Bathymetric Mapping and Sediment Studies in Kansas Reservoirs ...

Bathymetric Mapping andSediment Studies in Kansas Reservoirs:2010 - 2011Edward A. Martinko, Jerry DeNoyelles,and Mark JakubauskasKansas Biological Survey

We have built many reservoirs across the Kansas landscape

Federal, State, and Local Reservoirs in Kansas• Drinking water for more than 50% of Kansans• $1.29 billion annually for water treatment, waterrecreation, boat purchases, and irrigation (KWO)• 120,000 reservoirs of all sizes, incl. farm ponds• Reservoirs used for drinking water: 93• Average age = 55 years old• Federal reservoirs: 24• Average age = 45 years old

4,000 larger reservoirs constructed in the three highestsediment yield zones

Recent issues affecting reservoirs in the stateAlgae bloomsKDHE Advisories/Warnings:2010:• Lovewell Reservoir• Central City Park Lake, Topeka• Meade Lake, Meade• Anthony City Lake• Centralia City Lake• Santa Fe Lake, Augusta2011:• Cheney Reservoir• Milford Lake• Perry Reservoir• Big Hill Reservoir• Tuttle Creek Reservoir• Wellington City Lake• Herington City Lake• Augusta City and Augusta-Santa Fe Lakes• Harvey County East and West Lakes• Marion County Lake, Marion County• Logan City Lake, Phillips County• Warnock Lake, Atchison County• Memorial Park Lake, Great Bend• Dillon Park Lake, Reno County

Recent issues affecting reservoirs in the stateAugusta‐Santa Fe LakeDroughtAugusta City Lake

Reservoir Assessment in Kansas –Progress and Status

Status of federal reservoir surveys in Kansas priorto KWO-KBS 2007-2012 initiativeReservoirDate of closureDate of previoussurveyYears since last survey(as of 2007)Kanopolis 1948 1982 26Marion 1968 1982 26Wilson 1964 1984 24Council Grove 1964 1985 23Melvern 1972 1985 22Pomona 1963 1989 18Fall River 1949 1990 17Toronto 1960 1990 17Clinton 1977 1991 16Big Hill 1981 1992 15Elk City 1966 1992 15Milford 1967 1994 13Hillsdale 1981 1996 11Cheney 1964 1998 9Tuttle Creek 1962 2000 7Perry 1969 2001 6El Dorado 1981 2005 2

Integrated Reservoir AssessmentIn support of the objectives of securing, protecting, and restoring reservoirs in our state.ASTRA = Applied Science and Technology for ReservoirAssessment Program● Created in 2006 by KBS (>$100,000 KU investment).● Contract funding by KWO (2007 – present).● Responds to statewide need for information about our lakes andreservoirs.● Focus areas:– Bathymetric mapping– Sediment studies (assessment and mapping)– Bottom type classification– Modeling (watershed and water body)– Integrated Reservoir Assessment

Acoustic echosoundingTransducer: transmits /receives the acoustic signalTypical frequencies:420 kHz – Plankton, SAV200 kHz – SAV, fish, bathymetry, bottom class.120 kHz - fish, bathymetry, bottom class38 kHz – fish (marine), sediment penetrationHigher and lower frequencies are potentially possible.

A long-term bathymetric mapping programReservoirs mapped by KBS for KWO since 2007ALMA CITY LAKEANTHONY CITY LAKEAUGUSTA LAKEAUGUSTA SANTA FE LAKEBANNER CREEK LAKECEDAR VALLEY LAKECENTRALIA LAKECHENEY RESERVOIRCLINTON RESERVOIRCOUNCIL GROVE CITY LAKECOUNCIL GROVE RESERVOIREL DORADO LAKEELK CITY LAKEEUREKA LAKEFALL RIVER LAKEFT. SCOTT CITY LAKEHERINGTON LAKEHERINGTON RESERVOIRHILLSDALE RESERVOIRJOHN REDMOND RES.KANOPOLIS RESERVOIRLAKE AFTONLAKE SHAWNEELEAVENWORTH CO. SFLLOUISBURG SFLLOVEWELL RESERVOIRMADISON CITY LAKEMELVERN LAKEMIOLA LAKEMILL CREEK LAKEMISSION LAKEMOLINE CITY LAKEMOUND CITY LAKEOLPE CITY LAKEOSAGE CO. SFLOSAGE CITY LAKEPARSONS LAKEPLEASANTON RESERVOIRPOLK DANIELSPOMONA LAKEPOTTAWATOMIE CO SFL #1PONY CREEK /SABETHA LAKEROCK CREEK LAKESEVERY CITY LAKESOUTH OWL (YATES CTR OLD)TORONTO LAKEWABAUNSEE LAKEWEBSTER RESERVOIRWELLINGTON CITY LAKEWILSON RESERVOIRWILSON CO. SFLWOODSON CO. SFLWINFIELD CITY LAKEWOLF CREEK LAKEWYANDOTTE CO. LAKEYATES CENTER RESERVOIR

Integrated Reservoir Assessment:Assessing changes over time by map differencingJohn Redmond Reservoir1957 lake depth 2007 lake depth

Integrated Reservoir Assessment:Assessing changes over time by map differencingJohn Redmond Reservoir37% loss of volume in 50 years

Reservoir volumes updated based on new surveys10090Source: KWO80706050403020100Kansas Federal ReservoirsLoss of Capacity, Multi-Purpose PoolPercent LossBig HillMelvernWebsterEl DoradoMarionCheneyHillsdaleCedar BluffClintonWacondaMilfordCouncil GrovePerryPomonaElk CityKanopolisFall RiverTuttleJohn RedmondToronto

Sediment coring to assess sediment thickness andphysical / chemical propertiesThickness – calibrate /check subbottomprofile extraction softwareProperties – analyze for texture, bulkdensity, organic matter, water content,etc, in both substrate and sediment.

Sedimentation patterns:Sediment thickness and deposition patternsPatterns observed:Expected:• Little sand• Silt dom. upper end• Clay dom. lower endLess expected:• Often thickest near dam• “Dry holes” (no sed.)Particle SizeAnalysisSandSiltClay

Mission Lake Project

Significant sedimentation by 2005Surface area reduced to 123 acresMaximum water depth only 13 feetSediment >10 feet in many places

Dredging: 2009-2010Objective: Dredge 1 million cubicyards of sediment from lake byprivate contractor funded by City ofHorton and State of Kansas

Mission Lake: Before/After dredgingDredgingadded 10acres ofsurface areato lake

Beyond Bathymetry:New Developments in Reservoir Assessment

Integrated Reservoir Assessment:Sediment core dating by radionuclide analysisWHEN was the sedimentdeposited ?Radioactive fallout patterns from aboveground testing• Need a “marker” in the sediment tofix a date●Preimpoundment interface usuallyvisible (lake construction)• Radionuclides:– Fallout from weapons tests– Onset in the early 1950’s– Peak activity in 1963– Decrease for post-1963.●239+240 Plutonium use as marker– Rapid analysis– PU binds to clay (less mobilepost-deposition)Aboveground testingceased in 1963

Radionuclide analysis of sedimentsTop of coreSediment core sliced into 5-cmsections (“hockey pucks”).Laboratory analysis to identifyplutonium “spike” thatindicates 1963.Base of core

Augusta Lake:Sedimentation rate201019631930Peak in radionuclides occurs in 1963~ 50 cm in 33 years (1.5 cm/yr)(1930-1963)~ 65 cm in 47 years (1.4 cm/yr)(1963-2010)Fairly constant rate ?

Nutrient history in sediment cores:Total Nitrogen in Augusta City Lake, 1930-2010Total NTop of coreBase of coreACL-15-110ACL-15-105ACL-15-100ACL-15-95ACL-15-90ACL-15-85ACL-15-80ACL-15-75ACL-15-70ACL-15-65ACL-15-60ACL-15-55ACL-15-50ACL-15-45ACL-15-40ACL-15-35ACL-15-30ACL-15-25ACL-15-20ACL-15-15ACL-15-10ACL-15-5ACL-15-02010196319301000 1200 1400 1600 1800 2000 2200 2400Augusta City Lake

Sediment sequencing expanded to include texture analysisand organic matter content in addition to Total N, Total P.sand silt clayTotal N (ppm)Total P (ppm)% OrganicTop of core0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100%AT-2-240AT-2-2400 500 1000 1500 2000AT-2-2400 100 200 300 400 500 600AT-2-2400.0 1.0 2.0 3.0 4.0 5.0AT-2-230AT-2-230AT-2-230AT-2-230AT-2-220AT-2-220AT-2-220AT-2-220AT-2-210AT-2-210AT-2-210AT-2-210AT-2-200AT-2-200AT-2-200AT-2-200AT-2-190AT-2-190AT-2-190AT-2-190AT-2-180AT-2-180AT-2-180AT-2-180AT-2-170AT-2-170AT-2-170AT-2-170AT-2-160AT-2-160AT-2-160AT-2-160AT-2-150AT-2-150AT-2-150AT-2-150AT-2-140AT-2-140AT-2-140AT-2-140AT-2-130AT-2-130AT-2-130AT-2-130AT-2-120AT-2-120AT-2-120AT-2-120AT-2-110AT-2-110A T - 2 - 110A T - 2 - 110AT-2-100AT-2-100AT-2-100AT-2-100AT-2-90AT-2-90AT-2-90AT-2-90AT-2-80AT-2-80AT-2-80AT-2-80AT-2-70AT-2-70AT-2-70AT-2-70AT-2-60AT-2-60AT-2-60AT-2-60AT-2-50AT-2-50AT-2-50AT-2-50AT-2-40AT-2-40AT-2-40AT-2-40AT-2-30AT-2-30AT-2-30AT-2-30Base of coreAT-2-20AT-2-10AT-2-20AT-2-10AT-2-20AT-2-10AT-2-20AT-2-10Atchison County Lake

Development of Automated Extraction ofReservoir Pre-Impoundment Surfacesfrom Acoustic Echosounder DataFederal Interagency Sediment Program(FISP) Research Grant, 2010-2011(Jakubauskas and Kastens)

Project ObjectivesGOAL: Acoustic mapping of sediment thicknessPrimary objective:● Automated method for extracting sediment thickness fromechosounder data.Secondary objective:● Assess accuracy of thickness estimation method.● Determine what characteristics of the sediment – texture ?bulk density ? - control penetration of the low-frequencysonar to the pre-impoundment surface.

Test-bed: Kanopolis ReservoirHigh-frequency data:Present-day bottomLow-frequency data:Original lake bottom

Kanopolis Lake testSub-bottom was identifiablein 10,348 of the 41,930original total bathymetrypoints.Sediment thickness (right)was computed by differencebetween present-day lakebottom and extracted subbottom.Method is not applicable tovery shallow waters or verythick sediments.

Acoustic Remote Sensing of Total Phosphorus inReservoir Bottom SedimentsAssumptions:● The echo received back by the echosounder is affected bybottom type composition (sand, silt, clay).● Phosphorus binds to clay in sediments.● The acoustic signal can be used to infer phosphorus levelsPhosphorusClayFractaldimension ofacoustic signal

Total Phosphorus versus average Fractal Dimension (FD)of the reflected acoustic signalR 2 = 0.62Lakes used:Augusta City LakeAugusta-Santa FeCentralia City LakeElk City ReservoirMelvern ReservoirToronto Reservoir6 reservoirs;~15 sites/reservoir:For each site:• Fractal dimension of theecho computed for highfrequencyechosounderdata;• Surface sedimentsamples analyzed fortotal phosphorus (ppm).

Phosphorus map based on acoustic signal fractal dimension

This work was conducted and funded by the Kansas BiologicalSurvey together with the Kansas Water Office through the StateWater Plan Fund in support of the Reservoir Sustainability Initiative.