, Satoshi: PO.15-11, O.11-02Nagasoe, S: PO.11-06, PO.16-06Nagasoe, S: PO.11-09, PO.11-10Nakaji, K: O.01-05Naoki, H: PO.10-02Nascimento, SM: PO.13-12382

INTERNATIONAL SOCIETY FOR THE STUDY OF HARMFUL ALGAE12 th <strong>International</strong> <strong>Conference</strong> on Harmful Algae, Copenhagen, Denmark, 4-8 September 2006Naustvoll, L-J: O.20-05Naustvoll, L-J: PO.12-14Navarrete, A: PO.13-81Navarro, JM: PO.04-02Neaud-Masson, Nadine: PO.05-05Neely, Merrie: PO.13-10Neilan, BA: O.11-01Neilan, BA: O.01-01Neilan, BA: O.01-02Nelson, H: O.16-03Neville, J: PO.16-07Nézan, Elizabeth: PO.05-06Nguyen-Ngoc, Tuong Gia: PO.10-38Nguyen, L: PO.08-12Nguyen, LAI: PO.15-08Nguyen, LTT: PO.12-13Nguyen, Mai Anh T: PO.10-38Nguyen, NTM: PO.09-01Nguyen, ST: O.10-01Ní Rathaille, A: O.18-01Nichols, PD: PO.08-13Nikolaidis, G: PO.13-06, PO.13-07Nikolaidis, G: PO.12-02Nincevic Gladan, Ž: PO.13-32Nishikawa, M: PO.05-17Noble, JRN: O.20-01Noel, JL: PO.15-29Nonogaki, H: PO.13-11Nordin, L: O.20-02Norton, K: O.08-06Nualla, AN: O.20-01Nuzzi, R: PO.06-07Naar, J: O.09-02Naar, J: PO.11-03Naar, J: PO.05-27Naar, J: PO.13-72Naar, J: PO.10-44O'brien, NM: O.12-01O'halloran, J: O.12-01, PO.08-28O'riordan, RM: O.12-01, PO.08-28Oberansli, F: PO.04-09Ocaña, MA: PO.13-45Oda, Tatsuya: PO.05-04Oelmueller, R: PO.01-12Ogata, T: PO.09-01, PO.10-03Ogata, T: PO.01-17Ogawa, H: PO.14-11Ogawa, H: PO.14-16Ogawa, H: PO.14-12Ogawa, H: PO.14-13Ogawa, H: PO.14-14Ogawa, H: PO.14-15Ogawa, M: PO.09-04Ohyama, K: PO.15-12Okamoto, H: PO.14-08383

INTERNATIONAL SOCIETY FOR THE STUDY OF HARMFUL ALGAE12 th <strong>International</strong> <strong>Conference</strong> on Harmful Algae, Copenhagen, Denmark, 4-8 September 2006Oldach, D: PO.01-24Oldach, DW: PO.01-01Oldach, DW: PO.13-40Olin, Miika: O.12-02Oliveira, PB: PO.06-14Omura, T: PO.09-04Orchard, ED: O.17-01Orchard, ED: O.04-04Orellana-Cepeda, E: PO.07-11Orive, E: PO.13-20Orive, E: PO.10-08Orlova, Tatiana: PO.13-61Ortiz-Lira, H: PO.15-34Osborn, SE: PO.05-27Oshima, Y: PO.11-06, PO.16-06Oshima, Y: PO.11-09, PO.11-10Oshima, Y: PO.05-25Oshima, Y: O.01-05Oshima, Y: PO.09-04Ou, Linjian: PO.10-24Ou, MS: PO.07-04Owsianny, P: PO.13-16Padedda, BM: PO.16-15Padilla, LV: PO.14-07Padmakumar, K: PO.13-67Page, FH: O.20-04Pagou, K.: PO.04-10Pagou, Kalliopi: PO.10-47Palanques, A: PO.16-01Palma, S: PO.06-14Pan, G: PO.14-03Park, JG: PO.12-08Park, JY: O.02-04Park, MG: O.02-03Park, MG: PO.10-18Parlange-Lamshing, D: PO.07-11Parrow, MW: PO.10-41Parrow, MW: PO.10-42Parrow, MW: PO.01-24Parsons, ML: PO.13-84Pastoureaud, A: PO.11-08Pastoureaud, A: PO.16-12Pastoureaud, A: PO.10-31Pate, SE: PO.08-20Patel, BKC: PO.02-01Patterson, DJ: PO.12-11Pauillac, S: O.22-01Pauillac, S: PO.13-58Pavia, H: O.08-03Pavlidou, Aleka: PO.10-47Paz, B: PO.05-15Paz, B: PO.05-29Paz, B: PO.07-16Pazos, Y: PO.06-09Pazos, Y: PO.13-53384

INTERNATIONAL SOCIETY FOR THE STUDY OF HARMFUL ALGAE12 th <strong>International</strong> <strong>Conference</strong> on Harmful Algae, Copenhagen, Denmark, 4-8 September 2006Pazos, Y: PO.05-40Pazos, Y: PO.10-33Peña-Manjarrez, JL: PO.10-45Peng, JE: O.01-06Peng, XC: PO.11-04Penna, A: O.15-04Penna, A.: PO.15-05Penna, Antonella: PO.15-06Peperzak, L: PO.10-30Peralta, J P: O.20-01Percy, L: PO.06-15Percy, L: PO.01-20Pereira, LCC: PO.08-10Pereira, P: O.12-03Pérez, L: PO.15-21Perini, Federico: PO.15-06Pernet, Fabrice: PO.04-07Petersen, D: PO.09-10Petrik, K: O.21-01Pettengill, F.: PO.03-01Peuthert, Anja: PO.08-06Pflugmacher, Stephan: O.12-02Pflugmacher, Stephan: PO.08-06Pflugmacher, Stephan: PO.11-05Phapavasit, N: PO.13-64Pierce, R: O.03-03Pierce, RH: PO.05-27Pierce, RH: PO.14-06Pigalarga, Alessandr: PO.15-06Pigg, R: O.21-01Pigozzi, S: PO.13-63Pilskaln, CH: O.08-06Pinto, E: PO.05-34Pinto, E: PO.08-16Pinto, TO: PO.13-76Pirkle, C: PO.04-03Pitcher, GC.: PO.07-17Pitcher, GC: O.21-02Piumsomboon, A: PO.13-60Piumsomboon, A: PO.13-64Pizarro, G: PO.05-15Pizarro, G: PO.05-11Place, A: PO.13-11Place, AR: O.14-04Place, AR: O.01-06Plakas, S: PO.05-27Pocsidio, GN: PO.08-07Pompei, M: PO.13-63Pope, PB: PO.02-01Portune, KJ: PO.06-17Postel, JR: PO.16-07Potter, RA: PO.05-41Poulton, NJ: O.16-03Powell, Eric N.: PO.04-08Preston, C: PO.15-16385

INTERNATIONAL SOCIETY FOR THE STUDY OF HARMFUL ALGAE12 th <strong>International</strong> <strong>Conference</strong> on Harmful Algae, Copenhagen, Denmark, 4-8 September 2006Preston, CM: PO.15-09Prince, EK: O.09-02Prince, EK: PO.11-03Prioli, Silvia: PO.15-06Probert, I: PO.12-11Probyn, TA.: PO.07-17Purina, Ingrida: PO.13-65Pyrgaki, Christina: PO.10-47Pålsson, C: O.02-02Qi, Yuzao: PO.07-06Qi, YuZao: PO.06-05Qi, YZ: PO.10-04Qi, YZ: PO.07-04Qi, YZ: PO.11-04Qi, YZ: PO.16-02Qi, YZ: PO.01-18Qualia, S.: PO.01-13Quijano-Scheggia, S: PO.13-14Quijano, S: PO.01-15Quillam, M: PO.05-41Quilliam, M: PO.05-33Quilliam, M: PO.05-38Quilliam, M: PO.04-11Quilliam, M: PO.05-35Quilliam, M: PO.08-17Quilliam, M: O.19-02Quilliam, M: O.10-02Quilliam, M: PO.05-37Quilliam, M: PO.05-39Rafuse, CM: PO.08-17Rafuse, CM: O.19-02Raine, R: PO.07-05Raine, R: O.05-01Raine, R: O.18-01Raine, R: PO.06-27Raine, R: O.18-03Raine, R.: Pl.08-01Ramilo, I: PO.06-16, PO.10-33Ramilo, I: O.15-04Ramírez, C: PO.13-81Ramos, MF: PO.08-15Ramsdell, JS: O.06-01Rangel, S: PO.13-57Rasmussen, P: O.07-05Ravizza, P: PO.13-21Reeves, K: PO.05-38Reeves, KL: O.10-02Reeves, KL: PO.05-39Reger, RN.: PO.10-13Reguera, B: PO.05-11Reguera, B: O.18-03Reguera, B: PO.10-37Reguera, B: PO.15-26Reguera Ramirez, B: PO.06-09Rehman, N: PO.09-10386

INTERNATIONAL SOCIETY FOR THE STUDY OF HARMFUL ALGAE12 th <strong>International</strong> <strong>Conference</strong> on Harmful Algae, Copenhagen, Denmark, 4-8 September 2006Rehnstam-Holm, A.-S.: PO.13-38Reich, A: PO.05-27Reich, A: O.03-03Reimschuessel, R: O.03-01Reis, M A: PO.13-36Relox, JR: PO.10-02Ren, J: PO.12-08Reñe, A: PO.13-71Reñé, A: PO.16-01Reñé, A: PO.13-73Rengefors, K: PO.12-04Rengefors, K: O.02-02Revel, T: PO.12-06Revel, T: PO.03-05Reyes-Salinas, A: PO.08-04Rhodes, LL: O.06-03Rial, P: PO.06-16Ribeiro, SS: PO.06-08Ribera D’alcalà, M: O.13-03Riccardi, E: PO.13-63Richardson, B: O.21-01Richter, : PO.10-50Rick, J J: PO.15-29Riisberg, I: PO.01-08Riobo, P: PO.05-15Riobo, P: PO.07-16Rise, F: PO.09-10Roberts, A.A: O.01-02Robertson, A: O.10-02Robertson, A: PO.05-39Rocap, G.: PO.01-10Rodrigues, SM: PO.13-33Rodríguez-Palacio M. C, MCR: PO.13-78Rodriguez, A.: PO.16-16Rodríguez, R: PO.13-81Rodríguez S., R: PO.13-54Rodríguez Velasco, ML: 27Rohrlack, T.: PO.05-46Roman, B: O.16-01Roman, B: PO.15-16Roman, B.: O.19-01Romero, ML: PO.10-02Rommel, S: PO.13-80Root, HR: O.01-01Rosa, RUI: O.14-02Rost: PO.10-49, PO.10-50Rourke, WA: PO.05-41Royer, Florence: PO.05-05Rubini, S: PO.13-63Ruebhart, DR: PO.05-12Ruiz-Villareal, M: PO.06-09Rundberget, T: PO.15-19Rundberget, T: O.10-01Rundberget, T: PO.09-10387

INTERNATIONAL SOCIETY FOR THE STUDY OF HARMFUL ALGAE12 th <strong>International</strong> <strong>Conference</strong> on Harmful Algae, Copenhagen, Denmark, 4-8 September 2006Rundberget, Thomas: PO.05-21Rundberget, Thomas: PO.15-08Rungsupa, S: PO.13-60Ryan, JC: O.17-03Sagou, Reqia: PO.09-06Saiz, E: PO.12-10Sakamoto, Setsuko: O.13-02Sako, Y: PO.15-12Sako, Y: PO.15-27Sala, Se: PO.12-03Samdal, Ia: O.10-01Sampayo, Maria Ant: O.14-02Sampedro, N: PO.13-14Sampedro, N: PO.10-28Sampedro, N: PO.07-13Sampedro, N: O.15-04Sampedro, N: PO.13-71Sampedro, N: PO.13-73Sandvik, M: PO.08-12Sandvik, M: O.10-01Sandvik, Morten: PO.05-21Sandvik, Morten: PO.15-08Sangiorgi, V: PO.13-26Sangiorgi, Vc: PO.13-21Sano, T: PO.05-16Sano, T: PO.05-17Sano, Tomoharu: PO.05-01Santinelli, NN: PO.15-21Sar, Ea: PO.12-03Saravanan, V: PO.01-04Sarno, D: PO.16-10Sarno, D: O.13-03Sarno, D: PO.01-14Sarno, D: PO.01-16Sastre, AV: PO.15-21Sato, S: PO.09-01Sato, Shigeru: PO.09-08Satta, CT: PO.16-15Sauviat, M-P: O.22-01Sayfritz, SJ: PO.05-36Scardala, S: PO.03-07Schloss, IR: PO.13-17Schlüter, LS: O.19-04Schofield, OM: O.19-05Scholin, C: PO.15-16Scholin, CA.: O.19-01Scholin, CA: O.16-01Scholin, CA: PO.15-09Schuster, T: PO.10-44Scott, A: PO.15-14, PO.13-39Scott, PS: O.21-02Sebastian, L: PO.04-12Sechi, N: PO.16-15Segura, M: PO.13-71Seifert, M: O.12-04388

INTERNATIONAL SOCIETY FOR THE STUDY OF HARMFUL ALGAE12 th <strong>International</strong> <strong>Conference</strong> on Harmful Algae, Copenhagen, Denmark, 4-8 September 2006Seifert, M: PO.05-18Seitzinger, S.: O.18-02Sekiguchi, R: PO.05-13Sekiguchi, R: O.07-01Selander, E: PO.13-35Selander, E: O.08-03Sellner, KG: PO.14-01Sellner, KG: PO.13-11Sellner, SG: PO.14-01Sellner, SG: PO.13-11Selwood, AI: O.07-05Sengco, M.: PO.14-06Seoane, S: PO.13-20Sequeira, Marina: O.14-02Sergio Alvarez Hernández, SA:PO.13-52Setälä, OS: O.14-03Shaw, GR: PO.05-18Sheng, J: PO.06-20Shi, X: PO.10-25Shi, Xiaoyong: PO.07-15Shi, Xiaoyong: O.20-06Shigeru, Sato: PO.13-23Shikata, T: PO.11-06Shikata, T: PO.11-09, PO.11-10Shikata, Tomoyuki: PO.16-06Shimasaki, Y: PO.11-06, PO.16-06Shimasaki, Y: PO.11-09, PO.11-10Shin, MS: PO.10-31Shiraishi, T: PO.15-27Shumway, SE: PO.05-09Shumway, SE: PO.01-03Shumway, SE: PO.08-20Sibat, Manoella: PO.05-05Sieracki, CK: O.16-03Silva, A: PO.06-14Silva, MJ: O.12-03Silver, MW: PO.13-49Silver, MW: PO.13-47Silver, MW: PO.15-23Sivaipram, I: PO.13-60Skejic, S: PO.13-32Skelton, HM: PO.10-42Skerratt, JH: PO.13-22Skjelbred, B: PO.10-12Skjevik, A-T: PO.13-44Skjevik, A-T: PO.13-83Skovgaard, A: PO.12-10Skærven, K: PO.08-15Smayda, TJ: O.02-06Smith, K: O.07-05Snell, TW: PO.04-03Soasii, P: PO.13-60Sobrinho-Gonçalves, L: PO.04-04Solís, M: PO.15-21Song, JV: O.02-04389

INTERNATIONAL SOCIETY FOR THE STUDY OF HARMFUL ALGAE12 th <strong>International</strong> <strong>Conference</strong> on Harmful Algae, Copenhagen, Denmark, 4-8 September 2006Song, XX: PO.14-02Song, XX: PO.11-11Songroop, C: PO.13-60Songroop, C: PO.13-64Sopanen, SK.: O.14-03Sorenson, K: PO.16-07Sosa, S: PO.13-48Soto, K: PO.08-23Sousa Gomes, Susana: PO.05-30Spaulding, SA.: PO.13-15Spilling, K: PO.11-13Spilling, K: PO.07-09Squire, Phillip: PO.15-25Stahl, S: PO.04-12Stanek, D: PO.13-80Steidinger, KA: PO.12-05Steidinger, KA: O.21-01Steidinger, KA: PO.15-28Steidinger, KA: O.19-06Stewart, R: PO.01-02Stobo, L: PO.15-14, PO.13-39, O.07-04Stoecker, D: PO.01-01Stoecker, DK: PO.13-40Stone, E: O.21-01Strake, Solvita: PO.13-65Strojsova, A: O.04-04Stucken, K: PO.08-23Stumpf, RP: PO.15-20Stumpf, RP: PO.15-07Stumpf, RP: PO.15-15Stumpf, RP: O.19-03Stæhr, P: PO.06-24Su, Jilan: PO.13-13Subba Rao, Dv: PO.07-02Sugino, N: PO.14-08Sunda, WG: O.18-04Sunesen, Inés: PO.12-03Susann, Hiller: PO.05-23Suseela, MR: PO.13-85Sutherland, CM: PO.13-47Sutherland, CM: PO.13-49Suzuki, M: PO.05-13Suzuki, M: O.07-01Suzuki, T: O.07-01Svardal, A: PO.08-19Taguchi, S: PO.10-19Taguchi, S: PO.10-20Taguchi, S: PO.10-21Tahri Joutei, L: PO.13-30Taino, S: PO.15-27Takagi, H: PO.05-16Takagi, H: PO.05-17Takahashi, N: O.07-01Takahashi, Yuya: PO.16-04390

INTERNATIONAL SOCIETY FOR THE STUDY OF HARMFUL ALGAE12 th <strong>International</strong> <strong>Conference</strong> on Harmful Algae, Copenhagen, Denmark, 4-8 September 2006Takano, A: PO.14-12, PO.14-16Takano, S: PO.14-13Takano, S: PO.14-14Takata, Y: PO.09-01Takata, Y: PO.10-02Takata, Yoshinobu: PO.09-08Taleb, Hamid: PO.09-06Tamberlich, F: PO.10-46Tamminen, T: PO.07-09Tang, Danling: PO.07-03, PO.13-08Tartaglione, L: O.07-03Tartaglione, L: PO.13-48Tchou Fouc, M: PO.03-05Ten-Hage, L: PO.11-14Teoh, PL: O.20-02Teoh, PL: PO.01-09Terenko, Galyna: PO.13-42Terenko, Ludmila: PO.13-42Tester, PA: PO.06-02Tester, PA: PO.15-15Tester, PA: PO.12-16Tester, PA: PO.12-12Thanh, TD: PO.10-02Thessen, A: PO.01-01Thessen, A: PO.13-40Thomas, K: PO.05-39Thompson, PA: O.05-04Thompson, PA: PO.06-11Throndsen, J: PO.12-14Thu, PT: PO.10-02Thuoc, CV: PO.09-01Thuoc, CV: PO.10-02Tian, B: PO.14-03Tiedeken, JA: O.06-01Tillmann, U: PO.02-03Tillmann, U: PO.02-06Tillmann, U: PO.01-11Tillmann, U: O.11-03Tillmann, U: O.15-03Tillmann, U: Pl.04-01Tilmann, U: O.09-04Tomas, CR.: PO.10-13Tomas, CR: PO.10-29Tomas, CR: PO.10-44Tomas, CR: PO.10-44Tomasz Jurczak, Tj: O.19-04Tomazela, D: PO.05-34Tomlinson, MC: PO.15-07Tomlinson, MC: PO.15-15Tomlinson`, MC: O.19-03Tomlison, M: PO.15-20Torgersen, T.: PO.09-10Torgersen, TL: PO.08-12Touchette, BW: PO.07-18Touna: PO.14-11391

INTERNATIONAL SOCIETY FOR THE STUDY OF HARMFUL ALGAE12 th <strong>International</strong> <strong>Conference</strong> on Harmful Algae, Copenhagen, Denmark, 4-8 September 2006Touno, A: PO.14-12, PO.14-13Touno, A: PO.14-14Touzet, N: O.05-01Touzet, N: O.18-01Trainer, VL: O.08-02Trainer, VL: PO.06-12Trainer, VL PO.10-35Trainer, VL: O.08-01Trick, CG: PO.06-12Trick, CG: O.08-02Trick, CG: O.08-01Trimborn: PO.10-49Triñanes, J: PO.13-53Truby, E: O.21-01Truby, Earnest: PO.13-10Tsuchiya, T: PO.14-08Tu, PT: PO.09-01Tubaro, A: PO.13-48Turrell, E.: PO.13-66Turrell, EA: PO.15-14, PO.13-39,O.07-04Tustison, JA: PO.15-28Tustison, JA: O.19-06Töbe, Kerstin: PO.01-11Ukita, S.: PO.10-48Ung, A: PO.12-06Ung, A: PO.03-05Uronen, P: PO.13-41Usup, G: PO.10-03Valdez-Marquez, M: PO.07-11Vale, P: PO.13-33Vale, P: PO.09-05Vale, P: PO.06-22Vale, Paulo: PO.09-06Valverde, I: PO.08-21Van De Riet, JM: PO.05-41Van Der Gucht, K: PO.01-19Van Deventer, M: PO.13-80Van Dolah, FM: O.17-03Van Gremberghe, I: PO.01-19Van Lenning, K: PO.16-01Van Lenning, K: PO.13-14Van Lenning, K: PO.13-71Van Rijssel, M: PO.10-30Van Wichelen, J: PO.01-19Vandersea, MW: PO.12-16Vaquer, A: PO.11-08Vaquer, A: PO.16-12Vaquer, A: PO.10-31Vaquer, A: PO.01-22Vargas, MY: PO.13-79Vargas M., M: PO.13-54Vargo, G: PO.13-80Varkitzi, I: PO.04-10Varkitzi, Ioanna: PO.10-47Vasconcelos, MT: PO.10-16392

INTERNATIONAL SOCIETY FOR THE STUDY OF HARMFUL ALGAE12 th <strong>International</strong> <strong>Conference</strong> on Harmful Algae, Copenhagen, Denmark, 4-8 September 2006Vasconcelos, VM: PO.08-11, PO.06-22Vasconcelos, VM: PO.08-15Vasquez, M: PO.08-23Vasquez, M: PO.08-23Vasselikaki, Maria: PO.11-05Vaulot, D: PO.12-11Velo, L: O.05-02Velo, L: O.18-03Velo, L: PO.10-37Venail, R: PO.01-15Vernel-Pauillac, F: O.22-01Viaggiu, E: PO.06-06Vidal, T: PO.06-14Vieglais, C.C.: PO.13-15Vieites, JM: PO.08-21Vieites, JM: PO.05-42Vigilant, VL: PO.13-47Viitasalo, M: PO.08-08Viitasalo, S: PO.08-08Vila, M: PO.10-05Vila, M: PO.07-13Vila, M: PO.13-73Vilarinho, MG: PO.06-14Vilarinho, MG: PO.13-53Villac, MC: PO.13-76Villar González, A: 27Villareal, TA: PO.10-40Villareal, TA.: PO.01-13Villareal, TA.: PO.10-27Villareal, TA: PO.15-07Vogel, H: PO.02-02Vogelbein, WK: O.04-03, PO.08-22Vrieling, EG: PO.10-30Vuerich, F: PO.13-48Vyverman, WGA: PO.01-19Walter, J: PO.05-38Wang, Da-Zhi: PO.02-04Wang, Da-Zhi: PO.10-23Wang, Da-Zhi: PO.09-03Wang, Da-Zhi: PO.10-24Wang, Jiangtao: PO.11-12Wang, Jiangtao: PO.07-15Wang, Jinhui: PO.15-02Wang, Ming-Key: PO.16-04Wang, Peng: PO.01-26Wang, SF: PO.07-03, PO.13-08Wang, Xiulin: PO.07-15Wang, Y: PO.11-04Wang, Y: PO.11-11Wang, YF: PO.07-04Wang, YF: PO.05-33Wang, YF: PO.15-22Wang, Yunfeng: PO.13-13Wang, Yunfeng: O.20-06393

INTERNATIONAL SOCIETY FOR THE STUDY OF HARMFUL ALGAE12 th <strong>International</strong> <strong>Conference</strong> on Harmful Algae, Copenhagen, Denmark, 4-8 September 2006Wang, ZH: PO.11-04Wang, ZH: PO.16-02Wang, ZL: PO.06-10Watai, M: PO.05-13Watai, M: O.07-01Watanabe, R: O.01-05Webb, V: O.10-03Wells, ML: PO.06-12Wells, ML: O.08-02Wells, ML: O.08-01Wetsteyn, LPMJ: PO.10-30Whittaker, D.: PO.03-01Wickramasinghe, W: PO.05-18Wiegand, C: O.14-01Wikfors, GH: PO.05-09Wikfors, GH: PO.01-03Wild-Allen, K: O.05-04Wiles, K: PO.15-07Wilhelm, SW: O.02-05Wilkins, AL: PO.09-10Wilkins, Alistair: PO.09-11Wilmotte, A: PO.01-19Wiltshire, KH: PO.12-11Wolny, J: O.21-01Wolny, JL: PO.12-05Wolny, JL: O.21-02Wong, O: PO.12-06Wood, SA: O.07-05Wulff, A: PO.10-01Wulff, A: PO.10-06Wulff, A: PO.10-15Wurch, LL: O.17-01Wyatt, T: PO.07-14Wyatt, T: O.04-01Wynne, T: PO.15-20Wynne, TL: PO.15-07Xia, Ping: PO.07-06Xie, Wenling: PO.06-05Xu, J: O.10-01Xu, R: PO.15-02Xu, Weiyi: PO.13-13Yamaguchi, H: PO.10-48Yamaguchi, Kenichi: PO.05-04Yamaguchi, M: O.13-01Yamaguchi, M: PO.10-48, O.13-02Yamaguchi, S: O.11-02Yamamoto, M: O.07-01Yamasaki, Y: PO.11-06, PO.16-06Yamasaki, Y: PO.11-09, PO.11-10Yan, T: PO.09-09Yan, T: PO.05-33Yang, WD: PO.11-04Yang, Wei-Dong: PO.14-09Yang, YF: PO.16-02Yasumoto, T: PO.10-02394

INTERNATIONAL SOCIETY FOR THE STUDY OF HARMFUL ALGAE12 th <strong>International</strong> <strong>Conference</strong> on Harmful Algae, Copenhagen, Denmark, 4-8 September 2006Yasumoto, T: PO.05-13Yasumoto, T: O.07-01Yasumoto, T: PO.05-43Yi, Xiao Lei: PO.13-43Yih, W: PO.10-14Yih, W: O.02-03Yih, W: PO.10-18Yih, WH: O.02-04Yoo, YD: O.02-04Yoshida, H: PO.14-14Yoshida, M: PO.09-01Yoshida, Mitsuhiro: O.05-03Yoshida, T: PO.15-12Yoshida, Takashi: PO.16-04Yoshimatsu, S: PO.15-12Yoshimatsu, Sadaaki: PO.13-25Yoshinaga, I: PO.14-08Yoshino, A: PO.05-20Yoshinobu, Takata: PO.13-23Youenou, A: PO.10-17Young, J: PO.12-11Yu, J: PO.07-03Yu, R: PO.05-41Yu, RC: PO.05-33Yu, RC: PO.15-22Yu, Zhiming: PO.14-10Yu, ZM: PO.14-02Yu, ZM: PO.11-11Yu, ZM: PO.01-18Yuan, X: PO.14-03Zaottini, E: PO.13-26Zekrri, I: PO.13-29Zepeda-Esquivel, MA: PO.15-34Zervoudaki, S.: PO.04-10Zhang, C: PO.10-25Zhang, Chuansong: PO.07-15Zhang, Chuansong: O.20-06Zhang, CS: PO.07-04Zhang, M: PO.14-03Zhang, SD: PO.11-11Zhang, Shugang: PO.09-03Zhang, TU: PO.10-24Zhang, ZH: PO.14-02Zhao, Dong-Zhi: PO.15-03Zhao, Weihong: PO.11-12Zheng, GM: PO.13-08Zhou, Mingjiang: O.20-06Zhou, MJ: PO.09-09Zhou, MJ: PO.05-33Zhou, MJ: PO.15-22Zhou, Y: PO.05-27Zhu, DD: PO.07-04Zhu, DD: PO.15-22Zhu, Dedi: PO.13-13Zhu, Dedi: O.20-06395

INTERNATIONAL SOCIETY FOR THE STUDY OF HARMFUL ALGAE12 th <strong>International</strong> <strong>Conference</strong> on Harmful Algae, Copenhagen, Denmark, 4-8 September 2006Zhu, LS: PO.07-12Zhu, Mingyuan: O.20-06Zhu, MY: PO.06-10Zingone, A: PO.16-10Zingone, A: O.13-03Zou, JZ: PO.01-18Zou, Yinlin: PO.09-09Zrimec, A: PO.10-46Zuyev, IV: PO.04-01Zingone, A: O.15-03Zingone, A: PO.01-14Zingone, A: PO.01-16Zou, H: PO.14-03Zou, Jingzhong: PO.07-06Zou, Jingzhong: PO.06-05396

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INTERNATIONAL SOCIETY FOR THE STUDY OF HARMFUL ALGAE12 th <strong>International</strong> <strong>Conference</strong> on Harmful Algae, Copenhagen, Denmark, 4-8 September 2006CONFERENCE PROCEEDINGSThe Proceedings of the <strong>Conference</strong> will be published under the auspices ofthe <strong>International</strong> Society for the Study of Harmful Algae (ISSHA) and theIntergovernmental Oceanographic Commission (IOC of UNESCO).The ISSHA <strong>Conference</strong> Organizing Committee and the Local OrganizingCommittee will organize the peer-review process and will as publisher registerthe Proceedings with an ISBN number.It is the aim that this will ensure a future series of proceedings whichcombines the high quality of a peer-reviewed journal with the advantages ofthe low cost proceedings published for years by IOC. The OrganizingCommittee plans for the Proceedings to be published no later than 12 monthsafter the <strong>Conference</strong>.1. Submission of manuscripts is welcome during the <strong>Conference</strong>, but must beno later than 15 October 2006. Only manuscripts that are full papers ofabstracts submitted to the <strong>Conference</strong> before 1 May 2006 will be accepted.2. Manuscripts are submitted electronically to moestrup@bi.ku.dk or on a CDrom(see address under Contact).3. Name files as follows: jensen.doc , jensenfig1.tiff (here 'Jensen' is name offirst author).4. The manuscript must not exceed 3 A4 printed pages including abstract,illustrations and references (one printed page represents ca. 600 words). Theabstract should not exceed 200 words.5. Figures (halftones and drawings) should fit a column (8.5 mm) or full-textwidth (17.5 mm) and must be submitted as tiff-files (300 dpi resolution). Donot embed any figures in the MSWord document.6. All manuscripts will be reviewed by 2 persons.7. Please use the format presented in the MSWord template provided athttp://www.bi.ku.dk/hab/proceedings.asp402

MAIN SPONSORSIntergovernmental Oceanographic Commission of UNESCOThe Swedish Research Council for Environment,Agricultural Sciences and Spatial Planning (FORMAS)The European CommissionThe United States National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration,National Ocean Service, Center for Sponsored Coastal Ocean ResearchThe Carlsberg FoundationUniversity of CopenhagenDirectorate for Food, Fisheries and Agri Business,Danish Ministry of Food, Agriculture and FisheriesDanish Veterinary and Food Administration,Ministry of Family and Consumer AffairsSponsorsScandinavian Airlines Satlantic Danish Shellfish CenterElsevier Fluid Imaging Technologies MarbefFjord’s Mussels City of Copenhagen Heinz Waltz GmbHISSHA Travel Award SponsorsScientific Committee on Oceanic ResearchRoyal Danish Ministry of Foreign Affairs (Danida)Mediterranean Action Plan/UNEPProf. Takeshi YasumotoUnited States National Science Foundation