Anatomy Test 4 - Nervous system

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in children hydrocephalus not as serious as adultsin adults usually a tumor that blocks a duct - plates are fused and pressure buildsDEVELOPMENT OF BRAIN35 billion neurons- 98% of neural tissue in brainstart w/ dorsal hollow nerve cord then swelling of brain into 3 areas forebrain, midbrain, hind braincorpus collosum white matter allow hemispheres to communicatedevelopmental regions of the brain -encephalonspicture:forebrain enlarges to telencephalon -lateral ventricles, cerebral cortex, cerebral, hemispheres, corpuscollosumdiencephalon- has 3rd ventriclemidbrain--hind brain -mesencephalonmetenephalon - 4th ventriclemyelencephalonTELENCEHALONCerebrum - conscious thought, memory, learningfrontal lobe- primary motor cotex (conscious control of motor neurons, & higher order thought)occipital lobe- primary visual cortex (conscious awareness of visual information)parietal lobe - primary sensory cortex (conscious perception of touch, pain, temp, taste)temporal lobe - primary auditory cortex & primary (smell) olfactory cortex (conscious awarenessof sound & smell)cerebral hemispheres divided by longitudinal fissuretransverse fissure- cerebellum and cerebrumlateral fissure - separate lobesoutpockets - gyriinvagination - sulcicentral sulcus separates frontal (motor output) from parietal lobe(sensory input)frontal lobe- primary motor cortex - social appropriatenessoccipital lobe- visual cortexcerebral cortex- gray mattercell bodies + unmyelinated neuronswhite matter -myelinated neurons -fat surroundscorpus collosum - 1000s of axons cut in half in picturecommissural fibers crossover fibers from one hemispheres to otherbasal ganglia (cerebral nuclei) - contain neurons that cooperate with the cerebral cortex in controllinglarge subconscious movements (such as swinging arms while walking) involved in starting, stopping, andintensity of movements.problem w/area can't smooth movements, jerky, shaky movements, Parkinson's diseaseDIENCEPHALONThalamus- sensory "relay station" or "switchboard" for cerebral cortex; primitive awareness of sensoryinformation. It is considered the "gateway" to the cerebral cortex because ANY communication to thecerebral cortex MUST go through the thalamus where info is edited (amplified/inhibited)
dot in middleonly one pathway not go through thalamus - olfactory tract -smellhypothalamus- main control center for the autonomic nervous <strong>system</strong> (regulates HR, BP, digestivemovement, body temp, salivary and sweat glands, hunger/thirst) center of emotions (rege, fear, pleasure,and sex drive) sleep-wake cycles: endocrine controlbelow thalamusautonomic control + endocrine <strong>system</strong>can monitor the bloodMESENCEPHALONCerebral Peduncles - "little feet of the cerebrum"; contain pyramidal (corticospinal) tracts descendingfrom the cortex towards the spinal cordprimarily axonsone region of brain to specific region of spinal cordCorpora Quadrigemina - "quadruplets"; Involved in visual reflexes (tracking of our eyes on a movingobject); Involved in auditory reflexes ("startle reflex" to loud sound)METENCEPHALONPONS- bridge between cerebral cortex and cerebellum for coordination of voluntary movement;respiratory centers for regulate smooth transitions between inhalation /exhalationor bridges up from brain stem to cerebellumenlarged circle area of brain stemCerebellum- receives info about; equilibrium (inner ear), current movement of body(porprioceptors),motor commands from cerebral cortex. This allows the cerebellum to smooth and coordinate bodymovements & maintain posture/equilibrium.mini braincovered by tentorum cer?vermis- worm like structure connects to halveswhite matter- arbor vitae- tree likeinner ear, stretch receptors, position of body + motor outputs- coordination actioncerebellum used to learn to dance and to hit a ballMYELENCEPHALONMedulla oblongata- pathway for pyramidal tract, sensory relay; subconscious movement for equilibrium;visceral centers for autonomic functions (adjusts force/rate of HB, BP control, pattern/rate of breathing,reg. vomiting, hiccupping, swallowing, sneezing, coughing) Work in conjunction w/hypothalamus.respiratory senses, visceral senses, breathing,if dens breaks goes intoknow regionsexample- 1 pointer - 3 questionswhat developmental region? dicephalonwhat region of brain? thalamuswhat cavity? 3rd ventricleCranial nerves know #s and namesoff of cerebrum - olfactory nerverest off of brain stem#4 small one#5 large one#11 look like 11 off sides
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Anatomy Test 4 - Nervous system

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