The Importance of Place in Policing - Empirical Evidence and Policy ...

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Table 3: Relationship Between Number of Illegal Dumping Incidents and Trajectory Patterns.TrajectoriesCrime Free(n=12,033)Low Stable(n=7,696)Low Decreasing(n=2,212)Low Increasing(n=903)Moderate Stable(n=292)High Decreasing(n=574)High Increasing(n=221)Chronic(n=247)IllegalDumpingInitial Value(93-95)PairwiseComparisonTo CrimeFree PatternIllegalDumpingEnding Value(02-04)BlockChangeOver TimeSig. of PairedSample testfor BlocksGroup MeanChange0.0373 N/A 0.0425 .0052 .012* 13.94%0.1455 0.1507 .0052 .307 3.57%0.1534 0.1308 -.0226 .013* -14.73%0.1694 0.2410 .0716 .000*** 42.27%0.3870 0.4840 .0970 .032* 25.06%0.4344 0.3333 -.1011 .008** -23.27%0.4736 0.5279 .0543 .383 11.47%0.6221 0.6923 .0702 .366 11.28% Pattern has Significantly Higher Number of Illegal Dumping Incidents Than Crime Free Pattern. Pattern has Significantly Lower Number of Illegal Dumping Incidents Than Crime Free Pattern.*** p
VII. The Empirical Evidencefor Hot Spots PolicingThe basic research we have examined so far establishes a strongbasis for the development of place-based policing. Crime is concentratedat a relatively small number of places in the city suggestingthat place-based or hot spots policing provides an opportunity forthe police to be efficient in tackling crime problems. Those placesmoreover represent long term chronic crime locations, and do notsimply shift from year to year. If the police can be successful at amelioratingcrime problems at places this suggests that there will belong term crime benefits. Additionally, crime at place is not simply aproxy for crime in communities. The basic research on crime atplace suggests that much of the action of crime is occurring at thesesmall geographic units we have termed crime places, and that focuson larger areas such as beats, precincts or communities would leadto a loss of efficiency and effectiveness in crime prevention efforts.Finally, we have already a strong body of knowledge suggesting thefactors that influence crime and place, and thus a basis for identifyingcrime prevention practices for police at crime hot spots.Importantly, this basic research is reinforced by strong scientificevidence of the ability of the police to effectively respond to crime atplace. A series of randomized field trials show that policing that isfocused on hot spots can result in meaningful reductions in crimeand disorder (see Braga, 2001, 2005, 2007). The first of these, theMinneapolis Hot Spots Patrol Experiment (Sherman & Weisburd,1995), used computerized mapping of crime calls to identify 110 hotspots of roughly street-block length. Police patrol was doubled onaverage for the experimental sites over a ten-month period. Thestudy found that the experimental as compared with the control hotspots experienced statistically significant reductions in crime callsand observed disorder. In another randomized experiment, the Kan-36
Page 2 and 3: The Importance of Place inPolicingE
Page 4: ContentsForeword ..................
Page 7 and 8: eport note for example that this ne
Page 9 and 10: 8licing. By place, we do not mean l
Page 12 and 13: II. The Emergence of CrimePlaces in
Page 14 and 15: For many scholars and policymakers,
Page 16 and 17: III. The Concentration ofCrime at P
Page 18 and 19: viduals. Using his Minneapolis data
Page 20 and 21: more, Maryland using a panel design
Page 22 and 23: Figure 3: Trajectories of Individua
Page 24 and 25: V. The Importance of Place-Based Ra
Page 26 and 27: Figure 5: Kernel Density Estimation
Page 28 and 29: Perhaps the most comprehensive geog
Page 30 and 31: masked if we focused our interest o
Page 32 and 33: such places. For example, several r
Page 34 and 35: Sampson et al., 1997; Sampson, 2004
Page 38 and 39: sas City Crack House Raids Experime
Page 40 and 41: The Campbell review reported notewo
Page 42 and 43: VIII. Does Crime Just MoveAround th
Page 44 and 45: prevention effect. The Campbell sys
Page 46 and 47: know. This way, if I need help, I k
Page 48 and 49: IX. Reducing LegalConstraints while
Page 50 and 51: X. Recognizing theImportance of Pol
Page 52 and 53: esidents and business owners in hig
Page 54 and 55: demands a fundamental change in the
Page 56 and 57: concern of police to improving plac
Page 58 and 59: ReferencesAgnew R., & Peterson D. M
Page 60 and 61: Bushway, S. D., Thornberry, T. P.,
Page 62 and 63: Estricht, S., Moore, M. H., McGilli
Page 64 and 65: Mastrofski, S. M., Weisburd, D., &
Page 66 and 67: Sherman, L. W. (1990). Police crack
Page 68 and 69: Evaluating public policy initiative

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