Tab 4: Diet overlaps (s) among twelve co-occurring fish species in Tissawewa. n= number of fish species dissected forgut content analysis. For species abbreviation see table 4.4 in chapter 4. High overlap values (³ 0.67) are boldand underlined, and low overlap values (£0.33) are in italics and bold.N Fish species AM BC BD BS CS GG HG MYS OM ON RD TR2294 AM - 0.48 0.34 0.35 0.17 0.38 0.39 0.41 0.83 0.80 0.41 0.493005 BC - 0.79 0.61 0.40 0.65 0.61 0.72 0.57 0.57 0.70 0.502395 BD - 0.69 0.47 0.61 0.53 0.64 0.41 0.41 0.60 0.391251 BS - 0.40 0.57 0.54 0.57 0.45 0.48 0.56 0.4927 CS - 0.71 0.32 0.58 0.21 0.23 0.38 0.281120 GG - 0.55 0.82 0.44 0.45 0.62 0.521197 HG - 0.71 0.62 0.67 0.92 0.541712 MYS - 0.48 0.48 0.78 0.512557 OM - 0.92 0.50 0.58410 ON - 0.50 0.662531 RD - 0.4695 TR -Dietary overlaps in eleven co occurring fishspecies pairs during the pre drought period (= period 1)and the post drought period (= period 2) in theTissawewa are shown in Figure 3. For the most speciespairs dietary overlap values in the post drought periodwere higher than during the pre drought period. Of the10 possible species pairs in combination with AM inboth periods 1 and 2, two pairs recorded high overlaps,while in period 1, two pairs recorded low overlaps andin period 2, this dropped to one pair. In BC, out of 11possible species pairs, during period 1 one pair of eachshowedhigh and low overlaps, whereas in period 2, highoverlaps increased to 5 species pairs and no lowoverlaps were recorded (Figure 3). Of the 11 possiblespecies combination with BD, in period 1, one speciespair recorded high dietary overlap and in period 2, fourpairs recorded high overlaps and no species pairrecorded low overlaps. A similar trend was observedfor BS too. Of the 11 possible species pairs of BS, inperiod 1, none of species combination recorded highoverlaps, but in period 2, four pairs (57 %) indicatedhigh overlaps.Tab 5: Diet overlaps (s) among eleven co-occurring fish species in Tissawewa in two periods, the pre drought period(white dotted column) and the post drought period (dark column) species are compared pair wise, comparison iswith the species in the right hand corner of each figure with the species listed on the y-axis. Small overlaps are< 0.33, large overlaps are > 0.67. For number of observations per fish species see table 7.1. For speciesabbreviations see Figure 3.. Numbers next to the species legend indicates two periods, 1: pre-drought and 2:post-drought period.pre (1) and postfish species(2) drought period AM BC BD BS CS GG HG MYS OM ON RDAM1 0.51 0.31 0.31 0.01 0.37 0.42 0.38 0.85 0.84 0.39AM2 0.41 0.35 0.40 0.27 0.35 0.33 0.49 0.69 0.69 0.48BC1 0.75 0.50 0.19 0.59 0.58 0.62 0.59 0.55 0.64BC2 0.88 0.80 0.48 0.72 0.65 0.82 0.55 0.55 0.77BD1 0.63 0.30 0.52 0.45 0.53 0.38 0.33 0.54BD2 0.81 0.48 0.71 0.60 0.80 0.49 0.50 0.72BS1 0.16 0.47 0.39 0.47 0.41 0.41 0.43BS2 0.49 0.70 0.67 0.78 0.60 0.60 0.79CS1 0.55 0.08 0.41 0.03 0.03 0.17CS2 0.68 0.43 0.51 0.39 0.41 0.49GG1 0.51 0.85 0.44 0.41 0.59GG2 0.56 0.75 0.48 0.49 0.70HG1 0.66 0.49 0.45 0.91HG2 0.67 0.50 0.52 0.74MYS1 0.45 0.41 0.74MYS2 0.61 0.61 0.83OM1 0.91 0.45OM2 0.98 0.65ON1 0.41ON2 0.65
Eleven possible species pairs in combination with CS,8 species recorded low dietary overlaps in period 1 andin period 2, only 2 pairs recorded low overlap values.Of the 11 species pairs in combination with GG, inperiod 1 only one pair recorded high overlap and inperiod 2, the pairs of high overlaps increased to 6 pairs.Niche breadthNiche breadth values of twelve co-occurringfish species calculated for the whole research period,the pre drought period, and the post drought period arepresented in Table 4.Tab 6: Niche breadth values of twelve co-occurringfish species in Tissawewa over the wholeresearch period, the pre drought period and thepost drought period. For the speciesabbreviations refer Table 3.Fishspecies OverallPre droughtperiodPost droughtperiodAM 1.61 1.51 1.95BC 3.62 3.37 3.45BD 4.04 4.63 2.63BS 4.54 3.69 3.49CS 2.50 2.01 2.67GG 3.67 3.20 3.59HG 3.38 2.31 3.49MYS 3.96 3.84 2.96OM 2.39 2.13 3.64ON 2.64 2.25 3.65RD 3.17 2.69 3.58BC, BD, BS, GG, and MYS species showed arelatively large niche breadth (b i > 3.6) based on foodresources used and thus are more general feeders. Incontrast, AM recorded a narrow niche breadth value (b i< 2.00) indicating specialized feeders. CS and OMwere marginally specialized in food utilization and RDand HG are moderately specialized feeders. However,the niche breadth values of the respective speciesdiffered substantially in the two periods niche breadthvalues of AM, BC, CS, GG, HG, OM, ON, and RDrecorded in the post drought period was higher than inthe post drought period. However, increase of nichebreadth values of HG, OM, ON and RD from predrought period to post drought period was much higherthan for other species. It is also noticed that nichebreadth values of BD and MYS species observed in thepost drought period was much lower than in the predrought period.DiscussionThe measurement of resource overlap among fishspecies remains a problem. When resource availabilitydata are absent, the Schoener’s index is one of the leastobjectionable indexes available 11 . The mean of thevolume percentages appears to be the most appropriatediet measure.Niche overlap between two fish speciesquantifies the sharing of food and habitat resourcecategories between two species. Fish species belong tothe same feeding guild recorded high niche overlaps.For example species pairs of AM-OM, AM-ON,represent herbivore/detritivore feeding guild. Majorfood categories of their diet include detritus matter,algae and low proportions of zooplankton. Gut contentsof these three species indicate more or less the sameproportion of above major food categories. Of the 66possible species pairs, species pairs of OM-ON, andHG-RD recorded the highest niche overlaps. Formerspecies pair represents the detritivorous feeding guildand the latter represent the zooplanktivorous feedingguild. The highest niche overlap value of HG-RD pairattributed to the same proportion of insect matter andzooplankton in the guts of these two species. Speciepairs of AM-CS, CS-OM, CS-ON, CS-TR, and CS-HGdisplayed lower niche overlaps. These species pairsrepresent very distinct feeding guilds, i.e. detritivorouspiscivorousand piscivorous-zooplanktivorous. In AM-CS species combination, apart from low proportion ofdetritus matters, gut contents of these two species includecompletely different food categoriesIn the present study it was well documented thatniches overlaps for possible species pair of particular fishspecies was substantially different in the twohydrological periods, i.e. pre and post drought period.More species pairs exhibited high niche overlaps duringthe post drought period than during the pre droughtperiod. This can be explained by major environmentaland ecological changes that occurred in the post droughtperiod. The impact of environmental perturbations oncommunity structure is of major relevance to ourunderstanding of the influence that resource availabilityhas on biotic interactions such as competition. Duringthis sampling period different types of disturbances wereobserved. The major disturbance was caused by aprogressively decreasing water level, which lead tocomplete dryness of the reservoir. After the drought, adifferent ecosystem had evolved. Before the droughtTissawewa was dominated by detritus matter andphytoplankton, whereas following the refilling of thereservoir it was dominated by zooplankton. After thefilling of the reservoir, predation risk also increased dueto low water turbidity. Due to the above discussedecosystem changes, diet overlaps increased considerablyafter the drought period.Niche breadth quantifies the diversity or breadthof the food resources utilized by a given species. Nichebreadth and niche overlap within feeding guilds are ofteninversely related, the higher the niche breadth the lowersthe niche overlap. The fish species such as BD, BS, andMYS species utilize a vast variety of food categories andconsequently these species reveal high niche breadthvalues compared to other fish species. Niche breadth of