Anatomy Test 4 - Nervous system

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ear ossicles- bones malleus--incus--stapesauditory tube- connects ear to pharynx & adjust pressure air filledInner earbony labyrinth (canals w/in temporal bone)membraneous labyrinth (inside bone)contains cochlea (hearing)contains semicircular canals/vestibule (enlarged area)(equilibrium)Hearing1. mechanoreceptors found in chochlea2. stapes vibrates against oval window (moves fluid)3. hair cells bend as sound waves more fluid (endolymph) and membranes in cochlear ductorgan or cortiperilymph in bony partEquilibrium1. mechanoreceptors found in semicircular canals- right angles to each otherreceptors in ampullae, receptors ben(dynamic equilibrium) movement of body/head ex. spin in circles, summersaults2. mechanoreceptors found in vestibule - in saccule, utricles---little crystals(static equilibrium) position of head/gravity ex. up in an elevator, forward in car3. send info to cerebellum to interpretknow difference between 2 movementswhen basilar membrane moves, distorts hair cells, sound wavesEndocrine systemExocrine glands example- sweat glands, salivary glands-secrete product into duct (tube)-secrete directly in desired locationendocrine glands example- thyroid gland-secrete hormone into bloodstream-hormone travels through body to all cells-only cells w/ receptor affected- not effect any cell that does not have a receptor for that hormone-goes out to whole bodypancreas - endocrine + exocrine (pancreatic enzymes to sm intestine)Nervous system1. short-term effects (seconds to minutes)2. very specifically targeted (directly on effector)3. neurotransmitter at synapse4. immediate response/recoveryEndocrine1. long term effects( minutes to days)2. general response (many effectors-varied response)3. hormones into circulation4. seconds to hours response/recoveryNegative feedback
gland secrete insulinblood sugar levels riseblood sugar levels declinehomeostasis(normal blood sugar levels)Parathyroid + Ca2+ levels in bloodlow Ca levels in bloodactivatesparathyroidproducesPTHeffectkidney decreases Ca excreted in urineboneincreases osteoclast activitytherefore increase Ca blood levelsfeedback (stops action)increase in blood Ca levelscontinues until level of calcium at proper levelPositive feedback - rare - drastic effect quicklygland secrete oxytocinuterine wall stretchesuterine wall contractsexacerbates the situationex. giving birth, or bleedingOxytocin & birthFetus putting pressure on uterusactivateshypothalamus to neurohypophysisproducesoxytocineffectincreases uteran contractionsfetus places more pressure on uterus (feedback increases action)must have complete end of process--birth finally occursAct as Neuro-Endocrine GlandsHypothalamus-as an endocrine gland-produces hormones (ADH & oxytocin)- sends to pituitary-as a regulatory gland-produces "tropic" regulatory hormones to stimulate/inhibit secretion
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Page 3 and 4: dendrites and axon act as one "pole
Page 5 and 6: dot in middleonly one pathway not g
Page 7 and 8: 3. axons arrange in common "tracts"
Page 9: 3. 4 molecules of gas can cause an
Page 13: fourth ventricleCSF withinCSF goes

Anatomy Test 4 - Nervous system

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