Supermax Prisons and the Constitution: Liability ... - Supermaxed

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viiiSupermax Prisons and the Constitution: LIABILITY CONCERNS IN THE EXTENDED CONTROL UNITTransferring Inmates for Mental Health Treatment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23Involuntary Medication . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .24Summary. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24Chapter 3. Medical Services . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .27Staffing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28Confidentiality Issues. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28Service Delays . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29Role of the Custody Officer. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act (HIPAA) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30Permission To Share Medical Information . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .30Access to Medical Records. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31Implications for ECUs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31Chapter 4. Other Conditions of Confinement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33How Courts Analyze Conditions of Confinement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33Objective Analysis. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34Subjective Analysis. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34No “Totality of Conditions” Test . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .34Basic Human Needs. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35Personal Safety . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35Food and Clothing. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36Shelter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37Sanitation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37Exercise. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .40Chapter 5. Use of Force . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41Excessive Force: Some Contributing Factors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42Use of Force: The Legal Test and Its Application in Madrid. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42Avoiding Use of Excessive Force . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43Tools for Control, Oversight, and Documentation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44Videotaping . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .45Post-Incident Medical Examinations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46Summary. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46Chapter 6. The 14th Amendment: Due Process and Placement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .47Operational Concerns . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48Due Process, Segregation, and ECU Placement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48What Process Might Be Due?. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51
The Traditional View . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51A Contrary View . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53Due Process and the Quality of Placement Decisions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 54Meaningful Notice. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 54Calling Witnesses. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56Thorough Investigation: The Key to Fair Decisions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57Evidentiary Tests . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .58Quality of Information: The Institution’s Responsibility . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .60Workload Considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60Periodic Reviews. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60Gang Membership as Grounds for ECU Placement and Retention . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 62ixContentsChapter 7. Access to the Courts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .65Supreme Court Rulings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .65The Institution’s Obligations Under Lewis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 66Limits on the Scope of Legal Assistance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 66“Actual-Injury” Requirement for Access Litigation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .67Experimenting With Alternative Legal Resource Programs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .68Paging Systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 68Inmates Who Are Unable To Use Legal Materials . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 69Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 69Chapter 8. The First Amendment: Religion, Speech, and the Press . . . . . . . . . . .71Supreme Court Test for Evaluating First Amendment Restrictions . . . . . . . . . . . . . 71The Religious Land Use and Institutionalized Persons Act . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 73Inmate Religious Practices Not Mandated by Faith . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 73Sincerity of Beliefs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 74Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 75Closing Thoughts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 77Table of Cases. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 81Table of Authorities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 85
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incident; instead, they must consid
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to sway decisionmakers who have inf
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hearing under this test, “the rel
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