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does not mean that the author or the publisher endorses the information theorganization or Website may provide or recommendations it may make. Further,readers should be aware that Internet Websites listed in this work may havechanged or disappeared between when this work was written and when it is read.For general information on our other products and services, please contact ourCustomer Care Department within the U.S. at 877-762-2974, outside the U.S. at317-572-3993, or fax 317-572-4002.For technical support, please visit www.wiley.com/techsupport.Wiley also publishes its books in a variety of electronic formats and by printon-demand.Some content that appears in standard print versions of this book maynot be available in other formats. For more information about Wiley products, visitus at www.wiley.com.British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data: A catalogue record for thisbook is available from the British Library.ISBN 978-1-119-96284-7 (paperback); ISBN 978-1-119-96312-7 (ebook); ISBN978-1-119-96313-4 (ebook); ISBN 978-1-119-96314-1 (ebook)Printed and bound in the United States by Bind-Rite10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1
About the AuthorsAndrie de Vries: Andrie started to use R in 2009 to analyze survey data, andhe has been continually impressed by the ability of the open-source community toinnovate and create phenomenal software. Andrie is director of PentaLibra Limited,a boutique market-research firm specializing in surveys and statistical analysis. Hehas contributed two R packages to CRAN and is developing several packages tomake the analysis and reporting of survey data easier. He also is actively involvedin the development of LimeSurvey, the open-source survey-management system.To maintain equilibrium in his life, Andrie is working toward a yoga teacher diplomaat the Krishnamacharya Healing and Yoga Foundation.Joris Meys, MSc: Joris is a statistical consultant and R programmer in theDepartment of Mathematical Modeling, Statistics, and Bioinformatics at GhentUniversity (Belgium). After earning a master’s degree in biology, he worked for sixyears in environmental research and management before starting an advancedmaster’s degree in statistical data analysis. Joris writes packages for both specificprojects and general implementation of methods developed in his department, andhe is the maintainer of several packages on R-Forge. He has co-authored a numberof scientific papers as a statistical expert. To balance science with culture, Jorisspends most of his spare time playing saxophone in a couple of local bands.
Page 3: Running code without a compilerChap
Page 8: Creating errorsCreating warningsRec
Page 11 and 12: Analyzing tablesExtracting test res
Page 13 and 14: Working with Pivot TablesUsing the
Page 15: R For Dummies ®Published byJohn Wi
Page 19 and 20: my choices. Professor Bruce Hardie
Page 21 and 22: IntroductionWelcome to R For Dummie
Page 23 and 24: : The prompt symbol, >, is not part
Page 25 and 26: You want to explore new stuff. You
Page 27 and 28: Icons Used in This BookAs you read
Page 29 and 30: Chapter 1Introducing R: The Big Pic
Page 31 and 32: eferred to as “free as in beer.
Page 33 and 34: you how to move data and graphics b
Page 35 and 36: If you have experience in other lan
Page 37 and 38: variables, get to look at the built
Page 39 and 40: Below all this information is the R
Page 41 and 42: that we use it to illustrate the ex
Page 43 and 44: Starting Your First R SessionIf you
Page 45 and 46: Using R as a calculator is very int
Page 47 and 48: Sourcing a ScriptUntil now, you’v
Page 49 and 50: Finding help on functionsWe discuss
Page 51 and 52: languages, the backslash character
Page 53 and 54: Vectorizing your functionsVectorize
Page 55 and 56: print()R tells you that it needs th
Page 57 and 58: extensions that much. But using .Rh
Page 59 and 60: Choosing a clear nameWhen Joris was
Page 61 and 62: opinions, so the naming of function
Page 63 and 64: Often, you want to add a bit of ext
Page 65 and 66: all of them at the beginning of eac
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Part IIGetting Down to Work in RIn
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calculator.Vector operations: Vecto
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Suppose that Granny and Geraldine d
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FunctionWhat It Doesabs(x)log(x,bas
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decision to use scientific notation
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operations in Chapter 7.Actually, o
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NaN in calculations. The outcome of
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Take a look at the vector baskets.o
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way the value is stored in memory.R
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[1] 12 4 4 6 9 3 5 3 2 2 12 9The re
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Okay, this example isn’t too impr
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R doesn’t have an Undo button, so
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x < yx baskets.of.Granny > 5[1] TR
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that value (refer to “Dealing wit
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all(). To find out whether Granny w
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You can tell quite a few things abo
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third game, and so on.The vector re
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1st 2nd 3rd 4th 5th 6th-67 25 20 50
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In this section, you take a look at
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LETTERS[24:26][1] “X” “Y”
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Creating and assigning named vector
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Similar to the way that R displays
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[1] “The quick brown FOX jumps ov
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R performs lexicographic sorting, a
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The result of grep() is a numeric v
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Suppose you have the sentence He is
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Regular expressions allow three way
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lexicographically sorted, unique va
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difference between the levels and t
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vector subsisting rules. For exampl
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table(state.region)state.regionNort
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Chapter 6Going on a Date with RIn T
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startDate xm xm[1] “2012-01-01
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Table 6-2 Some Format Codes for Dat
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As you can see, as.POSIXct() takes
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Formatting Dates and TimesTo format
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Now you know the exact time when we
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project.org/web/packages/lubridate/
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They contain only a single type of
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To get only the number of rows, you
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[1,] 1 4 7 10[2,] 2 5 8 11[3,] 3 6
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id first.matrix[-id][1] 1 2 3 4 5
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[2,] 2 5 8 11[3,] 3 4 9 12You also
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the way. You can try that out yours
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constructing a matrix second.matrix
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[2,] 4 5 6[3,] 7 8 9[4,] 10 11 12Yo
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Using the creator functionsYou can
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[2,] 5 17[3,] 8 20[4,] 11 23This re
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[1] 6Likewise, the ncol() function
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data frame with character vectors o
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section, earlier in this chapter.Ex
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As explained in the “Combining ve
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Create a matrix with two columns.Cr
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Although the row names of the data
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you, because data frames are, in fa
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You can’t use logical vectors or
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askets.nlist baskets.nlist[‘scor
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The second line contains a $, which
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Part IIICoding in RIn this part . .
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Making the scriptSuppose you want t
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There’s no way you can define in
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Luckily, this problem doesn’t occ
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addPercent
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addPercent(new.numbers)Error in x *
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list instead of using the dots.So,
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code. So, instead of giving a funct
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Instead of passing the code of the
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Using internal functionsWriting you
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weird, think again about data frame
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print.default(small.one)$a[1] 1 2$b
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can easily add a default method exa
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carry out a certain task. Many prog
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if you have only one short line of
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you do so within a function and you
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second value of the result.4. A vec
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Luckily, R allows you to write all
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VAT client switch(client, private
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3. In each round through the loop,
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workspace. This may be exactly what
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Applying functions on rows and colu
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4 6 8You can pass any arguments you
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hours public type“numeric” “l
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Chapter 10Debugging Your CodeIn Thi
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R always tells you in which code th
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If you get warning or error message
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logit() function. Even more, the tr
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When you’re in browser mode, you
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function only until the next round
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In logit(as.numeric(x)/100) : x not
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owsum.df strsplit(‘this is a sen
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If you want to know the median numb
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typing help(paste) returns help abo
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From the description of ada::update
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Getting Involved in the R Community
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can ask and answer questions on a v
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[1] “Diamonds 2” “Clubs 2”
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[1] RCurl_1.6-10.1 tools_2.14.1The
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Chapter 12Getting Data into and out
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Using the Clipboard to copy and pas
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Using special characters in escape
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‘data.frame’: 10 obs. of 9 vari
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XLConnect also can write Excel file
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These functions need a specific fil
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Working with Files and FoldersYou k
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[1] “F:/git/roxygen2/roxygen2/REA
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can confirm this by taking a close
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But in many practical situations, y
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$: The dollar-sign operator selects
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To illustrate subsetting of data fr
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customary to specify a so-called se
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Specify a logical vector, where FAL
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After a short while of writing subs
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following:> frost head(frost, 5)Al
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Figure 13-1: Different ways of comb
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function tries to identify columns
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Both data frames have a variable Na
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time, %in% is in infix operator. An
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order. Do this using the order() fu
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Sorting multiple columns in mixed o
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FUN: The function to apply (for exa
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5.843333 3.057333 3.758000 1.199333
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with(cars, tapply(mpg, list(gear, a
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+ y ~ a + b Include columns a as we
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In the world of R, people usually r
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Now you can start. First, create so
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data: A molten data frame.formula:
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Chapter 14Summarizing DataIn This C
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that benefits from being converted
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With this dataset in your workspace
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ange(cars$mpg)[1] 10.4 33.9Calculat
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As with most functions, you can sav
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Plotting histogramsTo get a clearer
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If this concept is unfamiliar to yo
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multiple variables, there’s a lot
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oxplot(mpg ~ cyl, data=cars)Figure
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Statisticians love it when they can
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You also can calculate the correlat
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with(cars, table(am, gear))3 4 5aut
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$ Var2: Factor w/ 2 levels “sick
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time specifying the margin argument
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Taking a Closer Look at Distributio
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Still, histograms leave much to the
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Now you want to do this for the tem
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Comparing Two SamplesComparing grou
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Again, you get the value for the te
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Many research questions revolve aro
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have to specify which margins you w
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str(InsectSprays)‘data.frame’:
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Checking the model tablesWith the m
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The difference between the means.Th
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The lm() function allows you to spe
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FunctionWhat It Doescoef()Returns a
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Model.anova Model.anovaAnalysis of
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predict(Model,newdata=new.cars, int
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Chapter 16Using Base GraphicsIn Thi
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The built-in R datasets are documen
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pch=21: Filled circlepch=22: Filled
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You also can use the function ablin
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It seems odd to use a plot function
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Figure 16-6: Adding main title, x-a
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Your graphic should look like Figur
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When your plot is complete, you nee
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getwd()[1] “C:/Users/Andrie”Nex
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Creating a Lattice PlotTo explore l
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Although cyl is a numeric vector, t
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into your R console.Changing Plot O
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xyplot(mpg ~ hp | factor(cyl), data
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Three-dimensional scatterplots: clo
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Notice that the function formula do
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millions of people. (The documentat
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Printing and Saving a Lattice PlotY
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Chapter 18Looking At ggplot2 Graphi
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aes() function to set up the mappin
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visual elements is the second eleme
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geom_point() Scatterplot stat_ident
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Creating line chartsTo create a lin
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Stat Description Default Geomstat_b
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Doing nothing with identitySometime
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Working with scalesIn ggplot2, scal
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Part VIThe Part of TensIn this part
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Then calculate the sum and mean for
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first supplied value as a fixed poi
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with(mtcars, length(mpg[hp > 150]))
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For example, to find the location o
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Your results should look similar to
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RGui and RStudio allow you to set t
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Reading the Package Manual and Vign
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Because the authors of R packages w
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AppendixInstalling R and RStudioBef
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a number of startup options by adap
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If you click Browse, you can select
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To access the cheat sheet specifica
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